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F/A.18 HORNET 3.OCODE 328lOD, OSC ATRWARFARE Srl,llUlAIlONS DwISION, DALAS, TX 75248Unauthorized Distribution without the express written DESTRUCTION NOTICE: For unclassified, limitedpermission of GSC is prohibited. @1997, Graphic documents, destroy by any method that will preventSimulations Corporation. disclosure of contents or reconstruction of document.

Other requests shallbe refered to Code 32810D,GSC, 15400 KnollTrail Dr., Ste.#104,Dallas TX75248

F /A. T 8 CONTROLLED DOCUNIENTAT'ON

OPERATION OF THE F/A-18 AVIONIC SUBSYSTEM

F/A-18 Hornet 3.0 Strike Fighter Simulation. Copyright ©1997 byGraphic Simulations Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Graphic SimulationsCorporation makes no warranties, either express or implied, regarding theenclosed computer software and associated materials, its merchantability,or its fitness for any particular purpose. Graphic SimulationsCorporation shall not, in any case, be liable for any incidental orconsequential damages arising from any claim under this agreement. Theexclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for incidentalor consequential damages is not permitted by some states and thereforemay not apply to you. Have a nice day.

www.graphsim.com

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS.............................................................2

FIGURES..............................................................5

HORNET HISTORY.......................................................5

INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS............................................7

Mac OS ...........................................................7

Windows95/NT 4.0 .................................................7

QUICK START..........................................................8

INTERFACE ENVIRONMENT................................................9

Main Room ........................................................9

Kneepad Tabs ....................................................10

DDI Pilot Menu ..................................................10

DDI Settings Menu ...............................................11

DDI Theater Menu ................................................11

DDI Mission Menu ................................................11

DDI Preflight Menu ..............................................12

Flying a mission ................................................12

CLASSROOM .........................................................13

DEBRIEFING ROOM ...................................................13

Mission Debrief Printout ........................................13

Saving Replays ..................................................14

FILM LIBRARY ......................................................14

Replay Files ....................................................14

NETWORK PLAY ......................................................15

Network Host ....................................................15

Windows95/NT 4.0 ................................................16

Macintosh .......................................................16

Network Join ....................................................16

Net-player Communication ........................................16

Flying a mission ................................................17

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SCORING .......................................................... 17

Rank Promotion Values........................................... 17

Target Point Accumulation....................................... 17

INDEPENDENT SYSTEMS ................................................ 18

AVIONIC CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS .................................... 18

HUD Basic Flight Data........................................... 18

IP-1317/A Digital Display Indicators (DDIs)..................... 20

C-10380/ASQ Up-Front Control (UFC).............................. 21

Indicator Lamps................................................. 22

Voice Alert System.............................................. 23

Equipment Status Display (ESD).................................. 24

Standby Flight Instrumentation.................................. 25

AN/ASW-44 FLT.CONTROL SET (FCS) .................................. 26

Flight Control Stick and Rudder Functions....................... 26

Throttle Control and Engine Monitoring.......................... 27

Aerodynamic Augmentation Systems................................ 28

Launch, Recovery and Safety Systems............................. 29

ELECTRONIC WARFARE EQUIPMENT SET ................................. 30

ALR-67 Electronic Radar Warning Receiver (RWR).................. 30

AN/ALE-39 Countermeasures Dispensing Set........................ 31

RT-1079A/ALQ-126A ECM Receiver/Transmitter...................... 32

COMMUNICATION AND IDENTIFICATION ................................. 32

ARC-182 Radios.................................................. 32

Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)................................. 34

Identification Friend or Foe (IFF).............................. 34

NAVIGATION MASTER MODE ............................................. 35

AVIONIC CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS .................................... 35

NAV System HUD Symbology........................................ 35

Backup Angle of Attack Indexer.................................. 36

Horizontal Situation Display (HSD).............................. 37

Pilot Relief System (Autopilot)................................. 38

Basic Autopilot................................................. 39

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Optional Autopilot Modes ........................................39

NAVIGATIONAL STEERING .............................................40

Waypoint Steering (WPT) .........................................40

TACAN Steering (TCN) ............................................41

Instrument Landing System Steering (ILS) ........................41

AIR-TO-GROUND MASTER MODE...........................................43

AIR-TO-GROUND RADAR MODES .........................................43

Air-to-Ground Radar Sub-modes ...................................44

AIR-TO-GROUND WEAPONS MODES .......................................45

Conventional A/G attack modes ...................................45

Conventional and Nuclear Weapons Delivery .......................46

Electro-Optical Delivery Modes ..................................48

Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) .................................49

AGM-65 Maverick (MAV) ...........................................51

AGM-62 Walleye (WE) .............................................53

FLIR Target Hand-off ............................................54

HARM Mode .......................................................54

AIR-TO-AIR MASTER MODE..............................................56

RADAR FUNCTION ....................................................56

Air-to-Air Radar Sub-Modes ......................................59

Target Acquisition ..............................................60

A/A WEAPONS DELIVERY ..............................................60

AIM-9M Sidewinder -- Radar NOT Tracking .........................61

AIM-9M Sidewinder -- Radar Tracking .............................61

AIM-120 AMRAAM -- Radar Tracking ................................62

M61 Gun -- Radar Not Tracking ...................................62

M61 Gun -- Radar Tracking .......................................62

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FIGURES

Main Room .............................................................. 9

Training Classroom .................................................... 13

Debrief Room .......................................................... 14

Film Room ............................................................. 15

Instrument Panel Layout ............................................... 18

Basic HUD Display ..................................................... 19

Up Front Control Panel ................................................ 21

Standby Instruments ................................................... 25

RWR Azimuth Display ................................................... 30

Navigation (NAV) Master Mode HUD Data ................................. 36

Horizontal Situation Display .......................................... 38

Typical A/G Radar Display ............................................. 43

CCIP GUN HUD Format ................................................... 46

CCIP Bomb Mode ........................................................ 47

AUTO Mode (Before Designation) ........................................ 48

AUTO Mode (After Designation) ......................................... 49

FLIR EO Display ....................................................... 50

Maverick (MAV) EO Display ............................................. 51

Walleye (WE) EO Display ............................................... 53

HARM Display .......................................................... 55

Destabilized Radar Scan Volume ........................................ 56

Stabilized Radar Scan Volume .......................................... 57

TWS A/A Radar Mode .................................................... 58

Normalized In-Range Display (NIRD) .................................... 61

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HORNET HISTORY

The F/A-18 Hornet made its first public appearance in the form of afull-scale mockup at the Paris Air Show in 1971. Then called the P-530Cobra, it was intended to be Northrop’s next generation fighter; thesuccessor to the F-5. It was to be a lightweight fighter that could out-perform the MiG-17, yet still carry a large external weapons load.

Though unconvinced of the value of a small fighter, the US Air Forcewas persuaded to sponsor a competition in which two designs would bebuilt and flown. In April of 1971, the finalists were announced: GeneralDynamics would develop the YF-16 Lightweight Fighter (LWF), and Northropwould develop a Cobra derivative, the YF-17. By the time the prototypesfinally flew, the Air Force was in the market for 650 new fighteraircraft, and four NATO nations were shopping for F-104 replacements. Thewinner could be assured of substantial sales. Industry observers weremore than a little surprised when the General Dynamics design outperformed the Northrop design and won the competition.

Although the F-16 was added to the USAF stables, Congress directed theUS Navy to choose one of the two LWF designs for their requiredfighter/attack vehicle, known as the Navy Air Combat Fighter (NACF). Navyrequirements were in many ways tougher than those of the USAF. Strongerlanding gear were necessary for carrier operations. A larger radarantenna than could fit in either prototype was also required. Inaddition, the Navy wanted the manufacturer to have experience in carrieraircraft design. Corporate alliances were formed, and General Dynamicsteamed up with Vought, while Northrop was joined by McDonnell Douglas. InMay 1975, the YF-17 was awarded the prize, and after considerableevolution, first flew as the F/A-18 in 1978.

After nearly two decades, versatility has been the key to thecontinued success of the F/A-18. Upon cancellation of the Navy’s A-12stealth attack aircraft in 1991, it was decided that a growth programbased on the F/A-18 would serve as the replacement for the A-6 and, tosome extent, the expensive F-14. By the early 2000s, a typical carrierwing will include 36 F/A-18s and 14 Grumman F-14s. The US Navy and otherNATO nations plan on purchasing 2,500 new F/A-18s by the year 2015.

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INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

Mac OS

1) Insert the CD-ROM into your CD drive.

2) Run the Installer, located on the CD.

3) Follow the instructions to install new files onto your hard disk.

4) Locate "F/A-18 Hornet 3.0" on your hard drive and run it. The CDmust be in the drive for all normal missions. Joined networkmissions may be flown without the CD inserted.

Windows95/NT 4.0

1) Insert the CD-ROM into the CD drive.

2) Follow the on-screen instructions to install new files onto yourhard disk.

3) Locate "FA18" on your hard drive and run it. The CD must be in thedrive for all normal missions. Joined network missions may beflown without the CD inserted.

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QUICK START

1) Open/Run the F/A-18 Hornet 3.0 icon.

2) Click on the Settings button.

3) Click on the Preferences button.

4) Select your controller type under Input Device.

5) Click on the Theater button.

6) Click on the theater in which you would like to fly. Threeselections are available:

Training: Missions which allow you to familiarize yourself withbasic operations of the F/A-18 Hornet.

Network: Multi-player missions which allow you to fly with andagainst your friends.

Kuwait Tour: Live combat missions with objectives, scoring, andawards.

7) Click on the flashing Preflight button.

8) Select your weapon loadout for the mission.

9) Click on the Fly button.

10) Increase or decrease throttle controls by pressing "+" or "-".

11) The aircraft lifts off when sufficient ground speed is attained(about 140 kts).

12) Raise the landing gear by pressing "G".

13) Select Air-to-Air weapons by pressing "[".

14) Select Air-to-Ground weapons by pressing "]".

15) Release weapons with "ENTER" or "TRIGGER" ("RETURN" on Macintosh)

16) Exit the simulation and return by pressing "SHIFT ESC".

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INTERFACE ENVIRONMENT

The F/A-18 Hornet interface provides a series of areas, or Rooms, eachproviding a specific function. These areas are all accessible from theMain Room.

F/A-18 Hornet operates under a career-oriented paradigm. The userassumes the identity of a pilot just beginning a career. As the pilotachieves score and ranking, the dossier is updated and the pilot ispromoted accordingly. A complete Tour of Duty consists of seven missions,each one chosen from a group of four. When the last mission is completed,the pilot dossier must be reset to begin again. In addition to flyingcareer missions, all of the Tour of Duty Missions are available for"Instant Action". Flying an Instant Action mission has no effect on thepilot’s career.

