open notes quiz biology eoc review...

Name: _Ms. Dang’s Answer Key___________________________ Period: ____________ Bio EOC is May 14th

OPEN NOTES QUIZ – Biology EOC Review 2012-2013

Interdependence in Ecosystems:

(TEKS 11C,12A,12C,12E)

1.) Use the food web below to answer the

Questions to the left. (pg. 4-5)

1.) List one food chain in this food web.

Grass Rabbit Fox

2.) List two produces in this food web. Grass, Tree

3.) List 2 secondary consumers. Fox, Mouse, Owl

4.) List 2 top consumers. Owl, Hawk

5.) Which would contain more of the sun’s energy, the Fox or the

squirrel? Explain your answer.

Squirrel, because it it lower in the food chain and closer to

plants, which is where the sunlight is used, than the Fox is.

6.) What do the arrows show us?

Flow of energy

7.) If we had to include a decomposer in our food web what are 2

things we could draw?

Bacteria, Fungi like mushrooms and molds

8.) Using the grasshopper, the grass, the bird and the

owl, draw them where they would go on this

pyramid. (pg. 5)

9.) On the lines beside the pyramid, label how much

energy would be available at each level.

10.) Match the relationship with its term. (pg. 6)

A). COMMENSALISM B.) PARASITISM C.)MUTUALISM

__A__ barnacle/whale Barnacles create home sites by attaching themselves to

whales. This neither harms nor benefits the whales.

__B___ mistletoe/spruce tree Mistletoe extracts water and nutrients from the spruce tree

to the tree’s detriment.

__C_ yucca plant/yucca moth Yucca flowers are pollinated by yucca moths. The moths

lay their eggs in the flowers where the larvae hatch and eat

some of the developing seeds. Both species benefit.

__A__ hermit crab/snail shell Hermit crabs live in shells made and then abandoned by

snails. This neither harms nor benefits the snails.

Grass

Grasshopper

Bird

Ow

l

10%

10%

10% 0.7 Cal

7 Cal

70 Cal

700 Cal

Ms. Dang’s Answer Key

2

Ecosystems Part 2: (TEKS 11B,11D,12D,12F) (pg. 12-14)

1. What type of relationship, between the moose and wolf, is shown in the graph above? Predator-prey

2. What is the limiting factor in the wolf population(what keeps it in check)? Amount of predatory( food), shelter,

water, territory

3. Describe how the 2011 Texas drought caused

environmental change.

Burned plants causing many animals without food

and water

4. Explain how the drought impacted ecosystem

stability. Ecosystem is not unstable because

there’s not enough producers; Caused Secondary

Succession to occur

constant

Slows down

max

Carrying capacity

limiting

2

3

4

1


3

Nutrient Cycles (pg. 9-10)

1. What are three ways in which carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere? Burning, wood and fossil fuels, aquatic bacteria, plant & animal respiration

2. How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere? Dissolved in the ocean, plants (photosynthesis)

3. In what process do plants use carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates? Photosynthesis

4. What would happen to the level of CO2 if trees were

removed from the environment?

The CO2 level would increase in the atmosphere since

there is nothing else using it (global warming)

1. How is nitrogen used in plants and animals? Nitrogen makes up part of living organisms DNA

2. What are four forms of nitrogen found in the biosphere and where are they found? N2 gas, NH4 ammonium, NO3 Nitrates, NO2 Nitrites

3. What kinds of bacteria live in the soil? Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria, Nitrifying Bacteria,

Denitrifying Bacteria, Decomposers

4. What is nitrogen fixation? Fixing nitrogen from the air to compounds in the soil

so plants can use them.

5. What is denitrification? Converting nitrates into nitrogen gas

1. T or F Phosphate is released as rocks and sediments wear down.

2. T or F Plants absorb phosphate from the soil or from water.

3. T or F Phosphorous is abundant in the atmosphere.

4. T or F Organic phosphate cannot move through food webs.


4

Biomolecules: (TEKS 9A) Compare the following biomolecules (element & function) in the venn diagrams: (pg. 18)

Carbohydrates & Lipids Nucleic Acids & Proteins

Carbohydrates & Proteins Nucleic Acids & Lipids

Identify the structures of following Biomolecules: (pg. 18-23)

Which compounds present in

insects are composed of the amino

acids that provide the Venus

flytrap and sundew with much of

their nitrogen?

a. Proteins c. Sugars

b. Carbohydrates d. fats

A. Carbohydrate B. Amino Acid C. Nucleotide D. Lipid

Label the enzyme & substrate.

Make sure you understand the graph.

Stores

Energy for

later

3 Fatty Acid

Chains &

Glycerol

Ex: Oil,

Butter

Energy is used now.

