ifda dossier 69 . Homenaje a Manuel Perez Guerrero 2

LOCAL SPACE . Collective Self-Empowerment and Social Change (John Friedmann) 3 . India: The hledico-Friend Circle on Child Health (Ritu Priya) 15

ESPACE NATIONAL . Monnaie et endetternent en Alg6rie (Slimane Toubale) 25

REGIONAL SPACE . Beyond Hunger: An African Vision of the 21st Century 31

GLOBAL SPACE . Declaration of the first Global Popular Summit of the Great Peace

Journey 4 3 ; and Inga Thorsson's opening speech 4 7 . In favour of a polycentric world (Samir Amin) 51 . A New Labour and Democratic Internationalism (Peter Waterman) 55 . Social-democratie a 1'6chelle rnondiale? (Rene Dumont) 62

NEWS FROM THE THIRD SYSTEM Peru: Alcunas notas sobre las ONGs (Federico Velarde) 63 E c u a d o r : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 67 Venezuela: CECODAP, Centres Comunitarios de Aprendizaje 68 Honduras: Servicios Tecnicos , Legales y Econ6mi~os (SETELEC) 69 Indonesia: Lembaga Studi Pembangunan 7 1 Senegal: Federation des organisations non gouvernementales 7 3 Philippines: People Empowerment, Bukidnon Style 75 Primer Encuentro Latinoamericano Anti Nuclear (ELAN) 77 America Latina; Por una acci6n conjunta en defensa de 10s rios 79 Ecuador: Educaci6n bilingue quichua-castellano 8 1 Caribbean: Graduate Theatre Company 82 SEAFDA; South-East Asian Forum for Development Alternative 8 3 Malta: Foundation for International Studies 84 Global Education Associates 85 1988 Right Livelihood Awards 87 Juillet 1989: un autre sommet economique ii Paris 9 0

LETTERS/LETTRES/CARTAS 91; FOOTNOTES 93; MATERIALS RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION 111

HOMENAJE A MANUEL PEREZ GUERRERO

Reproduc imos a continuation e l t e x t @ de l a presentation de J u l i o C6sa r G i l e Ime lda C i s n e r o s a La J u s t i c i a Econ6n ica e s l a P a z , Homenaje a Manuel P 6 r e z G u e r r e r o ( C a r a c a s : Banco C e n t r a l d e V e n e z u e l a , 1966) 166 pp + f o t o g r a f i a s . N u e s t r o amigo v compa6.ero P G , un f u n d a d o r d e IFDA, f a l l e - c i 6 e l 24 de o c t u b r e d e 1985 . Lcs a u t o r e s de e s t a p r e s e n t a c i G n , J u l i o C 6 s a r G i l , q u i e n s e desempe6.a a c t u a l m e n t e como i n i n i s t r o de E n e r g i a y Minas , e Ime lda C i s n e r o s , a c t u a l d i r e c t o r a d e C o n s u l t a y C o o r d i n a c i 6 r . d e l SELA, e s t u v i e r o n e s t r e c t i a m e n t e a s o c i a d o s a l a o b r a de Manuel P 6 r e z G u e r r e r o .

t c t a csnpiLa.ci6r. cc tes'iimi.'uos 2 i t a s rei.s.fvVae c 1c. obrc & sVa^uo i F&ez Guerrero, a ~vi-ier. cLumie^. ̂ i^.ct^Â¥f':.ca&~er.t 'i2mL " 1 , v e n e z c ~ m a& excepcidn", ziene corn6 propdsito p r q e c t a r pGbticmer.-te cicha obra, pry ias e n s e k c s que encierra para n'uestro p0i.s p e t m r i o . La nobteza 2 geneyosa anpl i tud que m-i-nsror ee'i. quekace? de Fbrez Suerrerc., re.?Le^a.de's en unc pemazenze i/ "vr.fa.t'i.gc.bi-e >ocaci6r. & sewi-cic p'ub'izco, so? W

r n m ~ a6 partzcui-ar reve lancia no./ a'tidna.c i.a serza c r i s i s viv-he's nos recZcna 1̂ s~qeras' icfn de e s p e c n o s s e c t . ^ r i s ~ o e e~ aras ae Las gran- &a ezigericicc p e tenernos p k ~ t e a c a c . £ v i s& Â¥par p e i s m cr. g r a d e 2 c s t a r <ncLusc don frecuencia "adelanto.ao a sus $:empos" con S U S soncep- c iones y ,prop>estas parc so luc iona~" Los problemas de 'Venezuela y l a C L - . - , ..,. ,,"c"- . .

