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InstitutInstitut TeknologiTeknologi BandungBandung, Indonesia, Indonesia

FakultasFakultas TeknologiTeknologi IndustriIndustri -- DepartemenDepartemen TeknikTeknikKimiaKimia

3030 MarchMarch 2010 in2010 in BandungBandung

ADVANCED COGENERATION SYSTEMSADVANCED COGENERATION SYSTEMS --

A DESALINATIONA DESALINATION--POWER PLANTPOWER PLANT--CONCEPTCONCEPT

Dr.Dr.--Ing. Claudia WernerIng. Claudia Werner

Technische UniversitTechnische Universitt Berlin, Germanyt Berlin, Germany

Fachgebiet

Anlagen- undSicherheitstechnik

Fachgebiet



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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner

CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. State of the Art of Desalination/Electricity Production

3. Combination - Desalination Plant /CCGT Plant

4. Recent Research - Thermoeconomics and Optimisation Approaches

5. Simulation Process

6. Results of the Simulation Process

7. Conclusion and Outlook

8. Acknowledgement


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Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of heat and power in a

single thermodynamic process

Cogeneration systems such as CCGT power plants or block heat andpower plants are available on the market

Application is motivated by different issues of climate protection

Advanced cogeneration systems:

- Combined production of

Electricity/District Cooling


Electricity/Chemicals


Electricity/Fresh Water


1. INTRODUCTION - Cogeneration Systems

Source: http://www.vattenfall.de, 2010.


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1. INTRODUCTION - Water Supply/Water Withdrawal


Increasing world water withdrawals since 1900

Source: http://www.worldwatercouncil.org, 2010.


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1. INTRODUCTION - Withdrawal to Availability Ratio

Source: Konishi,T. Global Water Issues and Nuclear Seawater Desalination, 2010.


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18,000 island, 6,000 inhabited

by 215 million people

endowed with 5,590 riversflowing over 5,500 km/year

of water

annual amount of precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm to 5,000 mm

fresh water supply by shallow water wells and deep water ground

surface

annual water resources in Indonesia: 1,690 x 10 m/km or16.8 x 10 m/capita

intrusions of seawater detected in Jakarta, Medan, Semarang, Surabayaand Ujung Pandang


1. INTRODUCTION - Situation in Indonesia

Source: www.weltkarte.com, 2010 .


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1. INTRODUCTION - Water Resource and Water Demand

358,813156,8503,221,000Indonesia

1,886589981,000Mollucas+Papua

23,0938,2041,008,000Borneo

49,58325,298738,000Sumatra

77,30525,555247,000Celebes

42,27413,82760,000Lesser Sunda

164,67283,378187,000Java

20152000

(mill. m/year)

(mill. m/year)

Water DemandWater ResourceIsland(s)

Source: Sunaryo, G. R. Prospect on Desalination and other non-electric Applications of Nuclear Energy in Indonesia,

2010.


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Thermal Processes

- Multi Effect Distillation (MED)

- Multi Stage Flash (MSF)- Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC)

Non-Thermal Processes

- Reverse Osmosis (RO)- Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)

Desalination Projects in Indonesia

- Fossil Desalination Projects (Pulau Seribu, Sulawesi)

- Nuclear Desalination Projects (Madura Island)

- Renewable Desalination Projects (Cituis)

Thermal Processes

- Multi Effect Distillation (MED)

- Multi Stage Flash (MSF)- Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC)

Non-Thermal Processes

- Reverse Osmosis (RO)- Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)

Desalination Projects in Indonesia

- Fossil Desalination Projects (Pulau Seribu, Sulawesi)

- Nuclear Desalination Projects (Madura Island)

- Renewable Desalination Projects (Cituis)

1. INTRODUCTION - Desalination Processes and Projects


Source: Konishi,T. Global Water Issues and Nuclear Seawater Desalination, 2010.


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2. STATE OF THE ART - Desalination Plants


Multi Effect Distillation (MED)

Typical capacity: 500 - 18,000 m/d

Electric consumption: 1 - 2.5 kWh/m

Heat consumption: 150 - 260 MJ/m

Product salinity: < 10 ppm TDS

Facility: Telde & Las Palmas -Gran Canaria

Multi Effect Distillation ProcessSource: http://www.ide-tech.com, 2009.


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feed

product

sole

finalcondenser

stage 1

steam

stage 2 stage 3

condensate

steamfromCCGT

steam toCCGT

sole

feed

product

sole

finalcondenser

stage 1

steam

stage 2 stage 3

condensate

steamfromCCGT

steam toCCGT

p1 > p2 > p3T1 > T2 > T3

H. Mller-Holst: Mehrfacheffekt-Feucht-

luftdestillation bei Umgebungsdruck, 2002.