Monosaccharide/

Polysaccharide

Ex: Sugary and

Starchy Foods

C, H, O

C, H, O, N

C, H, O

C, H, O,

Stores

genetic

information.

Also has “P.”

Nucleotide/

DNA

Ex: DNA,

RNA

Makes

enzymes,

bones,

muscles….

Amino Acid/

Polypeptide

Ex: Muscle,

Enzymes

Stores genetic

information.

Also has “N

and P.”

Nucleotide/

DNA

Ex: DNA, RNA

Stores

Energy for

later

3 Fatty Acid

Chains &

Glycerol

Ex: Oil,

Butter

Makes

enzymes,

bones,

muscles….; Also

has “N”

Amino Acid/

Polypeptide

Ex: Muscle,

Enzymes

Energy is used now.

Monosaccharide/

Polysaccharide

Ex: Sugary and

Starchy Foods

A. Substrate D. Enzyme-Substrate Complex

B. Active Site of Enzyme C. Enzyme


5

Cell Structures and Cell Organelles: (TEKS 4A, 5B)

1.) In the chart below, compare a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic cell. (pg. 25, 27)

Prokaryotic Cells In Common with Both Eukaryotic Cells

Smaller, Less

Complex, Older than Euk Cells,

Bacteria

Genetic Material

Ribosomes

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Cell Wall (Pro and Plant Cells)

Larger, More

Complex, Animal and Plant Cells

2.) Label the cell organelles in the eukaryotic cell diagrams below. (pg. 26-27)

Photosynthesis & Respiration: (TEKS 9B)

1. In cellular respiration energy can be released by breaking down which molecule? (pg. 33-34) A ATP B carbon dioxide C glucose D water 2. Which equation belongs with diagram A to the right? (pg. 33-34)

A 602+C6H12O6+energy -> 6CO2+6H2O B 6CO2+6H2O+energy->6O2+C6H12O6 C 6O2+C6H12O6->6CO2+6H2O+energy D 6O2+C6H12O6+energy->6CO2+6H2O

3. The process described in description B occurs in (pg. 33-34)

A plant cells only B animal cells only C both plants and animal cells D all but plant cells


6

Cell Transport: (TEKS 4B)

1. What type of solution each cell is in? (pg. 30)

2. Why do molecules move across the cell membrane when cells are in each solution? (pg. 30)

Achieve equilibrium/homeostasis between the cell and the cell’s environment

3. Describe the type of transport across the cell membrane below. (pg. 30, 35)

Passive Transport: requires no energy

1. Diffusion: small molecules moving from HL, ex:

gases oxygen and carbon dioxide

2. Facilitated Diffusion: larger molecules moving from

H L and requires protein channels, ex: glucose

3. Osmosis: water moving from HL; ex: hypotonic,

isotonic, hypertonic

Active Transport: requires energy input

1. Active Transport: molecules move through protein

pumps, ex: Sodium and Potassium

2. Endocytosis: cell membrane enguling particles (cell

eating)

3. Exocytosis: cell membrane releasing particles

(hormones made in cell is released outside of cell)

Cell Specialization & Differentiation: (TEKS 5B,5C)

Describe how the structure of each specialized cell

below relates to its function. (pg. 28)

A. Roots (dermal tissue):

collecting, uptaking water

B. Stems (vascular bundles):

xylem & phloem for transport

C. Leaves (Stomata):

“holes” for gas exchange

D. Blood (Red & White):

RBC-carries gases, WBC fights

E. Muscle (3 types):

Can contract/extend for motion

F. Epitheilium (Cheek Cell):

Epithelium- Skin, protection

A.Hypotonic B. Isotonic C. Hypertonic

Turgor is the internal pressure on a plant cell caused by

the absorption of water into the cell. The picture below

demonstrates the affect of turgor on stalks of celery in

different salt solutions. (pg. 35)

Which of the beakers shown in the diagram

most likely is a hypertonic solution?

Beaker A

Describe the roles of DNA,

RNA, and the environment

in cell differentiation.

The RNA needs to copy the

information from the DNA

for Protein Synthesis. DNA

has the information to

make all proteins needed

for specialized cells.


