operating systems & network overview -...
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OPERATING SYSTEMS &
Network
OVERVIEW
1: OS & Network Overview
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1: OS & Network Overview 2
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
• An interface between users and hardware - an environment "architecture”
• Allows convenient usage; hides the tedious stuff
• Allows efficient usage; parallel activity, avoids wasted cycles
• Provides information protection
• Gives each user a slice of the resources
• Acts as a control program.
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
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1: OS & Network Overview 3
OPERATING
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The Layers Of
A System
Program Interface
Humans
User Programs
O.S. Interface
O.S.
Hardware Interface/
Privileged Instructions
Disk/Tape/Memory
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1: OS & Network Overview 4
A mechanism for scheduling jobs or processes. Scheduling can be as simpleas running the next process, or it can use relatively complex rules to picka running process.
A method for simultaneous CPU execution and IO handling. Processing isgoing on even as IO is occurring in preparation for future CPU work.
Off Line Processing; not only are IO and CPU happening concurrently, butsome off-board processing is occurring with the IO.
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWComponents
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1: OS & Network Overview 5
The CPU is wasted if a job waits for I/O. This leads to:
• Multiprogramming ( dynamic switching ). While one job waits for aresource, the CPU can find another job to run. It means that several jobsare ready to run and only need the CPU in order to continue.
All of this leads to:
• memory management
• resource scheduling
• deadlock protection
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWComponents
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1: OS & Network Overview 6
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWCharacteristics
Interrupts:
• Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the
interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines.
• Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction.
• Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed to prevent
a lost interrupt.
• A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request.
• An operating system is interrupt driven.
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1: OS & Network Overview 7
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWHardware
Support
These are the
devices that make
up a typical system.
Any of these
devices can cause
an electrical
interrupt that grabs
the attention of the
CPU.
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1: OS & Network Overview 8
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWHardware
Support
Sequence
of events
for
processing
an IO
request.
Comparing
Synchronous
and
Asynchronous
IO Operations
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1: OS & Network Overview 9
Very fast storage is very expensive. So the Operating System manages a hierarchy ofstorage devices in order to make the best use of resources. In fact, considerable effortgoes into this support.
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWStorage
Hierarchy
Fast and Expensive
Slow an Cheap
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1: OS & Network Overview 10
Performance:
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWStorage
Hierarchy
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1: OS & Network Overview 11
Caching:
•Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer (in hardware,operating system, software)
•Information in use copied from slower to faster storage temporarily
•Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if information is there
• If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)
• If not, data copied to cache and used there
•Cache smaller than storage being cached
• Cache management important design problem
• Cache size and replacement policy
OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEWStorage
Hierarchy
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Process != Program
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Extensions
• OS – Centralized Version
• Two Trends
• System Virtualization: Allow multiple instances of (possibly
different) OSes on a single machine
• Distributed OS: Large scale networked systems/machines
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Network Overview
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OSI Reference model
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OSI vs TCP/IP
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IP Related Protocols
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IPv4 System Model
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IP Datagram Format
1: OS & Network Overview 19
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Fragmentation and Re-Assembly
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Fragmentation Example
1: OS & Network Overview 21
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Getting a Datagram from Src to Dest
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Getting a Datagram from Src to Dst
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Getting a Datagram from Src to Dst
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Getting a Datagram from Src to Dst
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Network Commands
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
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Simple Packet Multiplexer (UDP)
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Applications may prefer using UDP:
• don’t need reliable delivery ;
• do not need connection oriented service or cannot afford the connection setup overhead ;
• have their own special needs, such as streaming of real-time audio or video ;
• tftp, RIP, DNS, SNMP, RTP, etc.
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TCP Overview
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TCP Segment Format
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TCP Segment Format (cont’d)
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TCP Connection Management
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3-Way Handshaking
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TCP: Initial Sequence Number
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Data Transfer
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TCP Connections: Close
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Application Layer
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Questions