,... .- x t e r r . c .~ - - t~"x . , SOT. una i w . t a c i f " : a "i c . ~ c : ' i v i d a d e v"aqinaci6r. para e n f r e z t m Los tier-pos di/-Lci'Les que vivimos. Su capacidad ae auzo- c r ^ t i cc 2 rer¥iovaciO-n as{ como 6 2 b ien conoc'i-da dcwcidr , a es t tmular ?c . . f'.~mac*if'r: de- m e v c generw:iSi Ze ca l i f i cados scrvzasres p i t b l i z x , - . son un eJempLo para La nariestidaG i, democratizaciSn de nues trc .-zaer8c.i.y... pc 'v" . t ico er, aras de Los meiores i n t e r e s e s de Za patr ia .

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.USUI~ porque *.i ^\tenszdad de Los f a c t s f e s externc's a Los cua:es 'nx c i m cor i r t i ^ s las ec'ur.or'.'ias dc r eg i f r , er. Los til'i<rnoe &os, ha con&- cine' L: r ~ ~ t c 7 ~ i rrps~tar .s -k a >;; & i ' t d z d o s , de sahs ' i c s y uati-das ir.ter'-

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i f d a dossier 69 . j a n u a r y j f e b r u a r y 1985 l o c a l space

FROM SOCIAL TO POLITICAL POWER

COLLECTIVE SELF-EMPOWERMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE by John Friedmann Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning University of California, Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024-1467, L'SA

This paper is about the urban poor in Latin America. But to label people poor is the wrong way to frame the question. They are not so much poor as disempowered citizens of their own countries. The term citizen here has a double meaning. On one hand, it refers to the rights and duties of membership in a political community. Amongst the most important of these rights is voting; of the duties, paying taxes. On the other hand, citizenship can also be claimed in an economic community where rights to a decent livelihood are staked out. The second meaning of economic citizenship is not universally acknowledged. Like the vote, it is a right that has to be fought for.

The disempowered citizens of Latin America are the majority of the people. I recently visited five of the large cities in Soutli Averica: Bogota, Lima, Santiago, Buenos Aires and Sao Paulo. In the metropoi- itan areas of these cities, four of them national capitals, live approxi- mately 40 million people. More than half of them belong to what in Spanish is called the sector o ular. There is no precise equivalent of this tern1 in English.&s covers somc but not all of the sector popular where unemployment, or irregular employment, is rampant. What unites them is their physical segregation in massive suburbs of poor people's housing far from work and out of sight of the middle and upper classes, and their incorporation into the economy at the very bottom of the scale.

Perhaps a third of the 20 million plus who belong to the popular sector live in absolute poverty: hunger is their steady companion. Of the first job-seekers, young men and women between the ages of 16 and 25, per- haps 40 percent are without regular incomes. Families of 5 or 6 members get by on $100 to $150 a month. And their numbers are rapidly increas- ing. Precise figures are not available, but it is almost certain that i f total urban population i s growing at an average of 3 percent, the popular classes are increasing at 5 percent. That would mean a doub- ling of population in fourteen years . By the end of the century, the u r b a n poorf in the five cities 1 visited will have grown to forty million, eqmvtilent to 111e g pvpulntion of these c i ~ i e s now.

There are several reasons for this difference in growth rates. Young people continue to migrate to cities from a countryside where they can no longer scrape a livelihood together - a countryside from which in many cases they are expelled by agribusiness and large-scale commercial

farming. And, being younger on average than the remaining population, they also have a higher rate of natural increase. Young people in the popular sector tend to marry ten years younger than middle class cou- ples and consequently have more babies. A third reason for the extra- ordinary high doubling rate is downward mobility. What we are witness- ing in Latin America is a process of gradual impoverishment. Industrial res t ructur ing, as in Chile, leads to massive and permanent layoffs in formal-sector workers. The purchasing power of wages is decreasing, a result of hyperinflation, even as the wage itself i s declining because of official income policies and the weakening power of labor unions. I11

many countries, real wages have slipped back to what they were twenty years ago. Income distribution in Latin America, not to speak of the distribution of wealth, has of course always been uneven. But in the last two decades, such limited evidence as we have suggest that the spread between rich and poor has become even greater . The top ten percent of households receive between 4 0 and 60 percent of all income. At the bottom, where the majority live, income shares have shrunk to 5 percent for the 40 percent of the poorest households.