7

The Cell Cycle: (TEKS 5A,5D)

1.) Describe the events in each phase of the cell cycle: (pg. 38-39)

Interphase:

G1: __Normal cell growth and functions____________

S: __Synthesis of DNA [DNA Replication]____________

G2: __Cell Growth in preparation for Mitosis and Cell Division

Explain why Mitosis is also called the “nuclear division”:

__The Chromosomes (DNA) separates, only the nucleus is divided, not

the cell_______________________________________

Explain why Cytokinesis is also called the “cell division”:

__The cytoplasm pinches and actually separates the cell into two

daughter cells.___________________________________

2.) Describe the steps of Mitosis below. Use these terms in your description: chromosome, centrioles, spindle fibers (pg. 38)

_Prophase__

DNA condenses into

chromosomes, nuclear

membrane dissolves,

centrioles move to either

poles of the cell

____Metaphase_____

Chromosomes line up in

the middle of the cell,

spindle fibers attach from

centrioles to each

chromosomes

____Anaphase_____

Spindle fibers separate the

chromosomes towards the

centrioles found on either

poles of the cell

___Telophase___

Nuclear membrane

reappears around each set

of DNA, cell prepares for

Cytokinesis in which the cell

splits into two daughter cells

3.) Explain how cancer and tumors

relate to the cell cycle (pg. 39-40)

(Hint: Cell division):

Cells should stop dividing when it

touches another cell , but when cells

cannot stop dividing, it causes

growths called tumors that can

eventually lead to cancer.


8

DNA Structure: (TEKS 6A)

Gene Mutations:

Nitrogenous Bas Pairs

DNA Backbone:

Phosphate and

Deoxyribose Sugar

Nucleotide

1.) Label the 3 boxes to the left.

2.) What are the 3 structures that make up a

nucleotide? (pg. 43)

Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar, Base

3.) What makes up the backbone of DNA? (pg. 43)

Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar

4.) What makes up the steps or “rungs”? (pg. 43)

Base Pairs A, T, C, G

5.) What are the 4 bases that can be found in DNA?

Which ones pair together? (pg. 43, 44)

Adenine – Thymine

Cytosine – Guanine

6.) What is the process that allows DNA to make

copies of itself before cell division? Where in

the cell (organelle) does this take place in? (pg.

44-45)

DNA Replication, Takes place during the S

phase of Interphase in the Nucleus

7.) Write the Complement of this sequence :

A T T C G T T C A G

T A A G C A A G T C

Figure A. Figure B

10.) What can possibly cause a mutation to occur?

Random mistakes during DNA Replication or Protein Synthesis, Environmental factors like UV Radiation altering DNA =

Skin Cancer,

11.) Which mutation could have the greatest affect on the phenotypes of an organism and why? (pg. 53)

Frameshift Mutation because it affects more amino acids (all amino acids are affected after the mutation because the

frame is shifted) than a Point Mutation (which only affects one).

8.) What type of mutation is Figure A? How many

codons or amino acids will be affected? (pg. 53)

Point Mutation, Only the amino acid the mutation

is in

9.) What type of mutation is Figure B? How many

codons or amino acids will be affected? (pg. 53)

Frameshift Mutation, All the amino acids after the

mutation


9

DNA Replication: (TEKS 4B)

1.) Explain semi-conservative replication of DNA. What makes up each DNA strand? Is it all new? All old?

Half old half new? (pg. 45) Semi-conservative allows for DNA Replication to occur with the least

amount of mutations since you are using an old template and creating the new complementary one. As

a result, each strand after DNA replication is half old and half new.

2.) When does DNA Replication happen in the Cell Cycle (G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis)? (pg. 45)

DNA Replication occurs in the nucleus of the cell during the S phase of Interphase.

3.) Using the diagram below, describe the steps of DNA Replication. Be sure to use the enzymes Helicase,

DNA Polymerase, and Ligase. (pg. 44-45, 47)

DNA Double Helix

unwinds from the

“twisted” form to “ladder

form.”

The enzyme Helicase

breaks apart the

Hydrogen Bonds that

hold together the

Nitrogenous Base Pairs.

The enzyme DNA

Polymerase comes in and

adds new complementary

DNA nucleotides to build

the complementary

strand of DNA.

The enzyme Ligase

binds/forms the

Hydrogen Bonds between

the DNA base pairs as the

last step of DNA

Replication.

The completed DNA

strands will “rewind”

back into its helical form.


10

Protein Synthesis: (TEKS 4B,6C)

1.) What are the three components of an RNA

Nucleotide? (p. 55)

2.) Fill in the chart below comparing RNA and

DNA. (pg. 52)

DNA RNA

# of strands 2 1

Type of sugar Ribose Deoxyribose

Nitrogenous

Bases

A, T, C, G A, U, C, G

3.) Describe the function of the three types of RNA. (pg. 50)

mRNA: During Transcription in the nucleus, messenger RNA copies the information from the DNA and

carries it to the ribosome so Translation can occurs

tRNA: During Translation in the ribosome, the transfer RNA transports the correct amino acid to make

the new polypeptide by matching the tRNA Anticodons to the mRNA Codons.