A series of six Training missions are available for practicing commonroles. Topics include: Basic flight operations, Takeoff/landing, Carrieroperations and procedures, Navigation, Air-to-ground attack, and Air-to-air combat. As with Instant Action missions, Training missions do notaffect the pilot’s dossier.

Main Room

Main Room

The primary area of the interface is called the Main Room. From herethe user may navigate to other areas of the interface, change gamepreferences, choose missions, and fly the aircraft. The Main Room isdivided into three primary areas:

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DDI: Monochrome CRT with buttons surrounding it. Clickingthese buttons allows the user to navigate through thevarious menu options and selections.

Kneepad: Small rectangular note pad to the right of the DDI.The kneepad contains "pages" of information and/orbuttons used to select various options. Missionbriefings are also displayed here.

Tabs: Positioned to the right edge of the kneepad. The tabsallow the user to navigate to different areas of theinterface, such as the classroom, film library, ordebrief room.

Using the interface is as simple as clicking (with the mouse) on anyDDI button or any active button or field on the Kneepad. For example: Tochange the monitor resolution, click on the Settings DDI button and thenclick on the Preferences button. The monitor resolutions appear in thelower right-hand corner of the kneepad. Click on the desired resolution.

Kneepad Tabs

The kneepad tabs are used to navigate to other rooms of the interface.The five tabs are located to the right side of the kneepad.

Flight: Provides a shortcut directly to the Preflight pageusing current theater and mission settings.

Training: Goes to the Training Classroom which providesextensive online tutorial and video sequences.

Debrief: Shows the debriefing for the last mission flown, andallows replays to be saved.

Replay: Goes to the Replay Room, where previously saved videocan be recalled and viewed.

DDI Pilot Menu

The Pilot menu on the left side of the DDI displays the followingoptions on the right side of the DDI:

Dossier: Clicking on Dossier brings up the kneepad pagecontaining the pilot’s active duty history. Name,rank, serial number, picture ID, callsign, score, andpersonal notes are stored here.

Kills: This is a list of the pilot’s kills for each targettype, along with the score value of each type. At thebottom of the page is the total score.

Awards: This page displays ribbons awarded for successfulTour-of-Duty missions.

Top Tours: This is a list of the ten highest-scoring careers.

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Reset Pilot: Deletes the current pilot and creates a new one atthe beginning of a career. Resetting the pilot isrequired when the pilot dies, or when the pilotcompletes a career and retires.

DDI Settings Menu

Settings are altered by clicking on Settings, located on the left sideof the DDI. The following options are available through this selection:

Detail: This is where the various graphic effects andcontrols are set. Lowering detail and using fewergraphic effects improves performance. Effects ofcertain graphic changes on the environment aredisplayed in the picture window at the bottom of thepage.

Difficulty: This page is used to inhibit or completely overridedamage to the pilot’s aircraft. Enemy skill levelsmay also be adjusted.

Preferences: This is where controls for sounds, flight and videomode are located. Two frame rates are available; 10and 20 frames per second. Faster computers caneasily support the 20 FPS option, whereas slowercomputers may require the lower setting.

DDI Theater Menu

There are three theaters of operation:

Training: This theater depicts a training area in beautifulHawaii.

Network: This theater, a joint military installation inArizona, is for flying with or against other livepilots.

Kuwait Tour: These Tour-of-duty missions advance the pilot'scareer.

Choosing a theater displays a map page on the kneepad. Clicking withinthe map region zooms the map. The map may then be scrolled in anydirection up to its geographical limits by pressing and holding the mousebutton while dragging the mouse within the map window. Clicking in themap legend area zooms out.

DDI Mission Menu

The Mission menu functions differently depending on the currentlyselected theater. When the Training or Network theater is active, themissions menu displays a scrolling list of the six training or networkmissions. Clicking on a mission name selects that mission for flight. The

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Up and Dn buttons scroll the list. When the Kuwait theater is current,the Mission menu displays a group of four missions, one of which must bechosen for flight. After successfully completing the mission, the DDIdisplays "Get Next Mission". Clicking this fetches the next group of fourmissions. Each group of four missions is successively more difficult.Upon completion of seven missions, the pilot retires.

The kneepad displays the briefing for the selected mission. Study thebriefing before flying, as it describes the objective for the mission.Click on the curled page corner to view additional briefing information.

DDI Preflight Menu

The Preflight option is available from the Mission page. The Preflightpage offers the following menu choices:

Fly: Initiates the current mission with the selectedloadout.

Air-To-Air: Recalls a previously stored default A/A weaponloadout. Holding the SHIFT key down while pressingthis button saves the currently chosen custom loadoutas the default A/A loadout.

Air-to-Ground: Recalls the current default A/G weapon loadout.Holding the SHIFT key down while pressing this buttonsaves the currently chosen custom loadout as thedefault A/G loadout.

Cancel: Returns to the previous page.

Loadouts are selected for each mission by filling out the form on thekneepad. Weapons are loaded by clicking on the desired spaces, oneselection for each aircraft station. Stations which cannot accept aparticular ordinance are gray and cannot be selected.

Flying a mission

After loadout, click on Fly to begin the mission. Loading the missionmay take several seconds. Training and network missions are restarted bypressing "ESC". Pressing "SHIFT ESC" aborts the current mission andenters the debrief room.

The current mission automatically ends under any of followingcircumstances:

* Pilot dies.

* Pilot bails out.

* Pilot ditches.

* Pilot spools down the engines below 60% (turns them off) with weighton wheels.

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CLASSROOM

The Classroom provides access to an aviation curriculum which teachesthe required skills and systems knowledge necessary to adequately operatean F/A-18 Hornet. Included are around 60 lessons, divided into six basictopics. The topics correspond to the six training missions. The lessonsare comprised of video replays with overlaid voice instruction oranimated chalkboard illustrations with overlaid voice instruction. Begina lesson by first clicking on the desired topic, then clicking on thedesired lesson. At any time the related training mission may be flown byclicking on the airplane at the bottom of the screen. Click on thekneepad to return to the Main Room.

Training Classroom

DEBRIEFING ROOM

After flight, the pilot enters the Debriefing Room, where a detailedreport of mission activity prints (to the screen). Points for alldestroyed targets are awarded at this time. If sufficient points forrank promotion are accumulated, the pilot is informed of the new rank on"printout".

The Debriefing Room is accessed from the Main Room by pressing theDebrief tab on the Kneepad. To return to the Main Room, click on thekneepad to the right of the printer.

Mission Debrief Printout

The Debrief Printout contains information on the number and type oftargets killed along with the overall success of the mission. Theprintout can be advanced at anytime by clicking on the paper itself.

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Saving Replays

To the left of the printer is a videotape. Clicking on this tapebrings up a Replay Save Dialog which resembles a videotape. A file nameis entered, along with some optional notes about the replay. Once areplay has been saved, the videotape no longer appears behind theprinter.

Debrief Room

FILM LIBRARY

The Film Library provides an interface from which videotapes may be"viewed". Videotapes are either saved from the Debriefing Room, ormanually copied to the "Replays" directory on the hard disk. The FilmLibrary is accessed from the Main Room by clicking the Replay tab on theKneepad.

The DOS computer screen is divided into three areas:

Replay List: This area provides a scrollable list of all replaysin the replay directory. Pressing "ENTER" with areplay selected on the scrolling list runs thereplay.

Notes: Notes saved with the selected replay appear here.

Search: Type characters to navigate the list.

Replay Files

F/A-18 Hornet 3.0 replays are small, highly efficient files whichcontain everything that happened during flight. Although view positions

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are stored internally for playback just as they were recorded, viewplayback may be overridden anytime during playback, allowing manual viewcontrol, by pressing "CONTROL U".

All replays are stored in a directory named "Replays" within the mainapplication directory. Adding and removing replay files to this directoryupdates the replay list in the Replay Room.

Film Room

Click the kneepad image to exit the Film Library and return to theMain Room.

NETWORK PLAY

F/A-18 Hornet 3.0 allows up to four-player networking over AppleTalkunder MacOS, or DirectPlay under Windows95/NT 4.0. Cross-platformnetworking is not supported. Missions are arranged as teams, Red Team andBlue Team. The Red Leader (RL) is always the mission host. The Red Wing(RW), Blue Leader (BL), and Blue Wing (BW) are the remaining players.

- Network players must have the same version of F/A-18 Hornet.

- The Host must have the F/A-18 Hornet 3.0 CD in the CD-ROM drive.

- Difficulty levels are normal for all players and are not influencedby the Difficulty page.

- The Pilot Dossier is not affected by network missions.

Network Host

The Host of a network mission is responsible for choosing the missionto be flown and choosing the appropriate connection options.

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1) From the Theater menu select the Network theater.

2) From the Mission menu select a network mission to fly.

3) Press Preflight for stores selection.

4) Press Host.

Windows95/NT 4.0

Before flight, a network connection method must be chosen. A dialog isprovided the first time a network mission is flown. The choice is savedinternally, but may be changed from the Preferences menu in the MainRoom. Connection choices are system dependent; they typically includeDial-up, TCP or IPX. Please refer to Windows95/NT documentation fordetails concerning built-in networking.

Macintosh

The Host has two network choices, available at the bottom of the"Host" dialog box:

Low Traffic Network: This option causes network players to exchangeaircraft state data (packets) twice as often as normal. This higher datarate increases accuracy of remote aircraft positions but also creates ahigher demand on the network. More than two players using eitherLocalTalk or ARA (Apple Remote Access) may want uncheck this option. Ifplayers experience excessive "surging" when viewing other aircraft,uncheck this option.

Precision Positioning: This option modifies the internal interpolationalgorithm used to update aircraft positions. This option gives betterapparent positions for remote aircraft but might cause excessive surging.This option is recommended when all players are using fast computers on alocal area network. If the speed disparity between two players is great,this option should be unchecked. Experimentation is the best way todecide which options should be used.

Network Join

1) From the Theater menu select the Network theater.

2) From the Mission menu select the net mission you wish to fly.

3) Press Preflight for stores selections.

4) Click on Join.

Net-player Communication

During flight, typed messages may be sent to other network players.Press "CONTROL ’" (control-single quote), type the message, then press

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"ENTER". Messages are sent to all players by default. Private messagesmay be sent to a teammate by holding down "CONTROL" when pressing "ENTER"to send the message.

Flying a mission

After stores are selected and the Host or Join button is pressed, thescreen darkens as the currently selected mission is initiated. Loadingthe mission may take several seconds.

