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Operating, Calibrating, and Maintaining Agricultural Planting Systems Lesson 3 Slide 2 Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! n CCSS.ELA Literacy.RST.9 10.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. n CCSS.ELA Literacy.RST.9 10.3 Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text. n CCSS.ELA Literacy. RST.11 12.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makes and to any gaps or inconsistencies in the account. n CCSS.ELA Literacy. RST.11 12.3 Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text Slide 3 Bell Work / Objectives n Describe the operating principles of planting equipment. n Identify the types of planting equipment. n Identify the components of row-crop planting equipment. n Identify the components of solid planting equipment. n Explain the calibration of planting equipment n Identify maintenance procedures for planting equipment. Slide 4 Terms n Broadcasting n Checkrow planting n Field calibration n Germination n Hill drop planting n Population n Row-crop planting n Solid planting n Starter fertilizer Slide 5 The Beginning Slide 6 Interest Approach n Show students a kernel of corn, and a small, average, and large ear of corn. ( or three kernel, or three different types of seed) Lead a discussion on where the kernel and the ears came from. Ask students what causes the different sizes of ears of corn and why is the size of an ear of corn important? Slide 7 Objective #1 What are the operating principles of planting equipment? Slide 8 Basic Functions of the planter n Open a furrow in the soil seed must be in contact with moist soil to germinate germinate n change from a dormant condition to one of activity & growth places each seed in equal depth regardless of soil conditions furrow opener accomplishes this n Meter the seed to the soil specific seed rates are needed accomplished by metering devices on the planter Slide 9 Basic Functions of the planter n Place seed in soil yields depends on moisture seed depth & spacing n Covers the seed seed must have protection in order to survive accomplished by press wheels on planters and chains or drags on drills n Firm the seedbed provides adequate seed to soil contact press wheels and drag chains accomplish this Slide 10 Row Crop planter is used for most types of seed except small grain and grasses. Slide 11 Objective #2 What are the types of planting equipment? Slide 12 Types of planting equipment n Row crop planting require precise row spacing and even spacing of plants within the row planted in rows far enough apart to permit operation of machinery such as cultivators and harvesters generally corn, soybeans, sorghum, vegetables & cotton n Grain drills and air seeders used to sow crops such as alfalfa, oats, barley, and other small grains and soybeans Slide 13 Grain Drill! Slide 14 Wheat is planted with a grain drill! Slide 15 Some crops such as rice require specialized planters! Slide 16 Types of planting equipment n Broadcast seeders used to broadcast small grains, grasses & legumes broadcasting seeds are scattered on a random, non-row basis on top of the seedbed n Specialized planters designed for special planting operations examples include: potato planter, vegetable planter, and transplanters Slide 17 Broadcast planter! Slide 18 Types of Row crop planters n Drill planting method seeds are dropped individually in the row at given distances spacing depends on population population number of seeds or plants desired per acre n Hill drop planting seeds are located in hills of 2 to 5 seeds per hill n Checkrow planting 3 to 5 seeds dropped in hills same distance in all directions Slide 19 Objective #3 What are the components of row- crop planting equipment? Slide 20 Frames used on planters n Drawn or trailing planter has its own wheels in contact with the soil units are mounted on the main frame attached to tractor by a tongue raised and lowered by hydraulic cylinders n Integral planter frame attached by a 3 point hitch on tractor n Tool-bar planter has its own frame and drives attached to a tool bar either on tractor or implement Slide 21 Planter drives n Deliver the correct spacing of seeds in the row at varying travel speeds under varying soil and topographical conditions n Either ground driven or hydraulic driven. Slide 22 Ground driven drives n Carrying-wheel drives used on most trailing type planters power comes from transport wheels through a series of chains, sprockets, gears and shafts populations changed by changing sprocket sizes n Gauge-wheel drives used on the tool bar planters power comes from the transport wheels populations changed by changing sprocket sizes Slide 23 Ground driven drives n Press-wheel drives Power is transmitted through a drive chain and sprocket between the seed bin and packing wheel. Slippage is greater because press wheel running in loose soil and pressure on wheels might not be enough to prevent slippage. Plant populations changed by changing sprockets in the planter. A single planter is used for multiple crops by changing plates and sprockets. Slide 24 Hydraulic drives n Operated by tractors hydraulic system. n Hydraulic motor mounted on planter drives metering system through chains & sprockets. n Seeding population controlled using variable rate technology (VRT). n Radar gun or Global Positioning System (GPS) used to automatically adjust population depending on ground speed. Slide 25 Furrow openers n Major function is to open a well defined groove in the soil where the seed is placed at proper depth and in contact with soil Slide 26 Furrow openers n V-trench 2 sharply angled disks and close hugging gauge wheels are used to make a V-shaped trench n Disk openers 2 sharply angled disks are used to make a V- shaped trench n Runner openers runner opener widens from the front to rear which has formed a furrow Slide 27 