online journalism: theory and practice
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Online Journalism: Theory and Practice. Week 14 Lecture 1 Summer 2011 G. F Khan, PhD Dept. of Media & Communication, YeungNam University, South Korea g [email protected]. Last lecture. Legal and Ethical issues related to the internet Protection of Intellectual Property - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Online Journalism: Theory and Practice
Week 14Lecture 1
Summer 2011
G. F Khan, PhDDept. of Media & Communication, YeungNam University,
South [email protected]
Last lecture• Legal and Ethical issues related to the
internet• Protection of Intellectual Property • The Internet and Issues Regarding
Defamation• Whose responsibility is ethics on the net?
Online Politics &
Democracy
In this Class
What is Democracy?
Literary it means “people’s power”
Defining democracy is a political act (Saward, 1994). I.e. there is no one universal definition or model of democracy
However, we can say that: Democracy is a political system in which the supreme power lies
in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Politics: the activities and affairs involved in managing a state or a government.
and other areas e.g. business, academia, and religious institutes etc
History of Politics
Politics and interest in political activities has long history inform of Public Spheres
People use to set in public spheres such as, coffee houses and salons to discuss commerce, politics and their new lifestyles
Later, newspapers became a central aspect of this activity in terms of the political concerns and other important issues
Advent of Electronic media e.g. Radio and TV gave wider access to Political and social activities
Types of Public Sphere
According to John Keane (2004) following types of public spheres may exist Micro public spheresMeso public spheres and macro public spheres
Types of Public Sphere (1)
Micro:Micro public spheres tend to be small involving an
institution, a community or an association that may be advocating for certain interests.
E.g. political pressure groups or civic organizations that operate at a small-scale level.
Micro public spheres have the potential to transform to be large scale or even be national, depending on the availability of resources
The advent of the Internet has also further enhanced the capacity for expansion even at a global level
Types of Public Sphere (2)
Meso:Meso public spheres are large scale or
national and have the capacity to become international.
They tend to be political public spheres and generate a lot of interest and participation from the ordinary citizens who may seek the betterment of their Standard of living and general welfare.
Types of Public Sphere (3)
Macro:The macro public spheres are global in scale
and they may deal with issues that affect individual nation-states, but give them global publicity.
Examples include UN, Amnesty International, Green Peace, Human Rights Watch and many others.
What will be an ideal public sphere?
Ideal Public Sphere (1)
Where everyone has access to regardless of class, income, faith, gender, race and ethnicity
According to (Holub,1991) an ideal public sphere is characterized by:Participation and non discriminationAutonomyRational or analytical debate
Ideal Public Sphere (2)
Participation and non discrimination
This means that the public sphere must be an open forum for all.
If anything, a public sphere must thrive from the plurality and diversity of opinion thus creating a market place of ideas.
No one has advantage over other
Ideal Public Sphere (3)
Autonomy Public sphere has to be autonomous because
an autonomous environment is conducive for critical and rational debate, where people can employ full use of their mental faculties without fear and favor.
Ideal Public Sphere (4)
Rational or analytical debate:This is the root and essence of the public
sphere. According to Habermas, people in the coffee
houses and salons had loyalty to the authority of better argument against hierarchy and
Fear and favour were seen as an insult to rationality and analysis which are the muscle of a functional public sphere.
Thus Ideal Public Sphere has..
Interactivity or deliberative democracyOpenness and accessibility to allUnfettered freedom of expressionFreedom of information exercised
Given these attributes, to what extent the Internet is able to simulate an ideal public sphere?
From the coffee houses to cyber forums: Internet as a public sphereOpenness and accessibility to all Open platform and hyper-interactive medium.
Internet anyone who has access to a wired computer can freely express their views
Diversity and plurality of the voices on the net e.g. the websites of
Political parties, Christian, Muslims, Buddhist and others Civil society and government sites
The co-existence , plurality and diversity of these sites makes the Internet the biggest single public sphere
Internet as a public sphere (2) Autonomous and Independent public sphere
Through the usage of email, e-chats and webcasting to create democratic discussions between members, the Internet can also be regarded as a fairly Autonomous and Independent public sphere
Interactivity feature of the internet (using video, audio, and text) basis of ideal public sphere
Internet is a participatory public sphere.
Affordability Flexibility (e.g. you can edit your opinion) Worldwide reach
no time and distance constraints
Internet as a public sphere (3) Internet is a participatory public sphere.
What old media were not participatory. One way communication We may read newspapers and magazines, listen to radio and
recordings, or watch film and television but we cannot input our opinion
Old media a closed media: control by some giants e.g. government, cooperation
Old media does not serve communication, but prevents it They talk you listen, no opinion, no debate
But now we both talk and listen (two communication)
In Internet communication, senders can be receivers and receivers can be senders of information
Internet as a public sphere (4)Information and information access
critical and analytical resources for interaction in any public sphere
Hypertext and hyperlinks lead Internet users as public sphere participants to more information and related information
Information from the media, civic organizations, government, political parties and some international organizations is freely accessible to all Internet users
Internet as a public sphere (5)
BUTTo what extent does the free and
publicly accessible information is useful? Are the billed or password-protected
sites more informative than the free sites? And
How will it affect the participation in online public sphere?
• Politics by unconventional means• Facebook, twitter, cyword, personal blogs
• Heterogeneous and Diversity• Age, gender, experience, knowledge
• Loosely structured, fluid• Grassroots level
• E.g. ordinary citizens run and organizes online public movements
• Decentralization• No central control or authority
• Informality• Global coordination• Inter-group coordination
Internet and Social Movements
• E-democracy (a combination of the words electronic and democracy) refers to the use of information technologies and communication technologies and strategies in political and governance processes.
E-democracy
What are some tools of e-democracy?
Tools of e-democracy
• E-government• E-voting • Political Blogs• Social media
• E-government can be defined as practice of providing public services through ICT e.g. internet, mobile, telephone etc
Benefits of E-govt.:• Transparency:
• The posting of contact information, legislation, agendas, and policies makes government more transparent, potentially enabling more informed participation both online and offline
• Efficiency-makes government more efficient • Ease for citizens to get services
• E.g. ID card, Passport, birth certificate etc
• Easy communication with government • Participation in policy making
E-government
E-voting•Electronic tools for casting a vote and electronic means of counting votes
•Desire to increase participation
•Easily accessible
•Convenience for citizens
•Transparency-reduce bogus voting
•Problems?•Trust- can you trust machine to cast vote for you?•Identify theft
Political blogs• Easy communication with
government representatives
• Participation in policy making
• Election campaign
• Visible leaders
Problems related to internet as a public sphereProblems:
Social exclusion due to poverty, Prohibitive costs of cutting-edge technologies,Shrinking public and individual access due to corporate
profiteering, Counter surveillance technologies, Poor connectivity, Poor technologies,Lack of relevant content, Technophobia, Commercial intrusions like pop-up adverts, andVirus attacks
Critics to the internet as a public sphereSome scholars disagree with the whole
idea that the Internet can be a public Reduction in physical contact:
Reduce and inhibit the richest and most satisfying of human contact when we use it over short distances to replace meeting each other in real space.
Information integrity: Testing and reviewing information and
knowledge within online communities is still the important challenge to our democratic freedoms (Trevor Haywood, 1998)
Conclusion
• Tools for engaging mass participation
• Tools for coordinating globally dispersed people
• Internet as an Ideal public sphere
• But challenges exist that need to be addressed
• It depend a society’s and culture’s ability to cope and adapt.
Thank YouQuestions & Comments