Free 1 Free 2 Free 3 Free 4Direct cross-subsidy get one thing freepay another. Products and price someat zero (or close to it) to make theother products more attractive. Pay-one-get-one; hide the price or bettingyou will buy something.

Ad-Supported; third party subsidezessecond party. The most common: a thirdparty pays to participate in a marketcreated by a free exchange between thefirst two parties. 'Selling' attention (orreaders). The primary cost feels free.

Freemium'; a few people subsidize everyoneelse. For every user who pays for the premiumversion of the site, nineteen others get thebasic free version.

Gift economy; people give away things for non-monetary rewards. Onclude a range of possibilitiesfrom reputation and attention to less measurablefactors such as expression, influence, visibility,leadership, and simply self-interest. Free labour ordonation.

Community publishing: They arepublished online for free (OpenAccess) and in addition they aresometimes sold on subscription inprint. [F3 is also applicable]

Journals supported by advertising orsponsorship advertising can help to defrayany unavoidable overheads expenses.Advertising sales can help to support OpenAccess, and although the great majority ofjournals cannot hope to attract sufficientadvertising revenue to support anoperation with substantial overhead costs(advertising can be a partial solution).

Priced editions:The model is for a journal toprovide OA to one edition and sell access toanother edition. The OA edition should containthe full text and other information (charts,illustrations, links, etc.), but the priced editionmay appear earlier in time or include extrafeatures, such as print.

Fund-raising: The model is to solicit donations,periodically or continuously.

Hard copy sales: Some journalssupport their Open Access publishingmodel wholly or partly by sales of theprint version. [F3 is also applicable]

The model is to use advertising on thejournal's web site or article pages in orderto generate income to help support thejournal.

A a "premium content search engine that isuseful to both users and publishers". Themodel requires users to register. Then"provides users with controlled andmeasurable access into premium content"from participating publishers, which wouldotherwise be toll access, while ensuringpublishers "maintain full control over theirvaluable content."

The journal offers the OA option without any fee atall (or at a discounted fee), for authors in certaincategories, for example, authors who are members ofa certain society, authors who are employees of asubscribing institution, authors who serve as aneditor or referee for one of the publisher's journals,and so on.

‘Hybrid’ Open Acces(+) In some cases,publishers reduce their subscriptionprices as revenue from the OpenAccess option rises( but in most casesthis does not happen and publishersbenefit from the Open Access article-processing fee as extra income).

There are many forms of universitysubsidies for OA journals: in-housepublication of OA journals; funds to paypublication fees at fee-based OA journals;and provision of facilities, equipment, orpersonnel.

Temporary OA: The model is for a publisher tooffer free online access to a work for arestricted period, after which the workbecomes toll access. The OA period may occurjust once or periodically.

The model is for an institution to subsidize an OAjournal, in whole or part, directly or indirectly. It mayprovide cash, facilities, equipment, or personnel. Theinstitution may be of any kind, for example, auniversity, laboratory, research center, library,learned society, museum, hospital, for-profitcorporation, non-profit organization, foundation, orgovernment agency. [F2 is also applicable]

1

Free 1 Free 2 Free 3 Free 4Direct cross-subsidy get one thing freepay another. Products and price someat zero (or close to it) to make theother products more attractive. Pay-one-get-one; hide the price or bettingyou will buy something.

Ad-Supported; third party subsidezessecond party. The most common: a thirdparty pays to participate in a marketcreated by a free exchange between thefirst two parties. 'Selling' attention (orreaders). The primary cost feels free.

Freemium'; a few people subsidize everyoneelse. For every user who pays for the premiumversion of the site, nineteen others get thebasic free version.

Gift economy; people give away things for non-monetary rewards. Onclude a range of possibilitiesfrom reputation and attention to less measurablefactors such as expression, influence, visibility,leadership, and simply self-interest. Free labour ordonation.

The model is for an OA journal to offerbranded products for sale, eitherinternally or through a vendor (e.g.,Cafe Press).

Government subsidies. There are manyforms of government subsidies for OAjournals: direct grants to OA journals orpublishers; grants to researchers whichthey may use for publication fees or pagecharges at OA journals; in-housepublication of OA journals; tax deductionsfor non-profit publishers of OA journals;budgetary support for public universitieswhich the institutions may use to publishOA journals, subsidize OA journals, or hirefaculty who spend part of their work-timeediting OA journals. [F4 is also applicable]

Value-added services: The model is to offerextra services on top of OA content. A range ofservices is possible, for example, article alertservices and site customization

Volunteer effort:The model is to use unpaidvolunteers for some of the work in producing thejournal. All scholarly journals (OA and non-OA) usevolunteers to some extent, as authors, referees,and/or some kinds of editors.

The journal charges one fee for OAarticles that also appear in the non-OAedition available to subscribers, and alower fee for OA articles that do notappear in the non-OA edition.

