open innovation, tech mining & competitive technical ... · open innovation, tech mining &...
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Open Innovation, Tech Mining & Competitive Technical Intelligence
in the US
Alan PorterDirector of Research and Development
Search Technology, Inc.&
Co-director Technology Policy & Assessment Center
Georgia Tech
Outline
1. Toward Open Innovation2. “Tech Mining” to deliver “CTI”3. Application Example: “Nano”
Innovation?• What is it?
– Invention is not innovation– Change in function put into practice -- successfully
• Why is it important?– The key to competitive performance – of
organizations, of economies
Technological Innovation:The Conceptual Bases
• Focus on changes in function -- of Products, Services, Processes, &/or Systems (“PSPS”)
• Draw upon models of technological change– Innovation (life cycle) processes– Technology substitution, transfer & diffusion
• See change in a contextual system– Internal Factors– External Forces
Innovation Models (Many!)• Linear: sequential phases
– not true!– but useful to benchmark development
• Ecological: complex interplay of phases– recognition important for policy processes– Understanding essential for Management Of
Technology (MOT)• Technology Delivery System (TDS)
– Identify what is needed to implement the innovation
A “Linear” view of Innovation Processes
Basic to Applied ResearchDevelopment; Patenting
Functionality
Licensing, Collaborative Innovation
Commercial IntroductionNew Product Development
Adoption
Incremental Innovation
Maturation
Time
Technology Delivery System
Example: What nano-electronicsapplications hold greatest promisefor Philips?
Alan Porter, Search Technology, 2006
Open Innovation• Christenson: Innovator’s Dilemma• “Connect and Develop” = shift from “NIH”
syndrome [Huston & Sakkab, HBR, 2006]• P&G’s “open innovation” strategy now produces
>35% of their innovations ($Billions in revenue)• Implies a premium on strategic competitive
technical intelligence (CTI)
Research Arena
Internal R&DA1
A2
Existing PSPS
New PSPS
Really NewPSPS
Incrementalinnovation
CTI
“BCMCR”KnowledgeFlow[via CI]
External R&D
A3A4
A5
B5
C5
Contextual Arena
design
designRadical innovation
The OpenInnovationModel
PSPS = Products, Services, Processes &/or SystemsBCMCR = Business, Competitors, Markets, Customers, Regulations
How to Effect Open Innovation?• Manage innovation processes systematically.
MOT (Management of Technology) is presently – Piecemeal– Intuitive
• Instead, manage better based on strong competitive technical intelligence - CTI– Those who do so will win– Those who do not will lose
• Innovation Mapping can show the way– Understand the system & its key leverage points– Gain external research knowledge– Bring into Design process to exploit business opportunities
Innovation Mapping
• Analogy– You know where you are and your physical
destination– Get a MapQuest Map!
• Innovation Analyses for better Management– You know capabilities and identify potential uses– Build Innovation Maps!
2. Tools: How do you generate “innovation maps”?
Tech MiningAlan L. Porter and Scott W. CunninghamJohn Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005
How to get Management to “hear”information-based knowledge products
• Define the Management of Technology (MOT) Issues• Break out particular MOT Questions• Identify candidate empirical Indicators
• Identify appropriate Analytical Tool(s)
• Identify appropriate Data Source(s)
• Design Effective composite Representations that can be rapidly built … Answer: who, what, when, where?
Tech Mining
MOT Issues, Questions & Innovation Indicators13 MOT Issues ~200 Innovation Indicators
WHAT?Mapping of topic clusters within the technology3-D trend charts for topic clustersRatio of conference to journal papers (benchmarked)Scorecard rate-of-change metrics for topic clustersTime slices to show evolution of topical emphasesTopic growth modeling (S-curve) fit & extrapolation
WHO?Pie chart: Company vs. Academic vs. Government publishingTopical main players’ profilesSpreading (or constricting) # of players by topic
39 MOT Questions
1. What’s hot?2. Fit into tech landscape?3. Drivers?4. Competing technologies?5. Likely development paths?6. etc.
• R&D Portfolio Mgt
• R&D Project Initiation
• Engr Project Initiation
• New Product Development
• Strategic Planning,
• etc.
Tech Mining – 6 information types
Contextual InformationTechnical InformationD. Business, competition,
customer, popular, policy content Databases (e.g., Lexus-Nexus, Factiva)
E. Internet Sources (e.g., blogs, website profiling)
F. Business Expertise
A. ST&I (Science, Technology & Innovation) Databases(e.g., Web of Science,INSPEC, Micropatents)
B. Internet Sources(e.g., Googling)
C. Technical Expertise
Tech Mining
The Process
InformationProfessional
TechnologyAnalysts
Researchers Manager/User
InformationProfessional
TechnologyAnalysts
Researchers Manager/User
Empirical Indicators
MOT Issues
Select Data Sources and
Analytical Tools
MOT Questions
Understanding the Question
Analysis
Search & Retrieval
Knowledge Product
QueryRefinement Combine with
Expert Opinion
Developing the Knowledge
Product
The Tech Mining Process1. Understand & scope the question, set in an
Innovation Process context2. Identify suitable databases
(especially R&D publication or patent abstracts)3. Search & download topical records [iteration likely]4. Import into text mining software
(e.g., VantagePoint or Thomson Data Analyzer)5. Clean the data6. Analyze, interpret & represent the information
effectively – to communicate well
Innovation Indicators• Technology Life Cycle Indicators
– e,g, growth curve location & projection• Innovation Context Indicators
– e.g., presence or absence of success factors (funding, standards, infrastructure, etc.)
