open books open minds - · pdf filestages of the writing process ... h.d. brown principles for...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Open books open minds
![Page 2: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Developing the speaking and
writing skills in Traveller
Often we have learners completing English
courses who at the end of the year, still cannot
manage to speak with confidence or cannot deal
with writing tasks given in exams. How can we aid
our students?
Practical ideas and tips will be given in order to
confront situations like these.
![Page 3: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Process
and
Product
![Page 5: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Stages of the writing process
• Pre-writing (generating ideas,
collecting data, planning)
• Composing / Drafting
• Revising (reorganising / shifting emphasis /
focusing)
• Editing (checking grammar, lexis,
punctuation, layout)
(adapted from Tribble 1997)
![Page 6: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Stages of the writing process
• Pre-writing
• Composing / Drafting
• Revising
• Editing
(adapted from Tribble 1997)
![Page 7: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Content
I don’t know
what to write.
I don’t know how
to write about this
in English.
I can’t write
so many
words.
Language
Meeting the
demands of
the task
![Page 9: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What writers need to know
• Writing process knowledge
• Content knowledge
• Context knowledge
• Language system knowledge
(adapted from Tribble 1997)
![Page 10: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Concepts involved in subject area
• Collecting data
• Input
Content knowledge
![Page 11: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Techniques for generating ideas
• Brainstorming
• Mind mapping
• Quickwriting or Freewriting
![Page 12: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Brainstorming My best friend Tom
Appearance
tall and thin, short, brown hair and green eyes
Character
friendly, funny, clever, helpful
Clothes
jeans, T-shirts Hobbies/sports
playing computer games, football
Things we do together
play football
![Page 13: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
tall, thin
short, brown
hair
friendly, funny,
clever, helpful
playing
computer
games
play football
jeans,
T-shirts
Mind mapping
green eyes
football
My best friend Tom
Appearance
Character
Clothes
Hobbies/sports
Things we do
together
![Page 14: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tell Ss to write whatever comes to their mind related
to the topic without stopping or paying attention to
spelling, grammar or punctuation
Quickwriting or freewriting
Tom’s tall, thin. Has short brown hair, green eyes. Wears
jeans and T-shirts. Loves computer games. I really like
him. We play football.
![Page 15: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Purpose
• Audience
• Writing Conventions (style, register, text organisation)
Context knowledge
![Page 16: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Genre
analysis
![Page 17: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sample text
and Tip
![Page 18: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sample Texts
Awareness-raising activities
Tip
![Page 19: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sample Text
Appropriate layout
Appropriate register
![Page 20: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Planning and
organisation
![Page 21: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Language system knowledge
• Grammar: e.g. narrative tenses, linkers
• Vocabulary: e.g. formal / informal language
![Page 22: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Language
system
knowledge
• narrative
tenses
• time linkers
• adverbs and
adverbial
phrases
![Page 23: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Language
system
knowledge
• narrative
tenses
• time linkers
• adverbs and
adverbial
phrases
![Page 24: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Stages of the writing process
• Content knowledge
• Context knowledge (genre analysis)
• Language system knowledge
• Integration of skills
The writing process
![Page 25: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Integration of skills
![Page 26: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ways to Respond to Written Work
• Correcting errors
She buy a new bicycle yesterday. Bought
• Coding errors
S – spelling
P - punctuation
T – tense
A – article
WW – wrong word
WO – word order
Λ – something missing
![Page 28: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ways to Respond to Written Work
• Indication of number of errors
12 spelling mistakes!
• Commenting on form and content
You have not finished your letter with an
appropriate closing phrase and ending.
For example: I look forward to hearing
from you. / Yours faithfully,
![Page 29: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ways to Respond to Written Work
• Making text specific comments
Try to link your sentences / ideas using appropriate linking words. For example: I did my homework. Then I watched TV. > After doing my homework, I watched TV.
• Asking questions
What does ‘it’ refer to in this sentence?
• Praising
Good work! / I particularly like your conclusion! / The plot is well developed and your story has a good pace.