None of these figures is very precise, and there are important diffe- rences in the incidence of poverty among countries and even among cities. But the contours of the social disaster which is Latin America today are there for all to see. What is less clear i s how this disaster might be mitigated. Only this much is certain: you cannot escape the pressing needs of day-by-day survival if you are unlucky enough to be among the 'urban poor'.

What I should like to do in the next few pages i s to introduce a few concept that 1 believe may be helpful in understanding people's struggle for survival. Being clear about concepts is important in two ways. Firs t , because private organizations t rying to help the poor secure a livelihood in the city need to have a bet ter theoretical gasp of what i s happening, so that their praxis (which is action grounded in know- ledge) may be improved. And second, because we need a language that allows u s to talk about new social policies by national governments whose energies are now almost certainly absorbed by the difficult prob- lems of debt-restructur ing, but which need to face the social realities that are accumulating in large cities.

Political and economic citizenship are linked, and the future of demo- cracy in Latin America depends in par t on whether economic rights can be secured for the majority. But even the violent abolition of political citizenship, an ever-present threat in Latin America, would not be an effective answer to the massive impoverishment to which we are witness. I shall argue instead that i*i i s precisely the active participation of di- sempowered people in the processes of their own empowerment, which i s an exercise of their fundamental political r ights , is also the surest way, for them as well a s for u s , to recover a sense of hope in the future .

The household economy and strategies for surviva!

When talking about survival and livelihood, especially in a Latin American cultural context, we must take the household as the smallest unit of analysis. Households, of course, are composed of individuals;

who share a roof and eat , to to speak, out of the same pot, but their separate livelihoods are intertwined to such an extent that one can treat each household as a separate decision-making unit. Not all households are families in the traditional sense; what is important is the extent of personal interaction in what we may call the production of life.

As with all social inputs , there is a certain arbitrariness about where we place i t s limits. Extended families may be to certain extent interde- periaent even when they are composec of several households. And the internal governance of households - their modes of arriving at decisions about the use of resources, for example - will vary. Typically, Latin American households have a male head, though the number of female- headed households is large and perhaps growing. One can also think of them as constituting the smallest political community. Like pohtical communities, households are characterized by relations of power which are heavily influenced, in tu rn , by the access of adult household rriern- bers to the outside world, such as having a job or running a small business. The job or business can be turned into a power base in the struggle for household domination. This becomes especially apparent when women, whose usual occupation is at home, begin to enter the labor market, earning a little money of their own. Financial indepen- dence is not usually appreciated by their menfolk, though increasingly it is the only way that households can meet critical needs. Broken homes are sometimes the result.

The household economy participates in five spheres of potential action. The relative weight attached to these in the way household resources are allocated among them will vary a good deal. The allocation of the time and skills of each household member among the five spheres with a view to survival is what we call survival strategy. The term strategy is perhaps a misnomer, conjuring up , as it does, the imagery of a com- mand economy. Nothing so grand is intended. But households d o m a k e decisions about whether to send their children to school, whether to enter the labor market, o r whether to participate in a self-help commu- nity effort. Every such decision produces a different pattern of re- source allocation and a different set of outcomes.

What are these spheres of action or participation? The first and most i i f . A minitself. life space must be secured for households survival. It is here that household members eat , dr ink, sleep and procreate; that they prepare food, nur- ture the young, tend to the sick; that the dramas of their daily lives a re enacted. All of this work takes place outside the market sphere and is therefore not remunerated. Most of it is women's work, though older children also contribute, as to some extent do men.

