optical navigation division abraham chang senior field application engineer avago technology october...
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Optical Navigation Division
Abraham ChangSenior Field Application EngineerAvago TechnologyOctober 2008
Solving RF Chain Challenges with Solutions for WiMAX and OFDM(A)
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 2
Agenda
Brief WiMAX review and market picture
WiMAX RF challenges
Cost-effective approaches to solve RF challenges- Discrete Linear Amplifier Modules (LAM) - High power multi-throw switch - Power detect/temp sense/switch decoder - Thin laminate wideband filter
Future: Combination of above capabilities into a highly integrated FEM for mobile applications
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 3
WiMAX review
A cost-effective standard to increase data rates while replacing multiple existing standards for high data rate applications
Utilizes spectrally efficient OFDMA technology
Will be used in conjunction with WiFi and other standards to effectively cover large areas with high data rate service
Intel white paper: WiMAX* and Wi-Fi* Together: Synergies for Next-Generation Broadband
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 4
How will it roll out to the end customer?
Early rollouts to last-mile broadband wireless access applications in under-served regions
Indoor and outdoor subscriber units for enterprise and personal use
Dongles then embedded cards will allow access for mobility
Handset applications later
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 5
WiMAX is being aggressively deployed - 407 WiMAX Deployments in 133 countries
Red pins indicate 802.16d deployments, Yellow pins indicate 802.16e deployments
Courtesy WiMAX Forum: http://www.wimaxmaps.org/
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 6
Manufacturers are betting on WiMAX
Number of planned WiMAX-certified devices
0
100
200
300
400
500
2008 2009 2010 2011
Embedded
Dongles
Indoor subscriber units
Outdoor subscriber units
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 7
WiMAX user base will grow
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 8
Comparison of the new 802.16e and the older 802.16d WiMAX standard specifications
802.16-2004 (d) 802.16eMultiple Access Method OFDM / OFDMA S-OFDMA
Bandwidth supported (MHz)1.75/3.5/5.5/5.7 OFDM
1.25/3.5/7/14/28 OFDMA1.25/2.5/5/10/20 1.75/3/3.5/5.5/7
FFT size 256 OFDM / 2048 OFDMA 128/256/512/1024/2048
Sub Carrier spacing (KHz)22.5 OFDM @ 5 MHz 2.8 OFDMA @ 5MHz
11.2 for all BW modes
Duplexing FDD/TDD/Half duplex FDD FDD/TDD/Half duplex FDDFrame Duration (mS) 2/2.5/5/8/10/12.5/20 2/2.5/4/5/8/10/12.5/20
Channel CoderConcatenated convolutional RS
code, Block TC, CTCConcatenated convolutional RS
code, Block TC, CTC, LDPCSub-channelisation (DL) FUSC/PUSC/Band AMC FUSC/PUSC/Band AMCSub-channelisation (UL) PUSC/optional PUSC PUSC/optional PUSCHARQ Support Yes [2048 OFDMA only] YesFast CQI feedback Yes [2048 OFDMA only] YesAAS Yes YesSTC support 2/4 Antennas 2/3/4 AntennasFrequency Reuse 1 cell reuse not supported 1 cell reuse can be supportedMobility Handoff support No YesSleep Modes No YesData rates 75 Mbit/s max. 30 Mbit/s maxMulticast / Broadcast support
No Yes
Full Usage of Subchannels (FUSC) Partial Usage of Subchannels (PUSC)Convolutional Turbo Codes (CTC)
space-time coding (STC)Advanced Antenna Subsystem (AAS)Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ)Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC)
not compatible
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 9
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 10
Mobile WiMAX Front End Block DiagramShown below is one example of a 3.5GHz WiMAX FEM under development. A similar 2.5GHz FEM development is on the roadmap.
