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Content Management Systemsand

Metadata

Ontwerp van Multimediatoepassingen

Rik Van de Walle

academiejaar 2008-2009

What is Content Management?

content is published into the right spot in the publishing template

entering content and metadata using an authoring template

Logo

ApplicationServer

Major Components (example: web access)

Database

AuthoringTemplates

Publishing User

InterfaceHTML Pages

Templates

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Basic CMS Features

• Access control: who is allowed to do what?• Version control: return to previously saved versions• Library

o page templateso imageso other assets

• Content repositoryo databaseso XML repository

• Publishing functionality: creates web pages (or more generally: a portal) using

o contento templates

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Prime Benefit: Efficiency

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Benefits (aka "promised benefits")

• "Single source" of content• Reusability of content• Versioning• Easier maintenance• Consistency• Easier authoring and publishing

Designing/Implementing CMS: Problems

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Workflow didn't fit my needs

Overall too complex

Didn't allow enough customization

Commercial software required too much time toimplement

Difficult to integrate with other systems

Difficult to evaluate vendors

Not flexible enough to accomodate my design

Poor process for migrating old content

Required too much customization

Commercial software too expensive

Apart from HW/SW: Other Problems

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Finding skilledprogrammers

Maintaining content

Combining contentcomponents on pages

Creating a templateddesign

Designing a workflow

Overall projectcomplexity

Structuring metadata

Determiningrequirements

Training authors andeditors

Migrating old content

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Most Popular Responses

• "No easy way to integrate controlled vocabularies"• "It should be more clear what kind of content the

system is designed to manage: documents, web content, etc."

• "Make it allow for more flexible designs"

• "Workflow didn't fit my needs"

• Diversity of responses reflects broad CMS scope

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Conclusions:Prepare Organization for CMS Complexity

• Requires coordination across diverse departments and roles, for example

o managemento IT departmento content creatorso end-users

• Requires rigorous project management

• "A CMS is probably the most complex rollout you and your IT colleagues are likely to have to manage."(Martin White, CMS Consultant and Writer)

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Conclusions:Tightly Integrate Design and Technology

• CMS configurationo technical worko often performed by information technologistso gap between technologists and (end-)users

• Yet many tasks, like creating authoring templates, require a well-designed user interface for content authors

• Hence, importance of HCI / GUIs

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Conclusions:Don't Neglect the Content

• With all the focus on design and implementation, not enough attention is given to

o content creationo content migration

• Ultimately, you are designing a system to deliver content – prioritize it appropriately!!!

• Migrating old content will always take longer than you expect

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Reusable Content Requires Standardization

• Standardize on many levels:o data formatso metadatao authoring templates / GUIso publishing templates

• May require coordination across an organization

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Start with the User Interface

• This keeps the information centered on user needs, instead of having to retrofit a user interface onto a mismatched information model

• Helps determine scope: model only the information you need in the system, and avoid an unnecessary large intellectual exercise

Feedback Loop

• In practice, there is a feedback loop between the user interface and the information model, but focusing on the user interface helps ensure the right design for the user

• You may have to consider several different UIs that share content to make sure the content is reusable

InfoType # InfoCategory InfoType O/C Type Descriptionmaxlength(in chars)

Product Overview328 Overview Product Overview 1 Text 3000

Product Details

034 Details Product Architecture 0-1 Text 3000Product Architecture Diagram 0-1 Image

Release History

049 Release History Release No 1+ Controlled, Numeric

050 Release History Release Date 1+ Date

051 Release History Product Release Name 1+ Text 50

301 Release History What's New With This Release 1 Text 1000

048 Release History Release Enhancements 1+ Text 1000

Reliabilty and Performance

119 Reliability and Performance Reliability Overview 0-1 Text 1000

121 Reliability and Performance Performance/Error Rates 0-1 Bulleted text 1000

Security

122 Security Security Features 0-1 Text 3000

123 Security Security Issues 0-1 Bulleted text 1000

Manufacturing Information

066 Manufacturing Information Manufacturing Information 1 Text 1000

Packaging032 Packaging Entitlements 0-1 Bulleted text 1000

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PublishingTemplates

• Fewer is bettero easier maintenanceo more consistent layouto increased usability

• Example: Cisco.com has nearly one million pages with about three HTML templates

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Create Semantic Relationships

• Use metadata to describe the relationship among information types, for (a/o)

o content analysiso searchingo browsingo indexing

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Metadata Standards

• Some major activities identified:o SMEF (Standard Media Exchange Framework)o P/Meta (EBU Project group)o AAF: Advanced Authoring Formato SMPTE-UMID (Society of Motion Pictures and

Television Engineers - Unique Material Identifier)o MPEG-7 (Moving Picture Experts Group)o MPEG-21

• This list is far from complete!!!

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Why Standardized Metadata?

