Opportunities for Collaborative

University - Industry Research in Sustainable Energy

E. Dan Hirleman

Agenda

• UC Merced Overview

• University-Industry Partnerships

• Nanotech/Energy Research at UCM

Serving California’s Future The Genesis of UC Merced UC Merced

Only Research University created 21st Cent.

Access to UC-level education in underserved area (SJV) for underrepresented populations

Regional economic growth & diversification

Ag Water

Energy

Ira J Chrisman Pumping Plant DWR, Mettler, CA http://aquafornia.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2008/08/pumps-going-up.jpg

@ Nexus of Ag, Water, Energy

San Joaquin

Valley

UC Merced

SoE 113 G 1,169 UG

18,115 UG apps ~1,700 slots

2007

1871

2005

875

2011

5198

2009

3414

2008

2718

4381

2010

51.7% UG SoE/SNS

5760

2012

6195

2013 2006

1286 1286

UC Access - Serving California’s Future Fall 2013 - Undergraduates

Central Valley, 38.1%

Southern California,

34.5%

Northern California,

26.9%

62% First Generation (55% Engineering) 62% Pell Eligible (55% Engineering)

Hispanic-Serving Institution (U.S. Department of Education)

UC Access - Serving California’s Future Fall 2013 – Engineering (All) Undergraduates

African-American

4.5% (6.3%)

Two or more Races, 5.0%

(4.1%) Other /

Unknown, 5.6% (5.2%)

White, 18.3% (15.2%)

Asian, 27.7% (25.3%)

Hispanic, 38.8%

(43.9%)

Sustainability & UCM

One megawatt SUNPOWER solar array on 8.5 acres providing 20% of campus power and 60% of peak demand at 40% below peak power costs

Only US campus with all buildings LEED certified

University-Industry Partnerships?

WHY? • Inform/Influence Research & Education

• Targeted Recruiting

• Fill an Expertise Gap

• Acquire Knowledge/information for Problem Solving

• Funding

NSF Innovation Investments (Dr. Tom Peterson, UCM)

• Accept sponsored targeted graduate fellowships

• Centers with industrial members

• Industry-on-site arrangements – Industry Labs in Universities

• Flexible faculty consulting – Grant + consulting + student internship

• Encourage student and faculty leaves – Visiting faculty & Internships

Effective Practices (Dr. Joe Gordon, AMAT, UCM EAB)

• IP Rights

• Indemnification

• Publication Control

• Gifts vs. Grants (Control)

• Short Tethers on Students (by faculty)

Challenges to Work Through (Dr. Joe Gordon, AMAT, UCM EAB)

Collaboration Models:

Three Case Studies

UC Solar • UC Merced Lead Institution (Prof. Roland

Winston) • Nonimaging optics • Solar concentration • Solar cooling • Solar forecasting • Nanotech for PV • Harness UV spectrum

Consortium for Metrology of Semiconductor Nanodefects

Inspection Tool Manufacturers

ADE, KLA-Tencor, Hamamatsu-Inspex OSI, Applied Materials

Silicon Suppliers Sumitomo

Chip Makers AMD, Intel,

(SEMATECH)

Calibration Materials, Methods and Standards

Duke Scientific, VLSI Standards (ASTM, ISO, NIST, SEMI)

Process Tool Manufacturers Applied Materials

(Lawrence Liv. Nat. Lab)

Innovation and Design Clinic • Interdisciplinary teams • Design, build, demonstrate project • Innovation & tech transfer mindset • Project Management, P/C/FDR, IP, Ethics • Mentored & sponsored experience • Students in IDC assign IP

2013 IDC Projects:

• Real-time Water Monitoring Network (DWR)

• UAV Sensing of Pipeline Leaks (PG&E)

• Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Reduction (Grundfos)

• Biogas Purification System (Hilmar)

• Salt Recycling Management for SJV (DWR)

• Process Water Recycling (E&J Gallo)

• SJV Soil Salinity Mapping using UAVs (MESA)

• Heat Rejection using Irrigation Canal (UCM)

