opportunities and challenges of divested asset management ......why the gale of assets disposal by...
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Opportunities and Challenges of Divested Asset Management – NPDC’s Experience
Kareem Folorunso (Manager , NPDC Onshore Assets)
Nigerian Petroleum Development Company Limited (A subsidiary of NNPC)
OUTLINE
Introduction
Why Divestment of Assets by the Oil Majors
Status of Asset At Takeover
The Opportunities Presented to NPDC by the Divestments
The Challenges in Managing the divested Assets
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
The Oil and gas industry has been the mainstay of the Nigerian Economy sincethe early 70s contributing over 80% of foreign earnings
The industry which started production in the late fifties was dominated by theIOCs – SPDC, Exxon Mobil, Chevron, Total, NAOC, etc.
Federal Government acquired majority shares in the Oil Companies throughseveral Participation Agreements
NNPC was set up to manage Government Interests in the industry
From 2009, the industry witnessed sale of oil block by the Oil Majors (Shell, BG, Agip,Total, Petrobras ,Chevron, ConocoPhillips)
INTRODUCTION CONT’D
OPL 332, 286 and 284
OML 4, 38 and 41
OML 26 and 30
OML 34, 40 and 42
OMLs 60-63
Many Indigenous Oil Companies participated in the bidding process thereby emerging as marginal field operators. Indigenous companies contributes less than 15% of the total oil production as at 2010
In 2010 Nigerian Oil and Gas Content Development (NOGIC) Act was passed .
Proponent of indigenization of the Nigerian Oil industry saw it as a golden opportunity for local participation in the sector and a sure avenue to boost the Nigerian economy
NPDCs involvement in some of the divested assets was brought about by NNPC assignment of her equities to her wholly owned subsidiary
WHY DIVESTMENT OF ASSETS BY THE OIL MAJORS?
Why the gale of assets disposal by the IOC?
Reasons behind divestment provide insight to the challenges to be faced in themanagement of these assets:
Reduced productivity of the assets
Hostile host communities
Insecurity
Change in business model
Operational difficulties due to aged facilities
Dwindling margins as a result of high operating costs in the Nigerian oil industry
Asset has been abandoned for over sevenyears
Equipment in the flowstation had lost theirfunctionality due to lack of preservation
Extensive corrosion on the flow stationequipment
All flowlines harvested by unknownindividuals
Wellhead structures were vandalized
The existing field logistic base was in stateof disrepair
Access to the wells and flow station washeavily silted
The Aged Crude Oil Export Pipelineseverely affected by corrosion and severalpoints were vandalized and damaged byvandals
STATE OF THE ASSET AS AT TAKEOVER – SHALLOW WATER ASSET (OML 40)
STATUS OF ASSET AT TAKEOVER – OML N42 ( CONT’D)
Batan was the only producing fields as at takeover
Flow-station was operational with aged equipment
All other flow stations in the fields were heavily vandalized
All the wellheads were vandalized
All flowlines were stolen
Export pipelines were completely removed by unknown persons
Access ways highly silted - well location accessibility impossible
No crude oil production activity
No visible community development project
TRANSFORCADOS PIPELINE NETWORK
Good condition
De-rated
Integrity not assessedReplacement required
TFP
24” x 31.31km
28”
x 4
2.4
6km
Chanomi mf
Eriemu mf
13.32km
STATUS OF THE ASSET AT TAKEOVER : TRANS – FORCADOS PIPELINE (TFP)
ERIEMU M/F TO UPS
• 16” X 13.48 KM
• 24” X 13.22 KM
UPS TO RAPELE M/F
• 24” X 31.31KM
RAPELE M/F TO FORCADOS RIVER CROSSING M/F
• 28” X 42.46KM
9
9
FORCADOSTerminal
BATAN (30Kbpd)
BatanMFLD
8” x 2.21km
28”
KeremoMFLD
JONES CREEK (150Kbpd)
EGWA 1
(30Kbpd)
8” x 1.2km
EGWA 2
(40Kbpd)
ODIDI 2 (40Kbpd)
8” x 1.5kmODIDI 1 (60Kbpd)
20” x 6.45km
8” x 1.55km
28”
8” x 4.16km
16” x 18.88km
Delivery pipeline (in production)
Stolen Delivery Pipeline(Replacement required)
20” x 2.74km
TFP
28”
FLB