rRNA: forms the ribosome

4.) What would the mRNA and amino acid chain read from the following DNA: (pg. 52)

DNA: ATC – AAC – CGA – ATC – GGG – TTA – ACT – AAA – ATC – TAG

mRNA: __ UAG – UUG – GCU – UAG – CCC – AAU – UGA – UUU – UAG – AUC ______

AA Chain: Stop – Leu – Ala – Stop – Pro – Asn – Stop – Phe – Stop – Ile _____________

Nitrogenous Base

(A, U, G, C)

Phosphate

Ribose Sugar


11

5.) Describe the steps of Protein Synthesis below. Use complete sentences. (pg. 51)

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

Use the following key terms: Nucleus, DNA, mRNA, Nucleus, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil, Helicase, RNA Polymerase

Use the following key terms: Ribosome, tRNA, mRNA, Codons, Anti-codons, Amino Acids, Peptide bond, mRNA Codon Chart, Polypeptide

In the nucleus, DNA is transcribed into mRNA. RNA Nucleotides have Cytosine – Guanine, but Adenine – Uracil instead of Thymine. The first step is Helicase unwinds the portion of DNA being copied and then RNA polymerase creates the mRNA strand. Afterwards, the mRNA travels to the ribosome for Translation.

mRNA travels to the ribosome to get the information copied from the DNA translated into an amino acid chain (polypeptide protein). The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and matches the tRNA anticodon, which also carries the amino acids, in order to create the new polypeptide. Each amino acid is tied to the other one through a peptide bond. You can find all the amino acids on a mRNA Codon Chart.

6.) What would happen to the amino acid chain in the event of a: (pg. 53)

a. Point Mutation: Only one amino acid would be affected/mutated

b. Frameshift Mutation: All the amino acids after the mutation would be affected/mutated


12

Genetics: (TEKS 6F)

Dihybrid Cross – Punnett Squares with two different traits: (pg. 69-71)

1.) In humans there is a disease called Phenylketonuria (PKU) which is caused by a recessive allele. People with this allele have a defective enzyme and cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. This disease can result in mental retardation or death. Let “E” represent the normal enzyme. Also in humans in a condition called galactose intolerance or galactosemia, which is also caused by a recessive allele. Let “G” represent the normal allele for galactose digestion. In both diseases, normal dominates over recessive. (Hint: Remember to FOIL.)

If two adults were heterozygous for both traits, what are the chances of having a child that is completely normal? Must have at least 1 “E” and 1 “G” 9/16 = 56.25%

Has just PKU? Must have at least 1 “G” and “ee” 4/16 = 25%

Has just galactosemia? Must have at least 1 “E” and “gg” 4/16 = 25%

Has both diseases? Must be “eegg” 1/16 = 6.25%

Simple Inheritance – Dominance/Recessive Traits: (pg. 69-71)

1.) A heterozygous round seeded plant is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR). What

percentage of the offspring will be homozygous? 50% offspring will be homozygous (RR or rr)

Non-Mendelian Inheritance – Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Sex-Linked Traits: (pg. 69-71)

1.) The color of fruit for plant "R" is determined by two alleles. When two plants with orange fruits are

crossed the following phenotypic ratios are present in the offspring: 25% red fruit, 50% orange fruit, 25%

yellow fruit. (Hint: You use two different letters to represent alleles.)

What are the genotypes of the parent orange-fruited plants? RY and RY

This is an Example of what type of inheritance? Incomplete Dominance

2.) A cross between a black cat & a tan cat produces a tabby pattern (black & tan fur together).

(Hint: You use two different letters to represent alleles.)

What pattern of inheritance does this illustrate? Codominance

What percent of kittens would have tan fur if a tabby cat is crossed with a black cat? 0%

3.) Hairy ears is a x-linked recessive trait in humans. If you mate a homozygous hairy ear female

with a normal male (Hint: You use XX and XY):

What are the expected offspring genotypes and phenotypes and their ratios? See

What does a female’s genotype have to be in order to express the disease? XhXh

What does a female’s genotype have to be in order to be a carrier of the disease? XHXh

What does a males’ genotype have to be in order to express the disease? XhY

Can a male be a carrier of an X-linked recessive trait? No. Males only have one “X,” so if they carry

the trait, they will show it.


13

Cell Reproduction- Mitosis and Meiosis: (TEKS 6G)

1.) Identify the type of cell division below: (pg. 74)

7.) Complete the diagram below comparing mitosis and meiosis. (pg. 74)

Mitosis Meiosis

# of Divisions 1 2

“2n” or “n” 2n n Genetically different or identical? Identical Different

# of new cells 2 4

Example cells Skin, Hair

Sperm, Egg

8.) How do the following help increases genetic diversity in meiosis? (pg. 74)

a. Crossing Over: Homologous Chromosomes mix up their information to create different combination of alleles

b. Independent Assortment of Traits: traits move into gamete cells independently and randomly. One trait does not following another.

c. Segregation of Chromosomes: Chromosomes separate into each gamete cell during meiosis.