Article-processing charges: Many OpenAccess journals levy a charge at the ‘frontend’ of the publishing process. This article-processing charge (APC) is paid by authors,their institutions or their research funders.(The long-term outcomes – that is, thelong-term sustainability – of suchinitiatives are as yet unclear.) [F1 is alsoapplicable]

The notion of a book can be deconstructed sothat there is a basic product – the text – plusvarious levels of added value. Examples couldbe extensive hyper-linking, additional graphics,linked datasets, teaching aids, translations andso forth, with buyers opting to pay extra forwhichever extras they want.

Repositories sell nothing, at least for cash, but theyreturn value in other ways to the institution orcommunity that supports them (There is concern thatsome or most of these may not be sustainable in thelong term)

2

Free 1 Free 2 Free 3 Free 4Direct cross-subsidy get one thing freepay another. Products and price someat zero (or close to it) to make theother products more attractive. Pay-one-get-one; hide the price or bettingyou will buy something.

Ad-Supported; third party subsidezessecond party. The most common: a thirdparty pays to participate in a marketcreated by a free exchange between thefirst two parties. 'Selling' attention (orreaders). The primary cost feels free.

Freemium'; a few people subsidize everyoneelse. For every user who pays for the premiumversion of the site, nineteen others get thebasic free version.

Gift economy; people give away things for non-monetary rewards. Onclude a range of possibilitiesfrom reputation and attention to less measurablefactors such as expression, influence, visibility,leadership, and simply self-interest. Free labour ordonation.

Publication fees:The model is to chargea fee upon acceptance of a OA articlefor publication. The idea is for the feeto cover the costs of production.Because rejected articles pay nopublication fee, the publication feemust cover the costs of publishing theaccepted article plus the cost ofreviewing the number of submissionsrejected for each accepted submission.

Membership dues: The model is for amembership organization, like a learnedsociety, to use membership dues tosupport an OA journal, in whole or part.[F4 is also applicable]

Sponsorship: for an occasional volume where asponsor wishes to support the publication forphilanthropic reasons or to increase the reach of aparticular message. [F2 is also applicable]

‘Hybrid’ Open Access is the situationwhere article- processing charges arepaid to make individual articles OpenAccess within otherwise subscription-based journals.

Subsidy: This is a model used by someuniversity presses whose parentinstitution recognises the value ofdissemination of research outputs (books)even though there is a cost to theinstitution in doing this.

Crowdfunding: The model is for potential projects tobe pitched online; the broader community—the“crowd” —may then choose to fund the submittedwork with financial donations, which coverproduction costs.

Hybrid OA journals: The model is for ajournal to publish some OA articles andsome non-OA articles, when the choicebetween the two is the author's ratherthan the editor's. Authors who choosethe OA option must typically pay apublication fee or find a sponsor to paya fee. Alternatively, the journal couldpromise to reduce the subscriptionprice in proportion to author uptake ofthe OA option

Institutional membership schemes: SomeOpen Access publishers have alsointroduced an institutional membershipscheme. A number of variants have beenintroduced so far, including: schemeswhere institutions pay a lump sum inadvance to cover the cost of articles thattheir authors will publish.

Collaborative purchasing models: a collection ofinstitutions, research laboratories and scholarlysocieties that, together with national researchfunders, will pay certain sums to the publishers ofjournals in return for making the entire contents ofthose journals Open Access. [F2 is also applicable]

3

Free 1 Free 2 Free 3 Free 4Direct cross-subsidy get one thing freepay another. Products and price someat zero (or close to it) to make theother products more attractive. Pay-one-get-one; hide the price or bettingyou will buy something.

Ad-Supported; third party subsidezessecond party. The most common: a thirdparty pays to participate in a marketcreated by a free exchange between thefirst two parties. 'Selling' attention (orreaders). The primary cost feels free.

Freemium'; a few people subsidize everyoneelse. For every user who pays for the premiumversion of the site, nineteen others get thebasic free version.

Gift economy; people give away things for non-monetary rewards. Onclude a range of possibilitiesfrom reputation and attention to less measurablefactors such as expression, influence, visibility,leadership, and simply self-interest. Free labour ordonation.

Hard copy sales: Publishers make thedigital version of their books OpenAccess online and earn revenue fromprint sales.

Institutional subsidy: Institutions formallysubsidise journal publishing wherever theyare supporting, even if it is by subventingoverhead costs, Open Access journalpublishing operations by a university pressor by the library. (Although thesustainability of this model may seemunclear at this stage).

Endowments: The model is for an OA publication tobuild an endowment and use the annual interest tocover its expenses.

Colors taxonomyInstitutional model: the operation is supported by the institution.Community model: the operation is supported by the community by cash donations or in-kind supportPublic sponsors model: the operation is supported by ongoing sponsorship from a public body such as a national ICT organisationSubscription model: the operation trades, and is supported through subscription payments from its usersCommercial model: the organisation trades, and is supported through cash payments from users and/or advertising

By Cristóbal Cobo, phd (Oxford Internet Institute) v.01 October 2014

4