SCORING

Rank Promotion Values

The following list shows the points required to achieve promotion:

Rank Required score

Ensign 0

Lieutenant J.G. 5000

Lieutenant 12000

Lieutenant Commander 25000

Commander 45000

Captain 75000

Target Point Accumulation

Score is awarded for each target killed during a mission. Point valuesdepend on the target.

In addition to points for enemy kills, bonus points are awarded asfollows:

+4000 Points for successfully completing the missionobjective.

+2500 Points for safely landing the aircraft after asuccessful mission.

-2500 Points for failing to land (or ditch)the aircraft infriendly controlled territory (Red Zone).

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INDEPENDENT SYSTEMS

The F/A-18 Hornet operates in one of three "Master Modes":

- Navigation Master Mode (NAV)

- Air-to-Air Master Mode (A/A)

- Air-to-Ground Master Mode (A/G)

Although many avionic systems operate according to the current Mastermode, many other systems operate independent of the Master Mode setting.

AVIONIC CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS

F/A-18 Hornet 3.0 faithfully reproduces all major components andfunctionality of the F/A-18 avionics suite. This section explains thebasic flight instruments and controls common to all systems. To view theentire instrument panel, press "2" for look-down view. Press "1" toreturn to the normal cockpit view.

Instrument Panel Layout

HUD Basic Flight Data

AN/AVQ-28 Raster Head Up Display (HUD): The HUD is the primary flightinstrument of the aircraft, providing the operator with basic flight

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status, navigational steering, and weapon delivery information. HUDsymbology common to all systems includes:

Basic HUD Display

REF DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

a. Heading Tape The aircraft’s magnetic heading isindicated on a moving scale. Theaircraft’s current heading isrepresented by the tic mark directlyover the heading caret(^).

b. Airspeed Calibrated air speed is provided in thebox on the left side of the HUD.Thousands digits are 150% of standardsize.

c. Altitude Altitude is provided in the box to theright side of the HUD. Readout can beconfigured to reflect radar orbarometric calibration.

d. Radar Altitude Cue When the altimeter is in radar mode, an"R" cue is displayed to the right of thealtimeter box.

e. Angle-of-Attack (AOA) True Angle of Attack in degrees isdisplayed to the left center of the HUD.In any established flight attitude, thedistance in degrees between the aircraft

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waterline reference and the velocityvector, is equal to AOA.

f. Mach Number Mach percentage is displayed immediatelybelow the AOA.

g. Aircraft Gs Normal aircraft G-force.

h. Waterline The aircraft nose direction.

i. Velocity Vector True flight path of the aircraft. Ifvelocity vector is HUD-limited, itflashes at 2.5 times per second toindicate that it cannot accuratelyindicate flight path.

j. Pitch Ladder Flight path/pitch angle lines, or"rungs" represent 5 degrees of angleeach between plus and minus 90 degrees.Positive rungs are solid indicating theyare above the horizon line. Negativerungs are dashed indicating they arebelow the horizon. Vertical flight pathangle of the aircraft is indicated bythe position of the velocity vector withrespect to the flight path/pitch ladder.Aircraft pitch attitude is indicated bythe position of the pitch ladder withrespect to the waterline symbol.

The display of HUD symbology is operated in Normal or Clutter Rejectmode by toggling "CONTROL C". Reject blanks low-priority information. HUDbrightness level is cycled with "CONTROL B". Display of altitude sourceis toggled between Barometric (BARO) and Radar (RDR) with "CONTROL A".HUD rasterization is toggled on or off with "CONTROL H".

IP-1317/A Digital Display Indicators (DDIs)

The left and right Digital Display Indicators "DDIs" are identical IP-1317 monochrome displays. On power up, the left DDI is initialized to theEngine Monitoring Display (ENG) page and is primarily used for storesmanagement, electro-optical displays, and advisory data. The Right DDI isinitialized to the Standby (STBY) radar mode and is primarily used forsensor displays.

The Left DDI provides the following display formats:

Key Acronym Description

"E" ENG Electronic Engine Display format.

"U" HARM High-speed Anti-Radiation Missiledisplay format.

"O" EO Electro-optical display format.

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"S" SMS Stores Management System displayformat.

The Right DDI provides the following display formats:

Key Acronym Description

"R" AIR Air-to-air radar format.

"R" GND Air-to-ground radar format.

"D" ESD Equipment Status Display.

IP-1350/A Horizontal Situation Display (HSD): The HSD, located in thecenter of the cockpit in look-down "2" view. It is slightly larger thanthe DDIs and is capable of providing full-color raster display ofnavigation information. It has two modes, Navigation (NAV) "N" and MovingMap (MAP) "M" Both modes are described in detail in Navigation System.

C-10380/ASQ Up-Front Control (UFC)

The UFC, whose official nomenclature is Electronic Equipment Control(EEC), is located in the center of the instrument panel, below the HUD.The UFCs role is to control pilot relief (autopilot) modes, IFF, TACAN,ILS, and UHF radio. Since the UFC provides interface to a variety ofmodes, it is discussed throughout this documentation as it pertains toindividual functions.

Up Front Control Panel

REF DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

a. Scratchpad Indicates UFC option.

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b. Pilot Cueing Colon (:) illuminates to the left ofactive field.

c. Option Fields A four-character alphanumeric displayfields.

Indicator Lamps

Left Status Display Group: Located immediately above the left DDI,this bank of lamps provides warning and advisory indication in thefollowing top-to-bottom, left-to-right order:

Acronym Priority Description

FIRE Warning Left Engine Fire detected.

MAST CAUT Caution Master Caution condition occurs. Atthe same time, a tone is enunciated.Specific diagnosis of the caution isprovided by invoking the EquipmentStatus Display (ESD) "D" on theright DDI.

GO Advisory Functional System (ESD).

HOOK Advisory Arrestor Hook extended.

S BRK Advisory Speed or Wheel Brake deployed.

L BAR Advisory Launch Bar coupled to catapultshuttle.

NO GO Advisory Dysfunctional System (ESD).

STBY Advisory AN/ALQ-126A ECM in Standby Mode.

REC Advisory AN/ALQ-126A ECM Receiver active.

XMIT Advisory AN/ALQ-126A ECM Transmitter active.

Right Status Display Group: Located immediately above the right DDI,this bank of lamps provides advisory and threat warning indication in thefollowing left-to-right, top-to-bottom order:

Acronym Priority Description

RCDR Advisory Illuminates when HUD camera isrecording.

AI Warning Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) hasdetected pulse-Doppler typical ofAirborne Interceptor (AI).

CW Warning RWR has detected Continuous Wave(CW) patterns.

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DISP Advisory Flare and/or chaff dispenser isexhausted.

SAM Warning RWR has detected emissions with aband, frequency and wavelengthconsistent with that of Surface toAir Missile (SAM) search and trackradar.

AAA Warning RWR has detected emissions with aband, frequency, and wavelengthconsistent with that of AntiAircraft Artillery (AAA) search andtrack radar.

APU FIRE Warning Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) firedetected.

FIRE Warning Right Engine fire detected.

Located immediately to the left of the Engine Monitor Display in look-down mode, this panel provides the following advisory information inleft-to-right, top-to-bottom order. Use "J" to cycle jettison station and"ENTER" to jettison the selected stores.

Acronym Priority Description

CTR Advisory Center stores station selected forJettison.

L1 Advisory Left #1 stores station selected forJettison.

R1 Advisory Right #1 stores station selected forJettison.

L2 Advisory Left #2 stores station selected forJettison.

R2 Advisory Right #2 stores station selected forJettison.

NOSE Advisory Nose gear is down and locked.

LEFT Advisory Left main gear is down and locked.

RIGHT Advisory Right main gear is down and locked.

HALF Advisory Flaps are in half-down position.

FULL Advisory Flaps are in full-down position.

Voice Alert System

Voice warning alerts advise the pilot to critical aircraft functionsor states. Each alert is enunciated twice:

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Indication Priority Description

Low Altitude Warning Enunciated as "Altitude".

Engine Fail Warning Enunciated as "Engine Left(right)".

Low Fuel Warning Enunciated as "Low Fuel". Total fuelis below 800lbs in either feed tank.

Bingo Fuel Caution Enunciated as "Bingo". Total fuelquantity is below bingo (pre-programmed minimum number of poundsneeded to return).

Equipment Status Display (ESD)

Master Caution illuminates when the mission or data computers havedetected a fault in one of the aircraft systems. The Equipment StatusDisplay (ESD) should be selected to determine the system affected andnature of the failure.

The ESD DDI format is enabled with "D". Messages are displayed as afunction of equipment status. GO means equipment is on and operational.NOGO means damage. ESD status fields are formatted as followed:

ACRONYM DESCRIPTION

ENGLF Left engine fail/shutdown derived from EGT, THRUST,VIB or OIL.

ENGRT Right engine fail/shutdown derived from EGT, THRUST,VIB or OIL.

FUEL Fuel Feed Tank or Cross-feed Valve pressure leak.

AILN Aileron mechanical or communications failure.

ELEV Elevator mechanical or communications failure.

FLAP Flap mechanical or communications failure.

GEAR Landing Gear mechanical or communications failure.

HOOK Arrestor hook mechanical or communications failure.

BRAK Speed Brake mechanical or communications failure.

RUDR Rudder mechanical or communications failure.

OXGN Oxygen bottle quantity is below 10%, or Oxygen systemfailure.

RADR Radar has failed or is not communicating on MultiplexBus (MUX).

RWR Radar Warning Receiver or MUX I/O failure.

WPNS Stores Management Set (SMS), or MUX I/O failure.

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GUN 20mm Gun is jammed, overheated, or not communicatingon MUX.

ECM Interference Blanker, Countermeasure Set, or MUX I/Ofailure.

A/P Inertial Navigation Set (INS) or FCS outer loop modefailure.

IFF Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) transmit/receivefailure.

TACN Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) transmit/receivefailure.

Standby Flight Instrumentation

Standby, or backup instrumentation is located to the right of the HSDin look-down "2" view. These conventional indicators utilizes pitot andstatic air ports independent of Air Data Computer (ADC) sources,providing redundant operation should primary systems fail. These standbyindicators are as follows:

Standby Instruments

a. Attitude Reference Indicator: This instrument provides the pilotwith aircraft pitch and roll parameters as well as turn and bankcoordination, and ILS localizer deviation. Turn coordination, possiblyrequired in the event of a Flight Control System (FCS) malfunction, isaccomplished by observing the liquid-suspended bubble while applyingrudder in the direction of the turn. When the bubble is centered, theturn is coordinated.