Flowstaion (in operation)
Remote Manifold
Key
FLB Field Logistic Base
Trans Forcados Pipeline (TFP)
2.5km River crossing
Vandalized Flowstaion (to be Revamp)
STATUS OF ASSET AS AT TAKEOVER -SURFACE OIL PROCESSING FACILITIES
STATUS OF THE ASSET AS AT TAKEOVER (CONT’D)
Well Heads/ Xmas tree
valves stolen
1
0
Platform vandalized
11
Flowlines stolen
ROW encroached by mangroves
Flowlines cut at the well head
STATE OF THE ASSET AS AT TAKEOVER (CONT’D)
STATUS OF ASSET AS AT TAKEOVER (CONT’D)
Gas lift Compressor in Jones Creek FSDysfunctional Control room in Odidi CPF
Opportunities in the Divested Assets
NPDC’s Experience
TRANSFORMATION OF NPDC TO AN OIL MAJOR
•Oil = 313 MMSTB
•Condensate = 60 MMSTB
•Gas = 2 TSCF
•Oil = 3.168 BSTB
•Condensate = 330 MMSTB
•Gas = 18.4 TSCF
Post Divestment Huge Hydrocarbon resources become available
NPDC is the 3rd largest oil company in Nigeria in terms of oil reserves and has the 4th
largest gas reserves in Nigeria
Countless opportunities for partnership and collaboration with other business entities also became available as a result of the divestment
NPDC Pre-New Asset Divestment
NPDC Post-New Asset Divestment
ABUNDANT FIELD DATA
Divested assets under NPDC operations consist majorly of matured Oil fields
Critical data for decision making are abundant and readily available
Seismic coverage of blocs is beyond 90%
Well documented geological and petrophysical information
Well logs
Reservoir models
Facility Asset Reference Manuals
EARLY CASH INFLOW
To establish crude oil production is a daunting task
Huge capital investment is required and there are uncertainties in the outcomes
Divested assets are already in production phase
Some of the assets were in production while others require minimal work to re-establish
production
Availability of third party facilities to leverage on – FOT, TFP, NGC gas plants etc
Discovery Evaluation Development Production
Exploration
5 – 10 years 1 – 5 years
PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES
Quick win opportunities for oil and gas production growth abounds in the divestedassets.
Several non producing wells in the field can be brought into production with minimalwork:
Flowline construction
Wellhead and Xmas tree repairs
Swabbing
Gas lift optimisation
Non producing fields can be re-streamed through re-entry program
Revamp and installation of OML 26 and 30 Gas lift Compressor stations to increaseproduction from 2000bopd to 9000bopd and 15000 to 55000bopd respectively
Drilling of infill wells.
Odidi /Jones creek re-entry projects were conceived in 2013 to re-establish oil and gas production in OML 42
Wellhead platforms and Xmas trees successfully revamped
Dredging of Access ways and heavily silted well slots
Engineering , Procurement , Construction & Installation of Flowlines and Export pipelines
Flowstation and gas plant equipment rehabilitated
Oil production was re-established in Odidi & Jones Creek on October 2014 and September 2015 respectively.
Gas commercialization is planned to commence in Nov 2017 @ 40MMSCF/D.
PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES – ODIDI /JONES CREEK RE-ENTRY
New Export Pumps at Odidi FlowstationWellhead after revamp
New Control System at OdidiNew 2 x 4.5MW Turbo Generators Installed
PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES – ODIDI RE-ENTRY
Ubefan
Jones Creek
280 mmboe
150 mbbl/dEgwa478 mmboe30 mbbl/d
30 mbbl/d
AjujuForcefully
closed
since Feb 2006
Batan100 mmboe30 mbbl/d
Rapele Field Rapele MF
Warri River100 mmboe15 mbbl/d
Warri River MF
CrawfordUtorogu463 mmboe30 mbbl/d270 mmcfd capacity
Ughelli West100 mmboe30 mbbl/d
Ughelli East401 mmboe
30 mbbl/d
15 mmcfd
capacity
Afisere192 mmboe60 mbbl/d
Kokori283 mmboe60 mbbl/d
Urhure
Eriemu
295
mmboe30 mbbl/d
Osioka0 mmboe5 mbbl/d
Oroni187 mmboe15 mbbl/d
UzereEast / West361 mmboe60 mbbl/d
Oweh60 mmboe30 mbbl/d
Olomoro371 mmboe60 mbbl/d
Ogini
301 mmboe 20 mbbl/d
Evwreni204 mmboe30 mbbl/d
Keremo MF
Forcados River MF
Production from OML 4, 38, 41
OML 40
Opuama
75 mmboe
4 mbbl/d.