9.) Will the mutation affect the offspring if the mutation occurred during:

a. Mitosis? No, you do not pass on body cells to your offspring, only a sperm or an egg.

b. Meiosis? Yes, you pass on a sperm or an egg to create an offspring.

2.) What types of cells does mitosis take

place in? (pg. 74) Body Cells

3.) Are these cells haploid or diploid? (pg. 74)

Diploid (2n)

4.) What types of cells does meiosis take

place in? (pg. 74) Gamete Cells, Sperm in

testes, Egg in ovaries

5.) Are these cells haploid or diploid? (pg. 74)

Haploid (n)

6. If the organism has 38 chromosomes in its

body cells, how many chromosomes would

a sperm cell have? (pg. 74) 38/2 = 19

A. Mitosis B. Meiosis


14

Genetic Chromosomal Mutations & Gene Technology: (TEKS 6E,6H)

1.) Describe the type of chromosomal mutations below: (pg. 75)

2.) What happens to the phenotype of an organism when there has been a mutation? (pg. 75-77)

Depending on the mutation, there will either be a physical change in appearance that can be seen or

sometimes no change occurs at all.

Part of the

chromosome gets

deleted

Part of the

chromosome gets

duplicated and

repeated

Part of the

chromosome gets

inversed or “flipped”

upside down

Part of a

chromosome from a

different

chromosome gets

added on.

Occurs during Meiosis

when the

chromosomes don’t

separate correctly so

some of the daughter

cells get the wrong

number of

chromosomes (causes

Trisomy and Monosomy)


15

3.) How can gene technology, like gene modification to make genetically engineered foods or using DNA

Fingerprinting to identify a crime suspect, be beneficial to humans? (pg. 78-80)

Every organism has a unique DNA Code that can be used to identify suspects at crime scenes. We can

also use genetic engineering to create food that can be grown in less space but produce more food.

4.) What type of gene technology is this? What and How can it be used? (pg. 72, 76-80)

Picture of Gene Technology Description of Tech Questions

Karyotype: A way to

analyze chromosomes

to determine gender

and chromosomal

mutations/disorders.

1.) Is this a male or female? Female

2.) Is there a disorder? If yes, where? Yes, Trisomy 21

3.) Why are there two chromosomes for each pair? You

get one from mom and one from dad.

4.) What type of chromosomal mutation results in a pair

having 3 chromosomes instead of two? Nondisjunction

Pedigrees: a family tree

that shows

relationships in a

family and can be used

to tract traits like

hemophilia,

hitchhiker’s thumb,

being able to roll your

tongue, and disorders.

1.) The diagram shows the passing on of Hitchhiker’s Thumb in a family. Is this trait dominant or recessive? 2.) How do you know? Individuals shaded in in a pedigree have the recessive trait 3.) Write the genotype of the individuals that have hitchhiker’s thumb underneather the individual. 4.) Write the geontypes of the individulas that are carriers of hitchhiker’s thumb underneath each individual. Ee 5.) Is it possible to know any other family members genotype for Hitchhiker’s thumb? Why? Yes, the affected individual’s parents are Ee. All members not shaded in have at least one “E.”

Recombinant DNA:

inserting DNA from

one organism into

another

1.) How can this technique be used to make other things

like human insulin? The gene to make human insulin is

inserted into bacteria. The bacteria cell then makes

human insulin that can be harvested for people who are

diabetic.

DNA Fingerprinting:

analyzing individual’s

DNA based on bands to

determine identify.

Similar DNA also

means that the

individuals may be

related.

1.) When would you use this type of gene technology?

Paternity tests, Identifying criminal suspects

2.) How do you read this? What do you do with the bars?

You analyze the unknown DNA with known DNA by

matching up the DNA bands.

3.) How can you be sure that the individual matches the

sample? Because each individual have a different and

unique DNA Code so no two DNA

sequencing/fingerprinting will be alike.


16

Evidence of Evolution: (TEKS 7A,7C,7D,7E)

1.) Fill in the chart below about the different types of evidences that support the theory of evolution. (pg. 86-91)

Picture of Evidence: How does it support the theory of evolution and help show

common ancestry?

Examples:

Fossil Records: can show ancestry by looking at remains of

organisms; can be used to show common ancestry by

looking at remains and position in the rock layer

Walking Whale

Swimming

Whale

Biogeography: can show common ancestry and how

organisms have evolved after plate tectonics and Pangaea

breaks apart into continents.