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b. Radar Warning Receiver Azimuth Display. (See ALR-67 ElectronicRadar Warning Receiver).

c. Indicated Airspeed: This instrument displays the aircraft’s speed(in knots) before compensation for atmospheric pressure. The speeddisplayed is lower than the actual airspeed at altitude.

d. Barometric Altimeter: Measure the height of the aircraft above agiven reference plane. The barometric altimeter is calibrated bybarometric pressure setting and can be utilized at any altitude.

e. Vertical Speed Indicator: This instrument provides verticalairspeed information in hundreds of feet per minute based on static airpressure.

AN/ASW-44 FLT.CONTROL SET (FCS)

The F/A-18 Hornet makes use of a quad-digital control-by-wire systemproviding quadruple redundancy. This system is commonly known as theFlight Control Set (FCS). The FCS provides nose wheel steering, three-axis auto-trim, multiple pilot relief (autopilot) modes, data linkcoupled automatic carrier and airstrip landing, as well as stall warningindication.

Flight Control Stick and Rudder Functions

Control Stick: Force transducer simulation provides longitudinal andlateral axis (pitch and roll) commands to the FCS via the numeric keypad.Additionally, left and right aileron may also be used to control NoseWheel Steering (NWS):

Stick/Key Control Description

Left/"KPD4" Left Aileron Roll left.

Right/"KPD6" Right Aileron Roll right.

Fwd./"KPD8" Down Elevator Pitch nose down.

Back/"KPD5" Up Elevator Pitch nose up.

Rudder: Vertical axis rotation (yaw) as well as Nose Wheel Steering(NWS) is controlled via the rudder keys (or rudder pedals):

Key Control Description

"," Left rudder Yaw nose left.

"/" Center rudder

"." Right rudder Yaw nose right.

Nose Wheel Steering (NWS) is controlled by aileron or rudder, and isoperational at ground speeds of 100 knots or less. At speeds over 100

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knots it is automatically disengaged by the FCS. The NWS system providestwo operating modes designed to prevent oversteer. The current operatingmode is indicated in the lower-right bank of fields in the HUD, withweight-on-wheels. NWS is automatically toggled to the following modebased on the current ground speed:

ACRONYM DESCRIPTION

NWS Low-gain nose wheel steering for high-speed takeoffand landing configurations. Engaged at 20 to 100knots.

NWS HI High-gain nose wheel steering designed for low-speedtaxi conditions. Engaged at 1 to 19 knots. FlightControl Trim (FCT): FCT is electronically updated bythe FCS to provide three-axis auto-trim and turncoordination throughout the entire operatingenvelope.

Throttle Control and Engine Monitoring

F404-GE-400 Enhanced Performance Engine (EPE): F/A-18 power issupplied by two GE F404 EPE afterburning turbofan engines which candevelop over 16,000 pounds of thrust each, giving the Hornet a thrust-to-weight ratio of approximately 1:1. Top speed at altitude is approximately1.8 times the speed of sound. The F/A-18 can carry just over 11,000pounds of fuel internally, distributed among multiple self-sealing cells.

The use of a Hands On Throttle and Stick (HOTAS) set, such as the F-16Series by CH products, or the ThrustMaster FCS, is highly recommended foruse with F/A-18 Hornet. The ability to operate controls without removinghands from the stick can mean the difference between winning and dying.F/A-18 Hornet 3.0 provides hardware support for both of these systems.

Throttle is controlled by "-" and "+" and operates through a range of60% to 100% military (MIL) power. Engaging the throttle at simulationstart engages the on-board Auxiliary Power Unit APU and begin startup BITtests. The engine then spool to 60% RPM (idle) and hold. Decreasing RPMbelow 60% with weight-on-wheels causes engine shut-down, and terminatesthe simulation.

Afterburner: The F/A-18 Hornet provides six afterburner stages from11,000 to 16,000 lbs thrust per engine. Burners are ignited with"BACKSPACE" key ("DELETE" key on Macintosh systems). Subsequent keydepressions cycle burner stages up. Afterburners are shut down bypressing "+" or "-". Display of burner stages in percent of exhaustnozzle area, is provided by the Integrated Engine/Fuel Monitor (EIFI) andDDI Engine Monitor Display.

AEU-12/A Integrated Fuel/Engine Indicator (IFEI): The IFEI is anintegrated engine/fuel monitor providing engine parameter and fuelconsumption indication for both internal and external supplies. The IFEIis located between the Jettison Station Select panel and HSD in look-down"2" mode. The IFEI provides the following monitoring parameters:

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ACRONYM DESCRIPTION

N2 RPM Compressor Rotor Speed (percent)

EGT Low Pressure Turbine Discharge (degrees centigrade)

NOS POS Exhaust Nozzle Area (percent)

FF Main Engine Fuel Flow (PPH)

OIL PRESS Oil pressure (PSI differential).

In addition to engine performance monitoring, the IFEI provides thefollowing fuel status indication and time of flight calculation:

TOT FUEL Combined int. and ext. fuel supply (pounds)

INT FUEL Total internal fuel supply (pounds)

BINGO Preset low-fuel return quantity (pounds)

TIME Flight time remaining given current rate ofconsumption.

DDI Engine Display (ENG): The ENG format is available on the left DDIwith "E". Initialized and displayed at startup, this format serves as abackup for the IFEI and displays all engine (excluding fuel) parameterssupplied by the IFEI including additional fields for:

ACRONYM DESCRIPTION

INLET TEMP External Temperature (degrees centigrade)

N1 RPM Fan Rotor Speed (percent)

THRUST Thrust (percent)

VIB Vibration (inches per second)

FUEL TEMP Fuel Inlet Temperature (degrees centigrade)

EPR Engine Pressure Ratio (N/A)

CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure (PSI absolute)

TDP Turbine Discharge Pressure (PSI absolute)

Aerodynamic Augmentation Systems

Flaps: When extended with "F", flaps provide additional lift. This isadvantageous when attempting to land at low speed or high AOA conditions,or to increase lift for high-payload takeoffs. Extended flaps alsoincrease the amount of drag on an aircraft which is helpful for loweringairspeed, but can also be detrimental in a knife-fight, where energy

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conservation and conversion is critical. The flaps indicator is locatedin look-down mode "2" below the Jettison Station Select panel.

Speed Brake: The Speed Brake is used to retard airspeed during flightby producing additional form drag. The speed brake is extended bypressing and holding "SPACE BAR". If a weight-on-wheels condition exists,the MC disengages the speed brake in favor of the wheel brake (seebelow).

Launch, Recovery and Safety Systems

Main Landing Gear (MLG): The landing gear are essential for all normallandings. The gear are lowered and raised by pressing "G" on thekeyboard. The Gear Indicator Lamps, located just below the JettisonStation Select Panel in look-down "2" mode, illuminate when all threegear are down and locked. If a positive gear indication has not appearedseveral seconds after lowering the gear, the gear or hydraulic system mayhave sustained damage preventing a positive lock.

Wheel brakes, applied with "SPACE BAR" are used to slow the aircraftwith weight-on-wheels either while taxiing or just after touchdown. Ifthe airplane is on the ground with no forward velocity, the brake locksin "park" mode. Press "SPACE BAR" again to release the brake. Wheel brakestatus is indicated by the BRK (S BRK in certain screen sizes) lamp onthe left status panel. Note: this lamp is shared by the speed brake.

Arrestor Hook: The arresting hook, extended and retracted with "H" isused only for carrier landings. It is located between the engine ductsand is used to catch, or "trap" one of four arrestor cables, or "wires",stretched perpendicular to the angled flight deck near the aft end of theboat. An aircraft cannot be able to stop in time to avoid ditching if anarrestor cable is not trapped. A missed trap is known as a "bolter".Standard procedure during a carrier trap is to apply full throttleimmediately prior to touchdown in the event of a bolter. The HOOKindicator lamp is located on the left status panel.

Launch Bar: The Launch Bar is automatically extended for hookup to thecatapult shuttle mechanism by applying the wheel brake "SPACE BAR" untilthe aircraft comes to a complete stop while positioned over a catapult.The L BAR indicator lamp is located on the right status panel. If aftercoming to a complete stop over a catapult the L BAR lamp does notilluminate, the aircraft is either not positioned over the catapult orthe launch bar has sustained damage.

Navy Aircrew Common Ejection Seat (NACES): When a safe landing is notpossible, ejection is the only practical way out of the aircraft.Ejection is completely automatic once the procedure is initiated. TheF/A-18 features a "zero-zero" ejection system, meaning it is possible toeject at zero altitude and safely recover. The ejection mechanism isactivated with "SHIFT E".

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ELECTRONIC WARFARE EQUIPMENT SET

Electronic warfare equipment includes the ALR-67 Radar WarningReceiver (RWR), the ALQ-126A Countermeasures Set and the ALE-39Countermeasure Dispensing Set. The ALR-67 detects and classifies hostileradar emissions while providing Threat Warning Indication (TWI) viaaudible and visual cues. The ALQ-126 detects and deceives enemy firecontrol and guidance radar. The ALE-39 dispenses expandable chaff andflare payloads for protection against enemy radar-guided and infrared-guided missiles.

ALR-67 Electronic Radar Warning Receiver (RWR)

The ALR-67 Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): Always active, the RWRprovides passive, top-down, 360 degree visibility of potential radarillumination threats. The RWR Azimuth Display is located in the StandbyInstruments Group. In addition, RWR symbology is provided in the HUD forcomplete RWR look-up capability. The RWR displays only enemy threats. Itshould be noted that the RWR cannot measure range to emissions (azimuthonly), and relies on signal strength and waveform to determine threatpriority and type.

RWR Azimuth Display: Located immediately to the right of the AttitudeReference Indicator (artificial horizon) in the Standby InstrumentsGroup, this display provides source classification as well as relativeazimuth and signal strength. Symbols representing the class of emissionsare positioned within three circular threat priority bands, correspondingto varying source signal strength, and waveform characteristics. Threatband priorities are as follows:

RWR Azimuth Display

BAND PRIORITY DESCRIPTION

Outer Non-lethal Emissions with insufficient signalstrength or waveform characteristicsto provide effective targeting.

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Middle Lethal Emissions strong enough to suggestpotential launch capability.

Inner Critical Emissions indicating that a missileready (MR) or missile launch (ML)conditions exist.

Azimuth Display symbology is as follows:

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

I Emissions indicative of Airborne Interceptor(aircraft).

S Emissions indicative of SAM search and track radar.

A Emissions indicative of AAA acquisition and firecontrol radar.

C Generic Continuous wave radar emissions.

RWR HUD Repeater: The RWR provides HUD display of RWR data via ThreatVector symbology rotating about an imaginary eight degree diametercircle, centered at the HUD optical center. Vectors are projected from atop-down perspective corresponding to the format of the RWR AzimuthDisplay. Vectors are displayed in three lengths, which correspond to Non-lethal, Lethal and Critical threats respectively. At the outer end ofeach Threat Vector is a single alphanumeric character corresponding tothat of the RWR Azimuth Display symbology.

