operational aspects of using meteorology for energy purposes

Solar & Wind Technology Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 441491, 1989 0741-983X/89 $3.00+.00 Printed in Great Britain. Maxwell Pergamon Macmillan pie

OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF USING METEOROLOGY FOR ENERGY PURPOSES*

J. K. PAGE'~ Department of Building Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.

(Received 6 December 1988)

INTRODUCTION

Meteorological information is critical to the assessment of the energy performance of many different types of system, especially those systems where indoor environmental control is important like buildings. Rather more than half the national energy consumption in most countries is consumed to aid indoor environmental regulation, and the cost to the national economy is consequently very large.

The weather affects both energy flows from the natural environment to the energy consuming system, and also the energy flows from the energy consuming system to the external environment. The most desir- able energy state to achieve is the comfortable free running state in which an environmentally acceptable balance is established by suitable system design between natural energy supplies and natural energy demands. Frequently the gap cannot be spanned. The consequent fossil and nuclear fuel demands needed to operate the system at satisfactory levels are then determined by the differences between energy demand, which is strongly influenced by external environmental factors like air temperature, wind vel- ocity and long wave radiation and natural energy supply, especially solar radiation which is also very weather dependent.

THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THERMAL

STORAGE

The problems encountered in this field have a strong diurnal dynamic component, both in supply and in demand, which frequently operate in antiphase, for

* Paper first presented at the World Meteorological Symp. on Education and Training in Meteorology held at Shinfield Park, Reading, U.K. from 13 to 18 July 1987 (Proc. of Conf. published by WMO).

t Current address: 15 Brincliffe Gardens, Sheffield S11 9BG, U.K.

example nights are typically colder than the days, and there is most solar radiation available in the middle of the day. The dynamic variations produced by the various weather systems passing through are super- imposed on top of the diurnal variations. These may have a longer or shorter frequency than one day. Periods of sustained hot weather or sustained cold weather create the maximum energy demands, and are of special importance in basic design, both of individual systems and of supply utilities, which must have the capacity to meet peak energy demands. The thermal capacity associated with enclosures operating in interaction with the exterior environment, is very important in determining the internal dynamic thermal responses to the varying external environmental factors, so the assessment of dynamic thermal storage effects forms a key aspect of the design of thermal energy systems, and performance is closely linked with weather variations. Such problems can only be handled by examining the dynamic characteristics of the natural energy supply system in relation to the dynam- ics of the external natural environmental factors creat- ing the various internal demands, impacting on the dynamic thermal response characteristics of the basic system, be it a building, car, ship, aeroplane, refriger- ation plant. The implications are that external data are needed at the hourly level rather than at the daily level, if these dynamic interactions are to be properly studied.

KEY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENERGY

SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE

The impact of climate on energy systems and their operation can be analyzed in five interrelated modes :

(1) Climate as an energy supply source. (2) Climate as a key influence on energy demands. (3) Climate as a risk factor to supply utilities. (4) Climate as a risk factor in the design of the user

energy system. (5) Climate as a critical resource for the safe dispersal

of pollutants produced in the supply of energy.

44l

442 J . K .

(6) Pollution from energy production impacting on the global meteorological system.

The impact of energy systems on future world climate will not be addressed here, though obviously one of the ways of reducing the adverse long term impacts, through acid rain, carbon dioxide, etc. is by making better use of natural energy resources, like solar energy and wind, and through conservation, so less fossil fuel needs to be burned per annum [1]. Impor- tant though it is, the issue of safe pollutant disposal will not be discussed further in this presentation. Obvi- ously knowledge of the vertical structure of the atmosphere is important for tall chimneys. For small chimneys local aerodynamic effects within the boundary layer are more critical.

CLIMATIC N E E D S FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY D E S I G N

The author made a systematic review of the problems faced in supplying meteorological data for applied solar energy applications as an invited paper to the World Solar Congress in Perth, Australia [2]. W M O has also prepared a very useful Technical Note on the subject [3]. W M O has also prepared a Technical Note on Meteorological aspects of the utilization of wind as an energy source [4]. Wind energy is very site specific, and special local studies may be required of wind flow over specific hills, etc. [5]. The concentration in this paper will not be on alternative energy systems,

PAGE

but rather on data needs for the system design and assessment of energy consumption in buildings. This includes, of course, an important passive solar energy contribution, which can be enhanced by appropriate weather sensitive building design. Natural energy exchanges impinge strongly on all buildings. The preparation of climatic data to support passive solar heating and natural cooling design are discussed in detail in a manual being prepared for U N C H S (Habitat) by the author [6].

BUILDING ENERGY BALANCES

As about half the world energy consumption is used to secure a satisfactory energy balance for man indoors, and as sometimes the external environment is too cold and sometimes too hot, the positive natural energy resources like the sun are only sometimes useful. In hot climate situations, the energy losing aspects of the external environment like outgoing long wave radiation and air movement over heated surfaces, become beneficial. Table 1 outlines the natural climatic resources that may be used given appropriate preplanning in suitable situations to supply some of the energy needs of engineered systems. Table 2 indicates the conditions favouring their different uses. When a climatic factor is acting to increase demand, the principle of shelter from that factor has to be invoked, for example the use of overhangs to keep solar radiation from entering buildings, which

Table 1. Natural climatic resources that may be used with appropriate preplanning to supply some of the energy needs of urban complexes

Resource Use Energetic economics

Solar energy Daylight Most economic use Passive heating Active heating Active cooling and dehumidification Natural ventilation External surface cooling Wind power water pumping Wind power electricity Cooling by air drainage from adjacent higher surfaces Surface cooling of courtyards and open spaces sheltered from wind Radiant cooling panels Latent heat cooling through fountains and water walls Cooling by plant evapotranspiration Desert coolers Cooling by creation of large bodies of water External building surface sprays

Least economic use Wind energy Most economic use

Night-time outgoing longwave radiation Least economic use Most economic use

Least economic use Precipitation Most economic use

Least economic use

Source [29].

Application of meteorology for energy purposes

Table 2. Factors promoting the use of various natural climatic resources

443

Solar energy

Wind energy

Night-time longwave radiation

Precipitation for evaporative cooling

Low cloudiness Clean atmosphere, low pollution Favourable orientation of buildings and streets Terrain slope favourable Reflective ground cover Absence of terrain obstruction High basic windiness Open planning Absence of excessive wind barriers and trees Exposed terrain Height, both above ground level and above general terrain level Clear night-time skies Low dewpoints Terrain suitable form for useful air drainage Absence of obstructions blocking flow Absence of obstructions blocking view of cold sky Low wind speeds Adequate rainfall Suitable aquifers, and underground stores Controlled wind circulation to conserve cooled air Relative humidities not too high

Source [29].

requires knowledge of the geometry of the solar movements and the associated energy of the beam.

Basically the analysis has to proceed in terms of energy balances abou t some desired balance point , normal ly defined in terms of h u m a n need, but sometimes in terms of p lant need as in hort iculture, or animal needs as in the case of farm buildings. This demands defining physically concepts like thermal comfort .

Essentially one is forced into two analyses, a cold weather analysis where the energy demands are strongly influenced by air temperature , wind speed and long wave radiat ion, and a hot weather analysis where the energy demands in cooled buildings are strongly influenced by the solar radiat ion, with the

Table 3. Urban planning in relation to the control of energy demands---cold seasons

(t) Maximize passive solar gains by appropriate orientation

(2) Provide shelter from cold winds, especially to reduce excessive ventilation

(3) Avoid or block adverse air drainage from higher colder terrain

(4) Provide good drainage of surface water to avoid dampness

(5) Maximize advantage of urban heat island effect by controlling wind flow by aerodynamic drag

(6) Pedestrian movement in sun and out of wind, whenever possible

amel iora t ion coming th rough air movement , evap- orat ion, and long wave radia t ion exchanges. Design objectives for cold weather are given in Table 3. Design objective for hot humid weather are given in Table 4, and for hot dry weather in Table 5.

THE ROLE OF WIND IN BUILDING ENERGETICS

Wind is impor t an t bo th as a potent ia l al ternat ive source of energy supply, but also as an agent for

Table 4. Urban climatic planning in relation to demands of energy--hot seasons, dry climates

(1) Minimize solar impacts on building surfaces by appropriate site orientation

(2) Use high ceilings with small windows to provide good daylight with small openings

(3) Facilitate external shading by appropriate site orientation

(4) Where water resources allow, provide trees for shading and fountains in wind controlled micro- environments

(5) Make good use of lower night-time temperatures and high outgoing longwave radiation by promoting night-time cold air drainage from cooler adjacent terrain

(6) Reflect incoming heat at roof level and shade streets to reduce heat island effects

(7) Use night-time air drainage to break up urban heat island

Source [29]. Source [29].

444 J .K.

Table 5. Urban climatic planning in relation to control of demands for energy--hot seasons, humid climates

(1) Minimize solar impacts on building surfaces by appropriate site orientation

(2) Facilitate the provision of external shading by providing adequate space for tree planting

(3) Maximize air flow characteristics of urban areas using appropriate building form

(4) Avoid high densities liable to block air flow (5) Reduce urban heat island effects by dispersing solar

energy at the tree top canopy level, and encouraging good air movement below

(6) Remove by good drainage excessive soil water to control relative humidity

Source [29].

promoting cooling by air movement. The wind also impinges on the demand side, by increasing surface convection and ventilation in cold weather, especially in buildings that are aerodynamically loose. Micro- climatic factors are very important in determining the actual impacts on buildings, and design for wind shelter is helpful in reducing cold weather energy demands. Attention has to be paid to the directional nature of the wind in association with the air temperatures typically encountered with winds from different directions.

DATA NEEDED FOR ASSESSING THE

PERFORMANCE A N D DESIGN OF ENERGY SYSTEMS

Data of different complexity are needed at different stages of the design process. Bioclimatic analysis is an important tool used in the early stages of indoor environmental design to establish climatic priorities in design [6-8]. Monthly mean climatic data on maximum and minimum dry bulb temperature, and associated humidity are plotted onto suitable charts relating to human comfort, so the building design solution space can be more clearly identified in terms of principle. The charts themselves make it possible to perceive the effects of indoor air movement. Account is taken of typical dynamic thermal performance by distinguishing heavy weight buildings from light weight buildings, and by identifying the period of the day during which natural ventilation for cooling is introduced. Overlays on the chart indicate design solution areas, at which it is sensible to aim.

The next level of complexity is to study the mean vector characteristics of climate, identifying favourable and unfavourable orientations from the point of

PAGE

view of energy supply and energy demand. Daily data may be used, but in directional assocation with other variables. Such data is particularly valuable in deciding layout in relation to external shelter. The work of Reidat [9] in this field provides a good example of clear presentation of such information.

Vector information about prevailing wind direc- tion, and strength is very important in assessing ventilation design, especially in places with hot humid seasons. In areas with very cold winds, effective design for shelter requires knowledge about the typical directions of cold winds. There are underlying statistical implications, but, if overcomplex presentations are made, they will not be used by designers. The aim should be to present the minimum data needed to aid a good design decisions. It is worth remembering the English proverb "The best is the enemy of the good".

The third level of complexity is to present data at the monthly mean hourly level for different types of day, like overcast days, sunny days or the average hourly values. The advantage of hourly data is that a dynamic analysis can be attempted using the assumption of a run of similar days. This type of approach was adopted, for example for diurnal temperature variations, in producing design temperature data for a handbook of climatic data for the U.K. [10]. The overcast day data were based on days with the daily mean cloud amount as 8/8, while the clear sky data were based on the mean cloud amount less than 2/8. Such approaches enable the characteristics of the different types of day to be studied in relation to energy demand patterns. The important meteorological decision is how to define the selection criteria. in the U.K. there is no shortage of overcast days, but there are very few totally cloudless days, and hence, in order to get a reasonable sample, the criterion for sunny days had to be set at less than 2/8 cloud, and not zero cloud. In a desert area, the situation would be just the opposite. In the U.K. manual, the necessary associated data for thermal assessment, namely solar radiation and longwave radiation was then estimated by theoretical modelling taking account of cloud amount. The models are based on observed data.

The final level of complexity is the supply of full hourly data tapes for simulation, containing hourly values of a wide range of relevant observed variables. As full simulation is a long process, usually shortened series are used, often year long, and selected by various criteria to be statistically representative of long term data, using appropriate techniques. For example, considerable work has been carried out in Europe on tcst reference years [1 I]. The simulation process is thrown by data gaps, and methods for filling observational gaps have to be applied. It should bc noted the tapes

446 J. K. PAGE

ditions of cloudiness is discussed in detail in this publication.

Work is nearing completion by the author for UNCHS Habitat, which concentrates specifically on lower latitude developing country situations, where the observational data base is less detailed. The issue of daylighting is also being addressed as part of the Habitat effort. The CEC daylighting model described in the CEC book [6] has been checked against observation and good agreement found. This model makes use of the CEC radiation model, using the concept of luminous efficacy, however unlike most other models. the luminous efficacy is turbidity and solar altitude dependent, and the illuminance characteristics of the diffuse radiation are assessed separately from those of the direct beam. All this represents quite a number of years of manwork. In addition the problem of predicting the effect of obstructions on radiation availability has been taken forward to a more sophisticated level. There is a demand for such data for town planning purposes, and for the assessment of the predicted energy consumption of buildings. For example, the problem is to be addressed in a new Eurocode for predicting the use of energy in building, so a new procedure has now to be developed to allow the CEC atlas of inclined surface radiation data for any unobstructed site in Europe to be modified to allow for actual site observation.

MICROCOMPUTER MODELS FOR ESTIMATING

SOLAR RADIATION

In order to make it possible to use all this work easily, a considerable effort has been made to develop microcomputer based models programmed inter- actively for easy user use. Outputs may be presented at the monthly mean daily level as in the CEC European Solar Radiation Atlas [15] or at the monthly mean hourly level as in Climate in the United Kingdom [10].

In the short wave radiation model for slopes developed by the author for world-wide applications, a series of interlocking programs are used. The first program develops the necessary horizontal data at an hourly level and stores the data in a reference file from monthly mean daily sunshine data, complemented where available by observed values of monthly mean daily global radiation. It is necessary for the program to prepare hourly estimates of horizontal surface diffuse radiation as well as of beam radiation in order to handle subsequent hourly slope calculations. Both monthly mean and cloudless day irradiance estimates are prepared. An hourly illuminance file for daylighting studies is also generated simultaneously. If observed daily data is available, the daily sum of the

computed data is compared with the observed data, and the turbidity found by reiteration. The program has the capacity to deal with situations of varying horizontal data availability, sunshine alone, sunshine plus global radiation, sunshine plus global radiation plus shade ring corrected diffuse radiation. It is also possible to use the program to "satellite" sites with only sunshine observations to a reference station with more complete observations. The horizontal file is computed only once and becomes the basis of all subsequent inclined plane computations. The slope predictions are made using a non isotropic clear sky model, in conjunction with the CIE Moon and Spencer overcast sky model, the blueness of the sky being determined by the relative sunshine duration. The diffuse model is not linear between overcast and clear, but takes account of the fact that most diffuse radiation is associated with partially overcast skies. By inputting the albedo, the ground reflected component can be estimated. Full computational details are given in Page [10]. Once a slope file has been prepared, a subsequent calculation enables the impact of glazing in different months to be assessed, taking full account of differential transmission effects. A final calculation enables impacts of horizontal overhangs in different months to be predicted.

For Europe there is a simple input data base, from which the horizontal file for that site is developed. One can then breed out from that horizontal file, as many inclined surface files as are required, which may represent quite a considerable volume of data. Essen- tially one only keeps the input monthly mean daily input data, and the algorithms on the program disc. and generates all additional data as needed.

Work is also progressing on a solar radiation data project sponsored by the Commonwealth Science Council [17]. This project, which has a special African emphasis, is directed towards helping meteorological services make more effective use of their data bases to provide design data for solar energy applications, as well as helping improve knowledge of the transmission properties of the tropical atmosphere. Special emphasis has been laid on improving knowledge of the diffuse radiation climate, as diffuse radiation forms such a significant part of the shortwave radiation income on slopes in low latitude hot humid climates.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Applications are being revolutionised by advances in information technology, especially the capacity it offers to provide both visual and numeric information within a single computational structure. A large part of the human cortex is dedicated to processing visual

Application of meteorology for energy purposes 447

information, and many complex design problems can be better appreciated visually than numerically. Deciding the best forms of visual presentation is important. WMO has already published one study in this area [18]. A new suite of programs has been prepared for the UNCHS (Habitat) project [6] to provide microcomputer graphic aids for energy layout studies. The geometrical movements of the sun are output dynamically in terms of the chosen geometry of the building projection, so the impacts of adjacent buildings, trees and landscape can be rationally assessed.

Increasing importance is being attached to layout studies, and the assessment of the quantitative effects of obstructions on energy availability. Graphic techniques can be very valuable in this field. For example, my former team has assessed the systematic use of trees for shading purposes [19] using graphic output techniques.

ALGORITHMS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF

LONGWAVE RADIATION ON SLOPES

Rather less attention has so far been given to longwave radiation studies for slopes, but a model for computing slope longwave radiation has been developed [10, 12]. The model was developed from the work of Unsworth and Monteith [20] and Unsworth [21]. These author's made extensive use of the U.S.S.R. work of Kondratiev and his collaborators. Proper attention has to be given to the non-isotropic nature of the long wave radiance from the sky. A critical current difficulty in modelling longwave radiation on slopes is the difficulty in estimating the longwave radiation from the ground surface, which is especially important in the case of vertical surfaces. There is very little systematic information available about ground surface temperatures.

DEGREE DAYS

As temperature is such an important factor in determining energy demand, the availability of long term monthly degree day temperature data is essential in design for assessing the future energy consumption of buildings, while recent month degree day data is an important tool in systematic energy management to enable actual performance to be compared with estimated performance, taking proper account of fluc- tuations in year to year climate. A high priority must therefore be established in the preparation of energy design data to the working up of such degree day data for the various sites in a territory. Fortunately this is not too difficult a task, especially if the observed

temperature data is held on magnetic tape. As the weather may vary substantially from year to year, as long a period of temperature data as possible should be used for the design series. This data should have been observed using standard meteorological prac- tices.

DEFINITION OF MONTHLY HEATING DEGREE DAYS

The monthly heat losses from buildings are estimated using the concept of monthly heating degree days (HDDm). An important concept is the balance temperature which is used to select the base temperature adopted for the estimation of heating degree days. The balance temperature of a building in a particular month is the temperature at which the mean gains, internal and external are exactly balanced by the mean monthly losses. The balance temperature is building design specific. The degree day base temperature, T~, is set equal to the balance temperature of the occupied building. Implicit in the definition of the balance temperature is the indoor winter comfort temperature level considered acceptable in any region, which is used to establish the balance temperature in conjunction with the internal incidental heat gains. In the heating season these incidental gains are of positive benefit.

The number of heating degree days (HDDo) for any one day in this paper is defined as the difference between the base temperature Th and the mean daily ambient temperature, Tin, counting only positive differences.

Some countries, e .g .U.K. , have a special computational procedure for days when the maximum and minimum temperatures straddle the base temperature. Hitchin has described the procedures used in the U.K. [22]. Two straddling conditions are identified, one when the daily mean is above the balance temperature. The other when the daily mean is below the balance temperature. More detailed information may be found in Hitchin's paper, which provides a good his- torical review of the development of the degree day concept, and of the practical difficulties involved in assessing degree days to different bases in different situations.

There are two ways of making heating degree day estimates :

(1) Using the actual observed daily values of Tm~n and Tm~lx, and working on a day by day basis, forming the daily values from the base temperature, and hence finding the monthly values, and finally the long term mean monthly values.

448 J .K.

(2) Using statistical methods based on assumptions about the observed distribution of the daily mean temperature about its mean value.

THE CALCULATION OF DEGREE DAYS USING

A LONG TERM OBSERVED SERIES OF VALUES

OF DAILY MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE; Tm

As degree days for a number of different bases are required, it is worth giving some consideration to computational effort, when there are a lot of observations to handle. It is always important to use as long a reliable record as possible.

The first stage in preparing the degree day estimates is to check all the montly daily records for com- pleteness of data, for every day in each month in the record. If a monthly record in a specific year is to be used, any gaps will need first to be filled with suitable estimates, otherwise the integral values for that month will be too low. Any months with a large number of observational gaps should be rejected.

The usual computation method in the past, was to choose a base temperature, subtract the mean daily temperature for each day from the base temperature, and then add up the resulting degree days for all days with temperature below the base for different periods of integration. This process was repeated for each base temperature. This required many passes through the data. A more economic way of computing degree days to a number of base temperatures from actual observations is given by Bushnel [23], who showed it is possible to avoid this repetition, and that, in fact, only two computation passes are needed, one to order the temperatures, and another to form the sums. The chosen base temperatures are input after the basic processing has been done. The original paper should be consulted for details.

Another advantage of this method is that it also provides the data to establish the winter basic design temperature for sizing heating equipment, at any required frequency level of occurrence, using the lower end of the temperature distribution range.