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Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Typical capacity: 1 - 10,900 m/dElectric consumption: 4 - 9 kWh/m

Product salinity: < 500 ppm TDS

product

concentrate

feed

HP PUMP

pretreat-ment

posttreat-ment

H. Mller-Holst: Mehrfacheffekt-Feuchtluftdestillation bei Umgebungsdruck, 2002.


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2. STATE OF THE ART - Hybrid Desalination Plants


Increased flexibility in desalination plant management

Economic aspects of hybrid desalination plants

Modulation of the Power-to-Water-Ratio (PWR) as required

MEDMED--MSFMSFMEDMED--MSFMSF--VCVCMEDMED--VCVCMEDMED--RORO

ThermalThermal ratioratio of hybrid MEDof hybrid MED plantsplants

Figure: Hybrid desalination plants based on MED according to the thermal ratio


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MED/RO in parallel connection

- independent operation of the

desalination units (MED/RO)

- complete sharing of the energy

supply, the water pre- and post-treatment as well as the product

and sole removal facilities

- examples (parallel connection):

Jubail (Saudi Arabia)

Madina-Yanbu (Saudi Arabia)

common

intake

MED plant

RO plant

outfall

product

Source: M. A. Helal, et al.: Optimal design of hybrid

RO/MSF desalination plant, 2003.


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electric power requirement

(MED/RO)1.3 kWh/m / 6.5 kWh/m(3)

steam recirculation (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 102 C(2)steam requirement (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 157 C(1)


product

water

feed

(seawater)

Hybrid desalination plant

MED Plant

A2

RO Plant

A1 A3

sole

TotalTotal desalinationdesalination capacitycapacity = 2 x 17,500 m= 2 x 17,500 m/d/d

MEDMED capacitycapacity/ RO/ RO capacitycapacity = 1= 1 :: 11


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2. STATE OF THE ART - Electricity Production (750 MW)


CCGT Seabank Power Station -

Electric base and mid-load supply

Source: Kraftwerksschule Essen e.V.


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low pressure parameter36.2 t/h / 4.8 bar / 235 C

medium pressure parameter52.1 t/h / 30 bar / 320 C

reheat parameter247.6 t/h / 28.5 bar / 550 C

high pressure parameter253.3 t/h / 110 bar / 550 C

Electricity Production: CCGT Seabank Power Station

Triple-pressure process and single reheat

CCGT Power Station on natural gas basis

Electricity yield: 57.8 %



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3. COMBINATION - Desalination plant /CCGT plant


flue gas

product

water

feed

(seawater)

CCGT power plantair

natural gas gas turbines HRSGsteam

turbines

Hybrid desalination plant

MED Plant

A2

RO Plant

A1 A3

sole

electric

power

electric power requirement

(MED/RO)1.3 kWh/m / 6.5 kWh/m(3)

steam recirculation (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 102 C(2)

steam requirement (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 157 C(1)


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Interfaces Desalination Plant - CCGT Power Station

Interface Desalination PlantInterface Desalination PlantInterfaces Desalination PlantInterfaces Desalination Plant


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4. RECENT RESEARCH -

Aspects of Thermoeconomics

component k

in,k,nC&

in,k,2C&

OMk

CIkk ZZZ

&&& +=

1

out,k,2C&

out,k,1C&

2

1

out,k,mC& mn

2

in,k,1C&


jjjjjj emcEcC ==&&

( ) ( )==

=++

m

joutkjj

OMk

CIk

n

jinkjj

EcZZEc

1,

1,

&&&&

Source: A. Bejan, et al.: Thermal design and optimization, 1996


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ED/ED,max in %

(Z/ED)/(Z/ED

)maxin%

mediumlow hi h

lo

w

mediu

m

high


Optimisation Approach according to Ogriseck/Meyer

.

.

.

.


An increase of the capital cost of

these components is recommended

A decrease of

the capital cost

of these

components is

recommended


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Optimisation Approach according to Scheffler

.

.

.

.


Direction and extent

specifications for the inputparameter variations within

the optimisation process

Example of an isolineillustration to describe the

nonlinear correlation of the

input parameters

(x1, x2 - cp. figure)

Source: E. Scheffler: Statistische Versuchsplanung

und -auswertung, 1997.


