open questions on ecosystem service indicators bálint czúcz, mta Ök
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Open questions on ecosystem service indicators
Open questions on ecosystem service indicators
Bálint Czúcz, MTA ÖK
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EU Biodiversity strategy targetsEU Biodiversity strategy targets
2050 Vision
2020 headline target
1Enhance
implementation of nature legislation
2Restore
ecosystems est. Green
Infrastructure
3Sustainable Agriculture
&Forestry
4Achieve
Maximum sustainable
yield
5Combat
Invasive Alien Species
6Contribute to
averting global biodiversity
loss
ACTIONS
6 Targets:
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Target 2: By 2020, ecosystems and their services are maintained and enhanced through the establishment of Green Infrastructure and the restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems.
Action 5: Member States, with the assistance of the Commission, will map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in their national territory by 2014, assess the economic value of such services, and promote the integration of these values into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level by 2020.
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Policy Science
Ecosystem services
Operationalization is needed!Operationalization is needed!
• …tradeoff between detail / usefulness
• standardization !!!• conceptual framework
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The matrix approachThe matrix approach
Ecosystem types
Service categories
Urban Cropland Grassland …
Service 1 I1, I2 I3 I3 I4
Service 2 I4 I5, I6, I7
Service 3 I8 I9
…
indicators…
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Standardized objects and servicesStandardized objects and services
• Ecosystem typology: MAES• Broad classes (urban, cropland, grassland, forest…)
• Service classification: CICES
• Conceptual framework
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Standardized objects and servicesStandardized objects and services
• Ecosystem typology: MAES
• Service classification: CICES
• Conceptual framework
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Standardized objects and servicesStandardized objects and services
• Ecosystem typology: MAES
• Service classification: CICES
• Conceptual framework
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the Cascade model…the Cascade model…
Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable
products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable
products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit(e.g. contribution to
aspects of well-being such as health and
safety)
Benefit(e.g. contribution to
aspects of well-being such as health and
safety)
Σ Pressures
Value(e.g. willingness to pay
for woodland protection or for more
woodland, or harvestable products)
Value(e.g. willingness to pay
for woodland protection or for more
woodland, or harvestable products)
Limit pressures via policy action?
Potschin and Haines-Young (2011)
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fundamental principle…fundamental principle…
services / indicators – always accounted to the source ecosystem!
(cf. ecological footprint…)
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…and now:the open questions
…and now:the open questions
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Open questions…Open questions…• practical aspects of indicators
• levels of indicators
• unusual services
• production boundary issues
• abiotic ESS
• human inputs
• sustainable use
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Ecosystem types
Service categories
Urban Cropland Grassland …
Service 1 I1, I2 I3 I3 I4
Service 2 I4 I5, I6, I7
Service 3 I8 I9 I4
…
How many indicators per matrix cell?
Can the same indicator be used
for several services?
Elementary indicators or aggregated
indices?
Practical aspects of the indicators…Practical aspects of the indicators…
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Open questions…Open questions…• practical aspects of indicators
• levels of indicators
• unusual services
• production boundary issues
• abiotic ESS
• human inputs
• sustainable use
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Levels of indicators…Levels of indicators…Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable
products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable
products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass) Benefit
(e.g. contribution to aspects of well-being
such as health and safety)
Benefit(e.g. contribution to
aspects of well-being such as health and
safety)
Value(e.g. willingness to pay
for woodland protection or for more
woodland, or harvestable products)
Value(e.g. willingness to pay
for woodland protection or for more
woodland, or harvestable products)
Is this the „natural capital”?
What is the main difference
between state and capacity
indicators?
Do we need indicators for ESS
demand?
Indicators for state
Indicators for function(=capacity,potential supply)
Indicators for service
flows(=actual
use)
Is value not just a
benefit indicator
Indicators for benefits
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Open questions…Open questions…• practical aspects of indicators
• levels of indicators
• unusual services
• production boundary issues
• abiotic ESS
• human inputs
• sustainable use
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• Issues with disservices/ insurance-type services
(e.g. invasive species, fire, flood…)
• Issues with rarity/uniqueness value(e.g. biodiversity (rare species), cultural values, etc.)