The ,second sphere is that of civil society. This is the sphere of special relations, of friendships and reciprocities, o r church membership and participation in the activitieb US socitu clubs such as Centros de Madres (Women's Centers) , soccer clubs, and Neighborhood Assemblies (Juntas de Vecinos). I t , too, constitutes a relatively autonomous space where the capacity for action i s not fully controlled by either the state or the corporate economy. Under conditions of prolonged economic crisis, it is

t he sphere which must subst i tu te in pa r t for the loss of market power (wages and other income). It i s now undergoing rapid expansion in terms of the quantity of household resources invested in i t .

The third sphere i s that of the s t a t e . It i s not so much a sphere of po- tential action a s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n . T o modes of participation make claims on household resources ; education for the young and military service. Not all countries have compulsory military service , and education is ob- ligatory only to a certain age. Still, the sphere of t he state i s impor- tant to the household economy. The young going to school are not available for work in e i ther the household or the market and may make additional economic demands on households fur uniforms, books, fees , e t c .

On the o the r side of the ledger , some household resources may be saved through school lunch programs, and there i s the long-term con- tr ibution which education makes to household income, just a s military service may lead to the acquisition of skills that may la ter be t rans la ted into civilian income.

The fourth sphe re 1s that of the market which, i n ou r case , means spe- cifically the labour market. This i s t he principal source of monetary in- come, and i t i s t he only one of the five sphe res for which accounts tend to be kept on a regular bas is . An important exception to th is i s the so-called informal o r unenumerated sector which, though pa r t of t he market economy, functions outside the usual accounting systems even a s i t plays an increasingly critical role in Latin America. Labor markets a re controlled by employers and a r e partially s t ruc tu red by legislation. But relatively unskilled and inexperienced workers from the popular sector , t he young especially, find access to labor markets difficult. The same is t r u e of skilled indust r ia l labor that has been displaced from thei r jobs in the formal sector . These a re the least protected g roups by legislation such a s the minimum wage, and a re therefore also the most exploited. Under conditions of hyperinflation, wage adjustments inevi- tably lag behind the cost of l iv ing, taking the i r b i t t e r cu t out of people's already rneager livelihood.

The E and final sphe re of potential action is 1t1c political community. As the political face of civil society, i t i s the sphe re in which civil so- ciety attempts to convert into political power. The central insti tutions of the political community a r e political par t ies independent of the s t a t e . Social movements whose objectives a re ultimately political, such a s the human r igh t s movement in Argent ina , also occupy the space of political community. Under military dic ta torships , political communities a re not allowed to function, o r a re severely res t ra ined. The ensuing s t rugg le for democracy is t h u s essentially a s t rugg le for the reconstitution of a free political space in which social power can be transformed into politi- cal power.

Popular sector households a re severely limiteu in the k inds o! choices tnpy r an m a k e among these sphe res The domestic sphe re for one , is inescapable, since i t ensu res the social reproduction of i h e household. It consumes an enormous amo--'nt of time eighty to ninety hour s of women's work a week i s not unusual The s ta te also makes compulsory claims on household resources . An iron minimum of cash i s needed to

buy essential food and water, transportation and clothing. So the ne- cessary time must be saved from other activities to ensure that minimum cash flow into the domestic economy. But the needs of most households are likely to exceed this minimum, and so community associations are flourishing, as people cooperate with each other to s tar t allotment gar- dens, soup kitchens, collective food purchasing arrangements, sewing circles, day nurser ies , and the hke.

Organized civil society is not always viewed benignly by the state which may regard civil empowerment as a potential threat to i ts own power. During the period of military' dictatorship in Brazil and Argentina. As is still the case in Chile today, the majority of acts of physical repres- sion were carried out against the leadership of popular neighborhood communities. At the same time, the state is attempting to wean people from community action through direct subsidies of some household ex- penditures, such as food, in return for traditional clientilistic reiations.

There are still other reasons why people may not want to take part in community action. Time is always in short supply, and there may be better ways for the households to use i t s scarce resources. Male heads of households may put pressure on their women to slay home rather then venture forth in the community where they would find support groups among women neighbors: a case where household patriarchal rule feels threatened. There is also the very physical danger of going out at night. Poor people's neighborhwds have become unsafe places, especial- ly for women. Drug abuse, youth gangs, niugffingsi and rapes are part of everyday reality in communities where a third or more of the popula- tion may he without regular employment. It is the dark underside of the Household economy which preys on i ts own as victims.

