ontology design pattern property specialisation strategies
DESCRIPTION
Presentation held at EKAW 2014. Full paper at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-13704-9_13TRANSCRIPT
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Ontology Design Pattern Property Specialisation
StrategiesKarl Hammar
Jönköping University / Linköping University
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ODP Specialisation
• Typically a Content ODP contains/is packaged as a small reusable OWL ontology.
• Using that general/abstract ODP in a specific use case requires specialisation.
• Often done via import and mapping of original OWL ontology.
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Research Question
• How are Content Ontology Design Patterns (ODPs) used or specialised in Ontology Engineering projects for the Semantic web, and what are the effects of such usage?
• Motivation: to develop better understanding of ODP usage, supporting development of improved (guided?) tooling for such use.
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Method Overview
1. Gather OWL ontologies that reference known ODP namespaces.
2. Extract mapping axioms (e.g. subsumption or equivalency mappings b/w ontology and ODP).
3. Find recurring patterns in mapping axiom structure.
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Understanding ODP Specialisation
• 347 non-trivial ontologies gathered through Google Search, LODStats, LOV, OntologyDesignPatterns.org, IKS project
• 41 ODP-using ontologies found, with 107 mapping axioms.
• 85 % of mapping axioms are one-way subsumption of classes or properties. ODP classes/properties are nearly always superclasses/superproperties.
• 20 ODP specialisation modules that specialise object properties.
• Three distinct ways of specialising properties were noted.
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Property-Oriented Strategy• Most common way of modeling
property specialisation.
• New subproperties are created.
• Domains and ranges of sub properties narrower than domains and ranges of superproperties.
• Can be partially instantiated (e.g., domain or range are linked to more general term)
ce:Collection owl:Thingce:hasMember
rdfs:domain rdfs:range
cc:Content Collection
cc:Content Item
rdfs:rangerdfs:domain
cc:hasContentMember
rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subClassOfrdfs:subPropertyOf
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ir:InformationRealization
ir:InformationObjectir:realizes
rdfs:domain rdfs:range
wf:Weather Forecast
wf:Weather Information
rdfs:subClassOfrdfs:subClassOf
ir:realizes some wf:Weather Information
owl:equivalentClass
ir:realizes only wf:Weather Information
rdfs:subClassOf
Class-Oriented Strategy• Reuses original property;
constrains the use of that property by class restriction axioms.
• Restricts which (specialised) classes that may be related via a given property, i.e. locally emulates domain/range.
• Not logically equivalent to property-oriented strategy - but can be used to solve similar modeling problem.
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Hybrid Strategy
• Does both: new subproperties are defined with domains and ranges and property restrictions on participating classes are also put in place (possibly redundantly).
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Specialisation Strategies
Specialisation strategy Occurrences
Property-oriented 9
Class-oriented 6
Hybrid 5
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RQs Evolved
• To what degree are the class-oriented, property-oriented, or hybrid property specialisation strategies used in published ontologies?
• What are the reasoning performance effects of specialising in accordance with the class-oriented or property-oriented strategies?
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Strategy Use
Specialisation strategy Occurrences Distribution ODP specialisation
distribution
Property-oriented 193 78 % 45 %
Class-oriented 33 13 % 30 %
Hybrid 23 9 % 25 %
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Strategy Effects
• Property-Oriented strategy treats properties as first-order citizens that can be annotated and typed.
• Property-Oriented strategy possibly more intuitive for non-expert users?
• Class-Oriented strategy makes resulting ontologies and datasets interoperable to greater degree.
• Class-Oriented strategy causes computationally unfavorable conditions and places ontology outside OWL2 EL.
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Strategy Effects
Reasoning task Benchmark Reasoner PO time CO time
Consistency checking BSBM Pellet 1.274 s 1.897 s
Consistency checking BSBM HermIT 1.984 s 27.193 s
Consistency checking LUBM Pellet 8.230 s 42.887 s
Consistency checking LUBM HermIT 10.097 s 46 min
Realising individuals BSBM Pellet 2.389 s 9.482 s
Realising individuals LUBM Pellet 1.801 s 4+ hours
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Conclusion• Three strategies for property specialisation are
found both amongst ODPs and ontologies in general.
• Pure Property-Oriented strategy less common among ODP-using ontologies than among ontologies in general.
• There may be tradeoffs between performance and interoperability that ODP users and tooling need be aware of.
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