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5. SIMULATION/OPTIMISATION PROCESS

Combination of the parameters of both subsystems

Stationary nominal operation of the cogeneration system

Simulation of the energy supply of the hybrid desalination plant

on the basis of GE Energy - GateCycle

Thermoeconomic analyses on the basis GATEX, MATLAB and

Microsoft Excel

SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS:



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5. SIMULATION PROCESS


Electricity cost: 4.32 ct/kWh Water cost: 2.08 EUR/m

0

33

67

100

0 33 67 100

ED/ED,max in %

(Zk/ED

)/(Zk/ED)maxin%

mediumlow high

low

medium

high

CMB1/CMB2

HPSHT3/HPSH23

PUMP2

PUMP3MPECO/MPECO2ST2

ST1

PUMP1

MPZHT2/MPZH22


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6. RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION PROCESS


100 C 140 C

1220 C 1220 C

- 0.22 %

0.00 %

Exergy

efficiency

- 0.03 %

0.00 %

Electricity

cost

- 0.07 %

0.00 %

CMB1/CMB2

Fuel preheating

Outlet Temperature

Water

cost


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- 0.01 %

0.00 %

0.00 %

0.00 %

0.00 %

0.00 %

- 0.02 %

0.00 %

- 0.02 %

85.0 % 80.5 %

85.0 % 85.0 %

85.0 % 83.0 %

PUMP1

PUMP2

PUMP3Isentropic efficiency

25.3 K 54.3 K9.8 K 67.8 K

33.9 K 81.9 K

85.0 % 82.0 %

89.0 % 87.5 %

100 C 140 C

1220 C 1220 C

- 0.10 % 0.00 %

- 1.31 %

- 0.20 %

- 0.12 %

- 0.22 %

0.00 %

Exergy

efficiency

- 0.58 %- 0.43 %

- 1.01 %

- 0.03 %

- 0.03 %

- 0.03 %

0.00 %

Electricity

cost

- 0.07 %

0.00 %

CMB1/CMB2

Fuel preheating

Outlet Temperature

- 0.04 %

- 0.01 %

ST1

ST2

Isentropic efficiency

- 0.34 %- 0.37 %

- 0.41 %

HPSHT3/HPSH23MPECO/MPECO2

MPZHT2/MPZHT22Temperature difference

Water

cost



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Electricity cost: 4.23 ct/kWh Water cost: 2.05 EUR/m

0

33

67

100

0 33 67 100ED/ED,max in %

(Zk/ED)/(Zk/ED)maxin%

prior to optimisation

after optimistion

mediumlow high

low

medium

high


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Application of combined methods including thermoeconomic and

statistical approaches

Investigation of further cogeneration concepts, e. g. combined

production of hydrogen and electricity

7. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

Each component is characterised by specific dimensioning parameters,

which qualify the relative exergy destruction and the specific cost ratios

According to the optimisation approach by Ogriseck/Meyer differentcomponents are determined to affect the exergy or cost efficiency

Modifications investigated result in decreased product cost

(electricity/water) and decreased exergy efficiency



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The author gratefully acknowledge the support of the Kraftwerksschule

Essen e.V. and Siemens AG.

Contact Data: Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner

Technische Universitt Berlin

Institut fr Prozess- und Verfahrenstechnik

Fachgebiet: Anlagen- und Sicherheitstechnik (TK-01)Strae des 17. Juni 135

D-10623 Berlin

http://www.ast.tu-berlin.de/

[email protected]



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Sensitivity Analyses - Product Cost (Electricity/Water)

Variation of the component parameters 5 % (prior to optimisation)

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5

parameter variation in %

costvariationin

CMB1/CMB2 - Fuel preheating CMB1/CMB2 - Outlet temperature

PUMP1 - Isentropic efficiency PUMP2 - Isentropic efficiency

PUMP3 - Isentropic efficiency ST1 - Isentropic efficiency

ST2 - Isentropic efficiency HPSHT3/HPSH23 - Temperature difference

MPECO/MPECO2 - Temperature difference MPZHT2/MPZH22 - Temperature difference

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5

parameter variation in %

costvariationin

Electricity Water (MED/RO)


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Economic Aspects of Hybrid Desalination Plants (MED:RO)

Water cost in EUR/m related to the ratio of MED: RO and

the total desalination capacity

0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.3 4.0 9.0

13500

20250

27000

33750

40500

47250

54000

60750

67500

MED:RO-Verhltnis

total

desalinationcapacityinm/

1.00-1.25 1.25-1.50

1.50-1.75 1.75-2.00

2.00-2.25 2.25-2.50

2.50-2.75 2.75-3.00

MED : RO

Totaldes

alinationcapacity

inm/d


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10.32 EUR/temission certificate (CO2 )

2.63 EUR/GJfuel cost

1.0 %fuel escalation

0.7 %general escalation

2.3 %inflation12 %interest rate

7446 hannual utilisation period

30 alife cycle

01/2007reference date

Economic Data of the Desalination Plant/CCGT Plant (Selection)

Desalination data according to the publications of Wangnick Consul-

ting GmbH, IDE Technologies Ltd. and A. M. Helal et al.

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