Open versus closed Open versus closed kinetic chainkinetic chain

Dr. Ali Abd El-Monsif ThabetDr. Ali Abd El-Monsif Thabet

Open-Chain Open-Chain ExercisesExercises

Open-chain exercises involve Open-chain exercises involve motions in which the distal motions in which the distal segment (hand or foot) is free segment (hand or foot) is free to move in space, without to move in space, without necessarily causing necessarily causing simultaneous motions at simultaneous motions at adjacent joints. adjacent joints.

Closed-chain exercises involve Closed-chain exercises involve motions in which the body motions in which the body moves on a distal segment that moves on a distal segment that is fixed or stabilized on a is fixed or stabilized on a support surface.support surface.

Closed-Chain ExercisesClosed-Chain Exercises

Advantages and disadvantaged Advantages and disadvantaged of open versus closed kinetic of open versus closed kinetic

chainchain

Open- and closed-kinetic-Open- and closed-kinetic-chain exercises offer chain exercises offer advantages and disadvantages advantages and disadvantages in the rehabilitation process. in the rehabilitation process. The choice to use one. or the The choice to use one. or the other depends on the desired other depends on the desired treatment goal.treatment goal.

Carryover to Function Carryover to Function and Injury Preventionand Injury Prevention

There is evidence to demonstrate There is evidence to demonstrate that both open- and closed-chain that both open- and closed-chain exercises effectively improve muscle exercises effectively improve muscle strength, power, and endurance.strength, power, and endurance.

Exercises should be incorporated Exercises should be incorporated into a rehabilitation program that into a rehabilitation program that simulate the desired functions .simulate the desired functions .

Carryover to Function Carryover to Function and Injury Preventionand Injury Prevention

The majority of activities performed in The majority of activities performed in daily living, such as walking, climbing, daily living, such as walking, climbing, and rising to a standing position, as well and rising to a standing position, as well as in most sport activities, involve a as in most sport activities, involve a closed-kinetic-chain system. closed-kinetic-chain system.

With the exception of a kicking With the exception of a kicking movement, there is no question that movement, there is no question that closed-kinetic-chain exercises are more closed-kinetic-chain exercises are more sport- or activity-specific, involving sport- or activity-specific, involving exercise that more closely approximates exercise that more closely approximates the desired activity. the desired activity.

The Concurrent Shift in a The Concurrent Shift in a Kinetic ChainKinetic Chain

The concept of the concurrent shift The concept of the concurrent shift applies to Particular muscles that applies to Particular muscles that have distinctive muscle actions have distinctive muscle actions within the kinetic chain during within the kinetic chain during weight-bearing activities. For weight-bearing activities. For example, the rectus femoris and example, the rectus femoris and hamstring in squat to stand hamstring in squat to stand exercises.exercises.

The effect of open versus The effect of open versus closed kinetic chain closed kinetic chain

exercises on knee jointexercises on knee joint Two critical forces at the knee jointTwo critical forces at the knee joint A shear force occurs in a posterior A shear force occurs in a posterior

direction that would cause the tibia to direction that would cause the tibia to translate anteriorly if not checked by soft translate anteriorly if not checked by soft tissue constraints (primarily the anterior tissue constraints (primarily the anterior cruciate ligament).cruciate ligament).

The second force is a compressive force The second force is a compressive force directed along a longitudinal axis of the directed along a longitudinal axis of the tibia. Weight-bearing exercises increase tibia. Weight-bearing exercises increase joint compression, which enhances joint joint compression, which enhances joint stability.stability.

The effect of open versus The effect of open versus closed kinetic chain closed kinetic chain

exercises on knee jointexercises on knee joint In an open-kinetic-chain seated knee joint In an open-kinetic-chain seated knee joint

exercise, as a resistive force is applied to the exercise, as a resistive force is applied to the distal tibia, the shear and compressive forces distal tibia, the shear and compressive forces would be maximizedwould be maximized

When a resistive force is applied more When a resistive force is applied more proximally. shear force is significantly proximally. shear force is significantly reduced, as is the compressive force. reduced, as is the compressive force.

If the resistive force is applied in a more If the resistive force is applied in a more axial direction, the shear force is also smaller axial direction, the shear force is also smaller ..

If a hamstring co-contraction occurs, the If a hamstring co-contraction occurs, the shear force is minimized.shear force is minimized.

The effect of open versus The effect of open versus closed kinetic chain closed kinetic chain

exercises on knee jointexercises on knee joint Closed-kinetic-chain exercises induce Closed-kinetic-chain exercises induce

hamstring contraction by creating a hamstring contraction by creating a flexion moment at both the hip and the flexion moment at both the hip and the knee, with the contracting hamstrings knee, with the contracting hamstrings stabilizing hip and the quadriceps stabilizing hip and the quadriceps stabilizing the knee. stabilizing the knee.

Co-contraction of the hamstring Co-contraction of the hamstring muscles helps to counteract the muscles helps to counteract the tendency of the quadriceps to cause tendency of the quadriceps to cause anterior tibial translation. efficient in anterior tibial translation. efficient in reducing shear forcereducing shear force

OPEN-VERSUS CLOSED-KINETIC-CHAIN OPEN-VERSUS CLOSED-KINETIC-CHAIN ACTIVITIES IN THE UPPER EXTREMITYACTIVITIES IN THE UPPER EXTREMITY

the the upper extremity upper extremity is most functional as is most functional as an an open-kinetic-chain systemopen-kinetic-chain system. Most sport . Most sport activity involve movement of the upper activity involve movement of the upper extremity in which hand moves freely. extremity in which hand moves freely. These These activities are generally dynamic activities are generally dynamic movements, often occurring at high movements, often occurring at high velocityvelocity such as throwing a baseball, such as throwing a baseball, serving a tennis ball spiking a volleyball. In serving a tennis ball spiking a volleyball. In these movements, the these movements, the proximal segments proximal segments of the kinetic chain are used of the kinetic chain are used for for stabilization stabilization while the while the distal segments distal segments have a high degree of mobility. have a high degree of mobility.

Figure 8 Leg-press exercise.Figure 8 Leg-press exercise.

Figure 7 Figure 7 Stairmaster stepping machineStairmaster stepping machine

Figure 9 Terminal knee extensions using Figure 9 Terminal knee extensions using surgical tubing resistance.surgical tubing resistance.

Figure 10 Stationary bicycleFigure 10 Stationary bicycle

Figure11 Balance board exercise.Figure11 Balance board exercise.

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