Design Targets for Power Amplifier
-Gain for 27 dBm Pout Designs2.3GHz –2.7GHz 36 dB Typ 3.3GHz –3.9GHz 34 dB Typ
-Operating Current (PA Only)27dBm PA Design at 3.6V into 50 Ohms 2.5GHz 605mA (23%) @ 27dBm & 355mA (9.8%) @ 21dBm
3.6GHz 630mA (22%) @ 27dBm & 375mA (9.3%) @ 21dBm25dBm PA Design at 3.6V into 50 Ohms
2.5GHz 440mA (20%) @ 25dBm & 225mA (9.8% PAE) @ 19dBm
3.6GHz 458mA (19%) @ 25dBm & 238mA (9.3% PAE) @ 19dBmGain control 2 x 10-12 dB steps
BLN
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 11
Overview of challenges for the RF chain
High linear power outputs at 2-6 GHz require power-hungry PAs
Challenging for fixed applications- presents a greater challenge for portable and mobile
applications- require long battery life at 3V, and small, thin form
factors
Co-located radios supporting multiple standards in small portable devices or handsets create switching, interference, and filtering problems
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 12
Challenges and DifficultiesNeed: Spectrum efficiency for high data-rate wireless communication
Cause: OFDM(A) (5MHz, 10MHz, 20MHz) PAR >11.48dB (Peak to Avg. Ratio)
Effect: Need to back-off the PA to meet the linearity requirements at 26dBm (P1dB>35dBm) over 16% BW for battery-operated wireless portable/mobile gadgets at multiple power levels and interference-free performance
Solution: High power, linear, efficient (LP and HP), low-cost and highly integrated module
Going Forward: Supports multi-mode, and modulation-adaptable (WiFi, WiMAX, LTE) schemes within IP-based cellular structures
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 13
Design Approach • Adapt a multi-carrier power amplifier approach• Analyze the instantaneous time-domain behavior of the PA MMIC• Develop an ultra linear power amplifier chain using Avago’s pHEMT process• Size each RF gain stage to minimize the spectral re-growth contribution to
minimum to final stage• Place fully temperature compensated bias network for each stage
Discrete Linear Amplifier Module (LAM)
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 14
Discrete Linear Amplifier Module (LAM)
Design Approach• Implement broadband inter-stage and output matching networks• Output matching network and supply bias feeds containing harmonic rejection
circuits• Optimize out-of-band transfer function to have minimum impact on the noise
power performance for better RFIC interface• Include all matching and DC-coupling components in the module to minimize
number of external components for ease-of-use and low cost of ownership• GND pins around RF pins for continuous ground path
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 15
Design Approach• Optimize bias network for full pulse operation to support static and transient
EVM performance• Minimize memory effects leading towards symmetric upper and lower SEM
performance• Flatten large signal performance (Plinear and gain) to minimize calibration time
during system integration• Add provisions to have load-insensitive high dynamic range power detector,
temperature sensor and gain step control – 2nd generation LAMs potentially contain these functions
• Maximize heat transfer with maximum number of plugged thermal vias underneath PA MMIC
Discrete Linear Amplifier Module (LAM)
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 16
Discrete Linear Amplifier Module (LAM)