![Page 30: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Outside the classroom
• Encourage students to read in English
(and in their native language) as much as
possible as the more they read, the better
writers they become.
![Page 31: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Building up the speaking skills
Read the statements
below. Are they True or
False?
![Page 32: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Think of your classes
• How much time do you spend on writing?
• How much time do you spend on reading?
• How much time do you spend on listening?
• How much time do you spend on speaking?
![Page 33: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What are the aims of
speaking skills?
![Page 34: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
COMMUNICATIVE EFFICIENCY
![Page 35: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
To enable learners to cope with basic interactive skills, e.g.
greetings, thanks, apologies, expressing needs, requesting
information or services.
![Page 36: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
To enable learners to express themselves in the target
language and manage a conversation in English.
![Page 37: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What can we do
to achieve these aims?
![Page 38: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The learners should be in a position where they are
required to communicate for a purpose.
![Page 39: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The speaking
tasks should
provide
learners with
communicative
needs.
Student B
Student A
![Page 40: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
In what kind of situations do
you find it stressful to speak?
In what kind of situations do
you feel more comfortable?
![Page 41: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The learners should be in a position of minimal
communicative stress.
![Page 42: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Which situations lessen
communicative stress?
![Page 43: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The learner is in a familiar environment.
![Page 44: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The learner acts out
dialogues first to become
familiar with speaking.
![Page 45: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The learner is doing pair
work with a peer rather than
talking to the teacher in front
of the whole class.
![Page 46: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The learners work in groups and
cooperate.
![Page 47: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The learners should be presented with situations they can relate to.
![Page 48: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• The speakers have equal
knowledge of the language.
• The speaker has the
information the listener
needs.
Information-gap activities
Student B
Student A
![Page 49: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The learners are
presented with
motivating
speaking
activities.
Guessing game
![Page 50: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The speaker understands the information and knows the relevant
vocabulary, in other words, when the topic is familiar.
![Page 51: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The speakers are able to deal with freer activities.
![Page 52: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Tips for managing
speaking activities
![Page 53: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
1. Provide Ss with
the necessary
vocabulary and
interactional /
transactional
language they will
need to accomplish
the task.
![Page 54: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
2. Give clear instructions.
![Page 55: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
3. Pair students up.
![Page 56: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
4. Act out role plays with
the help of a student to
set the example.
![Page 57: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
5. Set a time limit and stick
to it.
![Page 58: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
6. Don’t interrupt or
correct students while
they are speaking.
![Page 59: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
7. Help out Ss when they
get ‘stuck’.
![Page 60: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
8. Make a note of
commonly appearing
incorrect use of the
language and comment
on it at the end of the
activity.
![Page 61: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
9. Monitor the students.
![Page 62: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
10. Ask for feedback.
![Page 63: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
‘If you give a man a fish, you feed him for a day.
If you teach a man to fish, you feed him for a
lifetime.’
Confucius
11. Raise students’ awareness of learning
strategies they can employ.
![Page 64: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Encourage your Ss to
• ask for clarification
• ask someone to repeat something
• use fillers and conversation maintenance cues
• paraphrase
• appeal for assistance from the interlocutor
• use formulaic expressions
• use mime and non-verbal expressions
• look for opportunities to practice speaking
H.D. Brown
Principles for teaching Speaking
![Page 65: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Tips for oral examinations
• Don't panic
• 'Buy' time
• Co-operate
• Don't be laconic
• Vary your language
• Justify your answers
• Respond
• Take turns
• Answer the question asked
![Page 66: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Summing up
• Ss should communicate for a purpose.
• Focus on both fluency and accuracy depending on your
objective.
• Create a safe environment.
• Integrate speaking with the other three skills as much as
possible.
• Make sure speaking is student-centered and not teacher-
centered.
![Page 67: Open books open minds - · PDF fileStages of the writing process ... H.D. Brown Principles for teaching Speaking . Tips for oral examinations •Don't panic •'Buy' time •Co-operate](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022423/5a9f10ee7f8b9a6c178c4103/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Thank you