Open Access and the Evolving Scholarly

Communication Environment

Iryna Kuchma, eIFL Open Access program manager, eIFL.net

Presented at Open Access: Maximising Research Quality and Impact, October 29 – 30, 2009

University of Malawi, Kamuzu College of Nursing, Lilongwe

eIFL.net

4 000 libraries in 46 countries

4 000 libraries in 46 countries

eIFL.net programs

1. Open access

2. Advocacy for access to knowledge: copyright and libraries

3. Promoting free and open source software for libraries

eIFL.net programs 2

4. 1+1=More and better. The benefits of library consortia

5. Promoting a culture of cooperation: knowledge and information sharing

6. Advocating for affordable and fair access to

commercially produced scholarly resources

eIFL-IP: Copyright for libraries to maximize access to

knowledge via libraries for education, research and

the public through fair and balanced copyright laws

that take into account the needs of their users

to raise awareness of libraries

and copyright, and to empower the eIFL.net community to become

advocates and proponents of fair access for all

eIFL-IP: Copyright for libraries 2eIFL Handbook

on Copyright and Related Issueshttp://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/services/eifl-ip/issues/eifl-handbook-on

eIFL-IP Draft Law on Copyright

Including Model Exceptions and Limitations

for Libraries and Consumershttp://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law

eIFL-FOSShttp://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/services/eifl-foss

- Success of the Greenstone pilot in Southern Africa,

leading to the SA Greenstone

- Support Network Launch of Integrated Library

Systems (ILS) project

 - UNESCO award for a Linux Thin Server Project How To Guide

from Birzeit University to help libraries extend or maximize

the usefulness of old computers

Negotiations eIFL.net is advocating for affordable access

to commercially produced electronic journals and

databases through collective negotiations with publishers

and aggregators

negotiation activity includes not only obtaining affordable

prices, but also establishing fair terms and conditions for

access to those resources by library users in developing and

transitional countries

Consortium building eIFL.net assists the countries

in the building of sustainable national

library consortia

a wide range of activities underpins this goal

including: training events, national and regional

workshops and meetings, individual country visits,

grants, manuals, web resources

eIFL Open Access

eIFL Open Access 2Focus for 2009/10:

Open access policies to be adopted by research

funding agencies, universities and research organisations in eIFL.net

countries

Sustainability of open repositories within the eIFL

region

eIFL Open Access 3Open Access Week, 19-23 October

2009

Advocacy materials for eIFL.net countries

Turning pilot repositories into strong operational tools (open access resources create value through the impact they have

on users)

Watching briefs on open access to data and open educational

resources

eIFL Open Access 4coming soon:

Evaluation of Institutional Repository Development in Developing and Transition

Countries – a cooperative program between eIFL.net, the University of Kansas Libraries, the DRIVER project

and Key Perspectives Ltd

case studies on institutional repositories from eIFL countries

a report on the implementation of open content licenses in developing and transition

countries

Why Open Access (OA)?

Why OA 2?

OA FAQ

What is the difference

between open access literature

and digital, online and free of charge literature?

OA FAQ 2 Digital, online and free for users literature

doesn’t have the price barriers for the users, but still has permission barriers (e.g. registration, copyright and licensing restrictions, no reuse rights). If you are asked to register, provide IP address, or

sign a license, this is not open access. E.g. you might have free access to research literature

via HINARI, AGORA, OARE and other international initiatives because somebody paid on your behalf,

or the publisher was generous to provide free access to you, or this was a result of negotiations.

OA FAQ 3

By 'open access' to literature, we mean its permanent free availability

on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles,

crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose,

without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the

internet itself.

OA FAQ 4

The only constraint

on reproduction and distribution,

and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their

work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited

(open access definition from the Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.

shtml).

Helicopter flight by phault http://www.flickr.com/photos/pjh/171451412/

2 complementary strategies: Gold

by Vitó http://www.flickr.com/photos/janeladeimagens/192943825/

www.doaj.org

www.doaj.org

www.doaj.org

https://wiki.library.jhu.edu/display/epubs/Home?showChildren=false

http://www.openaccesspublishing.org/materials.php

http://www.soros.org/openaccess/resources.shtml

http://www.arl.org/sparc/publisher/incomemodels/

2 complementary strategies - Green

by Jim Frazier http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimfrazier/140042827/

http://www.opendoar.org/

http://roar.eprints.org/

Open repositoriesA digital repository is defined as

containing research output

institutional or thematic

and OAI compliant

(http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html) (From The European Repository Landscape Inventory Study into the Present Type and Level of OAI-Compliant Digital Repository Activities in the EU

by Maurits van der Graaf and Kwame van Eijndhoven)