• Standardized metadata allows o authoring once for many destinationso metadata authoring tools that can be supplied to

many different customerso editing of metadata that has come from many

sourceso economy of scale for

• content providers• manufacturers

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Existing Metadata Technologies

• Museao AMICO (Art Museums Image Consortium)o CIDOC (International Committee for

Documentation)o ICOM (International Council of Museums)

• Archivingo OAIS (Open Archival Information System)o ISAD (International Standard Archival Description)

from ICA (International Council of Archives)o EAD (Encoded Archival Description)o IASA (International Association of Sound and

Audiovisual Archives)

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Existing Metadata Technologies

• Industry in a broad senseo extremely diverseo a lot of proprietary solutions, like

• UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration)

• OASIS - XML.org• BizTalk

• Importance of XMLo separation between content and layouto generic markup languageo content-independento a lot of “XML tools” are already available

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Existing Metadata Technologies

• Cross-domain technologieso Resource Description Framework

• a standard way for using XML• to represent metadata• in the form of statements• about properties and relationships of items• heavily used in digital libraries

o Dublin Core (Dublin Core Metadata Element Set)• 15 element set• associated qualifiers• to facilitate discovery of resources• heavily used in digital libraries

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EBU P/Meta

• Developed byo European Broadcasting Uniono project group P/Meta

• aims at developing common media exchange formats

o for broadcasters, publishers and archiveso liaison with (a/o) SMPTE and MPEG

• Problem: too many organizations developingo too many standardso methods and procedures

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EBU P/Meta

• Importance to guarantee compatibility and interoperability

o AAF moves in this directiono with an overall metadata infrastructure

• No detailed, official standards for interoperable audio-visual metadata that includes and integrates

o all digital productiono distributiono archiving

• Standardization work is needed• Cooperation is needed as well...

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TV-Anytime Forum

• "Watch what you want, when you want"

• Simpler ways for the consumer to acquireTV content on local storage

o click on EPGo trailero website

• Personalization and automatic recording

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TVA Metadata

• Assists the consumer in selecting content• Supports creation and use of user profiles

• TVA metadata includeso programme informationo segmentation informationo related material informationo purchase informationo user profileso usage history

• TVA metadata uses a CRID to refer to content

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Content Referencing

• The CRID (Content Reference IDentifier)o allows for location independent referencing of

contento is assigned by an authority which also has the

ability to resolve the CRID to a location

• A CRID points too a single piece of contento or a series of other CRIDs

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Why is Content Referencing Needed?

• The same metadata can be used for content regardless of where and when it is broadcast

• To reference groups of programmes such as an entire series

• References can be given before time & channel has been decided

• References work even if there is a change to the scheduled transmission time

<GroupInformation GroupId="crid://hbc.com/foxes/all" GroupType="show" Ordered="true" NumberOfItems="2"> <BasicDescription> <Title type="main">All episodes of Foxes ever</Title> <Synopsis Length="short">More Foxes than you can handle</Synopsis> </BasicDescription><MemberOf>crid://hbc.com/comedy/all</MemberOf></GroupInformation>

<ProgramInformation ProgramId="crid://hbc.com/foxes/episode1"> <BasicDescription> <Title type="main"> The one where Fox jumps in the Potomac </Title> <Synopsis Length="short"> Fox goes to Washington and jumps in the Potomac </Synopsis> </BasicDescription><MemberOf>crid://hbc.com/foxes/all</MemberOf></ProgramInformation>

<ProgramInformation ProgramId="crid://hbc.com/foxes/episode2"> <BasicDescription> <Title type="main"> The one where Fox drowns in the Lake of Geneva </Title> <Synopsis Length="short"> Fox goes to Geneva and tries to climb the fountain </Synopsis> </BasicDescription><MemberOf>crid://hbc.com/foxes/all</MemberOf></ProgramInformation>

CRIDCRID

CRID

Group information Program information

CRID – Grouping example

CRID – Resolution

CRIDTOP

locator

CRIDA CRIDB CRIDC

CRIDB1 CRIDB2

locator locator locator

locator

A CRID can resolve to other CRIDs

At some point, CRIDs must resolve to locations

CRIDs resolve to lists (of CRIDs or locators)

CRID – Hierarchy Example

Star Trek

Location 1

Original Series1966-1969

Voyager1995-present

Deep Space Nine1993-1999

The Next Generation1987-1994

Season 1: 1966-1967

Episode 1: "The Man Trap" …

… …

Episode 29: "Operation: Annihilate!"

… … …

Season 2: 1967-1968 Season 3: 1968-1969

…

Location 2 Location

Recording from a trailer

Recording from a Web page

Electronic Programme Guide

Creating EPGs with data from many sources

Detailed programme information

Grouping

Searching for interesting programs

Search for interesting content without knowing where or when it will be broadcast

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TVA – Industry Adoption

• Transport mechanisms for TVAF data have been incorporated into DVB specifications

• ARIB has adopted TVAF (Japan – Association of Radio Industries and Businesses)

• ATSC has selected TVAF metadata (US – Advanced TV Systems Committee)

• IPTC has (International Press Telecommunications Council)

o produced ProgramGuideMLo adopted TVAF metadata

• EBU P/Meta is TVA compatible, using many common elements (Europe)

• Companies in US, Europe, and Asia are developing TVA-compatible products

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Sources

• The (Unfulfilled) Promise of Content Management Systems

Victor Lombardi

• Introducing TV Anytime Phase 1Ronald Tol

• The MPEG consortium (and its members)