Shut-in
since 2006
GBetiokun115mmboe
20mbbl/d
Staddle with
OML 49
Adagbasa MF
Saghara MF
Escravos MF
Odidi635 mmboe30 mbbl/d60 mbbl/dGas Devt. plan.300mmcfd cap. by 2013
OML 34
OML 42
OML 30
OML 26
TFP OIL delivery line
Manifolds Injection points
Fields
LEGEND
Trans Forcados Pipeline
TFP covers a total length of approx. 87 km
PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES :TRANS – FORCADOS PIPELINE (TFP)
OML-30ASSET OVERVIEW
MANY PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES – OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS (OML 26)
Drilling and Completion of 5nos Horizontal wells (Drilled in 9 months)
Successfully carried out OginiFDP.
Reprocessed 483 Sq.Km of 3D Seismic Data
Well intervention campaign
Gas lift Compressors installation
Installation of new export pumps
Sectional replacement of Flowlines and Gaslines
MANY PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES – OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS
(OML 34)
NAG 1 plant improvement project
NAG 1 plant operated at Name plate capacity (360MMSCF/D) for the 1st
time
Ughelli gas plant upgrade
Utorogu-Ughelli East DOM gas pipeline
Drilling and completion of 2nos wells
Peak gas production of 414MSCF/D in March 2015
MANY PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES –
OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS (OML 40)
Opuama re-entry project
Well 1 and 3 interventions
Well 7 Intervention
Gbetiokun development
MANY PRODUCTION GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES –
OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS (OML 42)
Odidi re-entry
Jones Creek re-entry
Egwa re-entry
Odidi Gas plant revamp
Work-over activities
Batan drilling
HUGE GAS COMMERCIALIZATION POTENTIALS
Through the divested assets; NPDC is the highest producer of hydrocarbon gas for thedomestic market
NPDC has the 4th largest gas reserve in Nigeria as at date
Plans to harness the huge gas resources in NPDC includes:
Re-streaming of Odidi CPF for AG monetization after revamp of facility
OML 42 NAG Development
Completion and commissioning of Utorogu NAG 2
Cluster Development of NPDC OML 26 & 30 to back-fill Utorogu Gas Plant
Supply of rich gas to Pan Ocean gas plant
HUGE GAS COMMERCIALIZATION POTENTIALS-
NPDC GAS DEVELOPMENT PLANS
S/N
OMLMajor Fields
AG+NAG Reserves(2P) BCF
Existing Infrastructure Gas Development Plan
1. 42 Odidi, Egwa
3716 Odidi AG Gas Plant (80 mmscfd)
5.5km x 24’’ pipeline from Odidi GasPlant to ELPS
NPDC is currently undertaking studies for exporting excess gas from Jones Creek Field to Odidi Gas Plant
In the medium term, plan is to develop the 1.2Tcf Gas Reserves at Egwa for processing at Odidi Gas Plant
2. 34Utorogu, Ughelli East
2927
Utorogu NAG Plant 1 (360 mmscfd)
Utorogu NAG Plant 2 (150 mmscfd)
Ughelli East Gas Plant (90 mmscfd)
Utorogu NAG 2 Plant has been installed and successfully commissioned. Total available gas processing capacity at Utorogu is 510MMscfd
NPDC’s plan is to carry out aggressive development of the AG at Utorogu plant
3. 26&30
Isoko,Ovo, UzereWest,Evwreni, Oroni, Eriemu
3211Expected to use Utorogu gas plant
Medium term plan for cluster development of AG & NAG reserves
Plan to install a Gas Handling Facility of 150mmscfd at OML 30 to process AG and NAG from both OML 26 and 30 and deliver lean gas to ELPS
S/N OML Major Fields
2P AG+NAG
Reserves (2P)
(BCF)
Existing Infrastructure Gas Development Plan
4. 111 Oredo 1365
100mmscfd Integrated Gas Handling Facility (IGHF)
Existing 16” x 20km line linking the IGHF to ELPS
• New 10” x 22km pipeline connecting the IGHF to Pan Ocean JV’s Ovade-OgharefeGas Plant completed. LPG will be stripped out at the Ovade-OgharefePlant while the lean gas will be injected into the ELPS line
• Oziengbe Flare out project is currently being developed. Plans exist to transport gas from nearby Aroh and Ogharekifields in OML 49 to Oziengbe for onward transmission to the IGHF for processing.
