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DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATABASES

VANITHA MAGESH

I M.E

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Object Oriented Database

Definition

An object database (also object-oriented database management system) is a database

management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming.

Advantages

Since interaction between objects and database is done transparently, there is no need for

a query language to access data from an Object Oriented Database Management System.

But one can still use queries in OODBMS.

In OODBMS, a large class can hold several medium-sized classes, which can hold even

more medium-sized classes. This means that OODBMs has the ability to handle complex

data compared to RDBMS. Data is described easily through class hierarchy

Object-oriented databases by definition allow the inclusion of more of the code (i.e. the

object's methods) in the database itself. This incremental knowledge about the application

has a number of potential benefits of the database system itself, including the ability tooptimize query processing and to control the concurrent execution of transactions.

Performance, always a significant issue in system implementation, may be significantly

improved by using an object-oriented model instead of a relational model. The greatestimprovement can be expected in applications with high data complexity and large

numbers of inter-relationships. Clustering, or locating the related objects in close proximity, can be accomplished through the class hierarchy or by other interrelations.Caching, or the retention of certain objects in memory or storage, can be optimised by

anticipating that the user or application may retrieve a particular instance of the class.

When there is high data complexity, clustering and caching techniques in objectdatabases gain tremendous performance benefits that relational databases, because of

their fundamental architecture, will never be able to approach.

Object-oriented databases can store not only complex application components but also

larger structures. Although relational systems can support a large number of tuples (i.e.,

rows in a table), individual types are limited in size. Object-oriented databases with large

objects do not suffer performance degradation because the objects do not need to be broken apart and reassembled by applications, regardless of the complexity of the

properties of the application objects.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming




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Disadvantages

Lower efficiency when data is simple and relationships are simple. Relational tables are simpler. Late binding may slow access speed.

Schema changes Lack of agreed standards

Object Relational Database

Definition

Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) is a DBMS or Database

Management System akin to a relational database, but with an object oriented database modelthat allows custom web development professionals to combine the database with custom data

types. It bridges the gap between relational databases and Object-Oriented Database

Management System (OODBMS).

Advantages

Reuse and Sharing: The main advantages of extending the Relational data model come

from reuse and sharing. Reuse comes from the ability to extend the DBMS server to

perform standard functionality centrally, rather than have it coded in each application.

Increased Productivity: ORDBMS provides increased productivity both for the

developer and for the, end user

Use of experience in developing RDBMS: Another obvious advantage is that .the

extended relational approach preserves the significant body of knowledge and experience

that has gone into developing relational applications. This is a significant advantage, as

many organizations would find it prohibitively expensive to change. If the new

functionality is designed appropriately, this approach should allow organizations to take

advantage of the new extensions in an evolutionary way without losing the benefits of

current database features and functions.

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Disadvantages

The ORDBMS approach has the obvious disadvantages of complexity and associated

increased costs.

There are the proponents of the relational approach that believe the essential simplicity'

and purity of the relational model are lost with these types of extension.

ORDBMS vendors are attempting to portray object models as extensions to the relational

model with some additional complexities. This potentially misses the point of object

orientation, highlighting the large semantic gap between these two technologies.

Object applications are simply not as data-centric as relational-based ones.

Application

Some areas in which ORDBMSs can advantageously be used in Life Sciences include:

Bioinformatics.

Genomics, Proteomics.

Diagnostics, Drug discovery, Biomarker detection, Drug interactions.

Genetic engineering, Gene expression and therapy.

Data mining for detecting patterns and providing insights.

Environmental bioremediation.

MULTIMEDIA DATABASE

Definition

A multimedia database is a database that hosts one or more primary media file types such as .txt

(documents), .jpg (images), .swf (videos), .mp3 (audio), etc. And loosely fall into three main

categories:

Static media (time-independent, i.e. images and handwriting) Dynamic media (time-dependent, i.e. video and sound bytes)

Dimensional media

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Advantages

The incorporation of multimedia database systems will improve the quantity and quality

of information manipulated by computer users in all fields, computer aided design, and

information retrieval.

