onsite wastewater treatment systems...
TRANSCRIPT
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Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems
Overview
George Loomis and David KalenNew England Onsite Wastewater Training Program
CELS NRS Cooperative ExtensionCELS - NRS Cooperative Extension University of Rhode Island
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Presentation outlinePresentation outline
• Review of conventional septic system• Overview of I&A technologiesg• Applications – where and how can
they be usedthey be used
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Onsite wastewater system facts:• 25% US population use these systems% p p y• Number same for past 35 years• About 30% of CT residents rely on them• Nitrogen, phosphorus & pathogens are
common contaminants
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Why remove N, P and pathogens?Why remove N, P and pathogens?
• Nitrogen can pollute drinking water, promotes algae blooms in salt water
• Phosphorus promotes algae bloomsin freshwaterin freshwater
• Pathogens can find their way into drinking water wells / reservoirsdrinking water wells / reservoirs, swimming areas, shellfish
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Conventional Septic System
Water table
Septic tank = solids settling and digesting areaDrainfield = treatment zone for N,P, and pathogensDrainfield treatment zone for N,P, and pathogens
• P and pathogen removal is soil and site specificN l d t• N removal does not occur
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Conventional septic system i icharacteristics
• Gravity displacement of wastewater• Gravity displacement of wastewater • Plug flow movement through system • Flow based upon social clock (socially
dosed)dosed)• Drainfield sized to handle peak flow
• No active feedback to system maintenanceoperatoroperator
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Conventional septic systemy
designflow = peak
w
flow
flow
time8:00 am 8:00 pm
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Septic tank Risers to surfaceSeptic tank
Sanitary PVC tee Effl t
Risers to surface
Sanitary PVC tee Effluent screen
2 compartment
• Solids separator and storage• Anaerobic digester
P id h d li t ti ti (t h l ttl lid )• Provide hydraulic retention time (to help settle solids)• Does not ‘store’ surge of wastewater
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Distribution box to drainfield
D-box
l t llaterals
Goal – help provide even distribution to each lateral
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Trench with a fully-developed biomat
Even distributionof wastewater hasoccurred due to biomat acting as a membrane-typea membrane typefilter.
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Other conventional drainfield types
Galley Drainfield
Native BackfillAccess Port
6’-10’ Perforated Concrete Chamber
C h d StCrushed Stone
1.5 - 4’ air filled soil to water table
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Other conventional drainfield types
Flow diffuser drainfield
Native Backfill
Access Port
3.5’-5.5’
Crushed Stone Perforated Concrete Chamber
1.5 - 4’ air filled soil to water table
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When organic inputs exceed removals by beneficial b t i d il l d bbacteria, and soil pore spaces are clogged by organic material, then hydraulic failure occurs.
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Classic failure defined :• Wastewater on ground surface
F il• Failure to treat wastewater
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Cesspool
• Substandard and antiquated system q y• Often in contact with seasonal high water table• Poor treatment and dispersal of wastewater
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Any questions on y qconventional septic
systems?systems?
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• Storage capacity in septic tankI t di t t t t t• Intermediate treatment steps
• Designed to remove specific contaminants • Control wastewater flow through system g y• Maximize N, P, and pathogen removal
Innovative and alternative treatment systems
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Advances in I&A technology
Treatment train design that compliments ne t
Focus :• Treatment train design that compliments next
treatment step
• Enhancing primary treatment
• Promoting better wastewater distribution - time• Promoting better wastewater distribution - time dosing
• Improving efficiency of advanced treatment step(s)• Improving efficiency of advanced treatment step(s)
• Enhancing treatment in drainfields
• O&M and management
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Time dosing systemsg yw
designflow =
flow flow
average flow
time8:00 am 8:00 am
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Areal fill systems used to meet verticalseparation and fill perimeter requirementsseparation and fill perimeter requirements
• Reinforced need for large lotsReinforced need for large lots and/or retaining walls
• Altered stormwater flow
• Changed character of neighborhood
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Typical applications for I&A technology
Critical resource areas -
TN Treatment Standard• < 19 mg/L concentration, and
• > 50 % TN reduction
Pathogen Guidelineg
• < 1,000 fecal coliform counts per 100 ml
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Applications for I&A technology
• Totally unsewered watersheds• 30 - 70 % of systems are cesspools30 70 % of systems are cesspools • Very permeable unconfined aquifers • Groundwater contamination risk• 8 houses / acre on shallow wells• Surface water eutrophication risk• Shellfish closures