Unusual services…Unusual services…
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Open questions…Open questions…• practical aspects of indicators
• levels of indicators
• unusual services
• production boundary issues
• abiotic ESS
• human inputs
• sustainable use
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The production boundary…The production boundary…
EconomyEnvironmentNatural inputs
Residuals
The ‘production boundary’
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Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable
products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable
products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit(e.g. contribution to
aspects of well-being such as health and
safety)
Benefit(e.g. contribution to
aspects of well-being such as health and
safety)Value
(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland
protection or for more woodland, or
harvestable products)
Value(e.g. willingness to pay
for woodland protection or for more
woodland, or harvestable products)
The production boundary…The production boundary…
The ‘production boundary’
intermediate(=
supporting) services
goods/ products
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The production boundary ?
The production boundary ?
pollinationpest controlsoil fertility
hay…
cropsmeat/milkbiofuels
…
The production boundary…The production boundary…
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The production boundary…The production boundary…
mown
meadow
mixed rural
garden
intensively
managed
arable field
poultry
reared in
battery
cages
yeast in a
barrel of
vine
genetically modified
bacteria producing
insulin in a laboratory
? ? ? ? ?
…?
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Open questions…Open questions…• practical aspects of indicators
• levels of indicators
• unusual services
• production boundary issues
• abiotic ESS
• human inputs
• sustainable use
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• Why are solar/wind/minerals/fossil fuels etc not considered an ESS?
• Why is water provision considered as an ESS?
Abiotic services…Abiotic services…
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Accompanying classification of abiotic outputs from natural systems (CICES 4.3)Section Division Group Examples
Abiotic Provisioning
Nutritional abiotic substances Mineral e.g. salt
Non-mineral e.g. sunlight
Abiotic materials Metallic e.g. metal ores
Non-metallic e.g. minerals, aggregates, pigments, building materials (mud/clay)
Energy Renewable abiotic energy sources e.g. wind, waves, hydropower
Non-renewable energy sources e.g. coal, oil, gas
Regulation & Maintenance by natural physical structures and processes
Mediation of waste, toxics and other nuisances
By natural chemical and physical processes
e.g. atmospheric dispersion and dilution; adsorption and sequestration of waters in sediments; screening by natural physical structures
Mediation of flows by natural abiotic structures
By soild (mass), liquid and gaseous (air)flows
e.g. protection by sand and mud flats; topographic control of wind erosion
Maintenance of physical, chemical, abiotic conditions
By natural chemical and physical processes
e.g. land and sea breezes; snow
Cultural settings dependent on abiotic structures
Physical and intellectual interactions with land-/seascapes [physical settings]
By physical and experiential interactions or intellectual and representational interactions
e.g. caves
Spiritual, symbolic and other interactions with land-/seascapes [physical settings]
By type e.g. scared rocks or other physical structures or spaces
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Open questions…Open questions…• practical aspects of indicators
• levels of indicators
• unusual services
• production boundary issues
• abiotic ESS
• human inputs
• sustainable use
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• low input – low output…
• huge inputs – high output• fuels, fertilizers, pesticides, machines,
infrastructure, etc.
correct for inputs net ESS
Human inputs…Human inputs…
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• How could human inputs be taken into account?
• What is a common denomiantor for crops / inputs? (…energy?)
Human inputs…Human inputs…
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Open questions…Open questions…• practical aspects of indicators
• levels of indicators
• unusual services
• production boundary issues
• abiotic ESS
• human inputs
• sustainable use
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• ESS definition – services supplied in a sustainable way.
• Can ecosystem „goods” extracted in an unsustainable way be considered as ESS? (What about „abiotic ESS”?)
• How can unsustainable overexploitation be noticed?
Sustainable use…Sustainable use…
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18.0
4.23
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Thank Youfor your interest!Thank Youfor your interest!
Contact information:www.openness-project.eu
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