STATISTICAL M E T H O D S FOR ESTIMATING

DEGREE DAYS

The most widespread currently used statistical model is the model developed by Thorn [24, 25]. Thorn's model which was based on pragmatic cor- rections to a Gaussian normal distribution model, has the important advantage of using two quantities which are fairly easily calculated, namely the long term monthly mean screen air temperature T,~, and the standard deviation of its monthly mean value from

PAGE

year to year. The method uses standard deviation of the monthly mean about its long term monthly mean value as a means of estimating the standard deviation of the daily data, using the theory of the standard deviation of the means. This value has then to be pragmatically corrected as explained later. As this method does not require a full detailed calculation of the standard deviation using daily data for each month in the data set, the amount of data to be handled is reduced by a factor of 30, 31 or 28 (29 in leap years), according to month. It is therefore particularly suitable for hand held calculator estimates of degree days.

Thom made the starting assumption that the daily average temperatures for a particular day of the year were normally distributed. It was then assumed that the daily standard deviation could be estimated from the value of the standard deviation of the monthly mean, obtained using year to year data for that month, as (sigma monthly mean for month m x n 2), where n is the number of days in the month. This result follows directly from the standard statistics of a normal distribution, and the theory of standard error of the mean of a data set. A modifying l:actor I was then developed using observed U.S. data from 30 sites [26]. This factor is applied to correct the predicted results. The modifying factor is needed because the auto- correlation of ambient daily temperature causes the value of (sigma monthly mean xn 2) to be substantially larger than the value of sigma found from daily observed values in a specific month. Erbs [27] has shown for the U.S.A that the true value of the standard deviation, sigmam, found from the daily data is typically half that estimated from the standard devi- ations of the year to year monthly means.

In the Thorn method, the distribution of ambient temperature is symmetric about the monthly average temperature. Thorn never demonstrated that the monthly ambient temperature is normally distributed in the U.S.A. Erbs among others has studied the actual form of the ambient temperature distribution function.

It should be stressed that Thom's pragmatic cor- rections are based on U.S. data. The method has been successfully applied in other latitudes, e.g. by Shellard for the U.K. [28] but it is not currently known whether the method is fully suitable for all sites in the world. It would therefore be wise to process the data for at least one site in each territory using the full method, and to use these results to check the validity of the Thorn statistical method in that region, before apply- ing the Thorn method more extensively in the territory. If there are significant differences, it is possible that these could be accommodated by changing the


form of the Thorn correction function I, to match the data better.

General experience with Thorn's method is that it is least satisfactory when the base temperature is close to the monthly mean temperature, but this is not the situation in which the economic costs of heating are particularly significant, so any errors due to this cause will not make much impact on the overall economic assessment.

H1TCHIN'S STATISTICAL METHOD

Hitchin [22] has suggested another statistical approach, which is somewhat simpler than Thorn's method, but related in principle to it. Using 20-year mean monthly degree day values for base temperatures between 5 C and 20°C for five sites in the U.K., Hitchin found using his model for all five sites 93% of the estimates were within _+ 5.5 degree days, and 60% within _+ 1.5 degree days. This compared with 66% and 33% using Thorn's procedure for Heathrow, London. Hitchin's method has been less widely tested than Thorn's method, but as the meth- odology is simpler, and the results accurate for the U.K., it is a method that deserves wider testing against observed data.

It must however be pointed out, if standard deviation values are not already available, it is more logical, more economic of computing effort and more accurate to adopt Bushnell's method, than to work indirectly through the standard deviation values.

COOLING DEGREE DAYS

The severity of the overheated period in any area can be estimated from the number of cooling degree days.

Cooling degree days are important in estimating the energy performance of air-conditioned buildings, which necessarily, in some temperature conditions but not in others, operate with a restricted air flow rate. The base temperature for cooling can be defined in the same manner as for heating. Again it is logical to select it using the concept of the balance temperature. In this case the selected indoor comfort level, T~et cooling, has to be set to match summer requirements. Normally people will wear much lighter clothing in hot weather and the comfort temperature can be set at a higher level than for heating. Typical values are around 24'C.

The incidental internal heat gains in this situation are of negative value, as are the solar gains, which need to be included with the incidental gains in the estimation of the balance point. It will be found, as

a consequence of this, the balance temperature for cooling, in the presence of restricted ventilation, may be surprisingly low, in any building whose glazing is not adequately shaded in hot weather. As the solar gains will vary from month to month, the balance temperature for cooling will also vary.

A number of cooling degree days CDDd for one day is defined as the difference between the base temperature for cooling Tb~ and the mean daily ambient temperature Tin, counting only negative differences. The monthly cooling degree days for month m, CDD ....

are the sum of the daily values over the month. When the outdoor temperature lies between the

cooling balance temperature and the selected indoor comfort temperature, the cooling load can be satisfied, at least in part, by bringing in additional outside air. This leads on to the concept of ventilation cooling degree days, which accumulate differently than conventional cooling degree days [27].

THE ESTIMATION OF MONTHLY COOLING DEGREE DAYS

The procedure for estimating monthly cooling degree days are related closely to the procedures for estimating heating degree days. Two basic approaches are again possible, the observational data base approach and the statistical approach.

In Bushnell's method for monthly cooling degree days, CDDm, the first stage of the procedure is ident- ical with the procedure for heating degree days, namely the ordering of the monthly data into an incremental series of temperature observations in that month for a period of years. For cooling degree days, in the second stage of the process, the summation is started at the high temperature end of the data set working down in temperature. This produces an anal- ogous table to the table used to estimate heating degree days. This table may then be used to estimate cooling degree days to any base.

Thorn's statistical method can also be used for estimating cooling degree days.

A much fuller discussion of all these degree day issues may be found in a review by the author, which forms part of the UNCHS Habitat project [6]. (The material on degree days in this paper is summarized from that report.)

T H E NEED TO D E V E L O P ENERGY MODULES WITHIN THE CLICOM PROGRAM

There is considerable work yet to be done, under the CLICOM program, to provide internationally suitable procedures for processing observational data

450 J. K. PAGE

for energy applications. Thanks to work already completed, the algorithmic basis exists. The essential task is to get key facets of the work completed into the CLICOM system. The appropriate processing and presentation of observed data for practical decision making is the key to success. This places a great emphasis on the need for user collaboration. Meteoro- logical services must provide that application information in forms that are useful and appropriate to the various groups that need it.

The issue is, therefore, how are the necessary funds to be raised to ensure climatic aspects of energy design are more effectively handled across the world? This is especially important in the case of developing countries, with limited resources to develop such systems. Graphics packages will be important to aid practical applications.

Unfortunately the author's present developed interactive system is Apple computer based, and not IBM PC compatible. However once the development work is complete, it will not be a difficult task to reorient the software.

OPERATIONAL FAILURE RISKS AND

OPERATIONAL SAFETY

Risk analysis is another aspect of energy design needing climatological data. A heating plant or a cooling plant is expected to give acceptable performance in extremes of weather. Overdesign gives low risks at high design costs, while underdesign gives low design costs at high risk. The statistical problems of risk assessment have to be approached with some care, especially if more than one variable is involved. The consequences of failure have to be explored in deciding acceptable risks. The sudden failure of an electricity supply utility distribution system, due say to overhead line failure caused by heavy icing, is obviously far more serious than the failure of the energy plant of a single building to provide a comfortable indoor environment, especially if, in the former case, the distribution system is connected to a nuclear energy generation system. The risks have to be evalu- ated accordingly.

There are many operation issues related to climate concerning the environmentally safe generation and operationally reliable distribution of energy, including the threats to distribution systems presented by extreme value situations like high winds, heavy icing, severe thunderstorms. The extreme value threats often occur at the same time as the energy demands on the system are highest, when the supply system will be operating near to maximum capacity, and so least able to cope with any severe disruptions.

The problems may be presented to meteorologists as problems in statistical time involving estimates of appropriate extreme values and their statistical frequency of reoccurence, or as real time operational problems involving forecasting of special operational risks, so that special operational steps can be taken to contain the anticipated risks. If a hurricane or severe line icing is forecast, do you shut down a nuclear power station'?

In the case of statistical time problems, the safest path for the meteorologist is to provide the range of extreme values encountered at various frequencies of recurrence using extreme value analysis, and then let the specialist decide the risk he believes acceptable, on a probabilistic basis. It is obviously wise to use as long a time series as possible. Sound statistical processing of the data is essential, otherwise false conclusions may be drawn. It is also important to stress the probabilistic basis of the prediction. The author has per- sonal experience of the highest wind in the century occurring twice in one week in Sheffield. This simple strategy works best when a single variable is involved. When a combination of climatological variables is involved, the process becomes more difficult.

This is one of the fields where simulation is particularly valuable for establishing the relative importance of the different climatological variables for a specific design solution. The extreme design load in one type of air-conditioned building, an office, may be particularly sensitive to solar radiation gains through windows, while the extreme load in another building type, say a theatre, may be particularly sensitive to high vapour pressure in association with high dry bulb temperature, and the wet bulb temperature may become the key variable.

For real time problems, like hurricane forecasts, the special forecasting structure has to be set up in advance, and the communication structure established to ensure the appropriate messages travel quickly to the action points concerned with energy safety. There has to be a standing organizational structure, fortunately seldom needed, but always operational. The system needs to be tested by occasional training exercises to ensure a smooth efficient service has been set up to reduce risks by appropriate precautions because the consequences of the failure of energy systems, often occurring at a time of maximum demand, are so serious. Wind generating systems are particularly at risk.

CONCLUSIONS

In many countries, buildings account for about 50% of the energy demand, and the majority of this


demand is weather sensitive. Heating and cooling design are especially important, and there is a growing interest in the rational user of daylight to reduce lighting energy demands. Air temperature is the critical variable on the demand side. The presentation of appropriate temperature data is therefore especially important. Heating and cooling degree days are very useful, both in design, for forecasting probable monthly energy use, and, for energy management, for following the current efficiency of operation of plant in near statistical time. This places an onus on meteorological services to publish monthly degree day data quickly, so it becomes rapidly available for energy management purposes.

Radiative exchanges with buildings are especially important. The shortwave radiation in times of under- heating is of considerable value, but in times of overheating produces many problems, so sometimes one is trying to make the building shortwave radiant energy accepting and sometimes shortwave energy rejecting. In hot weather, the longwave radiation ex- change with the sky is beneficial, and in cold weather not so. The environmental radiant energy exchanges with buildings take place mainly on inclined and vertical surfaces, so the capacity to provide information about such inclined surface exchanges is especially important.

There is an increasing demand for good data to explore potential alternative energy systems, and the meteorological data needs have become very much better defined. Wind energy is very site specific, and special studies may be required of wind flow over hills, etc. Solar energy availability is slope and orientation dependent, so it is essential that good slope/ orientation data can be made available.

The role of computing, both mainframe and micro is stressed, and the need to develop the CLICOM modules associated with energy design and alternative energy supply is emphasized. It is hoped that the computer demonstrations to be given after the paper, will convince meteorological services of the value of approaches, which marry conventional meteorological data with applications orientated programs, preferably containing a graphics element. The critical issue for W.M.O. would seem to be how is all this achieved progress going to be incorporated into the CLICOM project of the World Data Bank Programme, to make it much easier for developing countries' meteorological services to provide an effective energy service to the potential users.

Meteorologists also need to take note of the increasing use of quite sophisticated modelling techniques for predicting building energy consumption, which demand meteorological data tapes based on hourly

observations, with no data gaps that will otherwise wreck the simulation process.

Brief mention has been made of current projects underway by the author for various international organizations. The UNCHS Habitat study contains considerable detail on how to approach building energy design problems in developing countries. All these projects make extensive use of microcomputing techniques.

The economic significance of making progress in the field of climate applications in relation to energy policy is substantial, as energy use forms such a significant proportion of national budgets.

Above all, meteorological services should remem- ber a proper service can only be provided by good user collaboration, and advisory bodies of an inter- professional nature are needed in the field of energy to ensure the data communicated is the data actually needed by users. More and more data communication will be computer to computer, and mainframe systems will need to be able to communicate effectively to microcomputer systems, sometimes by disc and sometimes by modem. Meteorological services need to become less data defensive in the modern world of information technology. The big mainframe computer boys must swallow some of their pride, and accept the implications of the information technology revol- ution. In this context, the CLICOM project could be just as important to developed countries as to developing countries.

REFERENCES

1. J. K. Page, Climatic considerations and energy conservation, in Interactions of Energy and Climate (Edited by W. Bach, J. Pankrath and J. Williams), pp. 73 88. D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht (1980).

2. J. K. Page, Solar radiation and climatic data, in Proc. Solar Worm Con q., Perth, Australia (Edited by S. V. Szokolay), Vol. 4, pp. 2066-2082. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1984).

3. WMO, Meteorological aspects of the utilization of solar energy as an energy source. WMO Technical Note No. 172, WMO, Geneva (1981).

4. WMO, Meteorological aspects of the utilization of wind as an energy source. WMO Technical Note No. 175, WMO, Geneva (1981).

5. S. D. Lamlning, Investigations of wind energy potential in the eastern Caribbean. Proc. Commonwealth Science Council Workshop on Meteorological data for Solar and Wind Energy Applications, Commonwealth Science Council, London (1985).

6. J. K. Page, How to prepare local based design manuals for passive solar heated and naturally cooled buildings, in prep. for UNCHS, Nairobi.

7. UNCHS, Report of the expert group meeting on the use of solar energy and natural cooling in the design of buildings. September 1983, UNCHS, Nairobi (1984).

452 J. K. PAGE

8. M. Milne and B. Givoni, Architectural design based climate, in Ener,qy Conservation Throu,qh Buildin,q Desi,qn (Edited by D. Watson), pp. 96-113. McGraw-Hill, New York (1979).

9. R. Reidat, Wettendaten fur das Bauwesen--Hamburg, Einzelveroffentlichungen des Seewetteramtes, Hamburg. No. 23, Hamburg (1960).

10. J. K. Page and R. Lebens, Climate in the UnitedKin,qdom, A Handbook o f Solar Radiation, Temperature and Other Data for Thirteen Prineipal Cities and Towns. Depart- ment of Energy. HMSO, London (1986).

I I. H. Lund, EC work on short reference years (SRY), in Proc. Con£ Adv. European Solar Radiation Climatolo,qy, Conf. C43, UKISES 19, Albemarle Street, London WIX 3HA (1986).

12. J. K. Page, J. L. Thomson and J. Simmie, A meteorological data base system for architectural and building engineering designers. Handbook, Vol. II, Al,qorithms fi~r Building Climatolo,qy Applications, Department of Building Science, University of Sheffield.

13. WMO, Urban climatology and its applications with special regard to tropical areas (Edited by T. R. Oke). WMO Technical Note No. 654, WMO, Geneva (1986).

14. J. K. Page, The estimation of monthly mean values of daily total shortwave radiation on vertical and inclined surfaces from sunshine records for latitudes 40N to 40S, Working paper No. E/CONF. 35/5/18, Proc. UN Con.['. New Sources o['Ener,qy, Rome, May 1961, Vol. 4, pp. 378-396 (1964).

15. W. Palz, European Solar Radiation Atlas, Vol I1 : Global and Diffuse Radiation on Vertical and Inclined Surfaces (Compiled by J. K. Page, R. J. Elynn, R. Dogniaux and G. Preuveneers). Verlag TUV, Rheinland.

16. J. K. Page, (Ed.), Solar Energy R&D in the European Community, Series F, Vol. 3, Solar Radiation Data, Pre- diction o[Solar Radiation on Inclined SwJhces. D. Reidel, Dordrecht (1986).

17. J. K. Page, Surveying the solar energy resource, Proc. Int. Coq[i Research and Development of Renewable Ener,qy Technolo,qies in Mauritius, A/rica (Edited by C. Y. Wereko-Brobby). Commonwealth Science Council, London (1986).

18. V. Lofness, Climate/energy graphics, Climate data applications in architecture, WMO MCP-30, World Meteoro- logical Organization, Geneva (1982).

19. M. A. Sattler, S. Sharpies and J. K. Page, The geometry of the shading of buildings by various tree shapes. Solar Ener,qy 38, 187 201.

20. M. H. Unsworth and J. L. Monteith, Longwave radiation at the ground (1). Angular distribution of incoming radiation. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 101, 13 24 (1975).

21. M. H. Unsworth, Longwave radiation at the ground (II). Geometry of interception by slopes. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 101, 25 34 (1975).

22. E. R. Hitchin, Degree-days in Britain. Buildin,q Serv. En,qn,q. Res. Teehnol. 2, 73 82 (1981). E. R. Hitchin, Estimating monthly degree days. Buildin,q Serv. En,qn,q Res. Technol. 4, 159 162 (1983).

23. R. H. Bushnell, Climatic Kelvin degree days below any base. Monthly Weather Rev. 107, 1083 1086 (1979).

24. H . C . S . Thom, The rational relationship between heating degree days and weather. Monthly Weather Rev. 82, 1 6 (1954).

25. H. C. S. Thom, Normal degree days below any base. Monthly Weather Rev. 82, I 11 115 (1954).

26. H. C. S. Thom, Normal degree days above any base by the universal truncation coefficient. Monthly Weather Rev. 94, 461~465 (1966).

27. D. G. Erbs, Models and applications for weather statistics related to building heating and cooling loads. Ph.D. Thesis, Engineering Experiment station, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1984). Refer also to D. J. Erbs, S. A. Klein and W. A. Beckman, Estimation of degree days and ambient temperature data from monthly average temperatures. ASHRAE J. June (1983).

28. H. C. Shellard, Averages of accumulated temperature. Meteorological Office Prof. Note No. 125, H.M.S.O., London (1959).

29. J. K. Page, Energy related issues, in Urban Climatology and Its Applications With Special Re,qard to Tropical Areas. Proc. Technical Conf., Mexico D. F., 1984 (Edited by T. R. Oke). WMO Technical Note No. 652, WMO, Geneva (1986).

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELATED PUBLICATIONS

WMO, Report of the expert group meeting on meteorology and energy production, WMO, Geneva (1981).

WMO, Energy and special applications programme, Report No. I. Report of the meeting of experts to review WMO plan of action in the field of energy problems, WMO, Geneva (1981).

WMO, Energy and special applications programme, Report No. 2, papers presented at the WMO Tech. Conf., Mexico City, November 1981, WMO, Geneva (1981).

APPENDIX

The following tables were all produced using a suite of Apple lIc programs, which were originally developed by the author for the Commission of the European Communities Solar Radiation Data program, and subsequently extended on a universal global basis. A universal write up has not yet been achieved due to very high pressure of current work. The Apple programs were used to produce data for Trieste, using as inputs, the monthly mean daily sunshine and global radiation data for Trieste in the CEC Solar Radiation Atlas for Horizontal SurJaces, together with the monthly values of the sum of the Angstrom equation regression coefficients, which are also found in the Atlas. The programs can be used to a lower order of accuracy using sunshine data alone, sup- plemented by a simple method for estimating turbidity based on station height, vapour pressure and sky colour. An account of this method for estimating air mass 2 Linke turbidity can be found in ref. [17].

The computing procedure is to breed a horizontal hourly file first consisting of hourly beam and diffuse radiation values for a representative day in each month, also containing the associated solar geometry, and then to use this data file in subsequent inclined surface programs. A non- isotropic sky radiance/luminance model is used. Most of the scientific details are given in [16].

It is approximately a three hour task to produce, in their printed form, tables Reference 1 to 27 for any place in the world. The programs are entirely interactive, and designed for user friendly use by people with no computing skill.

~pplicalion of meteorology for energy purposes 453

Reference ] This tablc presents the hourly solar g~eometry, using the

monthly mean declinations for each .month. The representative dates are given at the top of the table.

ReJ~,rence 2 This table presents the monthly mean hourly and daily

radiation data for a horizontal surface. The estimated Linke turbidity factor, which is automatically algorithmically derived from the sum of the monthly Ang~d'om regression coefficients (a+b), a figure available in the CEC Horizontal

SurJace Radiation Atlas, is given at the base of the table, together with the monthly mean daily sunshine data. At higher latitudes the turbidity normally increases from winter to summer. N.F. refers to the normalization factor, which is the factor used to adjust the modelled data to the observed data. D/G is the ratio of horizontal diffuse to global radiation. The dominance of diffuse radiation will be noted.

Reference 3 This table shows the cloudless day horizontal surface

irradiance values, computed for the dates indicated. The very much lower values of D/G must be noted.

