ontologies & its applicationscsci597/slides/ontologies.pdf · ontologies & its applications...
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Ontologies & Its ApplicationsOntologies & Its ApplicationsSan Su Lee, Jong Lim, Rami Al-GhanmiSan Su Lee, Jong Lim, Rami Al-Ghanmi
OutlineOutlineIntroduction to Ontologies
DefinitionWeb Ontology Language (OWL)
Ontology Generation from Tag SpacesThe ProblemTag Meta-DataOntology Clusters
Ontology-Based Federation of DataData TypesSystem Architecture
Introduction to OntologiesDefinitionWeb Ontology Language (OWL)
Ontology Generation from Tag SpacesThe ProblemTag Meta-DataOntology Clusters
Ontology-Based Federation of DataData TypesSystem Architecture
Introduction to OntologiesIntroduction to Ontologies
OntologyOntologyDefinition
An ontology is a specification of conceptualization
Practical Used as a form of Knowledge RepresentationSemantic Web, Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Information Architecture
TaxonomyA Simple Ontology
Differences between a classification and an ontologyThe richness of information available
DefinitionAn ontology is a specification of conceptualization
Practical Used as a form of Knowledge RepresentationSemantic Web, Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Information Architecture
TaxonomyA Simple Ontology
Differences between a classification and an ontologyThe richness of information available
Elements of an Ontology 1Elements of an Ontology 1Individuals
Instances
Ground level component of an ontologyConcrete Object
People, Animal, Planets
Abstract Object Numbers, Words
IndividualsInstances
Ground level component of an ontologyConcrete Object
People, Animal, Planets
Abstract Object Numbers, Words
Elements of an Ontology 2Elements of an Ontology 2Classes (Concepts)
Abstract groups, sets, or collection of objectsContain individuals, other classes or combination of both
Person: the class of all People
Classes (Concepts)Abstract groups, sets, or collection of objectsContain individuals, other classes or combination of both
Person: the class of all People
Vehicle
Car Truck
2-WheelDrive
4-WheelDrive
General Class
Specific Class
Elements of an Ontology 3Elements of an Ontology 3Attributes
At least a Name and a ValueA complex data typeExample
Object: a Ford ExplorerAttributes:
Name: Ford ExplorerNumber of Doors: 4Engine: {4.0L, 4.6L}Transmission: 6 speed
AttributesAt least a Name and a ValueA complex data typeExample
Object: a Ford ExplorerAttributes:
Name: Ford ExplorerNumber of Doors: 4Engine: {4.0L, 4.6L}Transmission: 6 speed
4-WheelDrive
FordExplorer
Elements of an Ontology 4Elements of an Ontology 4Relationships
Important type of relation is the subsumption:is-subclass-of, the converse of is-a, is-type-of, is-subclass-of
ExampleObject: Ford BrancoAttribute: Successor: Ford Explorer
RelationshipsImportant type of relation is the subsumption:
is-subclass-of, the converse of is-a, is-type-of, is-subclass-of
ExampleObject: Ford BrancoAttribute: Successor: Ford Explorer
Car
2-WheelDrive
4-WheelDrive
FordBronco
FordExplorer
Why Ontologies?Why Ontologies?Sharing common understanding of the structure of information among people or software agents
Reusing of domain knowledge
Making domain assumptions explicit
Separating domain knowledge from the operational knowledge
Analyzing domain knowledge
Sharing common understanding of the structure of information among people or software agents
Reusing of domain knowledge
Making domain assumptions explicit
Separating domain knowledge from the operational knowledge
Analyzing domain knowledge
Ontology LanguagesOntology LanguagesWeb Ontology Language (OWL)
A formal language used to encode the ontologyTo process the content of information instead of presenting informationSupported by
XML: provides a surface syntax for structured documents (no semantic constraints)XML Schema: Restricting the structure of XML documentRDF: A data model for objects and relations between themRDFS: A vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources
Web Ontology Language (OWL)A formal language used to encode the ontologyTo process the content of information instead of presenting informationSupported by
XML: provides a surface syntax for structured documents (no semantic constraints)XML Schema: Restricting the structure of XML documentRDF: A data model for objects and relations between themRDFS: A vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources
OWL SublanguagesOWL SublanguagesOWL Lite
Support a classification hierarchy and simple constraintsA quick migration path for thesauri and other taxonomiesLower formal complexity