RWR Audio/Visual Warning: The RWR also provides right status panelindication of threat type, as well as audio tones to cue the pilot.

AN/ALE-39 Countermeasures Dispensing Set

The AN/ALE-39 Countermeasures Dispensing Set provides infrared flareand chaff bundle dispensing to degrade the threat’s infrared and radarcapability. Counters are provided in the upper DDI Stores ManagementDisplay "S" for both chaff and flare.

Flares, dispensed with "’", provide infrared deception by dispersinghigh-temperature phosphors over an approximately a two meter radius areaand burning for several seconds. Infrared-guided missiles as well asinfrared tracking devices can be spoofed momentarily, providing the pilotwith an opportunity to maneuver out of the weapon’s lethal envelope.

Chaff Bundles, dispensed with ";" consist of many light-weight, highlyradar-reflective, planar metallic strips. The bundles expand after theyare ejected and spin as they slowly fall to earth. Because of the fairlysmall dispersion pattern created, chaff bundles are generally immune toradar clutter filtration. The chaff ’cloud’ which forms resembles asingle, fairly massive object (such as an airplane) to most radar. Chaffcan be used to momentarily spoof radar guided missiles as well as

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tracking radar, providing the pilot with an opportunity to escape alethal envelope.

RT-1079A/ALQ-126A ECM Receiver/Transmitter

The ALQ-126A Countermeasures Set detects and deceives enemy firecontrol and guidance radar. ECM Active Jamming is toggled with "C"("Countermeasures"). Active jamming indication is provided by the XMITlamp on the left status panel. While ECM provides effective jamming inSEAD roles where SAM/AAA suppression is high-priority, it is notrecommended for those roles which require low-profile air-interdiction orground attack.

COMMUNICATION AND IDENTIFICATION

Radio, TACAN, ILS, and IFF interface with the Up Front Control via theCommunication Systems Control (CSC).

ARC-182 Radios

The ARC-182 radios transmit and receive audio signals through afrequency band of 30MHz to 399.975MHz, using AM and FM modulation. Theradios can be used to communicate with various air and ground-basedsimulation entities such as wingmen, control towers, etc., in bothcommand and advisory roles.

Advisory Communication: Several commands are provided forcommunicating with simulation entities. Ranging from carrier finalapproach instruction from the Landing Signal Officer (LSO), to takeoffand landing permissions from the local control tower, these commands arestrictly advisory. Visual acknowledgment for sent/received transmissionis provided within the UFC COM1/COM2 fields respectively.

KEY ENTITY DESCRIPTION

"SHIFT G" Ground Control Taxi instructions to/from runway.

"SHIFT T" Tower Takeoff/landing permissions.

"SHIFT O" Flight Ops. Current mission status.

"SHIFT C" Approach Ctrl. Vectoring to selected TACAN.

"SHIFT L" LSO Carrier final approach vectoring.

Wingman Verbal Communications: Wingmen report tactical activities,comment on given situations, and acknowledge commands. The wingman firstidentifies himself with a callsign, followed by:

"Contact <xxx>" Radar contact with bandit, <wingman’sbearing>.

"Tally ho!" Visual contact with bogie/bandit.

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"Fox three!" Wingman has launched an AIM-120 missile.

"Fox two!" Wingman has launched an AIM-9 missile.

"Hornet two’s joker" Wingman’s fuel is low.

"Hornet two’s bingo" Wingman is bingo fuel and breaking off.

"Spike" Wingman is locked-up in track radar.

"Two’s Winchester missiles" Wingman has depleted missiles and goingto guns.

"Two’s Winchester" Wingman has depleted all weapons andbreaking off.

"Two’s punching out" Wingman is preparing to eject.

"Atoll! Atoll!" Wingman detects a short range missilelaunch.

"Archer! Archer!" Wingman detects a medium range missilelaunch.

Wingman Commands: Wingman commands allow the pilot to coordinate in-flight tactics for a variety of roles. Commands are issued directly fromthe function keys. Wingman command keys are organized into three groups;Engagement, Attack Formation, and Standard Formation as follows:

KEY COMMAND DESCRIPTION

"F1" Assist Clear six o’clock.

"F2" Engage Engage selected radar target.

"F3" Resume Resume mission objectives.

"F4" Go Home Return to base.

"F5" Bracket Left Form up co-altitude at 9:00.

"F6" Bracket Right Form up co-altitude at 3:00.

"F7" Split High Form up staggered altitude at 9:00.

"F8" Split Low Form up staggered altitude at 3:00.

"F9" Echelon Form up co-altitude at 4:00.

"F10" Trail Form up single-file, co-alt at 6:00.

"F11" Combat Spread Form up staggered altitude at 9:00.

"F12" Lead Form up co-altitude at 12:00.

Wingman commands are issued to the primary wingman, "Hornet Two". Somemissions include a second wingman, "Hornet Three". Use "SHIFT" inconjunction with the appropriate command to direct the second wingman.

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Commanding a wingman to his present formation tells him to alternatelytighten or loosen his distance. For example: After Hornet Two iscommanded to Echelon, a second Echelon command tightens formation.Subsequent Echelon commands alternately loosen and then tighten theformation.

Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)

Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) channels are displayed in the UFC andcycled with "T". TACAN is an omni-directional military transceiver systemproviding coded distance and bearing data to and from fixed surfacestations. Although TACAN function is technically an Independent System,operating instructions are more appropriately covered in the NavigationSystems section. A TACAN is located at each base. Use A/P CPL to fly tothe current TACAN.

Identification Friend or Foe (IFF)

Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) is a coded transponder systemdesigned for the identification of friendly aircraft and ground units.IFF Identification is performed for the currently tracked radar target bypressing "I". If a tone is played, the target aircraft has responded tothe IFF code, and is therefore considered friendly. No tone implies thetarget is an enemy.

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NAVIGATION MASTER MODE

The Navigation (NAV) system is entered automatically when the aircraftis either powered up, or the landing gear are lowered. The Navigationsystem may also be entered at any time by depressing the NAV master modekey "N". The most obvious difference between the NAV system and A/A andA/G systems is the HUD symbology. In the NAV master mode the symbology isnavigation oriented, while in A/A and A/G modes, symbology is attackoriented.

The Horizontal Situation Display (HSD) is the primary source ofnavigation related information in all systems.

AVIONIC CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS

NAV System HUD Symbology

In Navigation (NAV) system the HUD symbology is primarily tailored totakeoff, navigation, and landing scenarios. HUD symbology includes basicflight data, steering, landing, and advisory data.

NAV HUD Basic Flight Data: With the exception of the Angle of Attack(AOA) Bracket, Bank Angle Scale, Vertical Velocity readout, Horizon Barand Waterline Symbol, basic HUD data is common to all systems. The Angleof Attack Bracket, Horizon Bar and Waterline Symbol are only displayedwhen the landing gear are down.

REF DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

a. Vertical Velocity Vertical velocity in feet per minute.This field provides vertical descent orascent rate in feet per minute and isdisplayed only in NAV system.

b. Waterline Symbol Provides pitch attitude reference withgear down. The waterline symbol isprovided when the gear are down andprovides pitch attitude reference.Parallel with the tops of the altitudeand airspeed boxes, these can be usedfor waterline reference when thewaterline symbol is not displayed.

c. AOA Bracket Represents optimum approach AOA. The AOAbracket is displayed when the gear aredown and is referenced to the velocityvector. It is the primary reference foroptimum approach AOA during landing. Thebracket center represents the optimalapproach angle of attack. The bracketmoves lower with respect to the velocity

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vector as AOA increases and moves higheras AOA decreases.

e. Bank Angle Scale Provides roll attitude reference at baseof HUD. The bank angle scale is dividedinto 5 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees,and 45 degrees tic marks, referenced bya swinging pointer.

d. Advisory fields Condition dependent data.

Navigation (NAV) Master Mode HUD Data

Backup Angle of Attack Indexer

The Backup AOA Indexer is mounted on the left HUD upright. It providesthree lamps: A green chevron pointing down, a yellow doughnut, and a redchevron pointing up. These lamps provide the pilot with identicalinformation concerning angle of attack to that of the AOA bracket. AOAand landing are discussed in the ILS section.

LAMP(S) INDICATION ACTION

Top (Green) AOA too high Decrease speed

Top/Center AOA slightly high Decrease speed

Center (Yellow) AOA is "on speed"

Bottom/Center AOA is slightly low Increase speed

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Bottom (Red) AOA is too low Increase speed

Horizontal Situation Display (HSD)

The Horizontal Situation Display (HSD) is located in the center of thecockpit in look-down "2" mode, and provides navigation data and colormoving-map capability. When in NAV mode ("N") the HSD provides amonochromatic display of basic aircraft navigation geometry based on thecurrent steering mode. The display is a plan view (top-down) of thenavigation situation with an aircraft reference symbol located at thecenter of a compass rose. The compass rose and all bearing information ismagnetic. If in HSD NAV mode, the compass rose rotates around theaircraft reference symbol to indicate heading. The aircraft referencesymbol turns to reflect vertical axis rotation.

As waypoints or TACANs are cycled with "W" or "T", the HSD symbologyand HUD heading tape course deviation marker are updated. HSD symbologyand data fields are as follows:

REF SYMBOL/DATA DESCRIPTION

a. Compass rose Circular heading scale.

b. Aircraft Aircraft reference symbol.

c. T True airspeed.

d. G Ground speed.

e. Waypoint Graphic plot of selected waypoint.

f. TACAN Graphic plot of selected TACAN.

g. WPT Bearing Waypoint bearing pointer.

h. TCN Bearing TACAN bearing pointer.

i. Scale Current HSD (NAV or MAP) scale.

j. WPT Bearing Bearing in degrees to selected waypoint.

k. WPT Range Range to current waypoint (NM).

l. WPT ETA Estimated time of arrival to waypoint.

m. ET Elapsed mission time.

n. ZULU Time-of-day Local time.

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Horizontal Situation Display

HSD Color Moving-Map Display: Navigation information can be overlaidon a color moving-map display by depressing "M". Moving map orientationis always north-up. Therefore, when in MAP mode, the aircraft referencesymbol rotates to indicate heading and the compass rose remains north-up.

HSD scaling: The HSD scale can be modified in either NAV or MAP modeby successive depressions of "N" or "M" respectively. Scales are 10, 20,40, 80, or 160 NM, as measured from the reference aircraft to the outsideedge of the compass rose.