REFERENCE J

MONTHLY VALUES OF THE SOLAR ALTITUDE AND BEARINGS AT DATES INDICATED

TRIESTE Lat, 45"39'N. Long. 13'45"E. Alt.20 m. Horizontal surface

Solar altitude (degrees) and bearings (degrees from true north):goto6620 Hourly vertical and horizontal shadow angles (degrees)

Date SOLAR Jan Feb Har Apr Hay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TIME ]7 15 16 ]5 15 11 17 16 16 16 15 11

0330 ALT . . . . BRG - - -

0430 ALT - 2.0 0.5 BRG - 58.3 59.5

0530 ALT - 1.8 8.3 11.3 I0.0 BRG - 77.8 71,5 68.5 69.8

0630 ALT - 3.9 12.2 18.5 21.4 20.1 BRG - 96.6 88.4 81.7 78,4 79.9

0730 ALT 5.9 14,2 22.6 28.9 31.8 30.5 BRG 115.1 107.7 99.4 92.2 88.5 90.2

0830 ALT 8.3 14.9 23.8 32.7 39.3 42.2 40,9

BRG 13].4 126.8 120.0 111.7 103.9 99.8 101.7 0930 ALT 15.4 22.5 32.1 41.9 49.1 52.2 50.8

BRB 143.8 140.0 134.1 126.3 118.4 113.9 116.0 1030 ALT 20.6 28.1 38.5 49.3 57,4 61.0 59.4

BRG 157.5 ]55.0 150.7 144.7 137.8 133.5 135.5 1130 ALT 23,3 31.2 42,1 53.5 62.5 66,6 64.7

BRG 172.4 171.4 169.9 167,5 164.5 162.4 163.4 1230 ALT 23.3 31.2 42.1 53.5 62,5 66.6 64.7

BRG 187.6 188.6 190.1 192.5 195.5 197.6 196.6 1330 ALT 20,6 28.1 38.5 49.3 57.4 61.0 59.4

BRG 202.5 205.0 209.3 215.3 222.2 226.5 224.5 1430 ALT 15.4 22.5 32.1 41.9 49.1 52,2 50.8

BRG 216.2 220.0 225.9 233.7 241.6 246.1 244.0 1530 ALT 8.3 ]4.9 23.8 32.7 39,3 42.2 40.9

BRG 228.6 233,2 240.0 248.3 256.1 260.2 258.3 1630 ALT 5.9 14.2 22.6 28.9 31.8 30.5

BRG 244.9 252.3 260.6 267.8 271.5 269.8 1730 ALT 3.9 12.2 18.5 21.4 20.1

BRG 263,4 271.6 278.3 281.6 280.1 1830 ALT - 1.8 8.3 11,3 I0.0

BRG - 282.2 288.5 291.5 290.2 1930 ALT - - 2.0 0,5

BRG - 30],7 300.5

2030 ALT . . . . BRG - - -

2 ] 3 0 A L T . . . .

8 R G . . . .

4.6 - - 75.1 - - 14.9 7.3 - 85.6 93.4 - 25.4 17.6 9.0 I .6 96.4 104.5 ]12.4 118.7 35.6 27,5 18.2 I0.3 6.5

108.5 116.8 124.4 130.1 132.7 45.0 36.1 26.1 17.5 13.4

123.1 ]31.2 137.9 142.7 144.8 52.8 42,9 32.0 22.8 18.4

142.] 148.5 153.5 156.8 158.2 57.4 46.7 35.2 25.6 21.0

]66.4 169.0 170.9 172.1 172.6 57.4 46.7 35.2 25,6 21.0

193.6 191.0 189.1 ]87.9 187.4 52.8 42.9 32.0 22.8 18.4

217.9 211.5 206,5 203.2 201.8 45.0 36.1 26.1 17.5 13,4

236.9 228.8 222.] 217.3 215.2 35.6 27.5 18.2 I0.3 6.5

25].5 243.2 235.6 229.9 227,3 25.4 ]7.6 9.0 1,6

263.6 255.5 247.6 241.3 14.9 7.3 - -

274.4 266.6 - - 4,6 - -

284.9 - -

454 J . K . PAGE

References 4 and 5 References 6, ], 8 an(f 9 These tables provide the horizontal illuminance data cor- These tables descNbe the luminance distribution of the clear

responding to the solar radiation data. The luminous sky and the montt'!ly mean luminance distribution of the sky, efficiency concept is used, but the luminous efficiency is a on a particular da~. in the year. The CEC diffuse sky model is function of solar altitude and turbidity. The luminous a radiance/luminance model, so the differential properties of efficiency of the sky is different from that of the beam. The the sky can be derived from the integrated radiative effect, i.e. issues are discussed in I16]. the diffuse horizontal radiation/illumination. LZ refers to the

REFERENCE 2

MONTHLY AVERAGE DIRECT 8EAM(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR RADIATION

TRIESTE Lat. 45'39'N. Long. 13"45"E. Air.20 m. Horizontal surface

Hourly irradiation (watt hours per square metre) Date

SOLAR Jan Feb Mar Apt May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TIME 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 II

0330 B O

0430 B D

0530 B O

0630 B D

0730 8 O

0830 8 19 O 42

0930 B 47 D 79

1030 8 72 D 107

1130 B 85 O 121

1230 B 85 O 121

- - I 0 -

- - - 12 3 - -

- 2 14 27 23 8 -

- II 47 61 57 27 -

5 38 58 80 80 59 19 22 66 105 114 114 85 43

9 44 96 116 140 154 135 79 36 3 30 78 119 161 166 167 138 98 50 9 4] 37

51 75 88

1330 8 72 104 174 243 271 294 352 340 257 199 104 D 107 146 206 246 286 283 273 247 216 159 115

1430 8 O

1530 8 D

]630 B O

1730 B D

1830 B D

]930 B O

2030 B O

2130 B D

47 77 141 205 229 253 299 285 210 156 75 79 117 174 214 254 251 246 220 188 132 80 19 41 96 155 175 199 230 214 149 97 37 42 77 129 170 212 212 211 184 148 95 51

9 44 96 116 140 154 135 79 36 3 30 78 119 161 166 167 138 98 50 9

5 38 58 80 80 59 19 22 66 105 114 114 85 43

- 2 14 27 23 8 - -

- 11 47 61 57 27

- - - ] 0 - -

- - 12 3 - -

Daily totals (kilowatt hours per square metre). DIRECT DIFFUSE GLOBAL

23 34 6O 68 9O 94

96 155 175 199 230 214 149 97 77 129 170 212 212 211 184 148 95 77 141 205 229 253 299 285 210 156 17 174 214 254 251 246 220 188 132 04 174 243 271 294 352 340 257 199 104 46 206 246 286 283 273 247 216 159 115 19 192 264 292 316 379 369 283 221 120 105 63 224 264 305 302 288 261 231 174 130 108 19 ]92 264 292 316 379 369 283 221 120 105 63 224 264 305 302 288 261 231 174 130 108

90 94 6O 68 23 34

0.45 0.70 1.31 2.00 2.31 2.62 3.03 2.82 2.00 1.42 0.68 0.56 0.70 1.07 ].67 2.18 2.74 2.81 2.72 2.32 1.85 1.22 0.79 0.61 1.14 1.77 2.97 4.18 5.05 5.43 5.75 5.14 3.84 2.64 1.46 ].16

D/G .61 .603 .561 .521 .542 .517 .473 .452 .481 .463 .538 .522 TURBIDITY 3.2 3.8 4.0 3.9 5.2 4.7 5.3 4.6 4.2 3.5 2.6 2.7 SUNSHINE 2.7 3.6 4.9 6.1 7.5 7.9 9.3 8.4 6.8 5.7 3.2 3.2 N.F. 1.00 0.98 1.02 1.02 ].02 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.02


zenith luminance. D /PI is the ratio of the diffuse illuminance to ~, which would be the luminance of the sky if the sky were uniformly bright. In practice the clear day luminance values across the sky with a low sun may differ by an order of magnitude. This variation has considerable bearing on clear sky daylighting design. The isotropic approximation is not satisfactory for clear sky daylight design. The four degree relative sunshine duration is the ratio of the monthly mean daily sunshine hours to the length of time the sun is 4" or more above the horizon on the mean declination day.

Reference 10 This is simply a table of hourly zenith luminances for cloud-

less and monthly mean conditions.

Reference l 1 This table gives the solar geometry converted into its pro-

jected form for a slope of 9g' and a bearing of 180. The program allows for any chosen slope and orientation to be input. The results can also be output graphically.

REFERENCE 3

MONTHLY CLOUDLESS DIRECT BE~u'd(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOI~qL(G) SOLAR RADIATION

TRIESTE Lat. 45"39'N. Long. 13"45"E. Alt.20 m. Horizontal surface


SOLAR Jan Feb Har Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep TIME 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16

Oct Nov Dec 16 15 II

0330 B . . . . . .

D . . . . . .

0430 B - - - 2 0 - -

O - - - 14 3 - - -

0530 8 - 4 26 54 36 II - -

D - - 14 55 70 64 32 - - 0630 B - 12 85 119 168 ]33 95 32 -

D - 29 69 108 III 115 85 48 -

0730 B - 27 108 226 250 309 265 230 144 64 9 D - 41 78 I00 146 141 151 121 91 52 II

0830 B 65 125 243 378 390 451 402 373 284 186 109 58 O 47 79 107 122 172 160 175 145 118 80 44 34

0930 B 161 236 370 514 515 576 524 501 411 308 224 156

D 69 I01 126 134 187 171 189 159 135 97 57 52 1030 B 243 323 467 6]5 608 669 615 598 508 402 315 238

O 81 114 136 141 194 176 197 166 144 107 66 61

1130 B 287 372 519 668 657 718 663 649 559 453 363 283 D 86 120 140 143 198 178 200 169 148 112 70 65

1230 B 287 372 519 660 657 718 663 649 559 453 363 283 D 86 120 140 143 198 178 200 169 148 112 70 65

]330 B 243 323 467 615 608 669 615 598 508 402 315 238

D 81 114 136 141 194 176 197 166 144 107 66 61 1430 B 161 236 370 514 515 576 524 501 411 308 224 156

D 69 I01 126 134 187 171 189 159 135 97 57 52

1530 B 65 125 243 378 390 451 402 373 284 186 109 58

D 47 79 107 122 172 160 175 145 118 80 44 34 1630 B - 27 I08 226 250 309 265 230 144 64 9

D - 41 78 I00 146 141 151 121 91 52 II 1730 B - 12 85 119 168 133 95 32 -

D - - 29 69 108 111 115 85 48 - - 1830 B - 4 26 54 36 11 - -

D - - 14 55 70 64 32 - - - 1930 8 - - - 2 0 - -

D - - - 14 3 - - 2030 B . . . . . .

D . . . . . .

2130 8 . . . . . .

D . . . . . .

Daily totals (kilowatt hours per square metre).

DIRECT 1.52 2.17 3.45 4.99 5.13 5.90 5.28 4.92 3.88 2.83 2,05 1.47 DIFFUSE 0,57 0,92 1.24 1.45 2.13 2.05 2.20 1.76 1.38 0.90 0.50 0.43

GLOBAL 2.08 3.09 4.68 6.44 7.26 7.96 7.48 6.68 5.26 3.73 2.55 1.90

D/G .273 .297 .265 .226 .293 .258 .294 .264 .262 .241 .196 .224

456 J . K . PAGE

Reji, rences 12 and 13 augmented direct beam irradiance model was developed. ! ~ These tables give the monthly mean slope irradiances and allow for brightening around the sun, an increment is added to

the corresponding cloudless day values, preserving the original the beam strength. The residual diffuse is treated as isotropic. inputs at the base of the table. It is interesting to compare Allowing for rounding errors, the sum of B and D is the the ratios D/G on equator facing vertical surfaces with the same as in tables of refs 12 and 13, but the beam strength corresponding horizontal values in tables of Refs 2 and 3. is augmented and the diffuse sky radiation correspondingl~

reduced.

Re/~,rences 14 and 15 In order to deal with energy transmission through glazing, R¢~/brences 16 and 17

without having to get into excessive computation, a simplified These tables are for energy directly transmitted through

REFERENCE 4

MONTHLY AJJERAGE DIRECT BEP~I(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR ILLUMINATION

TRIESTE Lat. 45'39"N. Long. 13'45"E. Alt.20 m. Horizontal surface

Hourly illuminances in kilolux Date SOLAR Jan Feb Mar Apt May Jun Jul Aug 8ep Oct Nov Dec TIME 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 II

0 3 3 0 B . . . . . . . .

O . . . . . .

0 4 3 0 B . . . . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . . . .

D - - 1 . 5 0 . 4 - - -

0 5 3 0 B - 0 . 0 0 . 8 2 . 4 1 . 7 0 . 2 - -

D - 1 . 3 6 , 1 8 , 0 7 . 7 3 . 6 - -

0 6 3 0 B - 0 , 2 3 . 7 6 . 1 8 . 9 8 . 6 6 . 0 1 . 3 - -

D - 2.8 8.2 13.9 15.1 15.4 11 .I 5.5 - - 0730 B - 0.5 4.5 10.9 13.3 16.3 17.6 15.5 8.6 2.9 0.0 -

D - 3.7 9.7 15.2 21.6 22.0 22.7 18.3 12.7 6.1 1.0 - 0830 B 1.5 4.3 10.9 17.9 20.3 23.1 26.5 24.9 17.2 10.6 3.2 1.5

D 5.0 9.6 16.6 22.0 28.5 28.3 28.8 24.6 19.3 11.9 6.0 4.0 0930 B 4.9 8.7 16.3 23.6 26.4 29.2 34.4 33.0 24.4 17.7 7.7 5.7

D 9.6 14.7 22.4 27.7 34.2 33.5 33.6 29.6 24.7 16.8 10.7 8.2 1030 B 7.9 12.0 20.2 27.9 30.9 33.6 40.1 39.1 29.7 22.7 II.2 9.3

D 13.2 18.6 26.8 32.0 38.4 37.5 37.1 33.0 28.5 20.4 14.2 11.4 1130 B 9.5 13.8 22.2 30.1 33.3 35.9 43.0 42.2 32.6 25.3 13.0 II.2

D 15.1 20.8 29.t 34.3 40.7 39.8 39.0 34.9 30.5 22.4 16.1 ]3.2 1230 B 9.5 13.8 22.2 30.1 33.3 35.9 43.0 42.2 32.6 25.3 13.0 II.2

D 15.1 20.8 29.1 34.3 40.7 39.8 39.0 34.9 30.5 22.4 16.1 13.2 1330 B 7.9 12.0 20.2 27.9 30.9 33.6 40.1 39.1 29.7 22.7 11.2 9.3

D 13.2 18.6 26.8 32.0 38.4 37.5 37.1 33.0 28.5 20.4 14.2 11.4 1430 B 4.9 8.7 16.3 23.6 26.4 29.2 34.4 33.0 24.4 17.7 7.7 5.7

D 9.6 14.7 22.4 27.7 34.2 33.5 33.6 29.6 24.7 16.8 10.7 8.2 1530 B 1.5 4.3 10.9 17.9 20.3 23.1 26.5 24.9 17.2 10.6 3.2 1.5

D 5.0 9.6 16.6 22.0 28.5 28.3 28.8 24.6 19.3 11.9 6.0 4.0 1630 8

D 1730 B

D 1830 B

O 1930 B

D 2030 B

D 2130 B

D

D I R E C T

D I F F U S E

G L O B A L

- 0.5 4.5 10.9 13.3 16.3 17.6 15.5 8.6 2.9 0.0 -

- 3.7 9.7 15.2 21.6 22.0 22.7 18.3 12.7 6.1 1.0 -

- - 0.2 3.7 6.1 8.9 8.6 6.0 1.3 - 2.8 8.2 13.9 15.1 15.4 II,I 5.5 -

- - 0.0 0.8 2.4 1.7 0.2 - -

- - 1.3 6.1 8.0 7.7 3.6 - -

- - - 0.0 0.0 - - -

- - - 1.5 0.4 - - -

Daily totals (kilolux hours per square metre). 47 78 148 229 263 298 345 321 228 159 71 57 86 135 215 281 366 371 369 310 242 155 95 73 133 213 363 510 629 669 714 631 470 314 166 ]30

D/G .647 .634 .592 .551 .582 .555 .517 .491 .515 .494 .572 .562 TURBIDITY 3.2 3.8 4.0 3.9 5.2 4.7 5.3 4.6 4.2 3.5 2.6 2.7 SUNSHINE 2.7 3.6 4.9 6.1 7.5 7.9 9.3 8.4 6.8 5.7 3.2 3.2 N.F. 1.00 0.98 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.05 !.03 1.01 1.02


single clear glazing, taking account of glazing angle of ReJerence 20 incidence effects on the augmented direct beam strength. This table is produced using a more complex glazing model A constant transmission factor is used for the diffuse radi- that allows for retransmission of the absorbed energy. Glazing ation, properties are specified by choice of KL value for each sheet

separately. The values are for a specific month. Both monthly mean and cloudless day values are given. A daily summary is

R@'rences 18 and 19 , provided. This summary includes daily values of the different These tables correspond to 16 and 17, but are for double components ofthe direct transmittance, also of the total trans-

clear glazing, mittance.

REFERENCE 5

MONTHLY CLOUDLESS DIRECT 8EAH(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR ILLUMINATION

TRIESTE Lat. 45'39'N. Long. 13'45"E. Alt.20 m. Horizontal surface

Hourly illuminances in kilolux Date SOLAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TIME 17 15 16 15 15 11 ]7 16 16 ]6 15 II

0330 B . . . . . . . O . . . . .

0430 B - - - 0.0 0.0 - - - D - - - 2.0 0.5 - - -

0530 B - - 0.0 I .6 4.7 2.7 0.4 - - D - - I .9 7.8 9.8 9.] 4.4

0630 B - - 0.4 8.2 12.6 18.8 14.4 9.7 2.1 - - D - - 3.9 9.2 ]5.4 ]5.6 ]6.4 11.8 6.5 - -

0730 e - 1.5 II.I 25.6 28.7 35.9 30.4 26.4 15.6 5.3 0.1 - D - 5.4 10.6 13.6 21.0 19.9 21.7 17.0 ]2.4 6.7 1.3 -

0830 B 5.1 13.0 27.8 43.8 45.1 52.4 46.4 43.4 32.8 20.2 9.5 3.8 D 6.0 10.6 14.6 16.6 24.7 22.7 25.3 20.4 16.3 10.5 5.4 4.1

0930 B 16.7 26.7 42.9 59.3 59.3 66.4 60.2 58.1 47.7 35.0 23.] 15.1 D 8.9 13.7 17.2 18.5 26.9 24.3 27.3 22.4 18.7 ]2.9 7.1 6.4

1030 B 26.7 37.2 54.0 70.6 69.6 76.5 70.3 68.8 58.8 46.0 33.8 24.9 D 10.5 15.5 18.7 19.4 28.0 25.1 28.4 23.5 20.1 14.3 8.3 7.6

1130 B 32.0 42.9 60.0 76.3 74.9 81.7 75.4 74.4 64.6 51.8 39.4 30.2 D II.2 16.3 19.3 19.7 28.5 25.4 28.9 23.9 20.6 15.0 8.8 8.2

1230 8 32.0 42.9 60.0 76.3 74.9 81.7 75.4 74.4 64.6 51.8 39.4 30.2 D 11.2 16.3 ]9.3 19.7 28.5 25.4 28.9 23.9 20.6 ]5.0 8.8 8.2

]330 B 26.7 37.2 54.0 70.6 69.6 76.5 70.3 68.8 58.8 46.0 33.8 24.9 D 10.5 ]5.5 18.7 19.4 28.0 25.1 28.4 23.5 20.1 14.3 8.3 7.6

1430 B 16.7 26.7 42.9 59.3 59.3 66.4 60.2 58.1 47.7 35.0 23.1 15.1 D 8.9 13.7 17.2 18.5 26.9 24.3 27.3 22.4 18.7 12.9 7.1 6.4

1530 B 5.1 13.0 27.8 43.8 45.1 52.4 46.4 43.4 32.8 20.2 9.5 3.8 D 6.0 10.6 14.6 16.6 24.7 22.7 25.3 20.4 16.3 10.5 5.4 4.]

1630 8 D

1730 B D

1830 B D

1930 B D

2030 B D

2130 B D

DIRECT

DIFFUSE GLOBAL

1.5 11.1 25.6 28.7 35.9 30.4 26.4 15.6 5.3 0.1 5.4 10.6 13.6 21.0 19.9 21.7 17.0 12.4 6.7 1.3

0.4 8.2 12.6 18.8 14.4 9.7 2.1 - -

- 3.9 9.2 15.4 15.6 16.4 11.8 6.5 -

- 0.0 I .6 4.7 2.7 0.4 - -

- - I .9 7.8 9.8 9.1 4.4

- - 0.0 0.0 -

- - 2.0 0.5 - -

Daily totals (kilolux hours per square metre). 161 243 392 567 584 673 600 562 443 317 212 148 73 123 169 198 304 289 315 247 189 119 62 53 234 366 561 765 888 962 915 809 632 436 274 201

D/G .312 .336 .301 .259 .342 .3 .344 .305 .299 .273 .226 .264

458 J. K. PAGE

Rq/i, rence 2 l This table comes from a program that enables the time to

be determined when some sun is on a vertical surface protected by infinitely long overhangs of any chosen angular dimensions. In this case the surface faces east. Up to five overhang angles can be handled within one computation, enabling the designer to see the effect of different overhang design decisions. The sun may penetrate twice in the day on certain orientations.