Hawaiian Islands,

Madagascar

Homologous Structures: organisms that share similar bone

structures (which shows common ancestry) but have

evolved and adapted to different functions.

Human arm, Cat

leg, Whale

flipper, Bat Wing

Analogous Structures: organisms that have different

structures that have evolved to have the same functions

and characteristics

Shark and Dolphin’s

fins and torpedo

shaped bodies

Vestigial Structures: Structures that have no apparent

functions and is slowly disappearing

Whale’s pelvis

Embryology: living organisms start development the same

way, DNA determines every aspect of us…so, that means

we have similar DNA = Common Ancestor

See Picture to

the right.

Molecular DNA: use DNA code sequence or amino

acid/protein to determine which organisms are more

closely related = similar DNA = Common Ancestor

See Picture to

the right.

Gradualism: organisms slowly evolve and adapt with

intermediate organisms

Punctuated: a sudden event happens causing organisms

to change immediately, has periods of stasis

See Picture to

the right.

3.) Which are more closely related: Clubmosses and quillworths, or Ferns

and quillworths? Why? (pg. 110) Clubmosses and quillworths because they

are on the same branch, Ferns and quillworths are on separate branches

4.) Which are least related, Ferns and flowering plants or Ferns and

spikemosses? Why? (pg. 110) Ferns and spikemosses because they are

farther apart on the cladogram; ferns and flowering plants are on the same

branch, indicating that they share a more recent common ancestor.


17

Mechanisms of Evolution: (TEKS 7A, 7C, 7D, 7E)

1.) Give an example & describe how each type below can cause or is for evolution. (pg. 94, 98-99)

Natural Selection: nature picking organisms with

traits that are most adaptive to reproduce

Example: Peppered Moth (dark and light) Simulation

Adaptation: Organisms with the best adaption usually

survive = survival of the fittest

Example: Sense of smell in wolves, camouflage

Mutation: creates diversity for natural selection to

pick something

Example: mutation that causes organism to be better

adapted

Gene Flow (migration): Organisms are migrating and

moving to a new area

Example: Birds migrating due to changing seasons

Genetic Drift – Bottleneck Effect: The gene pool is

changing due to a sudden event that lowers the number

of individuals in the population

Example: Tornado that kills off ½ the population of cows

Genetic Drift – Founder’s Effect: Some organisms get

up and leave the original population to form a new

one

Example:

Geographical Isolation: A physical barrier that

separates a population

Example: Grand Canyon, River, Mountain

Behavioral Isolation: A barrier that is behavioral and

results in the separation of a population

Example: Different mating rituals and seasons

1.) Explain the situation that is occurring in the picture to the left. (pg. 95)

Natural Selection will select the most adaptive moth to survive depending

on the habitat/environment.

2.) What determines what acts on an organism’s phenotypes? (pg. 95)

DNA (genotype) determines an organism’s phenotype, which will result

either in survival or getting eaten/die.

A. Stabilizing B. Disruptive C. Directional

1.) Looking at the 3 types of natural selection graphs, fill in

the blanks, there are clues below to help you. (pg. 96)

A. There is no shift in the average phenotype within a

population.

B. There is a shift to both extremes of a phenotype with in

a population.

C. There is a shift to one extreme of a phenotype within a

population.

2.) In humans babies average birth weight is around 7lbs,

babies who are either extremely light or extremely heavy

have lower survival rates, what type of selection is this?

Stabilizing Selection


18

Taxonomy & Viruses: (TEKS 4A,4C,8B,8C,11C)

There are two types of rabbits: those that strictly eat grass and those that strictly eat berries and flowers. A drought occurs one year, and the plants have difficulty producing any extras (flowers, berries, etc.).They can only try and keep themselves green. The rabbits have had babies all year long but many are eaten by foxes or hawks. Due to the drought, many have starved to death. (pg. 94)

1.) What rabbit has natural selection selected--- AGAINST? Those that eat berries FOR? Eating grass

2.) Darwin's 5 points needed for natural selection are below: Identify the 5 points in the scenario.

Population has variations, what is it for the rabbits? What they are capable of eating

Some variations are favorable, which one was it? Those that eat grass.

More offspring are produced than survive, what happened to the rabbits? To ensure that some will survive so the species will live on and not become extinct.

Those that survive have favorable traits, what are they? Those that eat grass.

A population will change over time, how is the rabbit population changing? Only the rabbits eating grass survive to reproduce…eventually the only rabbits around will be those that eat grass.