When all of these restrictions are accounted for. however, there remains the fact that organized civil society has become a vital force in securing household survival. As many as 10 or 15 percent of households may at one time participate in community organizations, finding strength in numbers and a new social identity in the intimate circles of self-help groups.

Poverty as lack of access to the bases of social power

If we were to understand what happens in popular sector neighbor- hoods, we have to revise our notions of poverty. Being poor is usually defined by those who a re not poor, such as bureaucrats or social work- e r s , in terms of low income; in the extreme case of 'absolute' poverty, a more physical measure may be used, such as caloric intake. Those who fall below an imaginary 'poverty line' are defined as poor. It would be more ticcurale, however, to speak of poverty as condition of relative powerlessness. Power, in this case, means social power (in contrast to political and economic power); more precisely, it refers to households access to the bases of social power. One of these is financial resources, including i n c o m e s well as credit and financial subsidies. But money is only one of the bases. There are at least seven others.

First, there is time over and above that required to ensure minimal subsistence; in other words , free, unstructured time. Without time at

their disposal, households are unable to improve their situation. Making time available can thus be an important step in helping households achieve their goals. Examples are reductions in the time required for the journey to work (which may take up to three to four hours each day) , o r for gaining access to key social services, such as health, or freeing women's time through the installation of creches and communal kitchens.

Another critical base of social power is the necessary space to carry out life-support activities. The most obviously necessary space is a se- cure lace for the household econom-.7 itself: a bit of land. basic util- ities, a shelter, access to transportation. People who are forced to live on sidewalks or under bridges are disempokered; they are poor in the most basic sense. They are citizens without any rights; they are disen- franchized citizens. The most elementary requirement for economic (and indeed political) citizenship is to have a permanent address , a defen- sible space. But the requirements for adequate space goes beyond this. Any productive activity requires a certain amount of secure space, whether it is a small repair shop or even an ambulatory trade. Street rights may have to be bought from willing police or through the more formal channel of business licensing. A bit of space must be rented to run a TV repair service. Educational services require a school, health services a clinic. The right to a life space (as I shall call i t ) is thus one of the most elementary of human rights. Where this right is denied, there we shall also find the greatest incidence of poverty.

A third basis of social power is relative knowled e (knowing what and knowing how). The key word here is relevant. A k n o w l e d e e o f ~ a t i n - r r ~ y be not be very uieful to a 16-year old apprentice auto mechanic. Knowledge of how to take apart and reassemble a carburetor would be relevant. Other knowledge relevant for people living in popular sector neighborhoods would include techniques of family planning, nutritional knowledge, environmental sanitation, baby care, how to conduct neigh- borhoods meetings, and citizenship rights and entitlements.

A correlative basis of social power is accurate information which is needed to make most kinds of knowledge effective. Since it is variable, information introduces a time element into knowledge. One of the most important kinds of information concerns conditions in one's own commu- nity: who a re your neighbors; how many of them there are; what par t s of the community are served by electricity and which are not; what skills are available; what are the environmental conditions in different sectors; and so forth. It i s the kind of information that can become available through self-study. But information originating in the outside world is also important. It is here that community newspapers can play a vital role.

A fifth basis of social power is social organization. Those who are isolated Irom others lack an important dimension of power. Once men- tioned, this is pret ty obvious, but unless they are controlled by the state (or by the dominant political p a r t y ) , community organizations are often perceived as a threat. And y e t , without organization very little can be accomplished. The struggle for space i s typically a collective struggle (squat ter invasions), and the effort required to provide es-

sential community infrastructure is a collective effort, required or- ganization. In a highly politicized environment, it would be naive to expect that community-based organizations will remain free of political influence. But political influence does not render them ineffective; on the contrary, it is often the very condition of their effectiveness.