Rq/i, rence.s 22, 23, 24 amt 25 These tables come from a program that enables the impacls

of intinitely long overhangs on the daily energy balance of the

vertical surt)~ces below to be estimated and compared with the unshaded surface values, for monthly mean conditions and for cloudless sky conditions. The interseasonal performance of overhangs can thus be assessed. The ground albedo and the albedo of the underside of the overhang are input variables at the choice of the user. In this case~ the ground albedo was 0.2 and the overhang underside albedo 0.5. Table of Ref. 23 shows the underlying hourly values can also be produced. Table of Ref. 25 is for an east facing surface. This shows an overhang energy shading performance which is almost invariant with time of year, in contrast with the equator facing surfaces, where there are substantial differences between summer and

REFERENCE6 LUMIh&~/~CE DISTRIBUTIBN OF CLEAR SKY. MONTH J~ TRIESTE Lat. 45'39"N, Long. 13"45"W Alt.20m

2 Linke Turbidity Factor 3.2

Solar Hourly luminances in candela/m~2 Time in hours Orientation & patch Bearing from North - Degrees elevation 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 degrees

0830 Solar alt 8.3 Bearing 131.4

240 270 300 330

LZ 860 D/PI 1910 10 2940 2590 3230 6310 18490 13820 5170 2940 2620 3080 3540 3460 20 2000 1820 2280 4310 10630 8590 3580 2080 1820 2090 2360 2320 30 1490 1400 1750 3060 5940 5200 2610 1600 1390 1540 1710 ]680

0930 Solar alt 15.4 Bearing 143.8 LZ 1270 D/PI 2801

I0 4230 3610 3840 6270 15310 29030 10120 4860 3570 3820 4500 4720 20 2830 2490 2750 4540 II000 20860 7300 3510 2530 2600 2990 3120 30 2070 1900 2160 3480 7500 11320 5330 2740 1970 1950 2160 2240

1030 Solar alt 20.6 Bearing 157.5 LZ 1550 D/P] 3310

I0 4990 4300 4040 5410 10780 26850 17150 7300 4430 4050 4660 5190 20 3300 2920 2870 3980 8160 24060 13450 5430 3210 2800 3110 3410 30 2380 2180 2250 3170 6280 15190 9830 4290 2550 2150 2280 2450


IO 5390 4860 4260 4700 7670 17380 25720 11140 5700 4270 4510 5200 20 3530 3240 2950 3420 5800 14210 24570 8640 4230 3040 3050 3420 30 2530 2370 2270 2740 4650 10900 17490 6830 3410 2400 2290 2470


10 5390 5200 4510 4270 5700 11140 25720 17380 7670 4700 4260 4860 20 3530 3420 3050 3040 4230 8640 24570 14210 5800 3420 2950 3240 30 2530 2470 2290 2400 3410 6830 17490 10900 4650 2740 2270 2370


I0 4990 5190 4660 4050 4430 7300 17150 26850 10780 5410 4040 4300 20 3300 3410 3110 2800 3210 5430 13450 24060 8160 3980 2870 2920 30 2380 2450 2280 2150 2550 4290 9830 15190 6280 3170 2250 2180


I0 4230 4720 4500 3820 3570 4860 10120 29030 15310 6270 3840 3610 20 2830 3120 2990 2600 2530 3510 7300 20860 II000 4540 2750 2490 30 2070 2240 2160 1950 1970 2740 5330 11320 7500 3480 2160 1900

1530 Solar alt 8.3 Bearing 228.6 LZ 860 O/PI 1910

I0 2940 3460 3540 3080 2620 2940 5170 13820 18490 6310 3230 2590 20 2000 2320 2360 2090 1820 2080 3580 8590 10630 4310 2280 1820 30 1490 1680 1710 1540 1390 1600 2610 5200 5940 3060 1750 1400


winter shading performance. These differences may be put to good use in passive solar building design, provided the orientation is correct.

R~([brence 26 This is one of a series of tables covering latitudes 4 0 N to

40 S, being prepared for a UNCHS Habitat publication to enable rapid estimates to be prepared for energy calculations of passive solar building performance. The lables have been prepared using a Linke turbidity factor of 3.5. The top part of the table gives the calculated clear day values at latitude 40 N, together with the cloudless day KT value (ratio of daily

global surface value to corresponding value outside atmosphere). The component slope/horizontal surface ratios for global for beam for diffuse sky and for reflected ground radiation tbr a range of orientations are then given together with the corresponding transmittance values for single and double clear glazing. The daily cloudless day radiation values are estimated component by component, by multiplication of the relevant factors. Thus, in July, the beam radiation passing per unit area through single glazing facing due south is 6916 x0.223 x0.540 = 833 Wh m 2 day ~, the sky diffuse is 1418 × 0.575 x 0.735 = 599 Wh m ~- day ~ while the ground reflected with an albedo of 0.3 will be 8334 x 0.150 × 0.735

REFERENCE7 MEAN LUMIh~ICE DISTRIBUTIO~I OF SKY. TRIESTE

MONTH JAN Lat, 45"39"N, Long. 13"45"W Alt,20m

AM 2 Linke Turbidity Factor 3.2 Monthly mean sunshine 2.7 hrs 4 degree relative sunshine duration 33.51%

Solar Hourly luminances in candela/m~2 Time in hours Orientation & patch Bearing from North - Degrees elevation 0 30 60 90 120 150 ]80 210 240 270 300 330 degrees


10 1224 I]07 1322 2354 6435 4870 1972 ]224 1117 1271 ]426 1399 20 922 862 1016 1696 3814 3130 1451 949 862 952 1043 1029 30 735 705 822 1261 2226 1978 1110 772 70] 752 809 798


10 1949 1741 1818 2632 5662 10259 3922 2160 1727 1811 2039 2113 20 1507 1393 1480 2080 4245 7549 3005 1735 1407 1430 1561 1604 30 1216 1159 •247 1689 3036 4316 2309 1441 1183 1176 1247 1273


10 2441 2210 2122 2582 4381 9766 6516 3215 2253 2126 2330 2508 20 1914 1787 1770 2142 3543 8871 5316 2628 1884 1747 1851 1951 30 1554 1487 1510 1819 2861 5847 4051 2194 ]611 ]477 1521 1578


10 20 30

1230

27]4 2537 2336 2483 3478 6732 9527 4641 2810 2339 2419 2651 2138 204] 1944 2101 2899 57]7 Y189 3850 2373 1974 ]977 2101 1742 1688 1654 1812 2452 4546 6755 3182 2036 1698 ]661 1721

Solar alt 23.3 Bearing ]87.6 LZ 2390 D/PI 4806

27]4 2651 2419 2339 2818 4641 9527 6732 3478 2483 2336 2537 2]38 2101 1977 1974 2373 3850 9189 5717 2899 2101 1944 2041 1742 1721 1661 1698 2036 3182 6755 4546 2452 ]812 1654 1688

I0 20 30


10 2441 2508 2330 2126 2253 3215 6516 9766 4381 2582 2122 2210 20 ]914 1951 1851 1747 1884 2628 5316 8871 3543 2142 1770 1787 30 ]554 1578 152] 1477 1611 2194 4051 5847 2861 1819 ]5]0 ]487


10 1949 2113 2039 ]811 1727 2160 3922 10259 5662 2632 1818 1741 20 1507 1604 1561 1430 ]407 1735 3005 7549 4245 2080 ]480 1393 30 1216 1273 1247 1176 1183 1441 2309 4316 3036 1689 1247 I]59


10 1224 1399 1426 1271 1117 1224 1972 4870 6435 2354 1322 1107 20 922 1029 1043 952 862 949 1451 3130 3814 1696 1016 862 80 735 798 809 752 701 772 1110 1978 2226 1261 822 705

460 J. K. PA(;E

= 919 Wh m : day ' giving a total directly transmitted energy of 2351 Wh m -~ day ~ for single glazing facing south in July at latitude 40 'N.

Below lhe daily values, the peak hourly values are given for thai orientation for the three cases, no glass, single clear

glazing, double clear glazing. The time of occurrence of the peak is given to the nearest computational hour. (The daily totals are obtained by summing hourly values.) For orientations other than south or north, the user has to select the right tinae value corresponding to morning for eastward facing

REFERENCE8 LUHINANCE DISTRIBUTION OF CLEAR SKY. MONTH JUL TRIESTE Lat. 45"39"N, Long. 13'45"W Alt.20m

AH 2 Linke Turbidity Factor 5.27

Solar Hourly luminances in candela/m"2 Time in hours Orientation & patch Bearing from North - Degrees elevation 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 degrees

0430 Solar alt .5 Bearing 59,5 LZ 60 D/PI 127

I0 260 730 1860 700 260 150 150 180 200 180 150 150 20 200 490 940 480 200 120 120 140 160 140 120 120 30 150 320 500 310 150 ]00 I00 IIO 120 I]O 90 100

0530 Solar alt I0 Bearing 69.8 LZ 1330 D/P] 2897

I0 4160 10320 36430 22820 7180 3400 2810 3310 3810 3690 3080 2820 20 3390 8090 24000 16670 5740 2770 2230 2540 2880 2800 2390 2270 30 2770 6010 13510 10680 4460 2290 ]820 1980 2200 2150 1890 1870


10 5340 11090 32220 45410 15330 6440 4350 4590 5370 5520 4850 4270 20 4500 9580 29330 44710 13350 5490 3540 3540 4020 4120 3700 3410 30 3860 8010 22010 30260 10930 4700 2980 2810 3060 3120 2880 2820

0730 Solar alt 30,5 Bearing 90.2 LZ 3590 D/P] 6907

I0 5330 9040 20940 38050 21190 9130 5350 4830 5440 5830 5450 4830 20 4550 8240 20960 47820 21250 8330 4570 3820 4090 4310 4090 3820 30 4010 7490 19460 62660 19750 7570 4030 3150 3180 3280 3180 3]50


I0 4970 6940 12870 22800 20810 ]1090 6260 4840 4950 5340 5280 4870 20 4220 6440 13120 26970 23800 11040 5700 4030 3830 3990 3960 3810 30 3780 6130 13290 32370 27070 10990 5360 3550 3120 3]20 3110 3150

0930 Solar alt 50.8 Bearing I]6 LZ 6760 D/PI 8690

I0 4640 5510 8260 13230 15890 11800 7290 5140 4600 4740 4840 4680 20 3890 5050 8290 14720 18680 12760 7140 4590 3770 3670 3700 3670 30 3480 4870 8580 16890 23200 14160 7240 4350 3310 3040 3000 3070


I0 4440 4730 5880 8240 10880 10940 8330 5940 4750 4440 4470 4470 20 3670 4190 5660 8620 12220 12300 8740 5740 4220 3670 3550 3550 30 3280 4000 5780 9460 14520 14650 9620 5860 4030 3290 3050 3050


10 4400 4440 4810 5840 7630 9300 9180 7420 5690 4740 4430 4400 20 3600 3780 4360 5700 8000 10250 10090 7720 5510 4270 3740 3590 30 3200 3490 4260 5930 8870 12040 ]1800 8500 5690 4140 3440 3190


10 4400 4400 4430 4740 5690 7420 9180 9300 7630 5840 4810 4440 20 3600 3590 3740 4270 5510 7720 10090 10250 8000 5700 4360 3780 30 3200 3190 3440 4140 5690 8500 11800 12040 8870 5930 4260 3490


I0 4440 4470 4470 4440 4750 5940 8330 10940 10880 8240 5880 4730 20 3670 3550 3550 3670 4220 5740 8740 12300 12220 8620 5660 4190 30 3280 3050 3050 3290 4030 5860 9620 14650 14520 9460 5780 4000

1430 Solar alt 50.8 Bear]no 244

Application of meteorology forenergy purposes

REF. 8 (CONTINUED)

LZ 6760 O/el 8690 10 4640 4680 4840 4740 4600 5140 20 3890 3670 3700 3670 3770 4590 30 3480 3070 3000 3040 3310 4350


7290 11800 15890 13230 8260 5510 7140 12760 18680 14720 8290 5050 7240 ]4160 23200 16890 8580 4870

I0 4970 4870 5280 5340 4950 4840 6260 11090 20810 22800 12870 6940 20 4220 3810 3960 3990 3830 4030 5700 11040 23800 26970 13120 6440 30 3780 3150 3110 3120 3120 3550 5360 10990 27070 32370 13290 6]30

1630 Solar alt 30,5 Bearing 269.8 LZ 3590 O/PI 6907

I0 5330 4830 5450 5830 5440 4830 5350 9130 21190 38050 20940 9040 20 4550 3820 4090 4310 4090 3820 4570 8330 21250 47820 20960 8240 30 4010 3150 3180 3280 3180 3150 4030 7570 19750 62660 19460 7490

1730 Solar alt 20.1 Bearing 280.1 LZ 2460 O/PI 5220

I0 5340 4270 4850 5520 5370 4590 4350 6440 15330 45410 32220 11090 20 4500 3410 3700 4120 4020 3540 3540 5490 13350 44710 29330 9580 30 3860 2820 2880 3120 3060 2810 2980 4700 10930 30260 220]0 8010

1830 Solar alt I0 Bearing 290.2 LZ 1330 D/PI 2897

]0 4160 2820 3080 3690 3810 3310 2810 3400 7180 22820 36430 ]0320 20 3390 2270 2390 2800 2880 2540 2230 2770 5740 16670 24000 8090 30 2770 1870 ]890 2150 2200 1980 1820 2290 4460 10680 13510 6010

1930 Solar alt .5 Bearing 300,5 LZ 60 D/PI 127

I0 260 150 150 180 200 180 150 150 260 700 1860 730 20 200 120 120 140 160 140 120 120 200 480 940 490 30 150 I00 90 II0 120 110 I00 I00 150 310 500 320

461

REFERENCE9 MEAN LUMINANCE DISTRIBUTION OF SKY. TRIESTE

MONTH JUL Lat. 45'39"N, Long, 13'45"W Alt.20m

AM 2 Linke Turbidity Factor 5.27 Monthly mean sunshine 9,3 hrs 4 degree relative sunshine duration 65,31%

Solar Hourly luminances in candela/m*2 Time in hours Orientation & patch Bearing from North - Degrees elevation 0 30 60 90 120 150 IBO 210 240 270 300 330 degrees

0430 Solar alt .5 Bearing 59.5 LZ 70 D/PI 127

180 487 1225 467 141 331 625 324 108 219 336 212

Solar alt 10 Bearing 69.8 LZ 1270 D/PI 2419

2848 6871 23924 15035 2352 5422 15812 11025 1938 4054 8953 7104

10 180 108 ]08 128 141 128 108 108 20 141 89 89 102 115 102 89 89 30 ]08 75 75 82 88 82 69 75

0530

I0 4821 2352 1966 2293 2620 254] 2]43 1973 20 3887 1947 1594 1797 2019 1967 1699 1621 30 3042 1625 1318 1422 ]566 1533 ]364 1350


10 3861 7617 21417 30031 ]0386 4580 3215 3372 3881 3979 354] 3163 20 3332 6650 19549 29593 9112 3979 2705 2705 3019 3084 2810 2620 30 2889 5599 14743 20131 7506 3438 2314 2203 2366 2406 2249 22]0


I0 4163 6586 14358 25532 14521 6645 4176 3836 4235 4489 4241 3836 20 3689 6099 14406 31949 14596 6158 3702 3212 3388 3532 3388 3212 30 3290 5563 13380 41594 13570 5615 3303 2728 2748 2813 2748 2728

462 ]. K. PAGt

surfaces, and to afternoon for westward Ihcing surfaces. These tables are designed for use in the admittance method for estimating peak temperature conditions in lYee running build- rags. Thus lhe peak transmitted irradiance value for vertical south fitcing glass in July at latitude 40 N is 354 W m -', and it occurs at solar noon. The daily mean value for the irradiance

transmitted through single glazing is l¥om above 2351 24 98 W m ~. These are the inputs into the admittance method.

Interpolating between different orientations in the table and between different latitudes, values can be manually estimated lbr any vertical surface. Work is in progress oll how to prepare local based design manuals for passive solar heated and nat-

REF.

0830

10 20 30

0930

I0 20 30

1030

I0 20 30

1130

10 20 30

1230

10 20 30

1330

I0 20 30

1430

10 20 30

1530

10 20 30

1630

10 20 30

1730

I0 20 30

1830

10 20 30

1930

I0 20 30

9 (CONTINUED)

Solar alt 40.9 Bearing 101.7 LZ 6240 D/PI 9167

4231 5518 9391 15876 14576 8228 3793 5243 9605 18651 16580 8247 3439 4973 9650 22]]] 18649 8]47

Solar alt 50.8 Bearing 116 L2 8270 D/PI 10695

4291 4859 6655 9901 11638 8967 3867 4624 6740 10940 13526 9660 3513 4421 6844 12272 16393 10489


4385 4574 5325 6866 8591 8630 3959 4298 5258 7192 9543 9595 3604 4074 5236 7640 10944 11029


4474 4500 4742 5414 6583 7674 4034 4152 4531 5406 6908 8377 3665 3854 4357 5448 7368 9438


4474 4474 4493 4696 5316 6446 4034 4028 4126 4472 5282 6725 3665 3658 3822 4279 5291 7126

Solar alt 59.4 Bearing 224,5 LZ 4660 D/PI 11809

4385 4404 4404 4385 4587 5364 3959 3880 3880 3959 4318 5311 3604 3453 3453 3610 4093 5289

Solar a l t 50,8 8ear ]no 244 LZ 4430 D/PI 10695

4291 4317 4422 4356 4265 4618 3867 3723 3742 3723 3788 4324 3513 3246 3200 3226 3402 4082

Solar alt 40.9 Bearing 258.3 LZ 4050 O/PI 9167

4231 4166 4434 4473 4218 4146 3793 3525 3623 3642 3538 3669 3439 3027 3001 3008 3008 3288

Solar alt 30,5 Bear ng 269.8 LZ 3470 D/PI 7226

4163 3836 4241 4489 4235 3836 3689 3212 3388 3532 3388 3212 3290 2728 2748 2813 2748 2728

Solar alt 20,1 Bear ng 280.1 LZ 2500 D/PI 4902

3861 3163 3541 39i',' :~t;(:l 3372 3332 2620 2810 3084 3019 2705 2889 2210 2249 2406 2366 2203

Solar alt I0 Bearing 290.2 LZ 970 D/PI 2419

2848 1973 2143 2541 2620 2293 2352 1621 1699 1967 2019 1797 1938 1350 1364 1533 1566 1422

Solar alt .5 Bearing 300.5 LZ 0 D/PI 127

180 108 108 128 141 128 141 89 89 102 115 102 108 75 69 82 88 82

5074 4146 4218 4473 4434 4166 4759 3669 3538 3642 3623 3525 447] 3288 3008 3008 3001 3027

6022 4618 4265 4356 4422 4317 5989 4324 3788 3723 3742 3723 5969 4082 3402 3226 3200 3246

6925 5364 4587 4385 4404 4404 7270 5311 4318 3959 3880 3880 7744 5289 4093 3610 3453 3453

7596 6446 5316 4696 4493 4474 8273 6725 5282 4472 4126 4028 9281 7126 5291 4279 3822 3658

7596 7674 6583 5414 4742 4500 8273 8377 6908 5406 4531 4152 9281 9438 7368 5448 4357 3854

6925 8630 8591 6866 5325 4574 7270 9595 9543 7192 5258 4298 7744 11029 10944 7640 5236 4074

6022 8967 11638 9901 6655 4859 5989 9660 13526 10940 6740 4624 5969 10489 16393 12272 6844 4421

5074 8228 14576 15876 9391 5518 4759 8247 16580 18651 9605 5243 4471 8147 18649 22111 9650 4973

4176 6645 14521 25532 14358 6586 3702 6158 14596 31949 14406 6099 3303 5615 13570 41594 13380 5563

3215 4580 10386 30031 21417 7617 2705 3979 9112 29593 19549 6650 2314 3438 7506 20131 14743 5599

1966 2352 4821 15035 23924 6871 1594 1947 3887 11025 15812 5422 1318 ]625 3042 7104 8953 4054

108 108 180 467 1225 487 89 89 141 324 625 331 75 75 108 212 336 219

Application of meteorology for energy purposes

REFERENCE I 0. JAN

TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH ALTITUDE L LIM I t,W~NCE LUMINANCE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MF-.~S

CD/H" 2 C D/M" 2 0830 8.3 860 1020 0930 15.4 1270 2050 1030 20.6 1550 2870 ]130 23.3 ]710 3350

FEB TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH

ALTITUDE LUMINANCE LUMII~CE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MEANS

CD,ff4"2 CD/M'2 0730 5.9 780 670 0830 14.9 1540 1920 0930 22.5 2050 3110 1030 28.1 2460 4050 1130 31.2 2690 4560

MAR TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH

ALTITUDE LUMINANCE LUMINANCE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MEANS

CD/M" 2 CD/M" 2 0630 3.9 560 500 0730 14.2 1530 1910 0830 23.8 2240 3440 0930 32,1 2880 4860 I030 38.5 3450 6030 1130 42.1 3800 67]0

APR TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH

ALTITUDE LUMIt~CE L UM I t~NCE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MEANS

CD/M • 2 CD/M" 2 0530 1.8 270 240 0630 12,2 1330 ]560 0730 22.6 2050 3110 0830 32.7 2800 4770 0930 41.9 3600 6340 1030 49.3 4420 7650 1130 53.5 5020 8480

MAY TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH


CD/M'2 CD/M'2 0530 8.3 1120 1080 0630 18.5 2260 2600 0730 28.9 3390 4330 0830 39.3 4670 6220 0930 49.1 6330 8220 1030 57.4 8410 10210 1130 62.5 10220 11680

NOV TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH

ALTITUDE LLIMINA~CE LLIMII~CE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MEANS

CD/M•2 CD/M'2 0730 1.6 190 200 0830 10.3 760 1260 0930 17.5 1040 2330 I030 22.8 1240 3160 1130 25.6 1370 3620

JUM TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH


CD/M • 2 CD/M" 2 0430 2 300 260 0530 11.3 1410 1410 0630 21.4 2340 2870 0730 31.8 3340 4530 0830 42.2 4520 6340 0930 52.2 6120 8280 1030 61 8300 10330 1130 66.6 10320 11950

JUL TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH


CD/M'2 CD/H'2 0430 .5 60 70 0530 10 1330 1270 0630 20.1 2460 2750 0730 30.5 3590 4430 0830 40.9 4940 6240 0930 50.8 6760 8270 1030 59.4 9140 10510 1130 64.7 11310 AU~ ~ 12280

TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH ALTITUDE LUMINANCE LUMINANCE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MEANS

CDIM~2 CD/M~2 0530 4,6 650 580 0630 14.9 1720 1940 0730 25,4 2630 3490 0830 35.6 3610 5110 0930 45 4730 6730 1030 52.8 5990 8240 1130 57.4 6970 9270

SEP TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH


CD/M'2 CD/M'2 0630 7.3 930 950 0730 17.6 1830 2400 0830 27.5 2590 3900 0930 36.1 3320 5280 I030 42.9 4010 6450 1130 46.7 4470 7130

OCT TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH

ALTITUDE LUMINANCE L~IINANCE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MEANS

CD/M~2 CD/M~2 0730 9 970 1090 0830 18.2 1550 2310 0930 26.1 2010 3460 I030 32 2380 4350 1130 35.2 2590 DEC } 4850

TIME SOLAR ZENITH ZENITH ALTITUDE LUMINANCE LUMIh¥~NCE DEGREES CLOUDLESS MEANS

CD/M"2 CD/M~2 0830 6.5 590 780 0930 13,4 930 1710 1030 18.4 III0 2480 1130 21 1210 2880

463

464 J. K. PAGE

urally cooled buildings (in preparation for UNCHS, Nairobi). Tables will be provided at 10 ° intervals of latitude. The computer programs, of course, allow the tables 1o be prepared for any required latitudes.