• Automated Microgrid Demand Response (LLNL)

Faculty Research:

Nanotech / Energy

Nanoelectrodes: Direct growth of C nanofibers on Cu (Prof. Jennifer Lu)

Sonication time (Min) 0 30 60 Cu to Cu

Contact Resistance (Ω) 6.5 4.8 5.7 4.4

-0.1

0

0.1

-0.4 0 0.4

Cur

rent

(A)

Potential (v)

Cu-CNF-no-s

Cu-CNF-30m-s

Cu-CNF-60m-s

Current collector

0.2 µm

Excellent contact with low ohmic loss Tuning catalyst for a well-defined and upright carbon nanofiber (CNF) array

Agile Thermal Switch (Prof. Jennifer Lu)

Conformational change

40% Shrinkage

- Low energy, i.e. NIR or thermal stimulation induces contraction - Intrinsically reversible - No UV damage (as opposed to azobenzene photoisomerization)

NNH

O O

H

NNH

O O

H

S-dibenzocyclooctadiene

Twist Boat: Global minimum Chair: Local minimum

J. Lu “Large negative thermal expansion of a polymer driven by a submolecular conformational change”, Nature Chemistry, Available online, DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1780.

(b)

(d)

(f)

(a)

(c)

(e)

YSZ preparation Masking electrolyte

Plasma cleaning Dropping electrode solution

Drying and re-dropping Removing the mask

(g)

A symmetric cell

Drop casting procedure for graphene based electrodes on a Yttria-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte (Prof. Min Lee)

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0103

104

105

106

107

108

rGO NrGO140 NrGO180 NrGO300 Au Pt ref. Pt

Rct [Ω

cm2 ]

1000/T [K-1]

T [°C]

Performance comparison from EIS results, Results from platinum-based cell shown as reference. (Prof. Min Lee)

Temperature of interest

400°C 250°C

0 2 4 6 80

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 NrGO180 rGO PtR

ct /

Rct

-initi

al [%

]

Time [hour]

Durability with time. Graphene-based electrodes showed superior durability over platinum. (Prof. Min Lee)

Prof. Vincent Tung

25% strain 40% strain

Prof. Vincent Tung

Prof. Vincent Tung

Bulk Si Defects

Shape – in bulk Si octahedron formed by (111) facets

Edge length along [110] ≅ 100 nm Density ≅ 5 × 106 cm–3 Cause – oxygen impurities during

Czocralski (CZ) crystal growth Exposed during processing

3 mm

482 nm PSL spheres on SRC/SEMATECH Defect

Standard Si wafer. Features are 250 nm

thick SiO2

Contamination Particles on Patterned Surfaces

Nanofeature Metrology Challenges

Scattering by Features on (and in) Filmed Substrate

• Discrete-dipole approx. DDSURF DDSUB

• Nonspherical, inhomogeneous features

• Sommerfeld integrals account for film

i j

Incident Field

Direct Interaction

DDSURF: Interactive Scatter

DDSURF (Iterative procedure to satisfy the governing Maxwell Equations)

CREATAR – configures dipole lattice array DDSURF – calculates the internal field FFSURF – calculates the external field

(a) feature only

(b) SiO2 200-nm thick “L” feature with 0.482 µm PSL sphere on a silicon surface

Scattering by Features on a Substrate

E. J. Bawolek, J. B. Mohr, E. D. Hirleman, and A. Majumdar, "Light Scatter from Polysilicon and Aluminum Surfaces and Comparison with Roughness Statistics by AFM", Applied Optics, V. 32, pp. 3377-3400 (1993).

R. Schmehl, B. Nebeker, and E. D. Hirleman, "The Coupled-dipole Method for Scattering by Particles on Surfaces Using a 2-D FFT Technique," Journal of the Optical Society of America: A, V. 14, pp. 3026-3036 (1997).

DWN, 0.3um

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Oxide thickness (A)

Nor

mal

ized

inte

nsity

(NPP

M)

DDFILMSP1 calibration

300 nm PSL sphere on SiO2

film on Si

Thank you!

and

Questions?