1. a.Insect has a tail or a stinger ............................................ go to #2

b. Insect has no tail or stinger……........................................ go to #3

2. a.Tail is straight like a needle ............................ Order Uropygi (whipscorpions)

b.Tail curves with a stinger at the tip ................ Order Scorpiones (scorpions)

3. a.Has enlarged pedipalps (claws)...................................... go to #4

b.Lacks pedipalps (claws) ................................................. go to #5

4. a. Insect is less than 5mm long & flat…Order Pseudoscorpiones (psuedoscorpions)

b.Insect is 8-51mm long & spider-like .............. Order Amblypygi (whipscorpions)

5. a.Insect has regular legs ................................................. go to #6

b. Insect legs are thin & stilt-like with "high" knees & a body low to the ground ..........

Order Opiliones (harvestmen)

6. a.Body is separated into a cephalothorax & an abdomen (has a waist) .....go to #7

b.Body is oval-shaped & lacks a waist .................Order Acari (ticks and mites)

7. a. Has 7 segments on each leg & 1st pair of legs are not longer than the rest ............

Order Araneae (spiders)

b. Has < or >7 segments on each leg & 1st pair of legs are longer than the rest

…Order Solifugae (windscorpions)

1. ) Looking at the insect below

use the dichotomous key to

identify what I have found in my

classroom. (pg. 111)

Name: ? This is a bad picture.

Name: ? This is a bad picture.


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2.) Answer the questions below. (Hint: It’s not living!)

3.) Fill in the chart below about all the different types of domains and kingdoms of living organisms. (pg. 105, 112, 116)

Domain: Bacteria

Kingdom: Eubacteria

Examples: Strep, E. Coli, “live

bacteria cultures” found in yogurt

1.) How can you treat or prevent getting a disease from this organism?

Yes, you can use antibiotics like penicillin to kill bacterial infections

2.) Besides cause disease, what are two other roles this organism can play in

the environment? Bacteria help decompose dead organisms and beneficial

bacteria live in the large intestines to help digest foods you can’t.

3.) What type of cell is this? How is this cell similar AND different from

eukaryotic cells? This is a prokaryotic cell, it is similar to a Eukaryotic cell in that

it has genetic material, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

4.) Where does this organism live? Among other Eukaryotic Cells

Domain: Archaebacteria

Kingdom: Archaebacteria

Examples:

1.) How is this organism different from the one above? (Hint: It’s something

about the cell wall.) It does not havr Peptidoglycan in their cell walls like

Eubacteria does.

2.) Where does this organism live? In extreme places, like at the bottom of the

ocean, volcanos, geysers, hot springs, ocean vents

1.) Identify what is in the picture to the left. (pg. 105) Virus 2.) What are the basic structures that make up this? (pg. 105) Genetic material surround by a protein coat called a capsid 3.) What are two ways that this can cause a disease in an organism? (Hint: there are 2 cycles) (pg. 106, 108) Lytic Cycle makes you sick now, Lysogenic Cycle makes you sick later because the virus lies dormant 4.) What is the best way to treat or prevent being infected by this? (pg. 105) You can prevent by using vaccine, but you can’t treat a virus…only the symptoms 5.) Is this living or nonliving? Give two reasons why. (pg. 105) Viruses are not cells and can not reproduce on their own because they lack ribosome


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Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom:

Plantae

Examples:

Flowers,

Grass

1.) What type of cell makes up this organism? Plant Cells

2.) Complete the table below:

Structure: Draw a picture

Main function

Roots: Collects and uptakes water and nutrients

Stems: Contains xylem and phloem that transports water and food throughout the plant

Leaves: Contains stomatas for gas exchange and chloroplasts for conversion of light into food during photosynthesis

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Fungi

Examples: Mushroom, Mold, Yeast

1.) What kingdom does it belong to? List all the characteristics of this

organism. Fungi, has cell walls like a plant cell but no chloroplast,

heterotrophic organism, Can be multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular

(mold)

2.) What are some roles it has in the environment?

Decomposer

3.) What is it lacking that does not allow it to be in the plant kingdom?

Chloroplasts

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Examples: jellyfish,

Insects, lions,

1.) What are the characteristics of this Kingdom?

Multicellular, Heterotroph, Animal Cells (no cell walls), Mobile,

2.) What type of cells make up this kingdom? Eukaryotic Animal Cells

Domain:Eukarya

Kingdom: Protista

Examples:Algae

Paramecium,

Amoeba

1.) Where do these organisms live? In pond water

2.) What are the characteristics of this kingdom?

Can be multicellular or unicellular; some are autotrophs and have chloroplasts

for photosynthesis (algae) and others are more heterotrophic and animal-like,


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4.) What are the levels of Linnaean Classifications? (Hint: Did King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti?) (pg. 109)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

5.) Which two levels make up an organism’s binomial nomenclature or scientific name? (pg. 109)

Genus species

6.) Why is important to have scientific names?