Open Access Repository Types - (from the Directory of Open Access Repositories )

http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Disciplinary_repositories

Content Types in OpenDOAR Repositories

ContentGray literature:

Preprints / working materials /

theses and dissertations / reports /

conference materials / bulletins /

grant applications / reports to the donors / memorandums / statistical reports /

technical documentation / questionnaires…

Theses and dissertationsThe most popular theses and dissertations

were downloaded 37,501 times (history )

and 33,752 times (engineering);

history one was published and was a long seller(John Hagen, West Virginia University)

DepotThe Depot ( www.depot.edina.ac.uk)

is an assured gateway to make research Open Access

EDINA (a JISC UK-national academic data centre

based at the University of Edinburgh)

announced that the Depot has been opened up internationally to support the Open Access agenda.

Depot 21. a deposit service for researchers worldwide

without an institutional repository in which to deposit their papers, articles, and

book chapters (e-prints)

2. a re-direct service which alerts depositors to more appropriate local services if they exist

arXiv.org

Open Access Impact

Open access brings more rapid and more efficient progress for scholarly research

http://arxiv.org/ “Brody has looked at the pattern of citations

to articles deposited in arXiv, specifically at the length of the delay between

when an article is deposited and when it is cited, and has published the aggregated data

for each year from 1991.”– Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of

the American Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/01/timcorr.htm (accessed 30 October 2006)

– Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? - ECS EPrints ...Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? Swan, A. (2006) Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13028/

Open Access Impact 2“As more papers are deposited and more scientists use the repository,

the time between an article being deposited and being cited has been shrinking

dramatically, year upon year”

Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of the American Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072.

http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/01/timcorr.htm (accessed 30 October 2006)– Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? - ECS EPrints ...Open Access: What is it and why should we have

it? Swan, A. (2006) Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13028/

Open Access Impact 3“This is important

for research uptake and progress, because it means that in this area of research,

where articles are made available at – or frequently before – publication, the research cycle is accelerating”

Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of the American Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072.

http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/01/timcorr.htm (accessed 30 October 2006)– Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? - ECS EPrints ...Open Access: What is it and why should we have

it? Swan, A. (2006) Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13028/

Open Access Impact 4“The research cycle in high energy physics

is approaching maximum efficiency as a result of the early and free availability

of articles that scientists in the field can use and build upon rapidly”

– Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of the American Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072.

http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/01/timcorr.htm (accessed 30 October 2006)– Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? - ECS EPrints ...Open Access: What is it and why should we have

it? Swan, A. (2006) Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13028/

Open Access Impact 5

1. “submission of articles to an open access subject repository, arXiv,

yields a citation advantage of a factor five”;

(Evidences from Anne Gentil-Beccot, Salvatore Mele and Travis Brooks: Citing and Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. How a Community Stopped Worrying about Journals and Learned to Love Repositories: http://arxiv

.org/abs/0906.5418 )

Open Access Impact 62. “the citation advantage of articles

appearing in a repository is connected

to their dissemination prior to publication,

20% of citations of HEP articles over a two-year period occur before publication”

(Evidences from Anne Gentil-Beccot, Salvatore Mele and Travis Brooks: Citing and Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. How a Community Stopped Worrying about Journals and Learned to Love Repositories: http://arxiv

.org/abs/0906.5418 )

Open Access Impact 7

3. “HEP scientists are between four and eight times more likely to download an article in its preprint form from arXiv rather than its

final published version on a journal web site”.

(Evidences from Anne Gentil-Beccot, Salvatore Mele and Travis Brooks: Citing and Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. How a Community Stopped Worrying about Journals and Learned to Love Repositories: http://arxiv

.org/abs/0906.5418 )

Enhanced publicationsPublications combined with research data

Improve interpretation and verification

Promote available data

Browsable network of related items

(from the presentation Enhanced Publications & LTP Connector demonstrators by Paul Doorenbosch, KB Netherlands, at the DRIVER

Confederation Summit)

Scholarly communication

Science is dynamic and collaborative and it is important to sustain the communication

processes, rather than simply archiving

research results in the form of a single journal

article

Open Access“It is important to stress here

that publishing is a fundamental part of the process of doing science.

Moreover, as a scientist I am not writing for money — like my wife, who was a professional writer at one time —

but I am writing for fame: I want everyone to read what I write…

For that reason we volunteer our services, and we don’t get paid.

That is what makes Open Access a powerful concept for scientists.”