The tables can also be used to estimate monthly mean values of irradiation. How to do this, will be explained in the UNCHS manual.

Tahh, 27 This is a table for day-lighting design using the concept of

effective glazing transmittance for the Moon and Spencer sk 3 proposed by Littlefair of the U.K. Building Research Station. The use of the table will not be explained here. It is includcd to demonstrate day-lighting design programs lie within the international computational structure developed by the author.

REFERENCE 11 MONTHLY VALUES OF THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHADOW ANGLES AT DATES INDICATED

TRIESTE Lat. 45'39"N. Long. 13"45"E. Alt.20 m. INCLINED SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG. GROUND

BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH ALBED0 .2

Hourly vertical and horizontal shadow angles (degrees) Date

SOLAR Jan Feb Mar Apt May dun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TIME 17 15 16 15 15 11 17 16 16 16 15 II

0330 VSA HSA

0430 VSA HSA

0530 VSA HSA

0630 VSA HSA

0730 VSA HSA

0830 VSA HSA

0930 VSA HSA

1030 VSA HSA

1130 VSA HSA

1230 VSA HSA

1330 VSA HSA

1430 VSA HSA

1530 VSA HSA

1630 USA H SA

1730 VSA HSA

1830 VSA HSA

1930 VSA HSA

2030 VSA HSA

2130 VSA HSA

- 176.2 179.0 - -121.7-120.5

171 .5 155.3 151.4 152.9 162.6 - -102.2-I08,5-I11.5-]I0.2-104.9

30.7 97.4 113.3 117.2 115,6 106.1 -83.4 -91,6 -98.3-101.6-100.1

13.7 39.8 68.6 86.0 92.4 89.7 - -64.9 -72.3 -80.6 -87.8 -91 .5 -89.8

12.4 24.0 41 .4 60.] 73.6 79.4 76.8 -48.6 -53.2 -60.0 -68.3 -76.1 -80.2 -78.3 18.8 28.4 42.0 56.6 67.6 72.6 70.3

-36.2 -40.0 -45.9 -53.7 -61.6 -66.1 -64.0 22,1 30.5 42.4 54.9 64.7 69.1 67.1

-22 .5 -25.0 -29 .3 -35 .3 -42 .2 -46.5 -44 .5 63.4 67.6 65.6 58.1 47.2

-15.5 -17.6 -16.6 -13.6 -11.0 63.4 67.6 65.6 58.1 ]5.5 17.6 16.6 13,6 64.7 69.1 67.1 59.1 42.2 46.5 44.5 37.9 67.6 72.6 70.3 61,4 61.6 66.1 64.0 56.9 73.6 79.4 76.8 66.1 76.1 80.2 78.3 71.5 86.0 92.4 89.7 76.8 87.8 91.5 89.8 83.6

113.3 117.2 115.6 106.1 98.3 101.6 100.1 94.4

]55.3 151 .4 152.9 162.6 108.5 111.5 II0.2 I04.9

176,2 179.0 - - 121.7 120.5 - -

23.5 31.5 42.5 54.2 -7.6 -8,6 -10.1 -12.5 23.5 31 .5 42.5 54,2

7.6 8.6 10.1 12.5 22,1 30.5 42.4 54.9 22.5 25.0 29.3 35,3 18.8 28.4 42.0 56.6 36,2 40.0 45.9 53.7 12,4 24.0 41 .4 60.1 48.6 53.2 60.0 68.3

13.7 39.8 68.6 64.9 72.3 80.6

30.7 97.4 83.4 91.6

- 171 .5

- - 102.2

65.2 -94.4 -86.6 76.8 5] .7 22.6 3.3

-83.6 -75.5 -67.6 -61 .3 66.1 49.1 30 ,2 15.8 9.5

-71.5 -63.2 -55.6 -49.9 -47.3 61.4 47.9 33.4 21.6 16.3

-56.9 -48.8 -42.1 -37.3 -35.2 59.1 47.5 34.9 24.6 19.7

-37.9 -31.5 -26.5 -23.2 -21.8 35.5 25.8 21.2 -9,1 -7,9 -7.4

47.2 35 .5 25.8 21.2 II ,0 9,1 7,9 7.4 47,5 34,9 24.6 19.7 31.5 26.5 23.2 21 ,8 47.9 33,4 21 ,6 16.3 48.8 42.1 37.3 35.2 49.1 30,2 15.8 9.5 63,2 55.6 49.9 47.3 51.7 22.6 3,3 75.5 67.6 61 ,3 65,2 86.6


REFERENCE 12 MONTHLY AVERAGE DIRECT BE~(B),DIFFUSE(O) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR RADIATION

TRIESTE INCLINED SURFACE

Lat. 45"39"N. Long, 13"45"E. SLOPE 90 DEG. BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH

Air.20 m. GROUND ALBEDO .2

SOLAR TIME

Hourly irradiation (watt houri per square metre) Date

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 11

0330 8 D

0430 B D

0530 B D

0630 B D

0730 B D

0830 B D

- - - 0 0 - -

- - - 8 2 - -

0 0 0 0 0 - -

- 9 31 41 39 21 - -

- 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 -

- 20 50 71 77 78 64 36 -

38 53 38 8 0 I 32 63 85 57 - 27 63 91 111 112 117 107 83 47 13

84 93 108 89 51 37 54 95 129 168 130 135 35 64 103 127 148 145 153 145 124 88 42 31

0930 B 138 142 156 135 94 80 107 156 190 236 188 204 D 63 94 132 154 176 172 180 173 153 119 69 59

1030 B 177 177 191 171 128 112 148 203 236 284 228 250 D 84 117 155 174 194 189 197 191 176 142 89 79

1130 8 196 195 209 191 147 130 172 229 262 310 247 272 D 95 129 168 186 208 202 210 204 188 154 IO0 90

1230 B 196 195 209 191 147 130 172 229 262 310 247 272 D 95 129 168 186 208 202 210 204 188 154 I00 90

1330 B ]77 177 191 171 128 112 148 203 236 284 228 250 D 84 117 155 174 194 189 197 191 176 142 89 79

1430 B 138 142 156 135 94 80 107 156 190 236 188 204 D 63

1530 B 84 D 35

1630 B - D

]730 8 - D

1830 B - D

1930 B - D

2030 B - D

2130 B - D

DIRECT DIFFUSE GLOBAL

94 132 154 176 172 180 173 153 119 69 59 93 108 89 51 37 54 95 129 168 130 135 64 103 ]27 148 145 153 145 124

38 8 0 I 32 63 91 111 112 117 107 83

38 53 27 63

9 20

0 0 0 0 0 9 50 71 77 78 64 36 0 0 0 0 0 - 9 31 41 39 21 -

- - 0 0

- 8 2

88 42 31 85 57 47 13

Daily totals (kilowatt hours per square metre). 1.19 1.29 1,45 1.25 0.86 0.72 0.96 1,43 1.78 2.17 1.70 1.72 0.56 0.86 1.28 1.58 1.88 1.89 1.95 1.81 1.52 I.I0 0,63 0.52 1.75 2.15 2.74 2.83 2.73 2.61 2.91 3.24 3.30 3.26 2.33 2.24

D/G .318 .400 .468 .559 .686 .724 .669 .559 .461 .336 .269 .231 TURBIDITY 3.2 3.8 4.0 3.9 5.2 4.7 5.3 4,6 4.2 3.5 2.6 2.7 N.F. I .00 0.98 I .02 I .02 I .02 I .00 I .02 I .05 I .05 I .03 I .01 ] .02

466 J . K . PAGI

REFERENCE 13 MONTHLY CLOUDLESS DIRECT BEAM(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G~ SOLAR RADIATION


L a t . 4 5 " 3 9 ' N . Long. 1 3 ' 4 5 ' E . SLOPE 90 DEG. BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH

A l t . 2 0 m. GROU~gD ALBEDO .2

SOLAR

TIME

H o u r l y i r r a d i a t i o n ( w a t t h o u r s per squa re m e t r e l Date

Jan Feb Mar Apr Ha>' Jun Ju l Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 17 15 16 15 15 11 17 16 16 16 15 11

0330 B - - D

0430 B D - -

0530 B 0 0 D - I I 37

0630 B 21 0 0 D 28 60 77

0730 B 113 130 88 17

D 45 82 lOl 116 114 116 109

0 0 - - ? 2

0 0 0 48 42 24 -

0 0 0 ]5 82 80 67 42

0 1 54 ] 13 154 170 92 57 25

0830 B 294 283 276 218 114 84 94 165 246 320 388 347 D 66 104 131 139 154 ]46 152 147 I37 107 65 50

0930 B 472 437 410 339 212 181 187 274 37] 467 566 536 O 109 I48 169 168 183 170 179 176 173 145 98 86

1030 8 598 549 512 432 288 255 259 358 466 576 688 666 D 136 177 ]93 188 203 188 199 197 195 ]69 121 llO

]I30 B 662 607 56& 482 329 296 300 403 517 634 751 731 O 149 190 205 198 214 197 210 207 206 181 132 122

1230 B 662 607 566 482 329 296 300 403 517 634 751 731 O 149 190 205 198 214 197 210 207 206 181 132 122

1330 B 598 549 512 432 288 255 259 358 466 576 688 666 D 136 177 193 188 203 188 199 197 195 169 121 IIO

1430 8 472 437 410 339 212 18l ]87 274 371 467 566 536 D 109 148 169 ]68 183 170 179 176 173 145 98 86

1530 B 294 283 276 218 114 84 94 165 246 320 388 347 D

1630 B

D 1730 B

O 1830 B

D 1930 B

O 2030 B

D 2130 B

D


66 104 131 139 154 146 152 147 137 107 65 50 - 113 ]30 88 17 0 i 54 113 154 ]70

- 45 82 101 116 ]]4 116 109 92 57 25 2] 0 0 0 0 0 15

- 28 60 77 82 80 67 42 -

- 0 0 0 0 0 -

- 11 37 48 42 24 - -

- - 0 0 -

- - - 9 2 - -

Daily totals (kilowatt hours per square metre). 4.06 3.98 3.84 3.12 1.93 1.64 1.69 2.51 3.46 4.31 5,13 4.56 0.92 1.33 ].62 1.74 ].97 ].92 ].97 1.86 1.70 1.32 0.89 0.74 4.98 5.31 5.46 4.86 3.90 3.55 3.65 4.37 5.16 5.63 6.02 5.30

D/G .]86 .25] .297 .357 .506 .540 .538 .425 .329 .235 .147 .140


REFERENCE 14 MONTHLY AVERAGE DIRECT BEAM(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR RADIATI~


AUGMENTED DIRECT MODEL

Lat. 45'39'N. Long. 13"45'E. SLOPE 90 DEG. BEARING 180 DEG FR~4 NORTH

Alt.20 m. GRO~D ALBEDO .2

SOLAR TIME



0330 B . . . . .

D . . . . . .

0430 B - - - 0 0 - -

D - - - 8 2 - - - 0530 B - 0 0 0 0 0 - -

O - 9 31 41 39 21 - -

0630 B - 14 0 0 0 0 0 13 -

D - 15 50 71 77 78 64 33 - 0730 B - 47 66 46 II 0 I 41 78 I00 64

O - 17 50 82 107 112 116 98 68 32 5

0830 B 96 III 130 106 68 48 71 117 156 192 140 146 D 24 46 81 II0 131 135 136 123 98 64 32 20

0930 B 155 167 184 158 121 98 136 188 225 267 203 220 D 46 69 104 131 149 153 151 140 118 87 55 43

1030 8 198 207 224 198 160 136 183 242 277 322 245 269

D 64 87 122 147 162 165 162 153 135 105 72 60 1130 B 219 227 245 220 182 157 211 271 306 350 266 293

D 73 96 132 157 173 176 170 162 144 113 81 69 ]230 B 219 227 245 220 182 157 211 271 306 350 266 293

D 73 96 132 157 173 176 170 162 144 113 81 69 1330 B 198 207 224 198 160 136 183 242 277 322 245 269

D 64 87 122 147 162 165 162 153 135 105 72 60

1430 8 155 167 184 158 121 98 136 188 225 267 203 220 D 46 69 104 131 149 153 151 140 118 87 55 43

1530 B 96 III 130 106 68 48 71 117 156 192 140 146 D 24 46 81 I]0 131 135 ]36 123 98 64 32 20

1630 8 47 66 46 11 0 I 41 78 I00 64 - D 17 50 82 107 ~12 116 98 68 32 5 -

1730 B - 14 0 0 0 0 0 ]3 - - D - 15 50 71 77 78 64 33 - -

1830 B - 0 0 0 0 0 - -

D - - 9 31 41 39 21 - - 1930 B - - 0 0 - - -

D - - 8 2 - - -

2030 B . . . . . .

D . . . . . .

2]30 B . . . . . .

D . . . . . .


Daily totals (kilowatt hours per square metre). 1.34 1.51 1.72 1.46 1.08 0.88 1.21 1.71 2.11 2.47 1.80 1.84

0.42 0.63 1.01 1.37 1.65 1.73 1.71 1.52 1.18 0.81 0.49 0.38 1.76 2.14 2.73 2.83 2.74 2.61 2.93 3.23 3.29 3.27 2.29 2.22

D/G .237 .293 .369 .485 .604 .663 .585 .47 .36 .246 .214 .172 TURBIDITY 3.2 3.8 4.0 3.9 5.2 4.7 5.3 4.6 4.2 3.5 2.6 2.7 N.F. I .00 0.98 I .02 I .02 I .02 I .00 I .02 I .05 I .05 I .03 I .01 I .02

468 J . K . PAGE

REFERENCE 1% MONTHLY CLOUDLESS DIRECT BEAM(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR RADIATION

TRIESTE

INCLINED SURFACE

AUGMENTED DIRECT MODEL

Lat. 45"39"N. Long. 13"45~E. SLOPE 90 DEG. BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH

Aft.20 m. GROUND ALBEDO .2

SOLAR

TIME


Jan Feb Mar Apr. May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

17 15 16 15 15 l l 17 16 16 16 15 11

0330 B . . . .

D . . . . . .

0430 B - 0 0 - - D _ e o _ _

0530 B - 0 0 0 0 0 -

D -- I I 37 48 42 24 - 0630 8 30 0 0 0 0 0 20 -

D - 19 60 77 82 80 67 36 - - 0730 B 136 156 104 22 0 2 67 137 ]76 ]89 -

D 22 56 86 I I I 114 i ] 5 96 68 35 7 - 0830 B 328 329 321 250 143 102 ]18 198 288 360 416 373

D 32 58 86 107 125 128 128 114 95 67 38 24

0930 B 522 502 473 385 258 214 229 322 430 523 604 574

D 58 83 107 122 136 137 137 128 113 89 60 48 1030 B 660 627 586 487 346 298 313 418 536 642 733 712

D 75 98 119 133 ]44 145 145 137 125 103 75 64

1130 B 729 692 646 542 395 345 360 468 594 705 800 701

D 82 105 125 137 149 149 149 142 130 110 83 71

1230 B 729 692 646 542 395 345 360 468 594 705 800 781 D 82 105 125 137 149 149 149 142 130 110 83 71

1330 B 660 627 586 487 346 298 313 418 536 642 733 712 D 75 98 119 133 144 145 145 137 125 103 75 64

1430 B 522 502 473 385 258 214 229 322 430 523 604 574

D 58 83 107 122 136 137 137 128 113 89 60 48 1530 B 328 329 321 250 143 102 118 198 288 360 4]6 373

D 32 58 86 107 125 128 128 114 95 67 38 24 1630 8 136 156 104 22 0 2 67 137 176 189

D 22 56 86 111 114 115 96 68 35 7 1730 B - 30 0 0 0 0 0 20 -

D 19 60 77 82 80 67 36 - - 1830 B - 0 0 0 0 0 -

D - - 11 37 48 42 24 - - 1930 B - - 0 0 - - -

D - - 9 2 - -

2030 B . . . . . .

D . . . .

2130 B . . . .

D . . . .


Daily totals (kilowatt hours per square metre),

4.51 4.56 4.42 3.55 2.33 1.93 2.07 2.94 4.02 4.83 5.37 4.84 0.50 0.73 1.03 1.32 1.57 1.63 1.61 1.42 1.14 0.81 0.53 0.42 5.01 5.29 5.45 4.87 3.90 3.56 3.67 4.36 5.15 5.64 5.90 5.26

D/G .100 .139 .188 .271 .402 .459 .438 .325 ,22 .144 .09 .08


REFERENCE IG HONTHLY AVERAGE DIRECT BEAM(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR RADIATION


SINGLE CLEAR GLAZING

Lat. 45'39'N. Long. 13'45'E. SLOPE 90 bEG. BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH


SOLAR TIHE

Alt.20 m. GROUND ALBEDO .2

Jan Feb Mar Apr Nay Jun Jul Aug 8ep Oct Nov Dec 17 i5 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 11

0330 B . . . . . .

D . . . . . .

0 4 3 0 B - - 0 0 - -

O - - 6 2 - -

0 5 3 0 8 - - 0 0 0 0 0 - -

D - - 7 25 32 30 16 - - 0630 B - - 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 - -

D - - 1 2 3 9 5 5 6 0 61 5 0 2 5 - - -

0730 8 - 35 40 17 I 0 0 10 41 69 49 O - 13 39 64 83 87 90 76 53 25 4

0830 8 79 90 98 66 29 15 26 65 111 152 115 121 D 18 35 63 86 102 105 106 95 76 50 25 15

0930 B 130 139 149 117 75 53 79 132 178 221 170 185 D 36 54 81 102 116 118 117 109 92 68 42 33

1030 8 168 175 186 ]56 114 88 125 185 226 270 208 229 D 49 67 95 114 126 128 126 I19 104 81 56 46

1130 8 187 193 205 177 136 109 152 213 253 296 227 251 b 56 74 102 122 134 136 132 126 112 88 63 58

1230 B 187 193 205 177 136 109 152 213 253 296 227 251 D 56 74 102 122 134 136 132 126 112 88 63 53

1330 B 168 175 186 I56 114 88 125 185 226 270 208 229

D 49 67 95 114 126 128 126 119 104 81 56 46 1430 B 130 139 149 117 75 53 79 132 ]78 221 170 185

D 36 54 81 102 116 118 117 109 92 68 42 33 1530 8 79 90 98 66 29 15 26 65 111 152 115 121

D 18 35 63 86 102 105 106 95 76 50 25 15 1630 B - 35 40 17 I 0 0 I0 41 69 49

b - 13 39 64 83 87 90 76 53 25 4 - ] 7 3 0 B - - 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 - -

b - 12 39 55 60 61 50 25 - - 1 8 3 0 B - 0 0 0 0 0 - -

D - - 7 2 5 3 2 3 0 1 6 - -

1930 B - - - 0 0 - -

D - - - 6 2 - - 2030 B . . . .

D . . . . . .

2 1 3 0 8 . . . . . .

D . . . . . . .

DIRECT DIFFUSE

GLOBAL

bail>, totals (kilowatt hours per square metre). 1.13 1.26 1.36 1.07 0.71 0.53 0,76 t.21 1.62 2.01 1.54 1.57 0.32 0.49 0.78 1.07 1,28 1.35 1.33 1.18 0.92 0.62 0.38 0.30 1.45 1.75 2.14 2.13 1,99 1.87 2.09 2.39 2.54 2.64 1,92 1.87

b/G .22 .278 .366 .500 .643 .718 .635 .495 .363 .236 .198 .159 TURBIDITY 3.2 3.8 4.0 3.9 5.2 4.7 5,3 4.6 4,2 3.5 2.6 2.7

470 ,1. K . PAG~

REFERENCE I?

MONTHLY CLOUDLESS DIRECT BEAM(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR RADIATION


SINGLE CLEAR GLAZING

Lat. 45'39'N. Long. 13'45'E,

SLOPE 90 BEG. BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH

Alt.20 m.

GROUND

ALBEDO .2

SOLAR TIME


Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 17 15 16 15 15 11 17 16 16 16 15 I]

0330 8 . . . . . D . . . . . . .