5 64 Kukaku 364
Odidi AG gas Plant (80 mmscfd)
5.5km x 24’’ pipeline connecting OdidiCPF to ELPS
Construct gas pipeline from the existing well heads in Kukaku field to OML 42 Odidi field to utilize the 50MMscfd NAG module currently at the Nigerian Ports Authority.
NPDC GAS DEVELOPMENT PLANS
OPPORTUNITY FOR NIGERIAN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TO PLAY BIG IN
THE INDUSTRY
The divestment of assets also open up a vista of opportunities for Nigerianfinancial institutions
Acquisition financing
Project financing – directly or indirectly
Asset insurance
Operations
Other structured financial products
Challenges in Managing Divested Assets
NPDC’s Experience
NPDC’S ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE
NPDC being a government owned entity presents bureaucratic bottlenecks
Decision making is not as fast as private entities
Asset growth not commensurate to efforts and initiatives
Approval authority limits
Lack of enough manpower
LIMITED SUPPORT FROM JV PARTNERS AND STRUGGLE FOR OPERATORSHIP
JV partners believe they are better qualified to be an operator of divestedassets given SPDC/NNPC JV arrangement
Difficulties in getting JV alignment on work programs and development plans atSUBCOM, TECOM and OPCOM
Irregular cash call payments
Duplication of activities by the JV partners
FUNDING CONSTRAINTS
Work programs required to attain productiontargets has huge monetary implications.
Failure of the strategy alliance partnership
created paucity of fund for asset development
Work programs have to be rationalized based onfund availability
Project deliveries are negatively affected bydelays in payments to contractors.
INSECURITY & VANDALISM
Insecurity prevalent in the Niger Delta region is one of themajor reasons for the divestment of the Assets
Security challenge still pose a big threat to oil and gasproduction in the region
Huge budgetary provision is made yearly for the provisionof security cover for personnel and facilities
Pipelines and facilities are easy targets for militant in theregion
Gun boats are now prerequisites for Oil and gas operationsin the swamps of Niger delta
About 20- 25% of crude oil injected into the main trunk linenever gets to the Terminal
Circa. 17.5million barrels of crude oil has been deferred inonly OML 42 alone from 2012 to date due to vandalism
Scarce resources is used to repair damaged equipment andfacilities.
Bombed Pipeline on Fire
Jones Creek Well 34 Fire –
Millions of dollars was spent to
put off fire and kill the well
Incessant pipeline ruptures
A total of 10 ruptures/leakages within 2 months.
