operand conditioning

PSYCHOLOGY (OPERANT CONDITIONING) 1

PSYCHOLOGY PRESENTATIONOPERANT CONDITIONING

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WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING

Operant Conditioning is response to voluntary learning.

It can be Strengthens or Weakness.

Depending on Favourable or Unfavourable Values.

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OPERANT & OPERANT CONDITIONING

Operant:

• Any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences.

Operant Conditioning:

• The behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organism’s tendency to repeat the behavior in the future.

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BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER

Operant Conditioning was coined by behaviorist B.F Skinner.

• He received a B.A. in English literature in 1926 from Hamilton College.

• In 1948, he joined the psychology department at Harvard University where he remained for the rest of his life.

• He became one of the leaders of BEHAVIORISM and his work contributed immensely to experimental psychology. He also invented the 'Skinner box,' in which a rat learns to obtain food by pressing a lever.

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SKINNER (1948) EXPERIMENT

B.F Skinner studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box”

Skinner coined the term Operant Conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can follow behavior.

• Neutral operants

• Reinforcers

• Punishers3/4/2014


METHOD OPERANT CONDITIONING

Operant conditioning is a method of:

• Learning that occurs though rewards and punishment for behavior.

• Through operant conditioning and association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

Example:

• Consider the case of child completing homework to earn a reward from his/her teacher or parent.

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OPERANT CONDITIONING & LAW OF EFFECTS

Operant Conditioning:

• Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthens or weakness, depending on its favourable or unfavourable consequences.

Law of Effects:

• Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and responses followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

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HIERARCHY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING (COMPONENTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING)

Operant Conditionin

g

Reinforcement

Positive Negative

Reinforcer

Primary Reinforcers

Secondary Reinforcers Punishment

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

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REINFORCEMENT & REINFORCER

Reinforcement:

• The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behaviour will be repeated.

Reinforcer:

• Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behaviour will occur again.

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POSITIVE & NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Positive Reinforcers:

• A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

Negative Reinforcers:

• Unpleasant stimulus whose removal from the environment leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future.

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PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCER

Primary Reinforcer:

• Satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s prior experience.

Secondary Reinforcer:

• A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcement.

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PUNISHMENT

Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behaviour will occur again.

Positive Punishment:

• Positive punishment weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

Negative Punishment:

• Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Continuous Reinforcement:

• Behaviour that is reinforced every time it occurs.

Partial Reinforcement:

• Behaviour that is reinforced some but not all of the time

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Fixed-ratio schedule:

• Reinforcement is given only after a certain number of responses.

Variable-ratio schedule:

• Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

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Fixed-interval schedule:

• Provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, overall rates of response are relatively low.

Variable-interval schedule:

• Time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

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THANKS FOR YOUR TIMEPRESENTED BY:

• SYED IBRAHIM SHAMS

• RABIAMEMBERS:

• MIAN JAWAD SHAH

• UZMA SARBARAZ

• M.YAHYA

• MATIULLAH

• ABDAL KHAN

• ALI HAIDER

• IBRAHIM ROMAN

• AHMED HASSAN

• M.YASIN AKTHAR

• ABRAR ALI

• SHAHZAIB SAIF

• ABID RAZA

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