0 4 3 0 B - - 0 0 - -

D - - 7 1 - -

0530 B - - 0 0 0 0 0 - O - - 9 29 37 33 18

0630 B - 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 - O - 15 47 60 64 62 52 28 -

0730 8 99 94 37 1 0 O 16 71 122 145 - O 17 44 67 86 89 90 75 53 27 5 -

0830 B 270 265 242 156 61 31 43 109 205 284 340 309 D 25 45 67 83 98 100 100 89 74 52 29 ]9

0930 B 439 4]8 382 286 161 115 132 226 339 431 507 484 D 45 64 83 95 106 I07 107 100 88 70 47 38

1030 B 561 529 485 384 246 194 213 3 ] 9 438 539 622 606 D 58 76 93 103 113 113 113 107 97 80 59 50

]130 B 622 587 539 437 294 239 259 368 491 595 682 668

O 64 82 98 I07 ]16 ]16 116 II0 I01 86 64 56 1230 B 622 587 539 437 294 239 259 368 491 595 682 668

D 64 82 98 107 116 116 116 110 ]01 86 64 56 1330 B 561 529 485 384 246 194 2 1 3 319 438 539 622 606

O 58 76 93 103 113 113 113 107 97 80 59 50 1430 B 439 418 382 286 16] 115 132 226 339 431 507 484

D 45 64 83 95 106 107 107 IO0 88 70 47 38 1530 B 270 265 242 156 6]

D 25 45 67 83 98 100 lO0 1630 B 99 94 37 ] 0 0

O 17 44 67 86 89 90 1730 B 8 0 0 u 0

D - 15 47 60 64 62 1830 B - 0 0 0 0

O - 9 29 37 33 1930 B - - - 0 0

D - - 7 i

2030 8 . . . . .

D . . . . . 2130 B - - -

D . . . . . D a i l y t o t a l s ( k i l o w a t t h o u r s p e r s q u a r e m e t r e ) .

D I R E C T

D I F F U S E

G L O B A L

31 43 109 205 284 340 309 89 74 52 29 19 16 71 122 145 - 75 53 27 5 0 2

52 28 -

0 18 - -

3.79 3.81 3.51 2.61 1.54 1.17 1.30 2.08 3.09 3.95 4.60 4.14 0,39 0.57 0.81 1,03 1.22 1.28 1,25 1,11 0,89 0,63 0.41 0.33 4.18 4.38 4,31 3.64 2,76 2.44 2.56 3.19 4.00 4.59 5.01 4.47

D/G ,093 .131 .187 .283 .443 .523 .49 .347 .223 .138 .082 .073


REFERENCE 18 MONTHLY AVERAGE DIRECT BEAH(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL(G) SOLAR RADIATION

TRIESTE

INCLINED SURFACE

DOUBLE CLEAR GLAZING

Lat. 45"39"N. Long, 13"45"E. SLOPE 90 DEG. BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH

Alt.20 m. GROUND ALBEDO . 2

SOLAR T I M E



0330 B - - -

D - - -

0430 B - - - 0 0 D - - 5 I

0530 B - 0 0 0 0

D - 5 19 25 24 0630 B - 2 0 0 0 0

O - 9 31 44 47 48 0730 B 26 27 9 0 0 0

O - I0 31 50 66 69 72 0830 B 66 73 76 45 17 7 14

D 14 28 50 67 80 83 83 0930 B ]IO 117 122 90 51 33 52

D 28 42 63 80 91 93 93 1030 B 144 149 155 125 85 62

D 39 53 75 89 99 I01

0

13 - - 0 I -

40 20 -

5 25 50 39

60 41 20 3 41 83 122 95 lOI

75 60 39 19 12 97 143 184 144 158

86 72 54 33 26

90 145 187 228 178 197 99 94 82 64 44 36

1130 B 161 165 172 145 104 80 114 171 211 252 195 216

D 44 58 80 96 105 107 104 99 88 69 49 42 1230 B ]61 165 172 145 104 80 114 171 211 252 195 216

D 44 58 80 96 105 107 104 99 88 69 49 42 1330 B 144 149 155 125 85 62 90 145 187 228 178 197

D 39 53 75 89 99 I01 99 94 82 64 44 36 1430 B II0 117 ]22 90 51 33 52 97 143 184 144 158

D 28 42 63 80 91 93 93 86 72 54 33 26 1530 B 66 73 76 45 17 7 14 41 83 122 95 101

D 14 28 50 67 80 83 83 75 60 39 19 12 1630 B - 26 27 9 0 0 0 5 25 50 39

D - 10 31 50 66 69 72 60 41 20 3 1730 B - 2 0 0 0 0 0 I -

O - - 9 31 44 47 48 40 20 - - 1830 B - - 0 0 0 0 0 -

O - - 5 1 9 2 5 2 4 1 3 - -

1930 8 - - 0 0 - -

D - - 5 1 - -

2 0 3 0 B . . . . .

O . . . . . .

2 1 3 0 B . . . . .

G . . . . . . .

Daily totals (kilowatt hours per square metre). DIRECT DIFFUSE

GLOBAL

0.96 1.06 I.II 0.83 0.51 0.36 0.54 0.92 1.30 !.67 1.30 1.34

0.25 0.38 0.62 0.84 1.01 1.06 1.05 0.93 0.73 0.49 0,30 0.23 1.21 1.44 1.72 1.67 1.52 1.42 1.59 1.85 2.03 2.16 1,60 1.57

D/G .206 .266 .358 .503 .662 .744 .661 ,505 .359 .227 .187 .148 T U R B I D I T Y 3 . 2 3 . 8 4 . 0 3 . 9 5 . 2 4 . 7 5 . 3 4 . 6 4 . 2 3 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

472 J . K . PA(~+,

REFERENCE 19 M~JTHLY CLOUDLESS DIRECT BEAM(B),DIFFUSE(D) AND GLOBAL<G) SOLAR RADIATION

TRIESTE I N C L I N E D SURFACE

DOUBLE CLEAR GLAZING

L a t . 4 5 ' 3 9 ' N . L o n g . 1 3 ' 4 5 ' E ,

SLOPE 90 DEG.

BEARING 180 DEG FROM NORTH

Hourly irradiation <watt hours per square metre) Date

SOLAR T I M E

A] t .20 m. GROLIND ALBEDO .~

Jan Feb Mar A p r May J u n J u l A u g Sep Oc t Nov Dec

17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 l]

0330 B

D 0430 8

D 0530 B

D 0630 B

D 0730 B

O

- 0 0 -

- - 6 1 - -

- - 0 0 0 0 0

- - 7 23 30 26 14

- 4 0 0 0 0 0 l - -

- 12 37 48 51 50 42 23 - -

- 75 63 19 0 0 0 7 44 89 113

13 35 53 69 71 72 59 42 21 4 - 0830 8 225 216 187 106 34 15 22 69 153 229 282 257

O 20 36 53 66 78 80 79 71 59 41 23 15 0930 B 372 350 313 219 110 72 86 166 273 359 428 411

D 36 5] 66 76 85 85 85 79 70 55 37 30 1030 B 480 450 405 309 183 135 153 250 362 455 532 520

D 46 6] 74 82 90 90 90 85 77 64 47 40 1130 B 534 502 454 357 226 175 194 295 409 506 585 574

D 51 65 78 85 93 92 93 88 81 68 51 44 1230 B 534 502 454 357 226 175 194 295 409 506 585 574

D 51 65 78 85 93 92 93 88 81 68 51 44 1330 B 480 450 405 309 183 135 153 250 362 455 532 520

D 46 61 74 82 90 90 90 85 77 64 47 40 1430 B 372 350 313 219 II0 72 86 166 273 359 428 411

D 36 51 66 76 85 85 85 79 70 55 37 30 1530 B 225 216 187 106 34 15 22 69 153 229 282 257

D 20 36 53 66 78 80 79 71 59 41 23 15

]630 B - 75 63 19 0 0 0 7 44 89 113 D - 13 35 53 69 7] 72 59 42 21 4

1730 B 4 0 0 0 0 0 I - D - 12 37 48 51 50 42 23 -

1830 B 0 0 0 0 0 - - D 7 23 30 26 14 - -

1930 8 - - 0 0 - - O - - 6 1 - - -

2030 B - - -

D . . . . . .

2130 B . . . . .

D . . . .

Daily totals (kilo~att hours per square metre). DIRECT 3.23 3.20 2.86 2.03 1.12 0.80 0,92 1.58 2.49 3.29 3.89 3.53 DIFFUSE 0.3] 0.46 0.64 0.82 0.98 1.02 ],00 0.88 0.7] 0.50 0.33 0.26 GLOBAL 3.54 3.65 3.50 2.85 2.09 1.82 1.92 2.47 3.20 3.79 4.22 3,79

D/G .087 .125 .]83 .288 .467 ,559 .520 .358 .222 .133 .078 ,069


REFERENCE 20

PROGRAM "INSERT GLAZING" THE INPUT DATA IS COMPLETE LOADING FILE FOR DETAILED CALCULATIC~4S SITE TRIESTE

TR]ESTE JAN LATITUDE 45.65 HEIGHT 20 METRES ANGSTROM A+8 .70 LINKE TURBIDITY 3.2 MONTHLY MEAN DAILY SUNSHINE 2.7 HOURS

SLOPE INCLINATION 90 DEG. SLOPE BEARING FROM TRUE NORTH 180 DEG. GROL~D ALBEO0 .2

DOUBLE GLAZING KL VALUE 0.10 BOTH SHEETS OUTER LEAF KL .I INNER LEAF KL .1

0830 HOURS SHADOW ANGLES BEAM DIFFUSE GLOBAL USA 12.4 DEG IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD ]RRAD HSA -48.6 DEG SKY GROUND

W/M"2 W/M~2 W ~ ' 2 W,'M"2 M0NTHLY MEANS TRANSMITTED 61.0 10.6 2.8 74.4

M0~4 & SP~4CER 5.8 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF I I . I 2.2 0.6 13.9 INNER LEAF 8.3 1.5 0.4 10.2 RETRANSMITTED 7.1 1.4 0.4 8.9 TOTAL GAIN 68.1 12.0 3.2 83.3 CLOUDLESS TRANSMITTED 209.9 13.4 5.2 228.5 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 38.3 2.8 I . I 42.2 INNER LEAF 28.5 1.9 0.7 31,1 RETRANSMITTED 24.2 1.6 0,7 26.5 TOTAL GAIN 234.1 15 5.9 255

0930 HOURS SHADOW ANGLES BEAM DIFFUSE GLOBAL VSA 18.8 DEG IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD HSA -36 .2 DEG SKY GROUND

W/M'2 W/M~2 W/M'2 W/M'2 MONTHLY MEANS TRANSMITTED 103.7 20.7 5.8 130.2

MOON & SPENCER 12.3 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 17.1 4.3 1.2 22.6 INNER LEAF 13.2 3.0 0.8 17.0 RETRANSMITTED 11.2 2.7 0.7 14.6 TOTAL GAIN 114 .9 23.4 6.5 144.8 CLOUDLESS TRANSMITTED 349.9 23.2 10.6 383.7 ABSORBED

OUTER LEAF 57.7 4.8 2.2 64.7 If~4ER LEAF 44.4 3.3 1.5 49.2 RETRANSMITTED 37.6 2.8 1.3 41.7 TOTAL GAIN 387.5 26 11.9 425.4

1030 HOURS SHADOW ANGLES USA 22.10EG HSA -22 .5 DEG

BEAH DIFFUSE GLOBAL IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD

SKY GROUND WIM~2 W/M~2 W/M~2 W/M"2

MONTHLY MEANS TRANSMITTED 134.7

MOON & SPENCER ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 21.0 INNER LEAF 16.4 RETRANSMITTED 13.8 TOTAL GAIN 148.5 CLOUDLESS TRANSMITTED 450.3 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 70.2 INNER LEAF 54.7 RETRANSMITTED 46.1 TOTAL GAIN 496.4

28.1 8.2 171,0 I7.7

5.9 ] .7 28.6 4.1 l .2 21.7 3.6 I .1 18.5

31.7 9.3 189.5

28.5 14.9 493.7

5.9 3.1 79.2 4.1 2.1 60.9 3.6 i .9 51 ,6

32.1 16.8 545.3

1130 HOURS SHADOW ANGLES BEAM USA 23.5 OEG IRRAD HSA -7.6 DEG

W/M" 2 MONTHLY MEANS TRANSMITTED 150.4

MOON & SPENCER ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 22.9 INNER LEAF 17.9 RETRANSMITTED 15 TOTAL GAIN 165.4 CLOUDLESS TRANSMITTED 501.1 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 76.2 INNER LEAF 59.6 RETRANSMITTED 50.1 TOTAL GAIN 551.2

DIFFUSE GLOBAL IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD SKY GROUND W/M" 2 W/M" 2 W/M" 2

31.9 9,5 15'I,8 20.6

6.7 I .9 31.5 4.6 I .4 23.9 4.0 I ,2 20,2

35.9 10.7 212.0

30.7 17.1 548,9

6.3 3.5 86,0 4.4 2.4 66.4 3.8 2.1 56.0

34.5 19.2 604.9

474 J . K . PAGI

REF. 20 (CONTINUED)

1230 HOURS SHADO~ ANGLES VSA 23.5 DEG HSA 7.6 DEG

BEAM DIFFUSE GLOBAL IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD

SKY GROL~D W/M~2 W/M~2 W/M~2 W/M'2


H00N & SPENCER ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 22.9 INNER LEAF 17.9 RETRANSMITTED 15 TOTAL GAIN 165.4 CLOUDLESS TRANSMITTED 501.1 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 76.2 INNER LEAF 59.6 RETRANSMITTED 50.1 TOTAL GAIN 551.2

31,9 9.5 191,8 20,6

6.7 1.9 31.5 4.6 I .4 23.9 4.0 ] .2 20.2

35.9 10.7 212.0

30.7 17.1 548.9

6.3 3.5 86,0 4.4 2,4 66.4 3.8 2.1 56.0

34.5 19.2 604.9

1330 HOURS SHADOW ANGLES VSA 22.1 DEG HSA 22.5 DEG

BEAM DIFFUSE GLOBAL IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD

SKY GRO~D W/M^2 W/M'2 W/M~2 W/M'2


MOON & SPENCER ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 21.0 INNER LEAF 16.4 RETRANSMITTED ]3.8 TOTAL C.~AIN 148.5 CLOUDLESS TRANSMITTED 450.3 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 70.2 INNER LEAF 54.7 RETRANSMITTED 46.1 TOTAL GAIN 496.4

28.1 8.2 171,0 17.7

5,9 ] ,7 28.6 4,1 I .2 21 ,7 3.6 ] ,1 18,5

31.7 9.3 189,5

28.5 14.9 493.7

5.9 3.1 79.2 4.1 2.1 60.9 3.6 I ,9 51 ,6

32.1 16.8 545.3

1430 HOURS SHADOW ANGLES BEAM VSA 18.8 DEG IRRAD H~A 36.2 DEG

W/M'2 MONTHLY MEANS TI~NSHITTED ]03 .7

MOON & SPENCER ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 17.1 INNER LEAF ]3.2 RETRANSMITTED 11.2 TOTAL GAIN 114.9 CLOUDLESS TRANSMITTED 349,9 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 57,7 INNER LEAF 44.4 RETRANSMITTED 37.6 TOTAL GAIN 387.5

DIFFUSE GLOBAL IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD SKY GROUND W/M" 2 W/M" 2 W/M" 2

20.7 5,8 130,2 12.3

4.3 I ,2 22.6 3.0 0.8 17.0 2.7 0,7 ]4,6

23.4 6.5 144.8

23.2 10.6 383.7

4.8 2.2 64.7 3.3 I .5 49.2 2.8 I .3 41.7

26 11.9 425.4

1530 HOURS

SHADOW ANGLES BEAM DIFFUSE GLOBAL VSA 12.4 DEG IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD IRRAD HSA 48.6 DEG SKY GROOND

W/M~2 W/M~2 W/M~2 W/M'2 M~THLY MEANS TRANSMITTED 61.0 10.6 2.8 74.4

H00N & SPENCER 5.8 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 11.1 2.2 0,6 13.9 INNER LEAF 8.3 1.5 0.4 10.2 RETRANSMITTED 7.1 1.4 0.4 8.9 TOTAL GAIN 68.1 12.0 3.2 83.3 CLOUDLESS

TRANSMITTED 209.9 13.4 5.2 228.5 ABSORBED OUTER LEAF 38.3 2.8 1.1 42.2 INNER LEAF 28.5 1.9 0.7 31.1 RETRANSMITTED 24.2 1.6 0.7 26.5 TOTAL GAIN 234.1 15 5.9 255

COMPONENTS OF DAILY SLOPE IRRADIAT]~ JAN

DAILY SEAM IRRADIATI~ .9 KWH/M'2 3.239 MJ/M'2

DIRECT TRANSMITTANCE BEAM .671 CLOUDLESS DAY 3.022 KWR/M~2

10.881MJ/M'2 DIRECT TRANSMITTANCE BEAM .67

DAILY DIFFUSE FROM SKY ,183 KWH/M2 .657 MJ/M'2

CLOUDLESS DAY ,192 KWH/M~2

• 69 MJ/M~2 DAILY DIFFUSE FROM GROUND .053 KWH/M~2

.189 MJ/M~2 CLOUDLESS DAY

DIRECT TRANSM. GROUND

DAILY GLOBAL IRRADIATION

DIRECT TRANSM. GLOBAL

CLOUDLESS DAY

DIRECT TRANSM. GLOBAL

.096 KWH/M'2

.344 MJ/M'2

JAN 1.135 KWH/M~2 4,085 MJ/M'2 .646

3,31 KW~XM'2 11.915 MJ/M~2 ,66

VALUES AFTER ALLOWING FOR RETRANSMISSION MONTHLY MEAN DAILY FLUX 1.258 KWHIM'2

4.53 MJAM'2 OVERALL TRANSM. GLOBAL .716

CLOUDLESS DAY 3.661 KWH/M'2 13.18 MJ/M'2

OVERALL TRANSM. GLOBAL .73


REFERENCE 21

TRIESTE JAN 1> TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0731 HRS SUNSET 1629 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR.

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 7 HR 31MIN TO 11 HR 5 MIN

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME S~ IS ~ THE SURFACE FROM I) 7 HR 31MIN TO I0 HR 31MIN

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 7 HR 31MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN

TRIESTE FEB 15 TIME SYSTEM LAT S~RISE 0654 HRS SUNSET 1706 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR.

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 bEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 6 HR 54 MIN TO I0 HR 52 MIN

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME SON IS ON THE SURFACE FROM ]) 6 HR 54 MIN TO I0 HR II MIN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 6 HR 54 MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN

TRIESTE MAR 16 TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0607 HRS SUNSET 1753 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR.




TRIESTE APR 15 TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0519 HRS SUNSET 1841 HRS SURFACE SEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR.

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 5 HR 19 MIN TO 10 HR 17 MIN



TRIESTE MAY 15 TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 043S HRS SUNSET 1922 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR.

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 4 HR 38 MIN TO I0 HR 2 MIN

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME SON IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 4 HR 38 MIN TO 8 HR 54 MIN

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I ) 4 HR 38 MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN

TRIESTE JUN II TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0417 HRS SUNSET ]943 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 4 HR 17 MIN TO S HR 42 MIN


476 J . K . PA(;~!

REF. 21 (CONTINUED)

TRIESTE JUL 17 TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0427 HRS SUNSET 1933 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 4 HR 27 HIN TO 9 HR 58 MIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME SON IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 4 HR 27 MIN TO 8 HR 48 MIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 OEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 4 HR 27 MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

TRIESTE AUG 16 TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0502 HRS S~SET 1858 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 5 HR 2 MIN TO 10 HR I] MIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 OEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 5 HR 2 MIN TO 9 HR 7 MIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 5 HR 2 MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

TRIESTE SEP 16 TIME SYSTEM LAT SONRISE 0548 HRS SUNSET 1812 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROH TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR.

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 5 HR 48 MIN TO I0 HR 28 MIN



TRIESTE OCT 16 TIME SYSTEM LAT S~RISE 0636 HRS SUNSET 1724 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FR~4 HOR. ======================================

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM l~ 6 HR 36 MIN TO 10 HR 46 MIN

======================================

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 6 HR 36 MIN TO I0 HR I HIN

======================================

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 DEG SOME S~ IS ON THE SURFACE FR~4 I) 6 HR 36 MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN

======================================

TRIESTE NOV 15 TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0719 HRS SUNSET 1641 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR. ======================================

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 bEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM I) 7 HR 19 MIN TO 11 HR ] MIN

HORIZONTAL ~JERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 7 HR 19 MIN TO 10 HR 25 HIN

======================================

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 7 HR 19 MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN

======================================

TRIESTE DEC 11 TIME SYSTEM LAT SUNRISE 0743 HRS SUNSET 1617 HRS SURFACE BEARING 90 DEG.FROM TRUE NORTH SURFACE SLOPE 90 DEG FROM HOR, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG SOME S~ IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 7 HR 43 HIN TO 11HR 9 HIN

HORIZONr'rAL OVERHANG ANGLE 45 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 7 HR 43 MIN TO lO HR 38 HIN

======================================

HORIZONTAL OVERHANG ANGLE 0 DEG SOME SUN IS ON THE SURFACE FROM 1) 7 HR 43 MIN TO 12 HR 0 MIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = . . . . . . . . ~-- . . . . .