Huge community and environmental issues
Hostility
Exorbitant demands for settlements and compensations
Provision of relief material
Spill clean-up and remediation challenges
Difficult work terrain
Difficulty in accessing work site
Highly unstable soil condition
INSECURITY & VANDALISM CONT’D
INSECURITY & VANDALISM CONT’D
Illegal tap on Trunk Line
Bombed Section of Trunk Line
Illegal tap on Trunk Line for crude theft
Bombed Manifold
TFP INCIDENTS ( SEPT 2014 – OCT 2015)
37
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE 28” TFP REPAIR WORKS
TFP Bunkering and Vandalism is a total of 56 Nos repair works
33 32
49
40
INSECURITY & VANDALISM CONT’D
Batan area
Chanomi Creek
Yeye
Egbokodo-Itsekiri
Bunkering or Vandalism Point
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE 28” TFP REPAIR WORKS
TFP MAJOR INCIDENTS SPOTS; Chanomi Creek, Rapelle and Batan axis
INSECURITY & VANDALISM CONT’D
TFP CHALLENGES/RECOMMEDATIONS INSECURITY & VANDALISM CONT’D
Year Deferment Days Revenue loss(million$)
2013 22 308
2014 71 497
2015 77 539
Total 170 1,344
DEMANDS FROM THE HOST COMMUNITIES
Most host communities see oil companies as the “government” in their area
Basic amenities for good life are absent in most of the communities even aftera long period of oil exploitation
Communities want the company to immediately develop their areasirrespective of the financial implications and budgetary constraints
Great efforts and resources is needed to manage these communities
Production activities and project works are sometimes stopped due to unmetdemands resulting in production deferment
NPDC OPERATORSHIPPERFORMANCE
50
50
Pre SPDC Divestment
•NPDC 55% Equity Acquisition
•SPDC Operation
SPDC Divestment
•SPDC Equity divestment
•Operatorship by SPDC
•Documentation Transfer
Operatorship Transfer
•Facilities integrity evaluation at Opuama Field
•Opuama Facilities rehabilitation
Field re-entry
•Oil and Gas production re-streaming at the Opuama field
•Opuama field development program review
•In-fill development drilling
Field redevelopment
•Further Opuama in-fill development drilling
•Production optimization
•Well & reservoir Management
Field redevelopment
•Further Opuama in-fill development drilling
Field redevelopment
•Further Opuama in-fill development drilling
•Gbetiokun development
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
OML 40 NPDC OPERATORSHIP PERFORMANCE/PROGRAM
51
OML 26 NPDC OPERATORSHIP PERFORMANCE/PROGRAM)
51
Pre SPDC Divestment
•NPDC 55% Equity Acquisition
•SPDC Operation
•Fields partially down due to Community issues
SPDC Divestment
•SPDC Equity Transfer
•Operations Documentation Transfer
•Operatorship by SPDC
•2 Fields developed and producing
•Issues with Gas lift compressors
•1 field shut-in for technical depletion
Operatorship Takeover
•Operatorship transfer from SPDC
•Three fields Developed but 2 Producing at takeover
•Compressor revamp and restoration of Gas lifted Wells
•Reviewed Ogini Field Development Plan
Production Stabilisation
•Obtained DPR approval for revised Field Development Program
•Purchase of Long-lead items for drilling campaign
•Contracting for drilling rig for new development wells program
Optimisation & Re-development
•Isoko Field Production Optimisation
•Isoko & Ogini Well Interventions/ Workovers
•Commence Ogini Field re-development
Optimisation & Re-development
•Isoko Field Production Optimisation
•Isoko & Ogini Well Interventions/ Workovers
•Commence Ogini Field re-development
Optimisation & Re-development
•Isoko Field Production Optimisation
•Isoko & Ogini Well Interventions/ Workovers
•Commence Ogini Field re-development
Optimisation & Re-development
•Isoko Field Production Optimisation
•Isoko & Ogini Well Interventions/ Workovers
•Commence Ogini Field re-development
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
52
OML 30 NPDC OPERATORSHIP PERFORMANCE/PROGRAM
52
Pre SPDC Divestment
•NPDC 55% Equity Acquisition
•SPDC Operation
SPDC Divestment
•SPDC Equity Transfer
•SPDC Operation
•Operations Documentation
Operatorship Transfer
•Operatorship Transfer
•8 Fields shut-in due to Community issues
•1 Field shut-in due to vandalism
•Community Engagement and
Optimisation & Interventions
•All OML 30 Fields Optimisation
•Well interventions to stabilise production & reduce Water production
Well Workovers & Re-development Planning