Performance Summary• Achieved 25.5dBm linear power to meet 2.5% EVM
and -35dBm/100kHz @ 11MHz of SEM requirements across full band
• Total current < 500mA• WiFi Access PA (5.15-5.85GHz) Pout>23dBm • Meet both ETSI and IEEE 802.16e SEM requirements• Introduced dual-mode 2GHz PA to support WiMAX
and WiFi mode
EVM vs PoutVcc=3.0V, 25C, 16QAM 3/4
-45.0
-40.0
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
Pout [dBm]
EV
M [
dB
]
3.4GHz_25C
3.5GHz_25C
3.6GHz_25C3.7GHz_25C
3.8GHz_25C
Total Current vs PoutVcc=3.0V, 25C, 16QAM 3/4
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Pout [dBm]
Ito
tal
[A]
3.4GHz_25C3.5GHz_25C3.6GHz_25C3.7GHz_25C3.8GHz_25C
Spectrum Emission Mask @11MHz vs PoutVcc=3.0V, 25C, 16QAM 3/4
-70.0
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Pout [dBm]
SE
M @
11M
Hz
[dB
m/1
00kH
z]
3.4GHz_25C3.5GHz_25C3.6GHz_25C3.7GHz_25C3.8GHz_25C
WiMAX PA (PAT-A) Spectrum Emission Mask, 25.4dBm, 16QAM 3/4
-55.0
-50.0
-45.0
-40.0
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
-25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
freq_offset [MHz]
Po
ut
[dB
m/1
00kH
z]
Spec
3.5GHz_3.1V
3.5GHz_3.3V
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 17
High Power Multi-Throw WiMAX Switch for WiMAX FEM
SP4T WiMAX MIMO
(2.3-2.7GHz)
RF_AUX2
RF_RX 1
P_DET BS
VBAT
RXTX
PA BIAS PA_MODE
TEMP_SENSE PA_AUXMODE
PA_EN
GND
ºC
OMN
EPHEMT
CMOSt/r
vnegtemp
ceb
Hlb_eph
Tx_en_sw_eph
Vdd_txGND
tx_att_1
tx_att_2
pa_en
hlb
pd_ts_on
tx_att_1_eph
tx_att_2_eph
pa_en_eph
Vdd
TX
RF_ANT 1
RF_AUX1MIMO RX
VANALOG VDIG
2.65 – 2.86V3.0 – 4.7V 1.62 – 1.88V 0.0 – 1.0V
PA_SUBBAND
PRINT + SMT
ISMN
DpHEMT
Design Approach• Develop low insertion loss, high isolation and high power capacity multi-
throw switch for WiMAX and WiFi MIMO operation using Avago’s proprietary pHEMT process
• Improve the linearity of the thru switch section to handle WiMAX signal without contributing the overall distortion
• Design SP3T and SP4T from 2 to 6GHz
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 18
High Power Multi-Throw WiMAX Switch for WiMAX FEM
Performance Summary• Typical Insertion Loss <0.6dB• Typical isolation >25dB• IP1dB >35.5dBm• 2.3-2.7GHz, 3.3-3.8GHz and 2-6GHz versions available
RF_RX 1
P_DET BS
VBAT
RXTX
PA BIAS PA_MODE
TEMP_SENSE PA_AUXMODE
PA_EN
GND
ºC
OMN
EpHEMT
CMOSt/r
vnegtemp
ceb
Hlb_eph
Tx_en_sw_eph
Vdd_txGND
tx_att_1
tx_att_2
pa_en
hlb
pd_ts_on
tx_att_1_eph
tx_att_2_eph
pa_en_eph
Vdd
TX
RF_ANT 1RF_AUX1MIMO RX
VANALOG VDIG
2.65 – 2.86V3.0 – 4.7V 1.62 – 1.88V 0.0 – 1.0V
PA_SUBBAND
PRINT + SMT
ISMN
DpHEMT
SP3T WiMAX MIMO (3.3-3.8GHz)
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 19
ANT-2 RX OUT 2
RX OUT 1
TX IN P
PWRDET OUT
FEM ID VCC
TX/RX ON
PA BIAS VREF
TEMPSENSE_OUT PA GAIN STEPPA_ON GND
ºC
OMN
t/r
vnegtemp
ceb
Hlb_eph
Tx_en_sw_eph
Vdd_txGND
tx_att_1
tx_att_2
pa_en
hlb
pd_ts_on
tx_att_1_eph
tx_att_2_eph
pa_en_eph
Vdd
TX IN N
ANT-1
ISMNEPHEMT
CMOS
PRINT + SMT
DpHEMT
PD + Temp. Sense + Switch Decoder for WiMAX FEM
Pwr. Det. + Temp. Sense + Decoder
On-chip ESD Multiplexed PD/TS out
Linear-in-dB PD 1V 15dB 30mV/dB
Offset PTAT TS (0.2V–1V)/(-30C-100C)
1-out-of-4 DECODER A10 CMOS (0.5x0.7mm2)
Size 0.5mm x 0.7mm On-chip ESD
Fully functional logic
Zero Current (Idd < 5nA)
Adapts to a range of logic levels: 2V <Vin< 4.0V
Tr/Tf < 5ns
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 20
