operant conditioning watson’s extreme environmentalism “give me a dozen healthy infants, well-...
TRANSCRIPT
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Operant Conditioning
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Watson’s Extreme Environmentalism
• “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”– John Broadus Watson, 1928
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Operant Conditioning
• Learning associations between actions and consequences
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Operant Conditioning
Behavior
followed by
Reinforcement
Increaseschances of
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Law of Effect
• Underlies all of operant conditioning
• “Behavior that is rewarded will be repeated”
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Reinforcement
•Reinforcement always seen by target as a GOOD thing
•Used to INCREASE a desired behavior
•Two types of reinforcement
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Types of Reinforcement
•Positive Reinforcementadds good thingsExamples: Money, Praise, Food
•Negative Reinforcementtakes bad things awayExamples: removing pain, toothache, hunger
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Reinforcement
Increases Behavior
Add Stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Remove Stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
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Reinforcement & Punishment
Increases Behavior
Decreases Behavior
Add Stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Remove stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Negative Punishment
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Types of Punishment
•Positive Punishmentadds bad thingsExamples: spanking, bad taste
•Negative Punishmenttakes good things awayExamples: grounded from car, time-outs
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Extinction
• Behaviors that are neither rewarded or punished will also decrease
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Reinforcement versus punishment
• What works better, reinforcement or punishment?
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Shaping
•Rewarding successively closer approximations of a desired behavior
•Useful for teaching new behaviors
•Exp: puppy paper training
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Let’s take a moment to recap
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Rate of reinforcement
• Continuous reinforcement: reward after every response
• Intermittent reinforcement: only sometimes reward
• Intermittent better• Exp: kids and temper tantrums,
icky boyfriends/girlfriends
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Reinforcement Schedules
• Fixed Ratio
• Variable Ratio
• Fixed Interval
• Variable Interval
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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
•Reward after a set number of responses
•Exp: Frequent shopper at Subway
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Variable Ratio Reinforcement
•Reward after a varying number of responses
• Exp: “Good job”
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Fixed Interval Reinforcement
•Reward after a specific time interval
•Exp: Reward at the end of a half hour of studying
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Variable Interval Reinforcement
•Reward after a variable time interval
•Exp: Reward at the end of a 15 minutes, then 10 minutes, then 25
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Schedules of Reinforcement
• Steeper lines mean higher response rates
• Ratio schedules produce higher response rates than interval schedules
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Extinction
•More rapid to fixed ratio than variable ratio reinforcement
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Thus, best is variable ratio
An example of variable ratio…
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