open access & the st andrews digital research repository 24 th march 2008, arts building jeremy...

Open Access & the St Andrews Digital Research

Repository24th March 2008, Arts Building

Jeremy Upton, Deputy Director, St Andrews University Library

Open Access & the St Andrews Digital Research Repository

12th February 2008: Harvard academics vote give the University a license to distribute all scholarly outputs at no cost via Institutional repository

“There is no question that scholarly journals have historically allowed scholars to distribute their research to audiences around the world. But, the scholarly publishing system has become far more restrictive than it need be. Many publishers will not even allow scholars to use and distribute their own work. And, the cost of journals has risen to such astronomical levels that many institutions and individuals have cancelled subscriptions, further reducing the circulation of scholars’ works”

Stuart M. Shieber


“The goal of university research is the creation, dissemination, and preservation of knowledge. At Harvard, where so much of our research is of global significance, we have an essential responsibility to distribute the fruits of our scholarship as widely as possible”

Steven E. Hyman, Provost


Two main themes driving desire for change:• Current publication model not working (at

least for the academic community)• Publicly funded research should be freely

available to all, when and where they need it

Open Access built around the repository concept can deliver both


Summary:• Overview of current arrangements for academic

publishing• Public research: Funding Council approach &

other funding bodies• Models

– Author pays– SCOAP3– Institutional Repository


• Repository as medium for publication

• St Andrews Digital Research Repository Copyright– Publisher licenses– SURF

• Benefits for the researcher

• Future


Current arrangements• Most academic work via commercially

published journals or monographs• System well trusted, well understood• Offers academic security• High quality editing• Copy of record


BUT• Journal inflation consistently above RPI: expect 7% rise this year,

not just sciences• No incentive for publishers to increase circulation as can guarantee

income• No sign of slowing down of inflation• Not efficient, serious delays in distribution of important research

findings• Does not allow researchers (and teachers) to work in the way they

want to• Publishers becoming more restrictive: looking to make more money• Does not exploit possibilities of new technology• Based on academic goodwill• Academic monograph publication no longer viable


Electronic content: the digital native

• Expectation content will be freely available

• Should be able to easily copy and re-use content

• Available any time, any place

If these not the case, fewer accesses, believed to be invisible (students and staff)


Public research

• Concept research which is publicly funded should be publicly available

• Strong in medical sciences

• Idea given weight by money being taken out of system by commercial publishers


“Ideas and knowledge derived from publicly-funded research must be made available and accessible for public use, interrogation and scrutiny, as widely, rapidly and effectively as practicable” – Research Councils UK, Update position statement on access to research outputs, June 2006

• Funding bodies taking responsibility more seriously, 5 of UK research councils mandate open access

• Wellcome Trust Open Access fund• European Union: support for DRIVER project, 2006

report recommending open access (http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/scientific-publication-study_en.pdf)


Other statements and organisations supporting open access

• International statements: Budapest Initiative• Scottish statement: OATS (Open Access Team

for Scotland) http://scurl.ac.uk/WG/OATS/declaration.htm

• IRI Scotland project• Xarchiv for Physics, PubMed for Medicine


Models

• Author pays

• SCOAP3

• Repository movement


Author pays• Author asked to pay fee to publisher at point of

submitting paper• Publisher agrees to make paper open access on point of

publication or whole journal becomes open access• Cost of publication seen as part of research costBUT• Not clear if costs can be charged to grants• Fees high: £1000-£1500 per paper• Problem for authors without research funding• Not based on true cost of publishing papers


SCOAP3• Consortium to facilitate open access publishing

in High Energy physics• Pool together money spent by major research

institutes• Central payment for peer review service• Open access at point of publication

Realistic price for actual work done


Repository movement• Based on open source software• Built around internationally agreed standards• Distributed model although some subject based

repositories• Secure and managed environment including

digital archiving• Flexible software which can meet a variety of

needs


Repository Movement• Allows researchers to deposit copies of research

outputs• Over 75% of journal publishers allow author

deposit into institutional repository• Details available from SHERPA Romeo site• Some time limited embargoes on deposit• Shared standards ease of searching by

harvesting software (OAISTER) or Google• Over 790 World Wide


Repository as home for digital publishing?• Rights management: yes, clear authorship and date

stamped• Authoritative copy: yes, version control• Advertising: yes, harvesting, RSS feeds, new content

displays• Off line editing: yes, workflows which can accommodate

this processThere are already examples of journals being published

within Repository context, potentially cheaper to produceBUT need to break bind of citation factors, judging by brand

name


Institutional Repository: St Andrews approach

3 stages

• E-theses

• Peer reviewed research outputs

• Other content

Approach cautious to match institutional need


St Andrews Repository: E-Theses

• Over 160 theses online

• “My CV available to future employers”

• Much easier access to thesis content

• Making connections across the world


Peer Reviewed Research Outputs

• Submission via Research Expertise Database

• Into Repository workflow, checking by Library Staff

• Require education about versions

• Pilot with group of academics mid-April

• Context of REF and citation culture


St Andrews Repository: Other content• Non-peer reviewed papers• Work in progress• Journals• Data sets• Images• Examination papers


What does a Repository deliver for you the researcher?• Easier access to your ideas, easier access for you to

others ideas• New connections between areas of research• Faster access leading to better quality of research• Higher citation rate• Easier informal exchange of ideas• Strong protection of moral rights whilst maximizing

exposure to ideas


What does a Repository deliver for you the researcher?

• A managed single home for your outputs: academic home page

• Exposure to wider range of search engines including Google without the barriers

• Additional, quality controlled metadata, vital to help surface content


What does a Repository deliver for you the researcher?

• Higher profile for the institution• Ability to place links to theses and other

research outputs on home pages with regular updates: help recruitment

• Internal interdisciplinary work• Higher profile for research groups, help attract

new staff• Higher profile with government: Cream of

Science


Open access and copyright

• Encourage Researchers to retain copyright, license content to publishers

• Read publishers’ contracts more carefully

• SURF licence (http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/download/licence_to_publish.pdf)


Future• Steady growth use of Institutional repository to distribute

research: REF• New forms of publication and distribution• New forms of academic assessment: peer review online,

know from other contexts who are the trusted names• New ways to use text• Support for local content in locally controlled

environment• Collapse of academic monograph publishing: move to

digital to distribute


Jeremy Upton

[email protected]

Janet Aucock

[email protected]

open access & the st andrews digital research repository 24 th march 2008, arts building jeremy...

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