Design Approach• For low cost solutions, wide-band filter structures are designed to suppress the
noise power generated by the RFICs as well as for the amplified noise by the PA• Combine lumped element and SMT components to save space and cost• Develop the filter topologies on coreless and dual core laminate substrates • Employ full 3D EM simulators for accuracy and time-to-market• Optimize the input and output for PA as well as multi-throw switch
Wide-Band Filters on Laminate for WiMAX FEM
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 21
Wide-Band Filters on Laminate for WiMAX FEM
Performance Summary• Typical Insertion Loss <1.2dB• Sufficient OOB rejection • Fitted to 6x6x1 module size
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 22
FUTURE: WiMAX (MIMO) FEM for Mobile Applications
Integration of Building Blocks
• All the building blocks are ready to integrate for low cost solution
• Employ Avago’s proprietary semiconductor technologies
• Support MIMO operation
• Contain dual mode (WiMAX/WiFi) operations for high-level of integration
• Have provision for LNAs
• Target size = 6x6x1
• Work with digital pre-D systems with consistent AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics
• Next step: Integrate these building blocks and release low-cost high performance WiMAX FEMs
ANT-2 RX OUT 2
RX OUT 1
TX IN P
PWRDET OUT
FEM ID VCC
TX/RX ON
PA BIAS VREF
TEMPSENSE_OUT PA GAIN STEPPA_ON GND
ºC
OMN
t/r
vnegtemp
ceb
Hlb_eph
Tx_en_sw_eph
Vdd_txGND
tx_att_1
tx_att_2
pa_en
hlb
pd_ts_on
tx_att_1_eph
tx_att_2_eph
pa_en_eph
Vdd
TX IN N
ANT-1
ISMNEPHEMT
CMOS
PRINT + SMT
DpHEMT
Under Develope
ment
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 23
Under Develope
ment
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 27
Avago GaAsCap Package make Lower Cost
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 28
Avago can offer WiFi and WiMAX power amplifiers in a proprietary GaAsCap™ wafer scale packaging option.
This would give the thinnest package product on the market, a very valuable option for FEM builders using LTCC since it would eliminate wire bond step and allow 1.2mm total FEM height.
GaAsCap IC packaging option
700u
300u
LT
CC
M
MIC
P
last
ic
200u
1.2mm
Cap wafer
Base wafer
Backside Via
Gasket Gasket
Backside Via
10 mils thick
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 29
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 30
Avago WiMAX Released Product
• LNA
• PA
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 31
WLAN & WiMAX LNA in Ultra Thin Package
*Pre-released products: Avago Technologies reserves the right to alter specifications, features, functions, markings, manufacturing release dates and general availability of the product at any time, including the right not to release the product shown in this slide
Ultra thin (0.4mm) and miniature package Very low noise figure High linearity at low operating current Built in bias control & shutdown functions Low external component count
P/N Freq (GHz)
LNA Mode BypassPackage
(mm)Vd (V)
Id (mA)
NF (dB)
IIP3 (dBm)
Gain (dB)
IP1dB (dBm)
IL (dB)
IIP3 (dBm)
MGA-645T6 2.4 3 7 1.1 7 15 -7 4.5 16 2x1.3x0.4
MGA-655T6 3.5 3 10 1.2 3 15 +1 6.5 19 2x1.3x0.4
MGA-675T6* 5.5 3 11 1.3 -3 19 -10 N/A N/A 2x1.3x0.4
Surface Mount2x1.3x0.4 mm3
UTSLP
Note: MGA-675T6 does not have bypass switch
MGA-645T6
Market Released !