Pilot Relief System (Autopilot)

Although Autopilot (A/P) systems are technically system independent,the navigational nature of the system provides for some latitude.Therefore, all autopilot functions are covered here.

The A/P system provides six modes of operation to relieve pilotworkload throughout the operational envelope. The A/P system is capableof controlling aircraft attitude, heading, and altitude via the FCS. A/Pmay also be coupled to external data link sources of Automatic CarrierLanding System (ACLS) and Instrument Landing System (ILS).

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Basic Autopilot

Basic A/P functions in one of two modes depending on the roll attitudeat time of engagement. Basic A/P maintains the aircraft pitch attitudewhich existed at time of engagement. If roll attitude is less than orequal to +/-5 degrees at engagement, then magnetic heading at time ofengagement is maintained. If roll attitude at time of engagement isgreater than +/-5 degrees, then roll attitude is maintained.

A/P is enabled with "A". When A/P is activated, the Basic Autopilotmode is enabled by default. The UFC then displays an "ON" indication. Inaddition, a list of optional A/P modes is provided in the UFC optionfields.

Optional Autopilot Modes

Optional autopilot modes are designed to provide pilot relief in avariety of modes tailored to various operational and terrain factors.

ACRONYM DESCRIPTION

ATTH When engaged, ATTH maintains aircraft pitch and rollattitude.

HSEL Captures the current barometric altitude and steersto the current waypoint.

BALT Captures barometric altitude at time of engagementand levels the wings.

RALT Captures radar altitude at time of engagement andlevels the wings.

CPL Data link coupling is a unique A/P mode designed tocouple with Automatic Carrier Landing Systems (ACLS)and Instrument Landing Systems (ILS), providingautomatic pitch/roll for landing in any weatherconditions or sea states. The data link source mustbe within 10 NM for the system to function.

To select an alternate A/P mode:

1) Press "SHIFT A" to cycle A/P options. A Colon(:) appears by thechoice.

2) Press "A" to engage the new A/P selection.

To operate the A/P CPL option and perform an auto-land:

1) Activate ILS navigation with "L".

2) Enter the final approach leg of a base or carrier, no more than 10NM downwind.

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3) Press "SHIFT A" until the colon (:) is cycled to the CPL optionfield.

4) Press "A" to engage CPL option.

5) Control throttle to maintain AOA until touchdown.

NAVIGATIONAL STEERING

Various sources of steering information for HUD, HSD, and A/Pfunctions can be selected. These include the Instrument Landing System(ILS), Data Link (D/L), Waypoint (WYPT), and TACAN (TCN).

Waypoint Steering (WPT)

Waypoint steering is enabled with "W". Subsequent depressions of "W"cycles available waypoints. TCN and WPT steering are mutually exclusiveand selecting one source automatically deselects the other. WPT steeringprovides navigation to and from waypoints pre-programmed into the INS.Waypoints are programmed into the INS by ground crew prior to flight andcannot be altered in flight. The number and locations of waypoints varyon an individual mission basis, however waypoint 0(zero) is alwaysdownwind of the originating base, aligned with the ILS. Navigating towaypoint zero puts the aircraft in the ILS localizer, where the pilot canthen maneuver to intercept the glideslope.

Waypoint HUD symbology: If WPT steering is enabled, the HUD provides"WPT" cue in a data slot to the right side of the HUD, preceded by thedistance in nautical miles to the currently selected waypoint. The formatis: XXX.X WPT. Additionally, the command heading symbol points to thecurrently selected waypoint. Turning the aircraft until the commandheading symbol is aligned with the heading caret, indicates a directcourse to the waypoint.

Waypoint UFC Symbology: Waypoints are not radio navigation aids, butrather pre-programmed into the INS. Data is therefore not processedthrough the UFC.

Waypoint HSD Symbology: Waypoint steering via the HSD involves theWaypoint Symbol, the Waypoint Bearing Pointer, and a variety of datafields. Waypoint data is displayed on the UFC regardless of the currentsteering mode. After selecting a waypoint, the HSD symbology is updatedby aligning the waypoint symbol with the corresponding geographiclocation of the waypoint. Additionally the waypoint bearing pointer isaligned relative to the aircraft reference symbol, pointing toward thecurrent waypoint. Aligning the nose of the aircraft symbol with thewaypoint bearing pointer provides a direct great circle course to thecurrent waypoint.

HSD waypoint data fields provide navigational information based on thecurrently selected waypoint.

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TACAN Steering (TCN)

TACAN Steering is enabled with "T". Subsequent depressions of "T"cycle available TACAN stations (airbases). TACAN steering is provided fornavigating to and from airbases, independent of waypoint selections. TCNand WPT steering are mutually exclusive and selecting one sourceautomatically deselects the other.

TACAN HUD symbology: If TCN steering is enabled, the HUD provides theMorse code station identifier cue(three letters) on right side of theHUD. The code is preceded by the DME slant range in nautical miles to theindicated TACAN. Additionally, the command heading symbol points to thecurrent TACAN. Turning the aircraft until the command heading symbol isaligned with the heading caret indicates a direct course to the TACAN.

TACAN UFC Symbology: The TACAN is a radio navigation aid and thereforecontrols are routed to the UFC. Upon selecting TCN steering, the UFCdisplays "ON", followed by the current TACAN channel.

TACAN HSD Symbology: TACAN HSD steering is similar to that of waypointsteering with the exception of symbology.

Instrument Landing System Steering (ILS)

ILS can work independently as a steering reference, or in conjunctionwith the autopilot to provide semi-automatic (no throttle control)landing functions at both carrier and land-based ILS equipped facilities.The ILS is activated by "L", which initializes the ILS Steering Displayon the HUD.

ILS HUD Symbology: Upon selection of ILS steering, two needles aredisplayed on the HUD, referenced to the velocity vector. If a valid ILSsignal is received (the aircraft is within a microwave localizer), theILS needles deflect to show localizer elevation and azimuth. To interceptILS azimuth (left/right deviation), the velocity vector is flown towardthe azimuth (vertical) needle. To intercept glideslope, the velocityvector is flown toward the elevation (horizontal) needle. If theelevation and azimuth needles are centered on the velocity vector, theaircraft is lined-up and on glideslope. At this point the pilot needsonly to place the velocity vector on the touchdown aim point and adjustAOA.

Automatic Landing System: Autopilot/ILS interlock provides semi-automatic (lateral and longitudinal axis) landing control of the FCS forboth carrier and land-based facilities with SPN-42 data link equipment.Auto-land requires that the aircraft have a valid SPN-42 up-link signaland be within an ILS localizer.

Upon activating ILS with "L", one of the following mutually exclusiveadvisory HUD displays provides cueing as to the linkage status:

THE AIRCRAFT IS: DISPLAY

Not Receiving valid ILS "TILT" is displayed in HUD

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Receiving carrier ILS "ACL RDY" is displayed in HUD

Receiving land-based ILS "CPL P/R" is displayed in HUD

FCS coupled with ILS "CPL HDG" is displayed in HUD

If the aircraft is receiving a valid data link in ILS mode ("ACL RDY"or "CPL HDG") and the A/P is engaged in CPL mode, the HUD display changesto "CPL P/R" indicating that lateral (pitch) and longitudinal (roll) FCSlinkage has occurred, and the aircraft is now under the control ofground/carrier-based data link commands. To remove data link coupling,the A/P and/or ILS must be disengaged with "L". Disengaging the ILS andleaving the A/P in CPL mode, causes the A/P to revert to TACAN commandheading with "CPL HDG" displayed in the HUD.

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AIR-TO-GROUND MASTER MODE

Air-to-Ground (A/G) mode includes visual attack capability fordelivering conventional and laser-guided bombs, nuclear bombs and forfiring the M61 cannon. Also provided are sensor-aided attackcapabilities for using the AGM-88 High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile(HARM) and the AGM-65 Maverick, and for using the Forward-LookingInfrared (FLIR).

AIR-TO-GROUND RADAR MODES

The radar set supports four A/G sub-modes, which assist during groundattack. Two of the sub-modes (GMT and SEA) provide only synthetic(computer generated) target imaging, while the other two (MAP and EXP1)provide an image of the ground ahead.

All radar A/G sub-modes are displayed on the right DDI. A/G radarmaster mode is enabled with "R" Additional discussion of the Radar Setappears in the Air-to-Air Master Mode section.

Typical A/G Radar Display

REF DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

a. Sub-mode indication Radar sub-mode: GMT, SEA, MAP, EXP1. Submodes are cycled using "Q".

b. Scan elevation Height of the antenna scan volume inscan bars (1B, 2B, 4B, 6B -- 1Bar equals

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2.5 degrees). Only displayed in GMT andSEA modes. Note that the A/G radar scanis centered 10 degrees below thehorizon.

c. Heading. Aircraft magnetic heading.

d. TDC Target acquisition cursor. Use "SHIFTARROW" to move the TDC from the stowedposition onto the display. Designate thetarget under the TDC with "\". Note:with the TDC in its stowed position, "\"designates then cycles targets.

e. Scan azimuth Width of the radar scan volume indegrees right and left of the aircraftcenter. Only displayed in GMT and SEAmodes.

f. Maximum displayed range. Range is cycled down with "TAB" andcycled up with "SHIFT TAB". As with A/Aradar modes, range only affects thedisplay, not the distance at which theradar can detect targets.

g. Minimum displayed range.

h. Azimuth/range grid. Displays radials at +/-30 degrees and+/-60 degrees, and arcs at quarter-rangeintervals.

i. Velocity vector Displayed at a fixed position, and usedin conjunction with the horizon line toindicate aircraft vertical flight pathand roll attitude.

j. Antenna elevation caret Indicates the antenna elevation,relative to the local horizon. The scalecovers +/-60 degrees.

k. Calibrated Air Speed.

l. Barometric Altitude Indicated in feet above mean sea level(MSL).

Air-to-Ground Radar Sub-modes

GMT: Ground-Moving Target detects small moving vehicles,such as trucks or mobile AAA units. Synthetic targetsare shown as small rectangles. Targets may bedesignated using the TDC or "\". The designatedtarget is displayed with a heading vector, and withdigital heading degrees to its right to the targetand velocity in 10’s of knots to its left.

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SEA: Sea Surface Search filters radar returns from wavesand land, so that only ships are displayed. SEAtargets are displayed and designated identically toGMT targets.

MAP: Ground Map Mode provides an image of the terrainahead of the aircraft from the nose of the aircraftout to the selected range. MAP mode supports targetpoint designation using the TDC. Use "SHIFT ARROWS"to move the TDC over display. Press "\" to designatethe point. A stabilized cue "X" indicates thedesignated target point.