W t lit t d d f t l d tWater quality standards for coastal pond systems• 0.3 - 0.5 mg/l TN and 14 counts / 100 ml F. coliform
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Site Example
• 25 - 50 ft. well setbacks• Shallow water tables
Wet soils• Wet soils• Limited buffers and
access / spacep
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Site Example
• 2,500 ft2 lot• Critical resource area• Cesspool in groundwater• Tidal flushing twice daily• No natural soil• No natural soil• Completely impervious
surface
Rhode Island Aqua Fund Onsite Demo Project
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Types of IA systems installed1984
ca.1996
• RUCK• ATUs• Single pass sand filters
ca.1984
ca.1996 S g e pass sa d te s• Recirc. sand filters• Early textile filters• Foam biofilters• Foam biofilters• Shallow narrow pres. drainfields• Bottomless sand filters - early • Modular peat filters• Textile filters • Fixed activated sludge systems g y• Bottomless sand filters – current• Denite upflow filters• Trickling filters• Trickling filters• UV disinfection• Soil treatment area renovation technologies
ca.2008
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1) Si l d
Advanced intermediate technologies
1) Single pass sand filters
- Good pathogen and organic reductionPoor N removal- Poor N removal
- For freshwater bodies, welled areas, drinking water reservoirs, shellfish areas (w/ no eutrophication threat)
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2) Modular peat filters
• Modular units Ab b t t• Absorbent peat
• Pathogen reduction technologytechnology
• Organic reduction
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3) Recirculating sand filterstargeting Nitrogen removaltargeting Nitrogen removal
Meets most state treatment standards:treatment standards:
> 50 % TN removal
< 19 mg / l TN concentration
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4) Textile filters• Modular 4 X 8’ footprint• Absorbent felt-like media
A d N d ti• Approved N reduction system in several states
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5) Fixed activated sludge system
Bl t t• Blower motor aerates• Electrical energy needsare higher for this system
• Approved nitrogen removalpp gsystem
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M d l it• Modular units• Absorbent open cell foam• Small footprint
6) Foam biofilters • Some states approve for N reduction
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7) Ultraviolet light di i f ti itdisinfection units
• Pathogen reduction stepM t f ll d d• Must follow advanced treatment process
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Drainfield options used with advanced treatment technologies .g
Shallow narrow drainfields
B tt l d filt
Shallow narrow drainfields
Bottomless sand filter(similar to SPSF but not covered with soil)
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Bottomless sand filters as Drainfield option
• Limited site disturbance; small footprintLimited site disturbance; small footprint• Must follow advanced treatment system• Installed at grade or above grade (W.T. dependent)
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SN drainfield components
• Cover (shield) with inspection ports
• End port for clean out d di l h dand distal head
• End feed manifold• Backfilled with native
soil1 ”• Lateral supported by 14”
long, notched 1” PVC pipepipe
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2) Pressurized shallow narrow drainfield2) Pressurized shallow narrow drainfield (cross section)
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Pressurized shallow narrow drainfield
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Treatment performance
T i l I&A t h lTypical I&A technology effluent characteristics:
Has low to no odor
Is slightly cloudy or as g y yclear as tap water
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How the technologies are being usedHow the technologies are being used
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Maintaining Village character – Wickford, RI
Advanced treatment unit in basement of above historical building serves serves retail at street level and multi-family above, and eliminates direct discharge to coastal waters.
Bottomless sand filter provides at-grade drainfield in alley between buildings. Lot line
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Alternative t fsystems for
very tight spaces
• Modular system • Poured in place tank
C fil• Compact filter• All in basement• 900 gpd systemgp y
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Applications for failed systems upgrade
Failed cesspool
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Conventional system approach
PL
4 feet above grade!
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Selected approach
PL
media filter bottomless sand filter
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System footprint
This is the entire il bl fspace available for
system components, machines staging soilmachines, staging, soil stockpile, access, and workers.
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Light weight and modular components h l k t iblhelps make a system possible
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Plan View
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BSF w/ Category 1 System
7 X 48 foot Raised Bottomless Sand Filter following two textile filters (Design HLR = 1,200 gpd
actual HLR = 640 gpd)).
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O ti d M i tOperation and Maintenance
• Is not difficult• Is not difficult• Is not expensiveIs not expensive
• But, IS ESSENTIALBut, IS ESSENTIAL
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