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 32
Pre-released products: Avago Technologies reserves the right to alter specifications, features, functions, markings, manufacturing release dates and general availability of the product at any time, including the right not to release the product shown in this slide
Value Propositions Low operating voltage (3.3V or 5V) Low current, high efficiency Integrated switch control attenuator Integrated shutdown and power detector Fully matched RF Input and output
MCOB5x5x1.1 mm3
Mobile WiMAX Linear Power Amplifier
Note 1: Linear Output power measured at 64QAM OFDMA modulation per IEEE 802.16e specs
Part number ALM-42216 ALM-42316
Freq range (GHz) 2.3-2.7 3.3-3.8
Test freq (GHz) 2.5 3.5
Vdd (V) 3.3 3.3Ids (mA) 400 420
Pout (dBm) 22.5 22.5
EVM (%) 2.5% 2.5%
PAE (%) 13% 13%
Gain (dB) 30 28
Pwr Det Yes Yes
Idq (mA) 200 240
Atte. (dB) 20 20
Package (mm) 5x5x1.1 5x5x1.1
P1dB (dBm) 31 30.5
Matching Full Full
Samples Available Available
Functional block diagram
Shutdown
Detector
Market Released !
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 33
WLAN & WiMAX ½ W Driver Amplifiers
*Pre-released products: Avago Technologies reserves the right to alter specifications, features, functions, markings, manufacturing release dates and general availability of the product at any time, including the right not to release the product shown in this slide
½ Watt High Linearity Smart FET High linearity and P-1dB at low operating current Built in adjustable temperature compensation circuit Low external component count Standard 3x3 LPCC package 5V Supply
P/N Freq (GHz)
Typical PerformancePackage
(mm)Vd (V)
Id (mA)
NF (dB)
IP3 (dBm)
Gain (dB)
P1dB (dBm)
MGA-30216* 1.7-2.5 5 200 2.0 43 14.0 27 3x3x1
MGA-30316* 3.3-3.9 5 200 2.0 43 12.5 27 3x3x1
MGA-30116* 0.4-1.0 5 200 2.0 43 16.0 27 3x3x1
Vdd
Rbias
RFin RFout
MGA-30X16
Market Released !
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 34
WLAN & WiMAX 1 W Driver Amplifiers
*Pre-released products: Avago Technologies reserves the right to alter specifications, features, functions, markings, manufacturing release dates and general availability of the product at any time, including the right not to release the product shown in this slide
1 Watt High Linearity Amplifier Fully Matched Module High linearity and P-1dB at low operating current Unconditionally stable across load conditions Built in adjustable temperature compensation circuit 5x6 MCOB Module package 5V Supply
P/N Freq (GHz)
Typical PerformancePackage
(mm)Vd (V)
Id (mA)
NF (dB)
IP3 (dBm)
Gain (dB)
P1dB (dBm)
ALM-31222* 1.7-2.5 5 400 3.7 49.5 14.5 32 5x6x1.1
ALM-31322* 3.3-3.9 5 400 2.0 46 12.0 30 5x6x1.1
ALM-31122* 0.4-1.0 5 400 2.0 46 16.0 30 5x6x1.1
ALM-322XX* 1.7-2.5 5 800 2.0 49 16.0 33 7x10x1.1
Vdd
bias
RFin RFoutInputmatch
Outputmatch
Vctrl
ALM-31X22
Market Released !
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 35
FBAR WiFi/WiMAX Filter Technologies
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 36
WiMAX Spectrum2305-2320 2345-2360 2500-2655 2655-2690
US WCS- licensed MMDS/ITFS - licensed
2570-2620 3300-3400 3600-3800 5725-5850
UMTS extension band(Band VII guard band)
licensed
Fixed Broadband Spectrumextension to 3800 more limited
licensed
UNII Upper band
2 3 4 5 6 GHz
US
Europe
802.16-2004“3.5” “5.8”
802.16e“2.3” “2.5”
2700-2900
3400-3600 5470-57255150-5350
New WRCUNII Low, Mid bands
2400-2484
ISM
5725-5850
UNII Upper band
5470-57255150-5350
New WRCUNII Low, Mid bands
2400-2484
ISM
802.11 b,g 802.11 aWiFi Spectrum
Solid: initial WiMAX profileStriped: future WiMAX profile
2 3 4 5 6 GHz2400-2484 ISM 5125=5850 ISM US
Europe
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 37
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 38
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 39
Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 40
Thank you.
For additional information, visit
www.avagotechwireless.com