EXP1: Expand Mode is identical to MAP mode, except that theMinimum Displayed Range is always one-half theselected range.

AIR-TO-GROUND WEAPONS MODES

Air-to-Ground weapons are delivered from one of three modes, dependingon the weapon type. These include conventional, laser-guided, and nuclearbombs, as well as A/G GUN.

KEY DESCRIPTION

"]" Cycle conventional A/G weapons.

"O" Engage electro-optical modes for delivery of the AGM-65 Maverick or the AGM-62 Walleye, or to engage theFLIR.

"U" Engage HARM mode for delivery of the AGM-88 missile.

Conventional A/G attack modes

GUN mode is indicated when GUN is selected in the stores display. Usethis mode to attack small, soft targets.

REF DESCRIPTION

a. A/G GUN reticle is displayed at the visual intersection of thebullet stream with the ground. Each tic on the reticle indicates1000 feet, with 12 o’clock.

b. The range cue indicates where fired rounds impact the ground.representing zero range.

c. Maximum cannon range.

d. "CCIP’ and "GUN" indicate this mode.

e. Closing velocity.

f. The range bar moves clockwise with increasing range.

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CCIP GUN HUD Format

Conventional and Nuclear Weapons Delivery

Iron bombs (Mk-82, Mk-83, and Mk-84), laser-guided bombs (Mk-83LGB,and Mk-84LGB) and nuclear bombs (N-57) are delivered using eitherContinuously-Computed Impact Point (CCIP) or Auto-release (AUTO) mode.Laser-guided bombs are set to deliver using AUTO mode, while unguidedbombs default to CCIP mode. The mode may be toggled with "SHIFT ]".

REF ITEM DESCRIPTION

a. Fall line Extends from the velocity vector to theimpact point (cross).

b. Impact cross Indicates the point on the ground wherea bomb would impact if instantlyreleased.

c. Pull-up Cue Indexed to the velocity vector,graphically shows aircraft altitudeabove the ground.

d. Break-away "X" Flashed on the HUD when a 4-G pull up isrequired to prevent crashing into theground.

e. CCIP Indicates the current delivery mode.

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CCIP Bomb Mode

To deliver using CCIP, select the desired weapon with "]". Ifrequired, toggle to CCIP mode with "SHIFT ]". Enter a shallow dive overthe desired target until the impact cross is visible on the HUD. Fly overthe target. When the cross is directly over the target, release the bombwith "ENTER" or "TRIGGER". Pull up to avoid the ground.

REF DESCRIPTION

a. The A/G reticle is used to designate a target point on the ground.The reticle is positioned 7.5 degrees below the horizon when theaircraft dive angle is less than 7.5 degrees. If the dive angle ismore than 7.5 degrees, the reticle is pinned to the velocityvector.

b. The Pull-up Cue, indexed to the velocity vector, graphicallyrepresents aircraft altitude above the ground.

c. The Break-away "X" is flashed when a 4-G pull up is required toprevent crashing into the ground.

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AUTO Mode (Before Designation)

d. "AUTO" indicates the current delivery mode.

e. Time-to-Go (TTG) indicates the time in seconds until the weapon isautomatically released, displayed as "xx REL".

f. After designation, a diamond appears over the target point.

g. After designation, the Azimuth steering line (ASL) indicates therelative heading to the target point. A range cue graphicallyrepresents the distance to release when compared to the velocityvector.

h. After designation, the range to target to the nearest 1/10thnautical mile appears as "x.x TGT".

i. Release cue, moves down toward the velocity vector. When itreaches the velocity vector, the bomb releases.

To deliver using Auto-Release mode, select the desired weapon with"]". If required, toggle to AUTO mode with "SHIFT ]". Maneuver toposition the designation reticle over the desired target and designatewith "ENTER". Fly level using the ASL to pass directly over the targetpoint. When the range cue reaches the velocity vector (and the TTGseconds reach zero), the weapon automatically releases. To un-designate atarget point and try again, use "SHIFT \".

Electro-Optical Delivery Modes

Electro-optical (EO) mode allows use of Forward-looking Infrared(FLIR), the AGM-65 Maverick (MAV), or AGM-62 Walleye (WE) A/G weapons. EOdevices are cycled with "O" and must be loaded before flight. "NO SRC"

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(no source) is displayed when there are no EO devices onboard. EO devicescan track both static and moving targets, and is ideal for attacking softand armored ground vehicles. EO mode display appears in the left DDI.

AUTO Mode (After Designation)

EO MODE DESCRIPTION

FLIR Provides night vision capability and may be used todesignate a target point for AUTO mode conventionalweapons. The FLIR may also be used to designate atarget vehicle or building which is then "handed off"to a Maverick. The FLIR is not releasable andcontains no warhead.

MAV AGM-65 Maverick is a rocket powered, self-guidedmissile. The target is optically designated using theFLIR or the AGM-65’s own camera.

WE AGM-62 is an un-powered, optically guided glide bombwith a large warhead.

Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR)

All three EO cameras may be optically zoomed using "CONTROL +" and"CONTROL -". Both the FLIR and MAV modes allow slewing the camera with"CONTROL ARROW". The WE always points three degrees below the waterline.

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FLIR EO Display

REF DESCRIPTION

a. Indicates FLIR mode.

b. Camera gimbal azimuth is the angle right (R) or left (L) at whichthe camera is pointing.

c. Camera gimbal elevation Indicates the angle below aircraftwaterline.

d. Time to go (TTG) appears when a target is designated.

e. Tracking symbol indicates that the FLIR is locked on to a vehicleor building. The camera continues to track until repositionedusing "CONTROL ARROW".

f. Barometric altitude.

g. Indicated airspeed.

h. "CAGED" indicates the device is NOT tracking, "UNCAGED" indicatesthe device is tracking.

i. "WIDE" means zoom is out.

To use the FLIR, select it with "O". A small circle appears in theHUD, showing the camera slew position. If a radar A/G target is currentlydesignated, the FLIR slaves to and tracks the radar target. Zoom in using

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"CONTROL +". Reposition the camera using "SHIFT ARROWS" and designate atarget with "ENTER". If the camera is pointing at a vehicle or smallbuilding, the FLIR begins tracking it. If no vehicle or building is inthe camera line-of-sight, then a ground target point is designated andtracked. At any time, designating an A/G radar target slaves the FLIR andthe FLIR begins tracking the radar target. Undesignate the FLIR targetwith "SHIFT \" or "CONTROL ARROWS". After designation, "CONTROL \" cyclesthe target designation to nearby vehicles or buildings. The designatedtarget appears as a small diamond in the HUD.

AGM-65 Maverick (MAV)

The AGM-65 Maverick is delivered using the MAV mode. Cycle to MAVusing "O". Prior to flight, AGM-65s are loaded onto the wing pylons.

Maverick (MAV) EO Display

REF DESCRIPTION

a. Indicates MAV mode also repeated in the HUD.

b. Indicates the selected station.

c. "IN RNG" cue flashes when launch criteria are met. Press "ENTER"to release the weapon.

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d. Tracking symbol appears when the FLIR is locked on to a vehicle orbuilding. The camera continues to track until it is repositionedusing "CONTROL ARROWS"

e. Gimbal position "X" Shows the camera angle.

f. Circle represents a 5 degree radius around missile boresight. Thetarget must be in-range and the gimbal "x" must be inside thiscircle to meet launch conditions.

To deliver a Maverick, cycle to the MAV display with "O". If a radarA/G target is currently designated, the camera slaves to and tracks theradar target. Zoom in using "CONTROL +". Reposition the camera using"SHIFT ARROWS" and then designate a target with "ENTER". If the camera ispointing at a vehicle or small building, the camera begins tracking it.Designating an A/G radar target slaves the FLIR, and the FLIR beginstracking the radar target. Undesignate the FLIR target with "SHIFT \" or"SHIFT ARROWS". After designation, "CONTROL \" cycles target track tonearby vehicles or buildings. The designated target appears as a smalldiamond in the HUD. Target lock is broken if gimbal limits are exceeded,or if the camera is manually repositioned.

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Walleye (WE) EO Display

AGM-62 Walleye (WE)

The AGM-62 Walleye is delivered using the WE mode. Cycle to WE using"O". Prior to flight, AGM-62s are loaded onto the wing pylons.

REF DESCRIPTION

a. Indicates WE mode, also repeated in the HUD.

b. Indicates the selected station.

c. "IN RNG" cue is flashed when launch criteria are met. Press"ENTER" to release the weapon.

d. "CAGED" indicates the device is NOT tracking, "UNCAGED" indicatesthe device is tracking.

e. Target gates are used to designate a vehicle, ship, or building.

To deliver a Walleye, cycle to the WE display with "O". Zoom in using"CONTROL +". The WE camera may not be slewed and does not track thedesignated radar target. An aiming reticle appears in the HUD,corresponding to the camera line-of-sight. Fly to place the desiredtarget within the target gate and designate with "ENTER". The designatedtarget appears as a small diamond in the HUD. Fly level toward the target

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and release with "ENTER" when the "IN RNG" cue flashes in the HUD and inthe DDI. Undesignate using "SHIFT \".

FLIR Target Hand-off

To effect target hand-off from FLIR to conventional mode, first cycleto the desired conventional weapon with "]". Then select the FLIR with"O" and designate a target as outlined above. With the target designated,press "]" to hand-off the target to the conventional weapon.

To effect hand-off from the FLIR to Maverick, simply select "O" whilea FLIR target is designated. The Maverick slaves to and tracks the FLIR.Press "ENTER" to designate the target and release as outlined above.

HARM Mode

The AGM-88 High-speed Anti-radiation Missile (HARM) mode providesSurface-to-Air Missile (SAM) and Anti-aircraft Artillery (AAA)suppression and attack capability. Using the missile seeker as thedisplay sensor, radar-emissive targets may be acquired, designated andlaunched upon. The HARM display provides a missile boresight (azimuth andelevation) view of targets which lie within its field-of-view (+/-30degrees). HARM mode appears in the left DDI.

REF DESCRIPTION

a. Mode indication.

b. Station indication

c. Target-of-opportunity mode indication, always on.

d. Targets are displayed using code letters: I for AirborneInterceptor; S for SAM site; A for radar-guided AAA; C forContinuous-wave radar (i.e. -- other than I, S or A).

e. Designation box. Shows the designated target.

To deliver an AGM-88 HARM, select HARM mode with "U". Fly in thegeneral direction of the target(s) until letter codes appear on thedisplay. Designate with "ENTER" or "CONTROL \". Cycle targets using"CONTROL \" until the desired target is boxed. Fly in the direction ofdesignated target until the "IN RNG" cue is flashed in the HUD. Press"ENTER" to release the missile.