REFERENCE 22

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. JAN 17 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG ~JERNANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1552 1758 .882 MEAN BEAM ]288 ]342 ,9 DIFFUSE 344 416 .827 SKY CONTRIBUTION 223 302 .739 OVERHANG L~DERSIDE 7 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 114 114 I CLOUDLESS DAYS ME~ GLOBAL 4506 5014 .899 CLEAR BEAM 4061 4513 .9 DIFFUSE 445 501 .888 SKY CONTRIBUTION 224 293 .767 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 12 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 208 208 1

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. FEB 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/W2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG ~JERHANG

WHW-2 WHM~-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1811 2139 .846 MEAN BEAM 1291 1512 .854 DIFFUSE 520 627 .829 SKY CONTRIBUTION 333 450 .739 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE I0 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 177 177 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 4539 5288 .858 CLEAR BEAM 3887 4555 .853 DIFFUSE 652 733 .889 SKY CONTRIBUTION 325 424 ,766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 18 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 309 309 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. APR 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/W2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE ]5 DEB OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHW-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAt~ GLOBAL 1999 2831 .706 MEAN BEAM 848 1457 .582 DIFFUSE I15] 1374 .838 SKY CONTRIBUTION 708 956 .741 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 24 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 418 418 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3270 4867 .672 CLEAR BEAM 2071 3548 .584 DIFFUSE 1199 1319 .909 SKY CONTRIBUTION 518 675 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 37 0 - GROUND CONTRI8. 644 644 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. MAY 15 DAILY TOTALS, UNITS WH/W2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 BEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM'-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1792 2735 .655 MEAN BEAM 405 1083 .374 DIFFUSE 1387 1652 .84 SKY CONTRIBUTION 853 1147 .743 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 29 0 - GROUND CONTR~B. 505 505 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 2289 3900 .587 CLEAR BEAM 876 2333 .375 DIFFUSE 1413 1567 .902 SKY CONTRIBUTION 645 841 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 42 0 GROUND CONTRIB, 726 726 i

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 BEG. LiAR 16 BEARING FROM NORTH 180 BEG. JUN II DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/W2 PER DAY DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 BEG OVERHANG OVERHANG ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO WHM~-2 W~1~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2149 2729 .787 MEAN BEAM 1309 1722 .76 DIFFUSE 840 1007 .834 SKY CONTRIBUTION 526 710 ,74 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 17 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 297 297 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 4282 5448 ,786 CLEAR BEAM 3359 4422 .76 DIFFUSE 923 ]026 .9 SKY CONTRIBUTION 427 558 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 27 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 468 468 1

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1672 2610 .64 MEAN BEAM 215 879 .245 DIFFUSE 1457 1731 .842 SKY CONTRIBUTION 883 1188 .742 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 32 0 GROUND C~TRIB. 543 543 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1958 3558 .55 CLEAR BEAM 474 1925 .246 DIFFUSE 1484 I633 .909 SKY CONTRIBUTION 642 837 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 46 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 796 796 I

478 J . K . PA(H

REF. 22 (CONTINUED)

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE ME~ BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DE6. JUL 17 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM'-2 WHM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1831 2925 .625 MEAN BEAM 373 1214 .307 DIFFUSE 1458 1711 .852 SKY CONTRIBUTION 850 1136 .747 ~JERI-I~C~G UNDERSIDE 33 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 575 575 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 2089 3674 .569 CLEAR BEAM 637 2065 .308 DIFFUSE 1452 1609 ,902 SKY CONTRIBUTION 661 861 .767 ~,)ERHANG UNDERSIDE 43 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 748 748 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FRON NORTH 180 DEG. AUG 16 DAILY TOTALS, UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM'-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2157 3231 .667 MEAN BEAM 862 1712 .504 DIFFUSE 1295 1519 .853 SKY CONTRIBUTION 751 1005 .747 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 30 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 514 5i4 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 2766 4358 .635 CLEAR BEAM 1486 2942 .505 DIFFUSE 1280 1416 ,904 SKY CONTRIBUTION 573 748 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 39 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 668 668 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. OCT 16 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVER~G OVERHANG

Wf-~i'-2 WHM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2717 3272 .83 MEAN BEAM 2035 2467 .825 DIFFUSE 682 805 ,847 SKY CONTRIBUTION 403 541 ,744 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 15 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 264 264 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 4712 5642 .835 CLEAR BEAM 3979 4828 .824 DIFFUSE 733 814 .9 SKY CONTRIBUTION 338 441 .767 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 22 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 373 373 I

TRIESTE UERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. N~) 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERI-I~C~G WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM"-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2008 2285 .878 MEAN BEAM 1600 1795 .891 DIFFUSE 408 490 .833 SKY CONTRIBUTION 253 344 .736 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 9 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 146 146 I CLOUDLESS DAYS ME~4 GLOBAL 5266 5901 .892 CLEAR BEAM 4786 5371 .891 DIFFUSE 480 530 .906 SKY CONTRIBUTION 211 276 .764 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 15 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 255 255 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN SEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. SEP 16 BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. DEC II DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH./M*2 PER DAY DALLY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG ~JERHANG

WHM"-2 WHM"-2 RATIO WHM'-2 WHM"-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2476 3293 .751 MEAN BEAM 1473 2109 .698 DIFFUSE 1003 1184 ,847 SKY CONTRIBUTION 596 800 .745 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 22 0 GROUND CONTRtB. 384 384 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS

o o MEAN GLOBAL .,83~, 5152 .744 CLEAR BEAM 2809 4016 .699 DIFFUSE 1024 1136 .90! SKY CONTRIBUTION 468 610 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE SI 0 GROUND CONTRI B. 526 526 I

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES

MEAN GLOBAL 1999 2222 .899 MEAN BEAM 1679 1839 .913 DIFFUSE 320 383 .836 SKY CONTRIBUTION 197 267 .738 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 7 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 116 116 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 4793 5260 ,911 CLEAR BEAM 4417 4841 .912 DIFFUSE 376 419 .897 SKY CONTRIBUTION 175 229 .764 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 11 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 190 190 1

Application of meteorology for cnergy purposes 479

REFERENCE 23

JAN 17OVERHANG 30 DEG.

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. TIME 0730 APERTURE MEAN WITH WITHOUT IRRAOIANCE OVER~G OVERHANG

WM'-2 WM'-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 214.2 291.4 .735 MEAN BEAM 163.9 218.9 .749 DIFFUSE 50.3 72.5 .694 SKY CONTRIBUTION 27.6 51.8 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 2.2 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 20.7 20.7 I CLOUDLESS DAYS GLOBAL 613.7 812.1 .756 CLOUDLESS BEAM 546.2 729.4 .749 DIFFUSE 67.5 82,7 .816 SKY CONTRIBUTION 26.1 45.3 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 4 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 37.4 37.4 ]

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. TIME 1230 APERTURE MEAN WITH WITHOUT IRRADIANCE OVERHANG OVERHANG

WM'-2 WM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2]4.2 291.4 .735 MEAN BEAM ]63.9 218.9 .749 DIFFUSE 50.3 72.5 .694 SKY CONTRIBUTION 27.6 51.8 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 2.2 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 20.7 20.7 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS GLOBAL 613.7 812.1 .756 CLOUDLESS BEAM 546.2 729,4 .749 DIFFUSE 67,5 82.7 ,816 SKY CONTRIBUTION 26.1 45.3 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 4 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 37.4 37.4 1


WM'-2 WM'-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 195.2 261 .748 MEAN BEAM 151.2 197.5 .766 DIFFUSE 44 63.5 .693 SKY CONTRIBUTION 24.3 45.6 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 1.9 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 17.8 17.8 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS GLOBAL 565,8 735.1 .77 CLOUDLESS BEAM 505.4 660.1 .766 DIFFUSE 60.4 75 ,805 SKY CONTRIBUTION 24.6 42.6 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 3.4 0 - GROUND CONTRIg. 32.5 32,5 1


V~"I~-2 WM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 156.4 201.3 ,777 MEAN BEAM 124.4 154.9 .803 DIFFUSE 32 46.4 .69 SKY CONTRIBUTION 18.1 33.8 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 1.3 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 12.6 12.6 I CLOUDLESS DAYS GLOBAL 466 581.4 .802 CLOUDLESS BEAM 420.1 522.9 ,808 DIFFUSE 45.9 58.5 .785 SKY CONTRIBUTION 20.5 35.4 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 2.4 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 23,1 23.1 I


t~'-2 WM~-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL MEAN BEAM DIFFUSE SKY CONTRIBUTION ~JERHANG UNDERSIDE GROUND CONTRIB. CLOUDLESS DAYS GLOBAL CLOUDLESS BEAM DIFFUSE SKY CONTRIBUTION OVERHANG UNDERSIDE GROUND CONTRIB.

99.4 119.1 .835 83.4 95.6 .872 16 23.5 .681 9.4 17.4 .577 .6 0 6 6 1

311 .4 360.9 ,863 287 328.8 .873 24.4 32,1 .76 12 20.8 .577 1.2 0

11 ,3 11.3 1

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. JAN 17 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

NHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1339 1758 .761 MEAN BEAM 1052 1342 .784 DIFFUSE 287 416 .69 SKY CONTRIBUTION 161 302 .532 OVERHANG UNDERS]DE 12 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 114 114 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3938 5014 .785 CLEAR BEAM 3539 4513 .784 DIFFUSE 399 501 .796 SKY C0NTRIBUTION 169 293 .576 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 22 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 208 208 I

480 ,I. K. PAOF

REFERENCE 24

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. JAN 17 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1339 1758 .741 MEAN BEAM 1052 1342 .784 DIFFUSE 287 416 .69 SKY CONTRIBUTION 161 302 .532 OVERHANG ONDERSIDE 12 0 - GROUND CONTRIB, 114 114 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEA~I GLOBAL 3938 5014 .785 CLEAR BEAM 3539 4513 .784 DIFFUSE 399 501 ,796 SKY CONTRIBUTION 169 293 .576 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 22 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 208 208 I

TRIESTE VERT,APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. APR 15 DAILY TOTALS, UNITS WE/M"2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG ~JERHANG OVERHANG

W~i~-2 W~4~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1173 2831 .414 MEAN BEAM 199 1457 .137 DIFFUSE 974 1374 .709 SKY CONTRIBUTION 512 956 .535 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 44 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 418 418 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1592 4867 .327 CLEAR BEAM 491 3548 .138 DIFFUSE 1101 1319 .835 SKY C~TRIBUTION 389 675 .576 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 68 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 644 644 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE ME~q TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. FEB 15 BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. MAY 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG ANGLE 30 OEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WNM"-2 WHM'-2 RATIO WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1471 2139 .487 MEAN BEAM 1035 1512 .485 DIFFUSE 436 627 .695 SKY CONTRIBUTION 241 450 .534 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE ]9 0 -

GROOND CUNTRIB. 177 177 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3701 5288 .7 CLEAR BEAM 3115 4555 .684 DIFFUSE 586 733 .799 SKY CONTRIBUTION 245 424 .576 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 33 0 -

GROUND CONTRIB. 309 309 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BF.ARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. MAR 16 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH,'M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1540 2729 .564 MEAM BEAM 831 1722 .483 DIFFUSE 709 1007 .704 SKY CONTRIBUTI~ 380 710 .535 OVERI'~G UNDERSIDE 31 0

GROUND CONTRIB. 297 297 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 2969 5448 .545 CLEAR BEAM 2130 4422 .482 DIFFUSE 839 1026 .818 SKY CONTRIBUTION 321 558 .575 O~VERI-W~NG UNDERSIDE 49 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 468 468 1

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1177 2735 .43 MEAN BEAM 0 1083 0 DIFFUSE 1177 1652 .712 SKY CONTRIBUTION 619 1147 .539 OVERHANG ~4DERSIDE 53 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 505 505 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1288 3900 .33 CLEAR BEAM 0 2333 0 DIFFUSE 1288 1567 .822 SKY CONTRIBUTI~ 485 841 .577 ~JERHANG ~4DERSIDE 77 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 726 724 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FR~I NORTH 180 DEG. JUN 11 DAILY TOTALS, UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG ~VERHANG OVERHANG

WHM"-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1240 2610 .475 MEAN 8EA>I 0 879 0 DIFFUSE 1240 1731 .714 SKY CONTRIBUTI04 640 1188 .538 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 57 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 543 543 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1363 3558 .383 CLEAR BEAM 0 1925 0 DIFFUSE 1343 1633 .835 SKY CONTRIBUTION 483 837 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 84 0 - GROUND CUNTRIB. 796 796 I


REF. 24 (CONTINUED)

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. JUL 17 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERFLANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO

MUNTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1257 2925 .429 MEAN BEAM 0 1214 0 DIFFUSE 1257 1711 .735 SKY CONTRIBUTION 621 1136 .546 OVERHJOANG UNDERSIDE 61 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 575 575 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1324 3674 .36 CLEAR BEAM 0 2065 0 DIFFUSE 1324 1609 .823 SKY CUNTRIBUTION 497 861 .577 OVERFt4NG UNDERSIDE 79 0 - GROUND CUNTRIB. 748 748 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. OCT 16 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2]20 3272 .647 MEAN BEAM 1535 2467 .622 DIFFUSE 585 805 .727 SKY CONTRIBUTION 293 541 .542 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 28 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 264 264 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3664 5642 .649 CLEAR BEAM 2997 4828 .621 DIFFUSE 667 814 .819 SKY CONTRIBUTION 254 441 .577 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 39 0 GROUND CUNTRIB. 373 373 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. AUG 16 BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. NOt) 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M"2 PER DAY DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM'-2 WHM'-2 RATIO W~4~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1171 3231 .362 MEAN BEAM 55 1712 .032 DIFFUSE 1116 1519 .735 SKY CONTRIBUTION 548 1005 .545 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 54 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 514 514 I

CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1265 4358 .29 CLEAR BEAM 95 2942 .032 DIFFUSE ]]70 1416 .826 SKY CONTRIBUTION 431 748 .576 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 71 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 668 668 1

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. SEP 16 DAILY TOTALS. ~41TS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG ffJERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1602 3293 .486 MEAN BEAM 744 2109 .353 DIFFUSE 858 1184 .725 SKY CONTRIBUTION 433 800 .541 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 41 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 384 384 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 2356 5152 .457 CLEAR BEAM 1423 4016 .354 DIFFUSE 933 1136 .821 SKY CONTRIBUTION 352 610 .576 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 56 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 526 526 I

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1718 2285 .75! MEAN BEAM 1374 1795 .765 DIFFUSE 344 490 .702 SKY CONTRIBUTION 182 344 .53 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 15 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 146 146 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 4549 5901 .771 CLEAR BEAM 4109 537] .765 DIFFUSE 440 530 .83 SKY CONTRIBUTION 159 276 .575 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 27 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 255 255 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 180 DEG. DEC 11 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 30 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO

MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1764 2222 .793 MEAN BEAM 1493 1839 .812 DIFFUSE 271 383 .708 SKY CONTRIBUTION 143 267 .534 OVERHANG L¢4DERSIDE 12 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 116 116 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 4270 5260 .812 CLEAR BEAM 3928 4841 .811 DIFFUSE 342 419 ,816 SKY CONTRIBUTION 132 229 ,576 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 20 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 190 190 1

482 3 It . PA(;t

REFERENCE 25

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BE ., , ING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. JAN 17 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHW-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES" MEAN GLOBAL 639 781 .818 MEAN BEAM 271 332 .816 DIFFUSE 368 449 .82 SKY CONTRIBUTION 247 335 .738 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 7 0 GROUND CONTRI8. 114 114 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1376 1646 .836 CLEAR BEAM 915 1123 .815 DIFFUSE 461 523 ,881 SKY CONTRIBUTION 240 315 .764 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 12 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 208 208 1

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. FEB 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 941 1156 ,814 MEAN BEAM 402 504 .798 DIFFUSE 539 652 ,827 SKY CONTRIBUTION 352 475 .74 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE I0 0 GROUND CONTRI8. 177 177 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1857 2244 .828 CLEAR BEAM 1199 1503 .798 DIFFUSE 658 741 .888 SKY CONTRI8UTION 331 432 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 18 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 309 309 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG, MAR 16 DAILY TOTALS, UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1509 1860 ,811 MEAN BEAM 673 858 .784 DIFFUSE 836 1002 ,834

Go Tog SKY CONTRIBUTION 5 ~ 705 . , , , OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 17 0 GROUND CONTRI 8, 297 297 1 CLOUDLESS DA'YS r-lEAN GLOBAL 2581 8152 , E',I ? CLEAR BEAM 1676 2149 .78 DIFFUSE 905 1003 ,R02 SKY CONTRIBUTION 409 535 .765 OVERHANG LINDERSI DE 27 0 - GROUND CONTRI B, 468 468 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE ME¢~4 BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. APR 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/W2 PER D~Y OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

W H M ' - 2 WHM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2028 2517 ,805 MEAN BEAM 923 1203 .767 DIFFUSE 1105 1314 .841 SKY CONTRIBUTION 662 896 .739 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 24 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 418 418 1 CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAJ'4 GLOBAL 3289 4072 .808 CLEAR BEAM 2148 2828 .76 DIFFUSE 1141 1244 .9~7 SKY CONTRIBUTION 460 600 .765 OVERHANG ~4DERSIDE 37 0 - GROUND CONTRI8. 644 644 1

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. MAY 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 bEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

W~4"-2 W1-~I'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2263 2849 .794 MEAN BEAM 959 1306 .734 DIFFUSE 1304 1543 ,845 SKY CONTRIBUTION 770 1038 ,741 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 29 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 505 505 ! CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3317 4187 ,792 CLEAR BEAM 1992 2735 ,728 DIFFUSE 1325 1452 .913 SKY CONTRIBUTION 557 726 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 42 0 GROUND CONTRIB, 726 726 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. JUN 11 DAILY TOTALS, UNITS WH/M~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

NHM'-2 WHW-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN UALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2413 3038 .794 MEAN BEAM 1042 1421 .733 DIFFUSE 1371 1617 .848 SKY CONTRIBUTION 797 1074 .741 OVERHANG L~4DERSIDE 32 0 - GROUND CONTRI B. 543 54:3 i CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3588 4533 .792 CLEAR BEAM 2191 3013 .727 DIFFUSE 1397 1520 ,919 SKY CONTRIBUTION 555 724 .766 OVERHANG LINDERS I DE 46 0 - GROUND CONTRIB, 796 796 I


REF. 25 (CONTINUED)

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. JUL 17 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH,q'I"2 PER DAY OVERI'IP~G WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHPt~G OVERIICC~G

WHH'-2 WI'IM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MF_.AN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2574 3245 .793 MEAt~ BEAM 1218 1668 .73 DIFFUSE 1356 1577 .86 SKY CONTRIBUTION 748 1002 .746 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 33 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 575 575 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3380 4271 .791 CLEAR BEAM 2024 2786 .726 DIFFUSE 1356 1485 .913 SKY CONTRIBUTION 565 737 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 43 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 748 748 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. AUG 16 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH,'H'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERI'J.~C~G OVER~G

WHH'-2 WHH~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 2424 3028 .8 MEAN BEAM 1203 1606 .749 DIFFUSE 1221 1422 .859 SKY CONTRIBUTION 677 908 .745 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 30 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 514 514 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 3220 4025 .8 CLEAR BEAM 2012 2703 .744 DIFFUSE 1208 1322 .914 SKY CONTRIBUTION 501 654 .766 OVERHANG ONDERSIDE 39 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 668 668 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. SEP 16 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH,q'I"2 PER DAY OVERI.i~NG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHC~NG OVERHANG

WHM*-2 WHH~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 1939 2395 .809 MEAN BEAM 962 1244 .773 DIFFUSE 977 1151 .B49 SKY CONTRIBUTION 570 767 .743 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 22 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 384 384 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 2761 3400 .B12 CLEAR BEAM 1771 2308 .767 DIFFUSE 990 1092 .907 SKY CONTRIBUTION 434 566 .765 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 31 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 526 526 ]

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 DEG. OCT 16 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH,q4"2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DE8 OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHH'-2 WHM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOB~L 1464 1788 .818 MEAN BEAM 768 965 .796 DIFFUSE 696 823 .846 SKY CONTRIBUTION 417 559 .745 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 15 0 GROUND CONTRI8. 264 264 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 2189 2657 .824 CLEAR BEAM 1456 1842 .79 DIFFUSE 733 815 .899 SKY CONTRIBUTION 338 442 .765 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 22 0 GROUND CONTRIB. 373 373 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE ME~ BEARING FROH NORTH 90 DEG. NOV 15 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH/M'2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WI@I"-2 WHM'-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 877 ]057 .829 MEAN BEAM 446 536 ,832 DIFFUSE 431 521 .827 SKY CONTRIBUTION 276 375 .737 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 9 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 146 146 I CLOUDLESS DAYS MEAN GLOBAL 1821 2144 .849 CLEAR BEAM 1327 1596 .831 DIFFUSE 494 548 .901 SKY CONTRIBUTION 225 294 .765 L-~JERI'tCC~G UNDERSIDE 15 0 - GROUND CONTRIB. 255 255 I

TRIESTE VERT.APERTURE MEAN BEARING FROM NORTH 90 OEG. DEC 11 DAILY TOTALS. UNITS WH./H~2 PER DAY OVERHANG WITH WITHOUT ANGLE 15 DEG OVERHANG OVERHANG

WHM~-2 WHM~-2 RATIO MONTHLY MEAN VALUES MEAN GLOBAL 715 861 .83 ME~4 BEAM 368 443 .831 DIFFUSE 347 418 .83 SKY CONTRIBUTION 224 302 .742 OVERI'~'~NG UNDERSIDE 7 0 GROONO CONTRIB. 116 116 I CLOUDLESS DAYS ME~k,~ GLOBAL 1351 1594 .848 CLEAR BEAM 956 1151 .831 DIFFUSE 395 443 .892 SKY CONTRIBUTION 194 253 .766 OVERHANG UNDERSIDE 11 0 GROONO CONTRIB. 190 190 I

484 J . K . PAGE

KEFEI~NCE 26

CLOUDLESS DAY SOLAR I~DIATION DESIGN TABLES FOR LATITUDE 4O'O'N Sheet I

Daily totals: - Horizontal surfaces, watt/hours Der sauare metre per day

Latitude 40"O'N Height 200 m. Albedo 0.3 ~12 Linke Turbidity Factor 3.5

J~ l FEB H~R APR MAY 3LIN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 II

81obal G 2767 3897 5492 7052 8139 8587 8334 7443 6050 4431 3079 2443 Beam B 2022 2977 4385 5762 6748 7136 6916 6129 4880 3441 2297 1747 Diffuse D 745 920 1107 1290 1391 1451 1418 1314 1170 990 782 696

KT 0.648 0.678 0.709 0.727 0.737 0.740 0.739 0.732 0.717 0.690 0.660 0.637 L a t - d e c l . 60.7 52.8 41.8 30.2 21.2 16.9 18.8 26.3 37.1 48,7 58.4 63.0

Latitude 40"O'N Height 200 m. Albedo 0.3 ~12 Linke Turbidity Factor 3.5 Orientation 180 Vertical surface

JAN FEB HAR APR MAY JLIN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 11

Rttios of daily slope values to daily horizontal values. Cloudless days

8(S)/G 1.995 1.535 1.055 0.685 0.477 0.399 B(S)/B 2.092 1.489 0.913 0.497 0.270 0.187 D(S)/D 1.173 1.047 0.875 0.705 0.605 0.555 R(S)/G 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

0.433 0.588 0.892 1.338 1.836 2.166 0.223 0.390 0.727 1.250 1.870 2.338 0.575 0.660 0.805 0.972 1.145 1.205 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

Gla~inq daily tran~_~mittance values

Trans.beam 0.840 0.821 0.774 0.693 Trans.diff,O.815 0.801 0.774 0.748

81azinq daily transmittance ratios

Trans.beam 0.711 0.683 0.620 0.519 Trans.diff.O.674 0.652 0.616 0.586

- single olazinq

0.581 0.509 0.540 0.656 0.746 0.808 0.836 0.843 0.734 0.737 0.735 0.744 0.759 0.792 0.812 0.818

- double Glazing

0.391 0.317 0.350 0.472 0.584 0.664 0.705 0.716 0.570 0.574 0.572 0.579 0.601 0.640 0.669 0.677

Maximum hourly values of the irradiance.