• Product Value Chain and Market Prospects Indicators– e.g., applications, sectors engaged
“Nano”: Illustration[Nanoscience & Nanoengineering R&D]
Georgia TechIn support of NSF Center for Nano in Society[Arizona State Univ.] &NSF Partnership for Innovation[North Carolina State Univ.]; alsoEuroNano Project[sub to SPRU]
Metrology & Nanoprocesses
Nanostructure Chemistry & Materials
Nanomedicine & Nano-biotechnology
Nanodevices & Nanoelectronics
•Biomolecular & biomemetic devices•Biosensors•Molecular motors•Biomolecular fabrics•Engineered enzymes & proteins•Drug discovery and delivery
•Nanocomputing devices•Nanotransistors•NEMS; PEBBLES•Molecular electronics•Nanoscale magnetics
•Microscopy- Scanning probe microscopy- Electron microscopy
•Self assembly; Directed assembly•Nanomechanics•Molecular simulation•Scanning probe writing & fabrication•Top-down processes (nano-lithography, laser nanomachining,etc.)
• Nanoscale chemical structures• Nanocomposites• Sol-gels; quasi-crystals• Growth methods
(epitaxy – MBE, CBE,MOCVD)• 0D – Quantum dots• 1D – Nano/quantum tubes, rods or fibers;
nanopolymers• 2D – graphite layers• 3D -; fullerenes; nanocrystals
Nanotechnology Research Foci & Key Concepts
[from Porter et al., J Nanoparticle Research, in press]
Our Nano Data: Global, 1990-2006
• ISI Web of Science [Science Citation Index - SCI] ~407,000 articles(Representing ~2.7% of SCI over the period and 4.1% of SCI for the 2005-06 period)
• EI Compendex~381,000 articles & conference papers
• INSPEC [Engineering Village 2 website] ~334,000 articles & conference papers
• EKMS searched MicroPatent, INPADOC, and their proprietary U.S. Patent Citation database~61,000 patent families [from ~70 patent authorities]
“Nano”: Illustration[Nanoscience & Nanoengineering R&D]
Global LevelNational LevelCompany Level
Innovation Mapping: Topical Emphasis TrendsGlobal Nano Patents,1990 – (partial-year 2006)
Georgia Tech TPAC / CNS-ASU patent analysis; refined nano definition; results subject to revision
Innovation Mapping: Nano Geo-Districts
Georgia Tech TPAC / CNS-ASU Analysis of SCI Publications; refined nano definition; results subject to revision
Cumulative Nano Publications (Science Citation Index)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006est.
EU27USJapanChinaGermanyAsian Tigers
Science Citation Index Nano Articles, 2005: Data Differences to Beware
All Authors First AuthorEU27 31.0% 26.4%US 25.4% 21.8%Japan 11.1% 9.5%China 17.6% 16.5%Germany 8.8% 6.2%Asian Tigers 9.6% 8.5%
“Aged” Nano Citations in 2000 and 2004 relative to Nano Articles (1st Author)
Quantity vs. quality
• The US leads in “quality”
• China is the third largest publication producer[now ~#1]
• Quality of China’s publications is not comparable with quantity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Publications, in thousands
Citation Rate
USA
Japan
China
Germany
France
UK
Italy
South Korea
Russi
India
Accumulated publications and citation rates, 1990-2006
Analysis of SCI Publications 1990-2006; refined Georgia Tech nano definition; see Porter et al., 2007; count for 2006 extrapolated
EI Compendex Nano Publications – 7 Target Areas by Country/Region
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
EU USA China Japan SEAsia
Tigers
India
ChemistryEnergyElectronicsOpticsMedicineMedical MaterialsEnvironment
Innovation Mapping: What type of organizations are patenting?