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HARM Display

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AIR-TO-AIR MASTER MODE

The Air-to-Air (A/A) master mode is optimized for performance invisual, short-range Air-to-Air combat with M61 cannon and AIM-9 "heatseeking" Sidewinder missiles. It also provides effective medium (beyondvisual) range attack capability with the Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-AirMissile (AMRAAM). Automatic features which manage weapons and avionicsequipment leave the pilot free to concentrate on the tactical situationin a rapidly changing air-to-air environment.

RADAR FUNCTION

The Radar Set employs a forward-looking, gimbaled antenna in the noseof the aircraft. As the radar searches, the antenna rotates through itsscan volume. The size of the scan volume is determined by the antennascan azimuth and elevation settings. Elevation (height) is specified inbars, with 1 bar equal to 2.5 degrees. Elevations of 1, 2, 4, and 6 barsare supported. Antenna scan azimuths (widths) of 140, 80, 60, 40, and 20degrees are supported. Scan volume is important in that targets must liewithin the antenna scan volume for detection. Larger scan volumes takelonger to complete and thus have a higher update latency. Upon selection,each radar sub-mode (described below) sets its own defaults for scanelevation and azimuth.

Destabilized Radar Scan Volume

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Stabilized Radar Scan Volume

REF DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

a. Sub-mode indication Normal sub modes are; RWS, VS, TWS, STT-- cycled using "Q"; ACM sub-modes are;WACQ, VACQ, GACQ or BST -- cycled with"SHIFT R". Sub-modes are describedbelow.

b. Scan elevation Height of the antenna scan volume inscan bars. Using "X" cycles scanelevation down, and "SHIFT X" cycles up.

c. Heading Aircraft magnetic heading.

d. TDC Target acquisition cursor. Use "SHIFTARROW" to move the TDC from the stowedposition onto the display. Designate thetarget under the TDC with "\". Note:with the TDC in its stowed position, "\"designates then cycles targets.

e. Scan azimuth Width of the radar scan volume indegrees right and left of the aircraftcenter. Only displayed in GMT and SEAmodes. Using "Z" cycles scan azimuthdown, and "SHIFT Z" cycles up.

f. Maximum displayed range Range is cycled down with "TAB" andcycled up with "SHIFT TAB". Range onlyaffects the radar display, not thedistance at which the radar can detecttargets.

g. Minimum displayed range

h. Azimuth/range grid Each horizontal and vertical markrepresents 30 degrees.

i. Velocity vector Displayed at a fixed position, and usedin conjunction with the horizon line to

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indicate aircraft vertical flight pathand roll attitude.

j. Antenna elevation caret Indicates the antenna elevation,relative to the local horizon. The scalecovers +/-60 degrees. When a target isdesignated, digits to the right showrelative altitude per 1000 feet.

TWS A/A Radar Mode

k. Calibrated Air Speed

l. Barometric Altitude Indicated in feet above mean sea level(MSL).

m. AACQ indication When used in conjunction with RWS, VS orTWS, indicates that when detected, atarget is automatically acquired. Upontarget acquisition, AACQ is cleared.

n. B-sweep Indicates the instantaneous antennaazimuth position.

o. Launch range markers Show minimum and maximum range of theselected A/A missile.

p. Designated L&S Launch and Steering target or STTtarget.

q. Undesignated target

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r. Selected weapon One of: AIM9, A120 or GUN.

s. Target range graph Positioned to show range, the digitsshow closure rate to the neatest 10knots.

t. "SHOOT" cue Appears when launch conditions are met.

Air-to-Air Radar Sub-Modes

The AN/APG-65 Radar Set provides range and track functions formultiple airborne targets. The radar set may operate in any of thefollowing sub-modes during A/A attack:

* Range While Search (RWS): The RWS provides target detection andtracking for both high-closure and low-closure attacks. Targets arepresented in a range-azimuth format. RWS mode is useful for long-range searching, and for large scan volume searching.

Cycle to this mode with "Q". Designating a target with "\" changesto STT mode and the target is tracked (see below).

* Velocity Search (VS): The VS mode detects targets as a function ofclosing velocity. Targets are presented in a velocity-azimuthformat.

Cycle to this mode with "Q". Use velocity search to identify closingtargets. Designating a target with "\" changes to STT mode and thetarget is tracked (see below).

* Track While Scan (TWS): The TWS mode provides multiple-target trackcapability. Targets are presented in a range-azimuth format. TWSmode supports designation of a priority Launch & Steering (L&S)target. All targets appear with aspect angle pointers, whichindicates the direction the target is moving. The L&S target isindicated by a small highlight box in its center.

Cycle to this mode with "Q". Selecting a target with "\" or with theTDC designates the target as the L&S target. The L&S target isaccompanied by target mach (percent of speed-of-sound) to its left,and target altitude to its right.

* Single Target Track (STT): The STT track mode provides high-updaterate tracking of a single target. STT may be entered manually fromRWS, VS or TWS modes, or automatically from the ACM modes. Fullantenna deflection allows continued tracking of the target through+/-70 degrees azimuth and elevation.

Cycle to this mode with "Q". This mode is only available when atarget is designated in RWS, VS or TWS modes.

* Air Combat Maneuvering Modes: The radar supports Air CombatManeuvering Modes; Wide Acquisition (WACQ), Vertical Acquisition(VACQ), Gun Acquisition (GACQ), and Boresight (BST). These modesemploy special antenna scan patterns for target detection, andautomatically acquire and track (with STT) the first target

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detected. Targets outside 10 NM are rejected, making them ideal foruse during high-G air combat maneuvering. The following scan volumesare employed:

MODE Azimuth Elevation

WACQ: +/-30 degrees +/-7.5 degrees

VACQ: +/-5 degrees +20/-5 degrees

GACQ: +/-5 degrees +/-5 degrees

BST: +/-2.5 degrees +/-2.5 degrees

ACM modes Cycle with "SHIFT R". When a target is acquired, the radarswitch to STT to track the target. If the target moves beyond theradar field of view, the radar returns to the ACM mode and beginssearching.

* Auto Acquisition (AACQ): The Radar supports automatic acquisition inconjunction with RWS, VS, and TWS modes. Use "SHIFT Q" to toggle themode. Upon completion of a scan, the radar automatically acquiresthe highest priority target and either; enters STT mode if used withRWS or VS modes, or designates the current L&S target from TWS mode.When a target is acquired, AACQ is reset.

Target Acquisition

RWS, VS, and TWS are stabilized radar modes. That is, the scan volumeis always expressed upright relative to the horizon, regardless ofaircraft attitude. ACM modes (WACQ, VACQ, GACQ and BST) are notstabilized. Their scan volume is relative to the aircraft waterline.

Target size and relative altitude affect the range at which the targetmay be detected. Larger targets are detected from a greater distance thansmall ones. Also, targets above the aircraft horizon are detected furtherthan those below the horizon. Upon selection, each radar sub-mode entersits own default range.

When a target is tracked on radar, a box is placed on the HUD over thetarget. This is the Target Designation (TD) box. A/A radar mode isentered using "R", which subsequently toggles between A/A and A/G radarmaster modes. The radar employs the right DDI.

A/A WEAPONS DELIVERY

The stores management display (left DDI) graphically depicts theweapons on the aircraft wing. Use "[" to cycle A/A weapons; GUN, AIM-9and AIM-120 AMRAAM. "S" displays stores. Stations are numbered 1 through9 (left to right). The delivery method for each of the A/A weaponsdepends on whether or not the radar set is tracking a target -- eitherSTT or TWS with a L&S target.

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AIM-9M Sidewinder -- Radar NOT Tracking

The AIM-9L Sidewinder is an all aspect, heat-seeking A/A combatmissile. It is self-guided and "homes in" on jet engine heat sources. Itswarhead is relatively small and its range is relatively short, usuallyless than 10 NM.

Cycle using "[" until AIM9 appears in the HUD. If the radar is nottracking a target, the AIM-9L displays a small seeker circle on theaircraft waterline. Maneuver to place the desired target within thiscircle. When the AIM-9 can "see" heat in its circle, it tracks the targetand generates a growling sound. The growling sound increases in pitchwhen the heat source is strong (i.e. -- the target is close). Press"ENTER" or "TRIGGER" to release the weapon.

AIM-9M Sidewinder -- Radar Tracking

With the radar set tracking, the Normalized In-Range Display (NIRD)appears on the HUD. The NIRD consists of a circle with carets at the 2:30and 6:00 positions. The radar display also represents a steering circleand steering dot.

Normalized In-Range Display (NIRD)

REF DESCRIPTION

a. Steering circle represents the missile boresight.

b. Minimum range caret is fixed at the 2:30 position.

c. Maximum range caret is fixed at the 6:00 position.

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d. Range bar moves clockwise around the circle to indicate therelative to the target, based on the fixed-position range caretsand the minimum and maximum range of the selected weapon.

e. Steering dot indicates the required lead on the selected radartarget.

f. Target Designator (TD) box.

Placing the steering dot inside the NIRD steering circle, while thetarget is visible on the HUD assures correct launch conditions, and"SHOOT" cue flashes above the TD box. The radar also displays range viathe launch range markers.

AIM-120 AMRAAM -- Radar Tracking

The AIM-120 Advanced Medium-range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) is aself-guided, active radar, medium range missile. It is employed only inconjunction with the radar. Cycle to AIM-120 with "[". Manipulate theradar to acquire a target. When the radar is tracking a target, the NIRDappears in the HUD. Launch as described above in "AIM-9M -- RadarTracking."

M61 Gun -- Radar Not Tracking

The M61 Vulcan Cannon carries 578 rounds of ammo, and may be used inboth A/A and A/G modes. Cycle to A/A GUN mode with "[". Rounds remainingare displayed in the HUD. Also in the HUD is a pipper (a small dot)inside a circle. This pipper represents the position of an imaginarycannon round, 1500 feet from the aircraft. To visually attack, fly tomaneuver the pipper over the desired target. When within about 1500 feetof the target, press and hold "ENTER" or "trigger" to fire cannon.

M61 Gun -- Radar Tracking

Designate a radar target and cycle to A/A GUN with "[". Whiletracking, a pipper, surrounded by a reticle is displayed in the HUD. Ticson the reticle represent 1000 foot range increments. A range bar ispositioned clockwise on the reticle to indicate the distance to the radartarget. The pipper is displaced to show the position of an imaginarycannon round at the distance equal to that of the tracked target. To hitthe target, maneuver so as to place the pipper over the target and press"ENTER" or "TRIGGER".

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HUD Altitude ToggleHUD BrightnessHUD Clutter ReiectHUD Hide

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HARM DisployTorget Cycle

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SIMULATIONS

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