openness
TRANSCRIPT
openness
Image: CC-BY-NC http://www.flickr.com/photos/29998767@N07/2807176376/
outlineintro to opennessopen educationlearning objects to OER historydefinitionmotivations for opennessmedia issueslicensingsustainabilityexamples
the lecture…the book
14th century
Image: Laurentius de Voltolina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg)David Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981
printing press – 15th century
image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Printer_in_1568-ce.pngDavid Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981
15th century
Image: Laurentius de Voltolina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg)David Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981
If the Book Didn’t Change Education
Can the internet?Can openness?
David Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981
what does open mean?
openness is not binary
image: cc-by-nc Some rights reservedhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/deadhorse/367716072/
openness is a continuum
image: cc-by Some rights reserved by Herméshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/hermes-/125161447/in/photostream/
open
image: cc-by-nc Some rights reservedhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/mandj98/5098020700/
open
image: cc-by-sa-nc Some rights reservedhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/abennett96/2425831211/
what isopen education?
when did open education movement start?
open education is……….Open licensingOpen sourceOpen contentOpenCourseWare (OCW)Open educational resources (OER)Open accessOpen dataOpen scienceOpen teachingOpen business modelsOpen policyOpen____????
iterating toward openness pragmatism over zeal – David Wiley (2011)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2080
what is an open university?“Open to all: what we mean by open admissions
Nearly all of our undergraduate courses have no formal entry requirements, either prior qualifications or experience. We allow people who have missed out on education to fulfill their potential and achieve a university-level qualification.
We believe that it is the qualifications with which our students leave, rather than those with which they enter, that count.”
The Open University, UK (planning began 1965 – first students 1971) http://www.open.ac.uk/
what is an open university?Athabasca University, Canada’s Open University, is dedicated to the removal of barriers that restrict access to and success in university-level study and to increasing equality of educational opportunity for adult learners worldwide……We are committed to our mission of guaranteeing access to post-secondary learning to all who have the ability and desire.
Athabasca University (established 1970 – first students 1972) http://www2.athabascau.ca/
learning objectsto
Open Educational Resources (OER)to the
open education movement
image: http://silvana.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/elefantelo.jpgimage: http://openedweb.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/oer-300x300.png
history
the idea of reusing digital educational resources is
almost as old as the computer itself
Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277
history
Ted Nelson•beginning in the early 1960s•coined the term "hypertext“•Xanadu - developed the conceptual foundations of learning objects and modern content reuse•more connected to instructional design
Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277(Nelson, 1982; Nelson, 19XX) – image: http://afflictor.com/tag/ted-nelson/
history
Wayne Hodgins•emergence of the World Wide Web – 1990’s•coined the term "learning objects,"•from object-oriented programming (OOP)•computer science paradigm•LEGO analogy•closed objects
Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 McGreal, R. (2004)Image: http://prodinpa-feditic.wikispaces.com/file/view/oda.gif/148240695/oda.gif
history
Richard Stallman•free software•GNU project•GPL license•freedom•free (negative to business)•free to open source•OP/L license
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967 Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Opensource.svg/220px-Opensource.svg.png
history
David Wiley•learning objects•OER•Flat World Knowledge•Open High School of Utah•Open Education Conference
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967 site: http://davidwiley.org/image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/BYU_Medallion_Logo.svg/200px-BYU_Medallion_Logo.svg.png
what is a learning object?
why learning objects?
"Learning objects make it unnecessary to have thousands ofiterations of the same teaching point.“
"I loved the learning objects idea because the “write once,use anywhere” idea had a lot of economic appeal"
McGreal (2004)
Wiley (2006)
Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 McGreal, R. (2004)
learning object - definition
•dozens of definitions•confusing•broad to specific
Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 image: http://www.beatmuseum.org/duchamp/images/fountain.jpg
“any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning...“ IEEE (2002)
http://flosse.blogging.fi/2005/12/12/urinal-as-a-learning-object/
definition
“any reusable digital resource that is encapsulated in a lesson or assemblage of lessons grouped in units, modules, courses, and even programmes”McGreal (2004)
McGreal (2004)
definition“things that contain digitally coded information readable by a computer“ (Sicilia et al., 2004)
"knowledge object" Merrill (1998)
"instructional object.” Gibbons, Nelson, and Richards (2002)
“units of learning” Koper (2003)
"sharable content objects“ ADL
"resources“ Downes (2004)
Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 McGreal, R. (2004)
definition
evolving definition:
"any digital resource that can be reused to facilitate learning" Wiley (2000)
"any digital resource that can be reused to mediate learning" Wiley & Edwards (2003)
"any digital resource that can be freely adapted be reused to mediate learning" Wiley (2007)
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
death of the learning object
Wiley (2006). Blog. RIP-ping on Learning Objectshttp://opencontent.org/blog/archives/230Image: cc: by-ND-NC http://www.flickr.com/photos/linden_tea/2912003081/
“no one can agree about what a learning object is….and perhaps that very statement is all that needs to be made."
learning objects’ inability to live up to the incredible hype and investment they received to the fact that the premise of the possibility of simple reuse was simply wrong."
"The whole learning objects field of work turned into a giant software engineering exercise"
openness is the only future for learning objects
"any digital resource that can be freely adapted be reused to mediate learning" Wiley (2007)
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
what is anOpen Educational Resource
(OER)?
open learning objects=
Open Educational Resources(OER)
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
“open education is a growth out of the learning
objects movement”
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967 site: http://davidwiley.org/
motivations for openness
Increased pedagogical flexibility / effectiveness
Make a difference / public good
Decrease suffering and violence in the world
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
motivations for openness
MIT OCW“let’s give it all away”
NGOs72M school age children don’t attend
school
UN millennium development goals2015-all children complete primary school
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
what is the “open” inOpen Educational Resource
(OER)?
what is openness in OER
the 4 R’s of openness
Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with othersRevise – derivatives (adapt and improve)Remix - Combinations
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
media issues
ALMS
Access to Editing ToolsLevel of ExpertiseMeaningful EditableSelf-Sourced
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
what size should OER be?how can they be used?
•Size = amount of context inside the OER•granularity•metadata
reusability paradox•Big OERs – teach well/hard to reuse
•Small OERs – Don’t teach well / easy to reuse
•Ideal – big OER + revise + remix
McGreal (2004)
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
reusability paradox
http://wikieducator.org/images/thumb/8/85/Reusability_paradox.svg/350px-Reusability_paradox.svg.png
what does this mean?
licensing
All 4 R’s are a matters of copyright
Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with othersRevise – derivatives (adapt and improve)Remix - Combinations
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
licensing
Open licensing = copyright (not reform)
Open licensing = hack of copyright
Open licensing = permissions
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
“some rights reserved”
“some permissions granted”
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967images: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
licensingCopyleft – re-license as same (can’t change license)
Three “layers” of Licenses
http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/blimg/cc-tw-license-compatibility-wizard.pnghttp://creativecommons.org/
Sustainability“The ongoing ability to meet your needs”
money & time – donated
How do you earn when you are giving things away?
iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967
Sustainabilitymodels
Endowment modelMembership model – consortium (members $)Donation model – WikipediaConversion model – free to payContributor pay – flickr proSponsorship model – public televisionInstitutional model – MITGovernment funding modelAdvertising – Google, YouTube
Stephen Downes (2008) http://www.slideshare.net/Downes/open-educational-resources-presentation
OER examples?