optics notes and slides - part 1
TRANSCRIPT
Wave Optics Propagation, interference and diffraction of waves
Axel Kuhn, Oxford 2016
Paul Ewart’s lecture notes and problem sets:
https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/research/combustion-physics-and-non-linear-optics/teaching
Intro
1
Brooker, Modern Classical Optics Hecht, OpticsKlein and Furtak, OpticsSmith, King & Wilkins, Optics and PhotonicsBorn and Wolf, Principles of Optics
Wave Optics – Literature
Intro
2
Wave Optics – Outline
What’s it all about?Revision of geometrical opticsPropagation of waves Fourier methods
➙ Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, theory of imaging
Diffraction-based optical instruments ➙ 2-slit, grating, Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Dielectric surfaces and boundaries ➙ multilayer (anti)reflection coatings
Polarized Light
Intro
3-1
Wave Optics – Outline
What’s it all about?Revision of geometrical opticsPropagation of waves Fourier methods
➙ Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, theory of imaging
Diffraction-based optical instruments ➙ 2-slit, grating, Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Dielectric surfaces and boundaries ➙ multilayer (anti)reflection coatings
Polarized Light
Intro
3-2
What’s it all about?
Imaging Visualization (projection, lithography)SpectroscopyMatter-wave propagation & imagingLasers and applicationsModern devices(opto-electronics, display technology, optical coatings, telecommunication, consumer electronics)
Intro
4
Astronomical observatory, Hawaii, 4200m above sea level.
What’s it all about?
Intro
5
Hubble space telescope, 2.4 m mirror
What’s it all about?
Intro
6
Classical Optics – Relevance
7
Optical Microscope
fruit
fly
What’s it all about?
Intro
8
CD/DVD player optical pickup system
What’s it all about?
Intro
9
What’s it all about?
photo lithography
cutting & welding
Intro
10
Coherent Light ➙ Laser Physics
spectroscopymetrology (clocks)quantum opticsquantum computinglaser nuclear ignitionmedical applicationsengineeringtelecommunication
What’s it all about?
Intro
11
Geometrical Optics – Revision
Fermat’s principle (shortest path)reflection & refractionspherical & thin lensesparaxial approximationlensmaker’s formulacombining lensesprincipal planesoptical instrumentsAperture and field stopsPinhole camera ➙ wave optics
Geometric
12
Fermat‘s PrincipleLight propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum (minimum)
Ignoring the wave nature of light
Basic theory for optical instruments
Geometrical Optics – Revision
Geometric
13
focussing with spherical surfaces
parallel bundles↓
image sphere
object sphere↓
image sphere
Geometrical Optics – Revision
Geometric
14
axis
Focal point
Focal point
u v
thin lens formula
Geometrical Optics – Revision
1u
+1v
=1f
Geometric
15
Geometrical Optics – InstrumentsPr
inci
pal p
lane
s
Geometric
16-1
location of equivalent thin lens
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Prin
cipa
l pla
nes
Geometric
16-2
location of equivalent thin lens
Prin
cipa
l pla
nes
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
17
u v
lenssystem
1u
+1v
=1f
thin lens equation applies with u and vmeasured from the two principal planes
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Prin
cipa
l pla
nes
Geometric
18
Objective magnification = v/u Eyepiece magnifies real image of object
Com
poun
d m
icro
scop
eGeometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
19
angular magnification = β/α
Astro
nom
ical
tele
scop
e
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
20-1
angular magnification = β/α
Astro
nom
ical
tele
scop
eGeometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
20-2
angular magnification = β/α = fo/fE
Astro
nom
ical
tele
scop
e
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
20-3
angular magnification = β/α
1.3.4 Telescope (Galilean)
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1.3.5 Telescope (Newtonian)
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1.3.6 Compound Microscope
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Gal
ilean
tele
scop
eGeometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
21-1
angular magnification = β/α = fo/fE
1.3.4 Telescope (Galilean)
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"#$%&'(!)'$#*+*,'-*.#/!! $ " !!" " ! %!!# !!!
1.3.5 Telescope (Newtonian)
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1'&+!-12!('6*%0!.+!,%(5'-%(2;!
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1.3.6 Compound Microscope
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Gal
ilean
tele
scop
e
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
21-2
Field stop
Apertures and Field Stops
limiting thefield-of-view
Aperture stop
limiting theIntensity
Geometric
22-1
Field stop
Apertures and Field Stops
limiting thefield-of-view
Aperture stop
limiting theIntensity
f/no. =
focal leng
th
entran
ce pupil dia
meter
Geometric
22-2
Camera Obscura
optimum pinhole size
contradicts expectations from geometrical optics
from Hecht, Optics
Geometric
23
Maxwell’s equations ⟼ waves
equivalence to matter waves
plane and spherical waves
energy flow / intensity
basic interference
Huygen’s principle
Fraunhofer diffraction & resolution limit
The Wave Nature of Light
EM waves
http://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/
contacts/people/kuhn#fragment-2
24