All organisms are given a Latin scientific name so that regardless of language, everyone will be able to identify

the specific organism in question

7.) Which organism in the chart below is most distantly related from the other organisms? (pg. 109)

8.) Organize the different levels of organization into the triangle below. (pg. 117)

Word Bank: (not in order) Atom Biome Biosphere Cell Community Ecosystem Molecule Organ Organ System Organism (scientific name) Population Tissue

Atom

Molecule

Cells

Tissues

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biome

Biosphere


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Plant Systems: (TEKS 10B) 1.) Describe how each of the plant systems below help a plant to survive. (pg. 125, 127)

Systems Functions (and Structures) How does it interact with other systems?

Reproductive Enables the plants to reproduce; consists of flowers (anther, pollen, filament, ovary, ovule, carpel, pistal), seeds, fruits

Requires nutrients brought by the transport system; support for supporting flower/fruit; response to release hormones that stimulates the flower to bud open for pollinations

Transport Enables the plant to live independently of water; consists of stem with phloem and xylem, roots, veins in leaves

Transports food and nutrients throughout the plant; transports hormones throughout the plant

Support Helps the plant support itself since there is no real “skeletal system;” consists of stem, trunk, cell wall with water filled vacuole for Turgor pressure

Supports the reproductive system – flowers and fruits; Supports the leaves for catching sunlight for photosynthesis

Response Allows the plant to respond to environmental factors; consists of thorns, hormones, tropisms

Tropisms allow the plant to readjust itself in order to get necessary nutrients/supplies; hormones allow for budding of flowers and hibernation during winter; thorns for protection; broad leaves for sunlight; etc.

2.) Answer the questions below about plant tropisms. (pg. 122-123)

Define the following terms and identify each of the pictures above with one of the terms.

1.) Gravitropism – plants response to gravity (even in seeds) that allows the stem to grow against gravity

and towards the sun, roots to grow with gravity in search of water

2.) Thigmotropism- plants response to touch like a venus fly trap trapping insects for food or vines

searching for something to hold on/twist around for support in order to grow (usually towards sunlight)

3.) Phototropism – plants response to grow towards the sun in order to catch sunlight for photosynthesis

A. Photosynthesis B. Gravitropism/Geotropism C. Thigmotropism


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Animal System Interactions: (TEKS 10A) (pg. 129)

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would interact with each

other

Write the name of the system on the left, Draw a picture of this system working on the right. (The 1st one is done for you)

Reproductive

Skeletal

Muscular

Immune

Respiratory

Excretory/Urinary

Integumentary

Endocrine

Digestive

Circulatory

Nervous


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For each scenario below, name 3 systems involved in the diagram AND how the systems are interacting. (pg. 129-131)

1.__Immune System__

2.___Circulatory System__

3.__Integumentary System___

How are the systems

interacting?

The vaccine helps your

immune system practice

fighting off diseases. The

shot itself must pass the

integumentary system’s

skin. Vaccine injects

parts of the virus into

the body, the white

blood cells travel via

blood vessels to attack

them!

1.__Excretory System ____


3.___Skeletal System___

How are the systems

interacting?

The excretory system

filters and maintains

blood volume

(circulatory system). If

needed, it can also

stimulate the

production of red blood

cells, which occurs in

the bone marrow of

bones (skeletal system)

1.___Circulatory System____

2.__Respiratory System____

3.__Nervous System_______

How are the systems

interacting?

The nervous system

controls the rate the

respiratory system is

exchanging carbon

dioxide for oxygen. The

gases are transported

through the blood and

blood vessels of the

circulatory system.

1.___Nervous System____

2.____Muscular System___

3._Integumentary System_

How are the systems

interacting?

The integumentary system

has sensors to sense the

stimulation. The message

travel using sensory

neurons of the nervous

system to the spinal cord

to process the info. The

response from the spinal

cord is sent through motor

neurons to the muscles of

the muscular system to tell

the muscle to “kick.”

1.____Nervous System___

2.__Endocrine System ___


How are the systems

interacting?

The nervous system

detects blood glucose

levels (circulatory) and

directs the pancreas of the

endocrine system to

secrete insulin (decrease

glucose levels) or glucagon

(increase glucose levels) in

to the blood stream

(circulatory system) to

moderate glucose levels

using negative feedback

1.__Muscular System___

2.___Skeletal System___

3.___Nervous System___

How are the systems

interacting?

The nervous system is

needed to send

messages to the

muscles and tell it to

flex. Without the

skeletal system, there

would be no levers for

the muscles to provide

movement.

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