OWL DLSupport the maximum expressiveness while retaining computational completeness and decidabilityIncluding all OWL language constructs, Using only under certain restrictions
OWL FullMaximum expressiveness and the syntactic freedom of RDF with no computational guarentees
OWL LiteSupport a classification hierarchy and simple constraintsA quick migration path for thesauri and other taxonomiesLower formal complexity
OWL DLSupport the maximum expressiveness while retaining computational completeness and decidabilityIncluding all OWL language constructs, Using only under certain restrictions
OWL FullMaximum expressiveness and the syntactic freedom of RDF with no computational guarentees
Published OntologiesPublished OntologiesDublin Core
A simple ontology for documents and publishing
WordNetLexical reference system
GeneOntology for genomics
SBOSystems Biology Ontology for computational model in biology
LinkBaseA formal representation of the biomedical domain, founded on BFO(Basic Formal Ontology)
FOAF Friend-of-a-Friend
Dublin CoreA simple ontology for documents and publishing
WordNetLexical reference system
GeneOntology for genomics
SBOSystems Biology Ontology for computational model in biology
LinkBaseA formal representation of the biomedical domain, founded on BFO(Basic Formal Ontology)
FOAF Friend-of-a-Friend
Ontology Generation from Tag SpacesOntology Generation from Tag Spaces
TagsTags
A relevant keyword or term associated with or
assigned to a piece of information
Describes the item and enabling keyword-based
classification of information it is applied to
is usually chosen informally and personally by the
author/creator or the consumer of the item
A relevant keyword or term associated with or
assigned to a piece of information
Describes the item and enabling keyword-based
classification of information it is applied to
is usually chosen informally and personally by the
author/creator or the consumer of the item
Problem: searching the TagSpaceProblem: searching the TagSpace
How wouldYou tag this?
How wouldYou searchFor it?
Tags: Ikura, Uni, Ebi, Sushi, Nigiri, Japanese food, lunch in Tokyo,Ezobafun-uni, Kitamurashiuni, Murasakiuni, Akazaebi, Tenagaebi, etc.
Problem: exploring the TagSpaceProblem: exploring the TagSpace
Not usable !
What is Missing ..?What is Missing ..?“Tag Relations improve searchability and exploration.”
Similar TagsSpelling and morphology
macos<->mac_os<->mac os; tagging <-> tags <->tagged,
Synonyms:macos <-> tiger; films <-> movies; new york <-> nyc;
Related:cooking <-> recipes, software development <-> programming,
Tag Groups or SubtagsLocation -> san francisco, london, new york, etc.
Food -> sushi, sashimi, pizza, etc.
Programming -> html, java, css, etc.
“Tag Relations improve searchability and exploration.”
Similar TagsSpelling and morphology
macos<->mac_os<->mac os; tagging <-> tags <->tagged,
Synonyms:macos <-> tiger; films <-> movies; new york <-> nyc;
Related:cooking <-> recipes, software development <-> programming,
Tag Groups or SubtagsLocation -> san francisco, london, new york, etc.
Food -> sushi, sashimi, pizza, etc.
Programming -> html, java, css, etc.
1. Get Meta Data1. Get Meta Data
2. Build Tag Relation Graphs2. Build Tag Relation Graphs
Compute SimilarityCompute Similarity
Ontology ClusterOntology Cluster
Ontology-Based Federation of DataOntology-Based Federation of Data
The ProblemThe ProblemRepresentation of Geo-scientific Data
Different Data SourcesDifferent Data RepresentationsDifferent Data Types
Facilitate the use of this data
Representation of Geo-scientific DataDifferent Data SourcesDifferent Data RepresentationsDifferent Data Types
Facilitate the use of this data
Proposed ArchitectureProposed Architecture
ScientistPortal
UserModels
DomainOntology
Ontologies forInformation
Sources: INSARGPS, etc.
FilteredInformation,
Services
DeliveryAssembly
InformationFiltering
SourceReconciliation
Ontologies forInformation
Sources ConnectedTo Domain Ontology
The DataThe DataGlobal Positioning System (GPS)Global Positioning System (GPS)
The DataThe DataInterferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
a.k.a InSAR
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar a.k.a InSAR
QuakeTablesQuakeTablesSoftware ArchitectureSoftware Architecture
InSAR GPS EQ Fault OWL
Mapping Software
Web Services & Web Feature Services
InternetDBDB
DB
DB
InSAR GPS EQ Fault OWLInSAR GPS EQ Fault OWL
Mapping Software
Web Services & Web Feature Services
InternetDBDB
DB
DB
Questions …?Questions …?