The Basement Interviews Freeing the scientific literature Harold Varmus, Nobel laureate, former director of the US National Institutes of Health, and co-founder of open access publisher Public Library of Science, talks to Richard Poynder. Published

on June 5th 2006 http://poynder.blogspot.com/2006/06/interview-with-harold-varmus.html

http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html

MESUR

The Power of Open AccessThere are considerable

economic, social and educational benefits

to making research and other outputs available without financial, legal and technical

barriers to access

OA FAQ 5Is open access compatible with copyright?

Completely.

Copyright law gives the copyright holder

the right to make access open or restricted,

and we seek to put copyright in the hands of authors

or institutions that will consent to make access open.

 (From the Budapest Open Access Initiative: Frequently Asked Questions http://www.

earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm)

OA FAQ 6If articles are easily available,

then plagiarism will be made easier? On the contrary.

Open access might make plagiarism easier to commit, for people trolling for text to cut and paste.

But for the same reason, open access makes plagiarism more hazardous to commit. Insofar as open access makes plagiarism

easier, it's only for plagiarism from open access sources. But plagiarism from open access sources is

the easiest kind to detect.”  (From Open access and quality written by Peter Suber, SPARC Open Access Newsletter, issue #102, October 2,

2006: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-02-06.htm#quality) 

OA FAQ 7

“In fact, plagiarism is diminished as a problem. It is far easier to detect if the original,

date-stamped material is freely accessible to all, rather than being hidden in an obscure journal.”

 (From the Open Access Frequently Asked Questions, DRIVER — Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research

http://www.driver-support.eu/faq/oafaq.html)

 

OA FAQ 8“It is easier to detect simple plagiarism with electronic than with printed text

by using search engines or other services to find identical texts.

For more subtle forms of misuse, the difficulties of detection are no greater

than with traditional journal articles. Indeed, metadata tagging, including new ways of tracking the provenance of electronic data and text,

promise to make it easier.” (From JISC Opening up Access to Research Results: Questions and Answers,

http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/QandA-Doc-final.pdf)

http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/plagiarism/archive/detection.aspx

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/leverage?type=powerpoint

The Repository has made a splash page, with previews and usage stats (Example from EPrints at University of Southampton)

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/leverage?type=powerpoint

The repository has made a bibliography for you …(Example from DSpace at Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium)

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/leverage?type=powerpoint

…maybe personalised it with other information about you… (Example from DSpace at University of Chicago, Illinois)

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/leverage?type=powerpoint

…set up a mailing list for you…Example from Digital Commons at Cal Poly

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/leverage?type=powerpoint

Automatically updated your research group web pages (Example from IAM web site at University of Southampton, UK)

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/leverage?type=powerpoint

Less Administration: Management will use the information for the admin forms you would otherwise have to complete

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/leverage?type=powerpoint

Update your Teaching Pages

Why open repositories?Opening up the outputs

of the institution to the world

Maximizing the visibility and impact

of these outputs

Showcasing the quality of the research

in the institution

Why open repositories? 2Collecting and curating

the digital outputs of the institution

Managing and measuring

research and teaching activities

Providing a workspace for work-in-progress

and for collaborative and large-scale projects

Why open repositories? 3Enabling and encouraging

interdisciplinary approaches to research

Facilitating the development and sharing

of digital teaching materials and aids

Supporting student endeavours,

providing access to theses and dissertations and a location for the development of e-portfolios

Why open repositories? 4Institutional and national level

research assessment and research management, bringing together research expertise across the institution and country

Information rich collaboration, effective decision-making

and successful research activity

Improved governmental policy and public health care outcomes

EOS“The world of research is changing

and universities and other research-based institutions

must drive the change, not sit back and let it happen.

Having embarked upon implementing changes

in thinking and practice at my own university,

I want to encourage others in my position

to join the discussion

and help lead the way to a better future,”

said Professor Bernard Rentier.

Next steps – researchers and students

Publish articles in OA journals

Self-archive in open repositories

Spread a word about OA

Next steps – researcher managers

Introduce OA polices

Transform the journals into OA journals

Set-up open repositories

Spread a word about OA

Next steps – librariesSet-up open repositories

Help researchers and students to self-archive

Help to publish OA journals and create open educational resources

Next steps – libraries 2

Help in data curation and sharing

Spread a word about OA

http://ujscienceslibrarynews.wordpress.com/open-access-oa/

Thank you!Questions?

Iryna Kuchma

iryna.kuchma[at]eifl.net; www.eifl.net

The presentation is licensed with Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License