Universities43%
Others22%
Firms19%
Government Institutes16%
Universities6%
Others38%
Firms52%
Government Institutes4%
US
Firms dominatingChina
Universities and Gov’tinstitutes dominating
Analysis of SIPO and USPTO patents 1990-2006; refined Georgia Tech nano definition; see Porter et al., 2007; count for 2006 extrapolated
Innovation Mapping: Patent Aims along the Value Chain[by Simone Alencar and Adelaide Antunes, UFRJ]
Main IPC [# patents] Main uses description in the nanopatents
Position along the Nano Value Chain
H01L-Semiconductor Devices; Electric Solid State Devices Not Otherwise Provided [2870]
• Electron device • Semiconductor device • Solar cell
• Nanointermediate • Nanointermediate • Nano-products
C01B-Non-Metallic Elements; Compounds Thereof [2716]
• carbon nanotube • fuel cell • catalyst
• Nano-raw material • Nano-products • Nanointermediate
A61K-Preparations For Medical, Dental, Or Toilet Purposes [1863]
• Cancer (treatment, medication) • Cosmetics • drugs
• Nano-products • Nano-products • Nano-products
B82B-Nano-Structures; Manufacture Or Treatment Thereof Chemistry [1615]
• Carbon nanotube • Electron device • catalyst
• Nano-raw material • Nanointermediate • Nanointermediate
Innovation Mapping: Nano Research Co-authoring Network for a small firm-- via a university-- to other universities and government labs[from Jue Wang, PhD Dissertation, Georgia Tech, 2007]
Pajek
GLOBAL MAP OF SCIENCE
Neurosciences
Computer Sciences
GeoscienceAgriculture
Ecology
Biological Sciences
Chemistry
Physics
Engineering
Environ. Sci.
Materials Sci
Infectious diseases
Clinical medicine
General medicine
Leydesdorff&Rafols (2007, submitted)
Pajek
Quantum Dot1995Size (area) of nodes is proportional to:Size (area) of nodes is proportional to:
Log (1+Number of citations per category)Log (1+Number of citations per category)RafolsRafols
Map of Science
Pajek
Quantum Dot2005
Rafols
Map of Science
Co-citation Map (piece): Nano in
SSCI
Wood, S.Wood, S.
Wilsdon, J.Wilsdon, J.
Whitesides, G.Whitesides, G.
Smalley, R.E.Smalley, R.E.
Singer, P.A.Singer, P.A.
ROCO MCROCO MC
Renn, O.Renn, O.Nordmann, A.Nordmann, A.
Joy, B.Joy, B.
Jones, R.Jones, R.
DREXLER KEDREXLER KE
Mnyusiwalla, A.Mnyusiwalla, A.
Daar, A.S.Daar, A.S.
Crichton, M.P.Crichton, M.P.
CRANDALL BCCRANDALL BC
dge, W.S.dge, W.S.
Arnall, A.H.Arnall, A.H.
Kurzweil, R.Kurzweil, R.
10 Tech Mining Cases1. Innovation & Application: Ceramic coatings for engines
(Army)2. Hazardous Substances Data Bank: Import to facilitate
knowledge discovery and database management (NLM)3. NSF Proposal Assessment/EPA STAR Research Evaluation4. Measuring research Interdisciplinarity (National Academies)5. Self-profiling one’s organizational strengths & gaps (GT)6. Generating ST&I Indicators (Sao Paulo)7. Combining empirical & expert data: Plastic molding
technologies to assess relative R&D priorities (UFSC)8. Life Cycle Positioning Analyses: Nanopatenting (UFRJ)9. Tracking Media coverage of an R&D organization (Embrapa)10. Geo-mapping based on text and data mining
Polymer Biomaterials : fibrous structural proteins : skin1991-1997 (68 patents)
Polymer Biomaterials : fibrous structural proteins : skin1991-2005 (470 patents)
[Literature-Based Discovery for Open Innovation
1. Specify the initiating challenge (innovation opportunity “A”)[Classic case: Swanson pursuing Raynaud’s Disease]
Note key attributes2. Search the literature (&/or patents)
Profile the core and fringe topical themes (related factors “B”)Expert assessment of best prospects[Raynaud’s associated with blood viscosity changes]
3. New, independent Literature search on B1 (also possibly B2,…)Profile the promising elements (“C1, C2 , C3, …”)Expert assessment of interesting prospects (considering key attributes of “A”)Vetting that C1 has not been previously explored (check literature & patents)[Raynaud’s case: blood viscosity lowered by eicosapentaenoic acid, not previously explored as treatment]
4. Investigate potential of C1 to resolve the initiating challenge (“A”)
SummaryOpen Innovation depends on effectively exploiting external research knowledgeTreat text like Data – Mine it for patterns!Patterns speak to innovation prospects: maturation, contextual forces, market prospectsAnswer “who, what, where & when”Innovation Management questions for business decision processes
Open Innovation “Machine” in practice at a Fortune 50 Company
• Implement Tech Mining – “treat text like data”[apply VantagePoint and other ‘mining’ tools]
• Standardize data, analyses & information presentationsScript to expediteMake better innovation decisions for competitive advantage!
Resources• Tech Mining by Alan Porter and Scott Cunningham,
Wiley, 2005
• www.theVantagePoint.com- the software- various “News” on text mining of S&T- in Spain, contact Triz XXI, Fernando Palop
• +1 770 441 1457