Open Access: The revolution in academic publishing

Henry HagedornEditor, Journal of Insect Science

Department of Entomology and

Office of Scholarly Communication and PublicationUniversity of Wisconsin

A large department will produce 500 to 1000 papers a year.

How much do you think it cost to do the research for these papers?

The federal government spends about 40 billion dollars each year to support scientific research. Not counting the billions added by states and foundations.

Who do you think owns these papers?

In 2004 the US produced 256,000 scientific papers out of a total world production of 743,000 papers.

Publishers !

NotAuthorsGranting agenciesInstitutions

How did this happen?

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc)

Research institutions (state and federal)

Scholars

Data Manuscripts

Commercial publishers

EditorsReviewers

Copyright

Readers

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

What do you lose when you sign a copyright agreementwith a publisher:

Control over dissemination of your work and access by readers:

What do you not lose:

The “underlying ideas, systems or factual information”

you cannot: •make copies for a class• distribute it to colleagues• put it on your website or in a repository.• And readers have to pay for access to it

The tale of the idiot and the publisher

Suber

ACRL data

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc)

Research institutions (state and federal)

Scholars

Data Manuscripts

Commercial publishers

EditorsReviewers

Copyright

Readers

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

“Intermediaries that erect price and permission barriers

between authors and readers serve neither, harm both,

and enrich only themselves.”

Peter Suber, SPARC

In response Cornell University Library cancelled 162 Elsevier journals valued at $250,000

Increase in average cost per journal title in various subject areas

Ave. cost/title 2004 % increase in cost 2000-2004Agriculture $ 714 38Art & Architecture 136 26Astronomy 1,602 39Biology 1,377 38Business & Econ 614 49Chemistry 2,695 35Education 371 49History 166 44Law 222 41Music 106 33Physics 2,543 36 Psychology 446 46Sociology 422 54

Total number of scholarly journals ~50,000 (50% online)Number of journals covered by ISI 8,500 (17%)

Number of journals published by large commercial publishers

Reed/Elsevier 1800Springer/Kluwer 1350Taylor & Francis 800Blackwell 600Wiley 400Lippencott 270

Total 5220

Faust, Hector Berlioz, Los Angeles Opera, September 2003Paul Groves, Samuel Ramey, Denyce Graves

Open access

Digital format

Available online

Free to user

Author copyright

Open Access increases

VisibilityUsageCitationsFull text searchability

It’s about career building

Comparing journals in Ecology

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.)

Research institutions

Scholars

Data Manuscripts

EditorsReviewers

Open Access JournalCopyright

Readers

Free

What can the author do with the copyright?

If you have the copy right you can allow:

Break down the barriers that bar access !

Unrestricted readingDownloading of PDF by readersDistribution of PDF to colleaguesFull text searching LinkingPreservation in repositories

You can retain copyright even when publishing in commercial journals

By adding an AUTHOR’S ADDENDUM to a publisher’s copyright agreement

A model addendum is at

It retains your rights to reproduce and distribute your paperTo prepare derivative works - reviews To authorize others to use it for non-commercial use

It also requires that the publisher provide a PDF of the paper

www.arl.org/sparc/author/

Open Access journals can be free because

Giving the author copyright removes legal barriers to free distribution

The author does not expect to be paid

The internet permits free distribution

Improved software reduces the cost of formatting papers

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.)

Research institutions

Scholars

Data Manuscripts

EditorsReviewers

Open Access JournalCopyright

Readers

Free

G. Eisenbach. 2006. Citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS Biology 4(5):e157

Citation record of three journals

NatureImpact factor 29Ave citation 17177%>500%<10

EcologyImpact factor 4.5Ave citation 2712%>5022%<10

GeneImpact factor 2.6Ave citation 142%>5056%<10

Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

How you can help

Choose open access journals for your papers

Retain your copyright

Don’t do reviews for commercial journals

Decline invitations to join their editorial boards

Become an editor; start an open access journal

Put your papers in the university repository

You can make your existing publications open accessby putting them in a university repository

List of publishers that allow deposition in a repository:

www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php