Furrow openers n Combination runner and double disk openers advantages from both types n Shovel openers used to prepare a seed slot in sticky soil conditions Slide 28 Seed metering device n Function of seed metering device is to deliver seeds from the hopper to the seed placing mechanism at a selected rate Slide 29 Seed Plate Metering System Slide 30 Seed plate metering system n Has a seed plate with openings that rotates. n Seed plate turns, seeds fall into openings. n One kernel/seed at a time if proper size is selected. n Spring loaded pawl keeps other seeds out. n When plate passes over the discharge hole a knockout pawl ejects the seed. n Seed plates have to be changed to match seed size. Slide 31 Finger-pickup metering system Slide 32 n Eliminates changing of plates. n Fingers pickup individual kernels. n Has 12 spring loaded fingers that open & close by a cam as they rotate. n Fingers select one individual kernel/seed. n Delivers it to the discharge tube. n Goes to the seed placement mechanism. Slide 33 Three types of air metering systems n Pressurized metering drum n Pressurized metering disk n Vacuum metering disk Slide 34 Pressurized metering drum Slide 35 Slide 36 n Uses PTO or hydraulic motor fan to pressurize the seed hopper and drum. n Drum has holes around its circumference for each row to be planted. n Pressure inside drum is higher than outside. n Seeds are held due to this pressure. n Discharge manifold, a release wheel releases seed into seed delivery tube n Air pushes seed to row planting unit. Slide 37 Pressurized metering disk Slide 38 Vacuum System Slide 39 n Seeds are held in openings by atmospheric air pressure. n Seed cut off wiper removes excess seeds. n Vacuum metering system use hydraulic powered pump to create consistent vacuum to each unit. Slide 40 Volume Metered Systems n Metered on basis of spacing, weight or volume per acre n common types feed cup picker wheel adjustable hole adjustable cutoff plate Slide 41 Volume metering systems n Feed cup has scallops on inside feed cup, fed into from hopper, carried upward, discharged into seed tubes n Picker wheel used on cotton n Adjustable hole agitator moves seeds over hole to delivery tube n Adjustable cutoff plate seeds flow through a stationary cutoff plate onto a rotating dome type seed plate to the discharge tube Slide 42 Seed Placement Mechanism n Function is to accept seed from metering device, drop it into the seed tube, and deliver it to the furrow properly spaced Slide 43 Seed Placement Mechanism n Gravity drop simplest and least expensive disadvantage is not placing seed uniformly because planter is moving n seed conveyor belt used with finger pickup seed is placed on a belt to be delivered to the soil seed placement is very accurate Slide 44 Seed Placement Mechanism n Rotary valve used with plate-type metering system valve holds seed until a lobe ejects the seed n Chain drop picks up seed at metering devices carries it to soil then ejected to soil n Air seed drop uses air velocity to transport seed to soil Slide 45 Seeds planted at proper depth n Depth control devices required n gauge wheels are found in different places of planters n best place is beside furrow openers Slide 46 Seed covering devices n Shovel covers n Knife covers n Disk covers n Chain covers Slide 47 Seed Monitors n Function is to alert the operator of a planter malfunctions. n Contains a photo-electric eye at seed tube that senses the seed as it falls. n Sends information to the monitor. n Monitor displays information to operator. Slide 48 Other attachments n Starter fertilizer fertilizer applied at planting time n Fertilizers and pesticides can be applied through the planter either in dry, granular, or liquid. n Tillage attachments can be added to reduce other passes over the field. Slide 49 Objective #4 What are the components of solid planting equipment? Slide 50 Solid planting devices n Solid planting row spacing is too close to permit cultivating between the rows n grain drills, air seeders, broadcast seeders, airplanes, & helicopters Slide 51 Types of drills n End-wheel drill has wheels that support and drive drill n Press-wheel drill has press wheel gangs mounted at rear of drill that firms the soil, drives the metering system, and supports the drill n Tiling drill same as end-wheel with a power driven cutter that prepares the seedbed Slide 52 Calibrating the planter n Proper field adjustment and operation of planting equipment can lead to better yields n operators manual is used as a guide for initial planter settings n Field calibration the process of actually checking and making final adjustments to the planter Slide 53 Calibrating the planter n Fill seed hoppers 1/2 full n tie up covering wheels n mark row distance equal to 1/1000 acre n plant measured distance at normal speed n count seeds in the row n multiply number of seeds X 1000 n equals your population rate Slide 54 Proper Maintenance n Proper servicing can mean difference between profitable crop and high losses. n Planters are precision instruments they require large amounts of care. Slide 55 Servicing planter before season n Clean planter thoroughly. n Check for obstructions to keep the mechanisms operating properly. n Inspect metering systems for worn or broken parts. n Repair or replace any damaged parts. n Check all bolts and hoses for tightness. Slide 56 Servicing during season n Store planter away from moisture when not in use. n Use correct type of lubricant. n Lubricate at appropriate times. n Avoid getting dirt into bearings. n Wipe of fittings before lubricating. Slide 57 Review n What are the operating principles of planting equipment? n What are the types of planting equipment? n What are the components of row-crop planting equipment? n What are the components of solid planting equipment? n What are the maintenance procedures for planting equipment? Slide 58 The End