•Well workovers to improve wells productivity
•Review of the asset field development program
25,890 28,78524,117
40,534 45,371 47,000 65,000
Performance Forecast
Assets' Production (bopd)
Performance Forecast
Well Workovers & Re-development Planning
•Well workovers to improve wells productivity
•Review of the asset field development program
Well Workovers & Re-development Planning
•Well workovers to improve wells productivity
•Review of the asset field development program
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015•Exploration drilling•Exploration drilling 2016 2017
53
53
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Development Program Review
Pre SPDC Divestment
•NPDC 55% Equity Acquisition
•SPDC Operation
SPDC Divestment
•SPDC Equity Divestment
•Operatorship transfer from SPDC
•Documentation Transfer
Operatorship Transfer
•Production Optimisation
•Restreaming Closed-in Wells
•Progressed NAG facilities development
•Fields
Production Stabilisation & Optimisation
•Utorogu & Ughelli West Wells interventions
•NAG facilities development
•AG Gathering facilities development
Production Ramp-up
•Ughelli East Gas infill development
•Utorogu Oil infill development
•Warri River field reentry
Production Stabilisation & Optimisation
•Utorogu & Ughelli West Wells interventions
•NAG facilities development
•AG Gathering facilities development
Production Stabilisation & Optimisation
•Utorogu & Ughelli West Wells interventions
•NAG facilities development
•AG Gathering facilities development
20172016
OML 34 NPDC OPERATORSHIP PERFORMANCE/PROGRAM
54
54
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Pre SPDC Divestment
•NPDC 55% Equity Acquisition
•SPDC Operation
Operatorship Transfer
•Documentation Transfer
•Operatorship transfer from SPDC
•2 fields producing
•4 fields shut-in due to community and vandalism issues
•1 field technically shut-in due to depletion
Production Stabilisation
•Batan & Ajuju Reservoir surveillance
•Batan & Ajuju Production optimisation
•Integrity testing on shut-in Odidi & Jones Creek fields
Facilities rehab at shut-in fields
•Facilities rehabilitation at Odidi & Jones Creek fields commenced
•Further Reservoir surveillance and optimisation at Batan/Ajuju
•Batan field development plan review
Re-open shut-in Field & re-developments
•Fully re-stream the Odidi & Jones Creek Oil & Gas production
•Batan in-fill development
•Odid & Jones creek re-entry
Re-open shut-in Field & re-developments
•Fully re-stream the Odidi & Jones Creek Oil & Gas production
•Batan in-fill development
•Well & reservoir management
Re-open shut-in Field & re-developments
•Fully re-stream the Odidi & Jones Creek Oil & Gas production
•Batan in-fill development
2016 2017
OML 42 NPDC OPERATORSHIP PERFORMANCE/PROGRAM
55
Completed Buffer Tank (6 x 500 bbl)
Installation for Water Dehydration
Completed Manifolding and
Connection of Tank Vents to Flowstation
Flare Header
Completed Modification of F/S Surge
Vessel to feed the Trucking bay
Completed repair of failed sections
of Ogini field & Oleh roads in
preparation for crude oil trucking.
Construction work at Ogini Loading
Facility almost completed (Exit Road, 2nd
Gate, Security Hut, Lighting Utility,
Operations Cabin)
Completed Piping construction to
link the Ogini Loading Facility to the
Flowstation
Ogini Truck Loading Facility:
Tank vents manifolding and overfill connection piping
ALTERNATIVE EVACUATION -LAND ASSETS
ALTERNATIVE CRUDE EVACUATION BY BARGING (SWAMP ASSETS)
barging 19 km
Shuttle tanker to FSO from
Escravos River
64 km
FSO
Shuttle Tanker
Location
CONCLUSION
NPDC sees many opportunities in the divested assets
Great efforts made to maximize the opportunities amidst numerouschallenges
NNPC and NPDC Leaderships developed innovative solutions to overcomethe numerous challenges:
GMOU to address community and security issues
Creating Host Community dependency on NPDC’s facilities to help foster a
symbiotic relationship with the communities
Constitution of Asset Management Team (AMT) to remove administrative
bottlenecks
Alternative crude oil evacuation to reduce deferment during TFP/FOT
outage
Incorporated Joint Venture (IJV) to eliminate funding issues
THANK YOU
APPRECIATION
• Management of NPDC & NNPC
• Colleagues in OMLs 26, 30, 34, 40 & 42.
• JV partners ( FHN, HERITAGE, ND WESTERN, ELCREST &NECONDE )