When a multimedia application lacks a database, the data structure is buried in the script,

where all of its value is lost. This omission also makes the script more complicated and

less flexible. Using a multimedia database makes the data structure logic available to

other multimedia applications and simplifies the script so that many scripts can share the

same multimedia metadata.

When a multimedia or abstract data database is organized and annotated for one

application, other applications can use those annotations without going through the same

time-consuming process. This capability adds great value to the data through reuse and

controlled redundancy.

When multimedia application content is controlled by the multimedia database,

multimedia content can be added, deleted, or modified without modifying the application

script.

Search and retrieval operations are critical in interactive multimedia applications; they

must be equally efficient and powerful.

Applications

Vedio on demand servers

Multimedia document management system

Multimedia mail system

Multimedia shopping guide

DATAWAREHOUSE

Definition

A data warehouse or enterprise data warehouse (DW, DWH, or EDW) is a database used

for reporting and data analysis. It is a central repository of data which is created by integrating

data from one or more disparate sources. Data warehouses store current as well as historical data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_reporting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_reporting


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and are used for creating trending reports for senior management reporting such as annual and

quarterly comparisons.

Advantages

Integrating data from multiple sources;

Performing new types of analyses; and

Reducing cost to access historical data.

Other benefits may include:

Standardizing data across the organization, a "single version of the truth";

Improving turnaround time for analysis and reporting;

Sharing data and allowing others to easily access data;

Supporting ad hoc reporting and inquiry;

Reducing the development burden on IS/IT; and

Removing informational processing load from transaction-oriented databases;

Disadvantages

Major data schema transforms from each of the data sources to one schema in the data

warehouse, which can represent more than 50% of the total data warehouse effort

Data owners lose control over their data, raising ownership (responsibility and

accountability), security and privacy issues

Long initial implementation time and associated high cost

Adding new data sources takes time and associated high cost Limited flexibility of use and types of users - requires multiple separate data marts for

multiple uses and types of users

Typically, data is static and dated

Typically, no data drill-down capabilities

Difficult to accommodate changes in data types and ranges, data source schema, indexes

and queries

Typically, cannot actively monitor changes in data

Applications

Agriculture.

Biological data analysis.

Prediction for Telecom subscribers, Credit Card users etc.

Decision support, Financial forecasting, Insurance fraud analysis

Logistics and Inventory management, Trend analysis.

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KNOWLEDGE BASED DATABASE

Definition A knowledge base or knowledgebase (also KB or kb) is a special kind of database for knowledge

management. A knowledge base is an information repository that provides a means for

information to be collected, organized, shared, searched and utilized. It can be either machine-

readable or intended for human use.

Advantages

It can handle large amounts of data (up to billions of objects)

Supports object search, optimization, indexing, and fast access

Navigation between object relations is in the form of a graph (tree)

Can capture and apply the domain knowledge of a number of human experts

Can make knowledge more accessible and easier to use

Can carry out repetitive work accurately and automatically

Can maximise creativity and minimise routine work

Disadvantages

Sometimes, the rules and knowledge contained in the database are not accurate and well

defined, as both the logic and knowledge obtained is limited to the experience of

specialized people in the domain

Can be costly to develop and maintain

The different writing styles and knowledge levels of contributors often result in a

disjointed, non standardized document, which is one of the biggest disadvantages of a

knowledge base. Redundancy becomes the rule rather than the exception. It is almost

certain that the same mistakes will be added to the knowledge base several times over.

Dedicated maintenance is thus required.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management





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Application

Crop land pattern matching system for agriculture.

Intelligent manufacturing.

Matching buyers and sellers agent in e-commerce.

Embedded KBS in the devises like fuzzy washing machine. Government schemes information system.

Diet planning system.

Disease diagnostic system.

Disease diagnostic system for cattle and livestock.

Patient monitoring system.

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