Global inc 858 868 809 683 554 Diff.ass. 198 217 229 229 225 Peaktime/s 12 12 12 12 12 Global S,G. 722 723 661 531 396 Dill.ass. 160 174 181 179 172 Peaktime/s 12 12 12 12 12 Global D.G. 612 608 546 422 296 Dill.ass. 131 141 146 142 135 Peaktime/s 12 12 12 12 12

Cloudless days. Units Watts per metre'2

485 513 622 754 844 860 843 221 221 225 227 220 203 191

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 326 354 469 607 698 721 710 168 169 174 179 175 164 154 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

237 261 365 495 584 610 604 132 133 138 143 142 134 127 12 12 12 12 12 12 12


REF. 26 (CONTINUED)

CLOUDLESS DAY SOLAR I~ADIATION DESIEI~I TABLES FOR LATITUDE 40'O'N Sheet 2

Latitude 40"O'N HeiGht 200 m. Albedo 0.3 APt2 Linke Turbidity Factor 3.5 Orientations 150/210 Vertical surfaces

JAN FEB l't~R APR I~Y JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 II

Ratios of daily slope values to daily horizontal values. Cloudless days

G(S)/G B(S)/G D(G)/D R(S)/G

1.768 1.3B2 0.993 0.719 1.810 1.304 0.840 0.538 1.099 1.000 0.855 0.710 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

0.552 0.482 0.513 0.643 0.876 1.219 1.629 1.918 0.355 0.281 0.314 0.454 0.709 1.107 1.616 2.025 0.627 0.583 0.601 0.672 0.799 0.935 1.075 1.124 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

Glazing daily transmittance values


81azinq daily transmittance ratios

Trans.beam 0.686 0,677 0.654 0.603 Trans.diff.O.654 0.650 0.635 0,616

- single glazing

0.693 0.645 0.670 0.738 0.785 0.808 0.817 0.822 0.755 0.745 0.750 0.764 0.785 0.794 0.798 0.802

- double qlazinq

0.517 0.461 0.489 0,573 0.637 0.670 0.683 0.689 0,592 0.580 0.586 0.605 0.631 0.645 0.653 0.657

Maximum hourly values of the irradiance. Clpgdless days. Units Watts per metre'2

Global inc Dill.ass. Peaktime/s Global S.G. Dill.ass. Peaktime/s Global D.G, Oiff.ass. Peaktime/s

G27 855 839 749 639 579 603 696 799 848 833 807 191 200 218 223 219 216 216 219 218 205 196 183

11/13 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 11/13 11/13 695 718 695 604 492 429 455 552 656 709 698 679 154 161 174 175 170 166 167 172 173 165 158 148

11/13 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 11/13 11/13 588 608 581 493 387 329 353 446 544 598 591 576 126 132 141 141 135 131 132 137 140 135 129 122

11/13 10114 10114 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14 10114 10114 10/14 11/13 11/13

486 J . K . PAGE

~ F . 26 (CONTINffED)

CLOUDLESS DAY SOLAR I¥~DIATION DESI6N TABLES FOR LATITUDE 4O'0"N Sheet 3

La t i tude 40'0"N Height 200 m. Albedo 0.3 AH2 Linke T u r b i d i t y Factor 3.5 Or ien ta t i ons 120/240 V e r t i c a l sur faces

J~ l FEB I'l~R APR HAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 II

R~ios of daily ~looe values to daily horizqntal values. Cloudless days

8(S)/G 1.266 1.081 0.871 0.727 0.632 0.588 0.608 0.682 0.817 0 .995 1.193 1.344 B(8)/B 1.188 0.949 0.704 0.548 0.444 0 .399 0.419 0.498 0.644 0.848 1.089 1,299 D(S)/O 0.918 0.872 0.788 0.708 0 .666 0.632 0 .646 0 .686 0 .766 0.831 0.907 0.931 R<8)/8 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

Glazino daily transmittance values

Trans.beam 0.806 0.809 0.808 0,802 T r a n $ . d i f f . 0 . 7 8 9 0,794 0.792 0.792

~ l~z ino d a i l y t ransmi t tance r a t i o s

Trans.bean 0 .669 0.672 0.671 0.661 Trans .d i f f .O .640 0 .646 0.643 0.641

- sinole olazino

0.791 0.780 0.785 0.801 0.807 0.809 0.807 0.799 0.784 0.780 0.782 0.790 0.791 0.793 0.790 0.789

- double olazino

0.645 0.630 0.637 0.658 0.670 0.672 0.671 0.660 0.632 0.626 0.628 0.639 0.644 0.645 0.640 0.640

MfXimUm hourly v~lq91 9f th~ i r rad iance . Cloudles~ days. Uni ts Watts per met re '2

Global inc 718 785 848 834 777 737 751 804 839 807 737 687 D i f f . a s s . 167 192 200 215 218 ~ 216 216 214 205 182 174 157 Peakt ime/s 10/14 10/14 9 /15 9 /15 9 /15 ? /15 9 /15 9 /15 9/15 9/15 10/14 10/14 Blobal S.6. 599 661 711 691 634 597 610 662 701 680 614 574 O i f f . a s $ . 134 139 161 172 172 156 170 170 165 147 140 127 Peakt ime/s 10/14 9 /15 9 /15 9 /15 9 /15 8 /16 9 /15 9 /15 9/15 9 /15 10/14 10/14 8lobal 0 .8 . 505 562 602 579 524 495 505 552 591 578 517 484 Diff.ass. 110 115 132 139 139 126 125 138 134 121 114 104 Peaktlme/s 10/14 9/15 9/15 9/15 9/15 &/16 8/16 9115 9/15 9/15 10/14 10/14


REF. 26 (CONTZBTUED)

C~0UDLESS DAY SOLAR RADIATION DESI6N TABLES FOR LATITUDE 40"0"N Sheet 4

Latitude 40"O'N Height 200 m. Albedo 0.3 ~M2 Linke Turbidity Factor 3.5 Orientations 90/270 Vertical surfaces

JP~I FEB I~R APR P~Y JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 17 15 16 15 15 11 17 16 16 16 15 11

Ratios of daily ~lope values to daily horizontal values. Cloudless days

G(S)/6 B(S)/B D(S)/D R(S)/G

0.768 0,742 0.683 0.653 0.585 0.556 0.495 0.467 0.707 0.709 0.683 0.664 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

0.631 0.615 0.622 0.639 0.682 0.719 0.750 0.787 0.442 0.427 0.434 0.452 0.494 0.534 0.562 0.608 0.666 0.650 0.657 0.659 0.689 0.691 0,708 0.708 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

Glazino daily tranmittance values


61azina daily transmittance ratios


- single glazing

0.807 0.806 0.807 0.805 O.BOl 0.797 0.763 0.749 0.796 0.794 0.795 0.791 0.790 0.789 0.776 0.773

- double alazinq

0.669 0.668 0.668 0.667 0.661 0.654 0.611 0.592 0.646 0.645 0.646 0.642 0.640 0.637 0.621 0.617

Maximum hourly values of the irradiance. Cloudless days. Units Watts eer metre'2

Global inc 504 621 725 809 827 821 820 812 755 658 539 462 Dill.ass. 122 154 188 189 202 205 203 193 171 166 131 II0 Peaktime/s 9/15 9/15 9/15 8/16 8/16 8/16 8/16 8/16 8/16 9/15 9/15 9/15 Global S.G. 412 510 607 679 691 684 684 680 635 541 441 377 Dill.ass. 97 123 130 152 162 164 162 155 138 133 105 88 Peaktime/s 9/15 9/15 B/16 8/16 8/16 8/'16 8/16 8/16 8/16 9/15 9/15 9/15 Global D.G. 341 424 515 575 583 575 576 575 538 450 366 311 Dill.ass. 79 I00 107 125 132 134 132 127 113 108 85 71 Peaktime/s 9/15 9/15 8/16 8/16 8/'16 8/16 B/16 8/16 8/16 9/15 9/15 9/15

488 J . K . PAGE

REF. 26 (CONTINUED)

CLOUPLESS DAY SOLAR RADIATION DESION TABLES FOR LATITUD~ 40"O'N Sheet 5

La t i t ude 40'O'N Height 200 m. Albedo 0 ,3 RH2 Linke T u r b i d i t y Factor 3 .5 O r i e n t a t i o n s 45/315 V e r t i c a l su r faces

J~ l FEB I~R APR HAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 17 15 16 15 15 11 17 16 16 16 15 II

Ratios of daily slope values to daily horizontal values. Cloudless days

O(S)/G B(S)/B D(S)/D R(S)/G

0 . 3 0 4 0 . 3 2 4 0 . 3 5 5 0 . 4 1 8 0 . 0 2 6 0 . 0 7 3 0 . 1 3 0 0 . 2 0 9 0.502 0.500 0.501 0.531 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

0.467 0.486 0.477 0.433 0.390 0.334 0.303 0.307 0.263 0.285 0.275 0.227 0.172 0.096 0.034 O.OIG 0.577 0.583 0.580 0.544 0.522 0.492 0.500 0.507 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

Olazinq daily transmittance values

Trans.beam 0.404 0.55B 0.671 0.740 Trans.diff.O.773 0.761 0.768 0.772

Glazinq daily transmittance ratios

Trans.beam 0.212 0.373 0.500 0.582 T r a n s , d i f f . O . 6 1 5 0,602 0.607 0.615

- s inq le q l az i nq

0,774 0.783 0,779 0,753 0.724 0,605 0.443 0.355 0,77B 0,781 0,780 0,773 0,769 0,764 0,772 0.773

- double QlazinQ

0,62G 0.638 0.634 0.599 0.558 0.429 0.253 0.161 0.625 0.628 0.627 0.618 0.610 0.602 0.614 0.615

Maximum hourly values of the irradiance.

Global inc 115 214 361 502 615 Diff.ass. 115 82 122 124 152 Peaktime/s 12112 8116 8/16 7/17 7117 Global S.G. 90 132 256 410 507 Dill.ass. 90 60 93 98 121 Peaktime/s 12J'12 8/16 8/16 7/17 7/17 Global D.G. 72 92 203 338 422 Dill.ass. 72 46 50 SO 98 Peaktimels 12/12 8/16 7/17 7/17 7/17

Cloudless days. Units Watts per metre'2

656 634 547 413 265 143 108 162 156 135 135 96 60 lOG

7117 7117 7/17 8/16 8/16 8/16 12/12 542 524 448 315 173 94 85 129 125 107 77 71 94 85

7/17 7/17 7/17 7/17 8/16 12/12 12/12 453 437 372 257 124 75 67 105 102 87 62 55 75 67

7/17 7117 7/17 7/17 S/16 12/'12 12/12


REF. 26 (CONTINUED)

~QUDLESS DAY SOLAR RADIATION DESION TABLES FOR LATITUDE 40"O'N Sheet 6

La t i tude 40"O'N Height 200 m. Albedo 0.3 N12 Linke T u r b i d i t y Factor 3.5 Or ien ta t ion 0 Ue r t i ca l surface

= . . . . . . . . .

J~l FEB MAR APR I~Y JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 17 15 16 15 15 II 17 16 16 16 15 II

Ratios O f daily slope values to daily horizontal values. Cloudles~ days

G(S)/G B(S)/B D(S)/D R(S)/G

0.274 0.253 0.235 0.238 0.282 0.317 0.298 0.248 0.234 0.245 0.265 0.283 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00100.058 0.098 0,077 0,023 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.460 0,437 0,423 0.439 0.490 0.507 0.498 0.452 0.432 0.427 0.454 0.468 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150

Glazinq daily transmittance values - sinole olazino

Trans.beam - - 0.495 0.551 0.534 0.384 - - - Trans.diff.O.781 0.781 0.782 0.772 0.754 0.755 0.755 0.764 0.776 0.780 0.780 0.782

Blazinq daily transmittance ratios - double qlazinq

Trans.beam - - 0.315 0.368 0.351 0.210 - - Trans.diff.O.624 0.622 0.622 0.613 0.594 0.594 0.595 0.606 0.618 0.622 0.623 0.623

Maximum hourly values of the irradiance. Cloudless days. Units Watts per metre'2

Global inc 113 134 158 178 189 239 213 181 164 141 118 107 Dill.ass. 113 134 158 178 189 85 78 181 164 141 I18 107 Peaktime/s 12 12 12 12 12 18 6 12 12 12 12 12 Global S.G. 88 104 123 139 148 157 148 141 128 II0 92 83 Dill.ass. 88 104 123 139 148 63 148 141 128 110 92 83 Peaktime/s 12 12 12 12 12 6 12 12 12 12 12 12 Global D.6. 70 83 98 III 118 120 lib 112 102 88 74 66 Dill.ass. 70 83 98 111 118 120 I18 112 102 88 74 66 Peaktime/s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

490 J . K . PAGE

TABLE 27

Effective qlazinq transmission Table. GIazinq slope 90 deqrees. Sky factors on horizontal surfaces, rectanqular apertures, uniform luminance sky

Sinqle qlazinq KL value .04768

Glazing description:- SINGLE NORM. INCIDENCE TRANSMISSION 0.88

Angle t of I Angle of azimuth, degrees

el eu P - t i ,--,n I

deq. i5 & LESS I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

90 0.804 0.804 0.801 0.797 0,790 0,779 0.762 0.736 0,694 0,632 -- Dif.-O.O00 -0,003 -0,004 -0.007 -0.011 -0.017 -0,026 -0.042 -0,062

90-85 -0.006 -0.005 -0.006 -0.00,4 -0.006 -0,007 -0.008 -0.010 -0.017 -0.053

85 0,810 0,809 0.807 0.803 0.796 0,786 0,770 0.746 0,711 0,685 -- Dif.-O.O01 -0.002 -0,004 -0,007 -0.010 -0.016 -0,024 -0.035 -0,026

85-80 -0,011 -0.011 -0,011 -0,012 -0.013 -0,014 -0.017 -0.021 -0,030 -0,043

80 0.821 0,820 0,818 0.815 0.809 0.800 0.787 0.767 0,741 0.728 -- Dif.-O.O01 -0,002 -0.003 -0.006 -0,009 -0,013 -0.020 -0,026 -0.013

80-75 -0,012 -0.013 -0.013 -0,013 -0.015 -0.016 -0.018 -0.022 -0.029 -0.033

75 0,833 0.833 0.831 0,828 0,824 0.816 0,805 0,789 0.770 0.761 Dif.-O.O00 -0.002 -0,003 -0.004 -0.008 -0.011 -0.016 -0.019 -0.009

75-70 -0,012 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.014 -0.016 -0.018 -0.023 -0.026

70 0.845 0.844 0.843 0.840 0,836 0.830 0.821 0.807 0.793 0,787 -- Dif.-O.O01 -0.001 -0.003 -0.004 -0,006 -0.009 -0.014 -0,014 -0.006

70-65 -0,009 -0.010 -0,009 -O.OlO -0.011 -0.012 -0,012 -0.015 -0,017 -0,019

65 0.854 0,854 0,852 0.850 0.847 0.842 0.833 0,822 0.810 0,806 Dif.-O.O00 -0.002 -0.002 -0,003 -0.005 -0.009 -0,011 -0.012 -0,004

65-60 -0.007 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 -0.008 -0,008 -0.010 -0,011 -0.013 -0.014

60 0.861 0,861 0.860 0,858 0.855 0.850 0.843 0.833 0,823 0.820 -- Dif.~O.O00 -O.O01 -0.002 -0,003 -0.005 -0.007 -0.010 -0.010 -0.003

60-55 -0.006 -0.005 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0,007 -0.008 -0.009 -0.010 -0.011

55 0.867 0.866 0.865 0,864 0.861 0.857 0.85! 0.842 0.833 0,831 -- Dif.-O.O01 -0.001 -0.001 -0.003 -0,004 -0.006 -0,009 -0,009 -0.002

55-50 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008

50 0.871 0.870 0.870 0,868 0.866 0.862 0.856 0.849 0.841 0.839 -- Dif.-O.O01 -0,000 -0.002 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.007 -0,008 -0,002

50-45 -0,002 -0.003 -0,003 -0,003 -0,003 -0.004 -0,004 -0,004 -0.006 -0.006

45 0.873 0.873 0.873 0.871 0.869 0.866 0,860 0.853 0.847 0.845 Dif.-O.O00 -0,000 -0,002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.006 -0.007 -0.006 -0.002

45-40 -0.003 -0.002 -0,002 -0.008 -0.01~3 -0.002 -0,004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 Con t i n u ed


TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)

45 0.873 0.873 0.873 0.871 0.869 0.866 0.860 0.853 0.847 0.845 Dif.-O.O00 -0.000 -0.002 -0.002 -0,003 -0.006 -0.007 -0.006 -0.002

45-40 -0.003 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.002 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004

40 0.876 0,875 0.875 0.874 0.872 0.868 0.864 0.857 0.851 0,849 Dif.-O.O0! -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.004 -0.004 -0.007 -0.006 -0.002

40-35 -0.001 -0,002 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0,003 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004

35 0.877 0.877 0.876 0.875 0.873 0.871 0.866 0.860 0.854 0.853 Dif.-O.O00 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.001

35-30 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.002

38 0.878 0.878 0.877 0.877 0.875 0.872 0.868 0.862 0.857 0.855 Dif.-O.O00 -0.001 -0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.005 -0.002

30-25 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002

2J 0.879 0.879 0.878 0.877 0.876 0.873 0.869 0.864 0.859 0.857 Dif.-O.O00 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.002

25-20 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002

20 0.879 0.879 0.879 0.878 0.876 0.874 0.870 0.865 0.860 0.859 Oif.-O.O00 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.001

20-15 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000 -0,001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001

15 0.880 0.880 0.879 0.878 0.877 0.874 0.871 0.866 0.861 0.860 -- Dif.-O.O00 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.003 -0.003 -0.005 -0.005 -0.001

15-10 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000 -0.000 -0~001 -0.001

I0 0.880 0.880 0.879 0.879 0.877 0.875 0.871 0.866 0.862 0.861 Dif.-O.O00 -0.001 -0.000 -0.002 -0.002 -0.004 -0,005 -0.004 -0.001

10-5 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000 -0.000

5 & 0.880 0.880 0.880 0.879 0.877 0.875 0.871 0.867 0.862 0.861 el'F~s

Dif.-O.O00 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.001

operational aspects of using meteorology for energy purposes

Documents