A sixth and correlative basis of social power is household access to so- cial networks. Typically, social networks are of three kinds. There = the networks wluch are formed by kin and fictive kin (like the Latin American institution of compadrazgo). There are clientilistic networks usually involving some intermediary person who has useful 'connections' in the world of works and politics. And finally, there are networks that grow out of associations with community-based organizations and which may lead to international funding agencies, the Catholic Church, politi- cal parties, and so on. The importance of networks in securing a liveli- hood may help explain the persistence of familistic relationships in con- temporary Latin America. But this much is clear: those who are disem- powered need the 'protection' of the strong. Clientilism in Latin America is thus alive and well despite i ts traditionalistic taint. What is new i s self-organization, usually involving an outside catalyst, such as a Church-based group, and finding within these organizations new ties beyond traditional kinship and client networks through which house- holds objectives may be materially advanced.

Finally, there is the social Dower which derives from having access to the instruments and tools o f production. Here I mean to include access to mod health, for I consider the bodv of a Derson the most important instrument of production'. If a healthy body is empowering, then. among disenfranchised citizens, it is also the rarest of powers. Infant mortality is high, and SO are serious nutritional deficiencies. Intestinal and pulmonary disease are prevalent. Drug and alcohol abuse are ram- pant. Work place accidents are far higher than in industrial societies. Access to good health among the urban popular sectors is thus in jeo- pardy and this is one of the reasons why they a re poor. In addition, having access to the tools of production means having a job or the capital to s tar t a small business of your own, say a fruit stand in the market, o r , more ambitiously, a delivery van. That is why the correla- tive base of power here is access to financial resources, especially credit.

This attempted redifinition of the meaning of poverty in terms of access to the bases of social power has far-reaching implications. The poor no longer appear as 'consumers' (low-income persons) but a s producers of their livelihood. The new definition shifts the emphasis from the indi- vidual to the household as the relevant economic unit. And it considers a wide range of 'powers' which can be variously used by households in the achievements of their own objectives.

The reason I refer to them as bases of social power is that all of them, to be secured, require a socially organi=ffort. There is very little that the disenfranchised household can do to improve i t s situation with respect to these bases, unless it joins with other households in organ- ization and struggle. It i s for this reason that we can speak of the process as one of collective self-empowerment. But this way of speak-

ing, although correct in one sense, is misleading in another. It seerr.s to suggest that the poor can escape poverty simply by joining in com- munity-based efforts. This is an oversimplification. Cooperation and or- ganization are necessary but not sufficient conditions. What is needed as well is a state whose social policies facilitate, complement, and sup- port community efforts at self-empowerment. For instance, only the state can legalize access to urban land.

1 emphasize the role of the s tate , because in recent years there has been a tendency to downplay i ts role .in favor of non-governmental organ- izations, or NGOs. These organizations have blazed a trail into the re- lative unknown territory of community self-organization, and we have learned important lessons about what it means to mobilize effective par- ticipation in community self-help efforts. But the growing scale of ur- ban poverty in Latin America far exceeds the ability of even all NGOs in the world. It requires a new kind of social policy which sees the or- ganized community as a 'partner ' in gaining access to the bases of social power.

The groundrules for this 'partnership' remain to be worked out. They will involve the allocation of new resources, the definition of new roles for provincial and municipal governments ( the local s ta te ) , the democ- ratization of the local s ta te , the representative organization of the local community, and the opening up of a new political terrain in the regional and local spaces. This is large agenda that will take many years to ac- complish. But without i t , the problem of urban poverty remains without solution.

A major focus of the new strategy is what 1 call the neighborhood or barrio economy. It is to a discussion of this 'economy' that I now turn .

The Barrio economy

The intimate environment of life space of popular sector households is the neighborhood or barrio. Middle and upper middle class households are less dependent o n t h e i r immediate surroundings. They live in houses (or apartments) that are completely serviced and they can buy whatever services they need. For transportation they enjoy the mobility of the private automobile which, in less than one hour , takes them any- where in the city. Their networks are established at the university, at work, in social clubs to which already their parents belonged. Their life space, then, which i s the space they need for the achievements of their goals, is the city entire, perhaps even the country as a whole. Middle class people s tar t life with a lot of access to the bases of social power.

Poor people are more restricted in their movements. hhat they want to do will often depend on the willingness of neighbors to do favors for them, or on their willingness to work cooperatively together. Poor peo- ple live in bare shelters, they cannot afford to buy the services they need, they are dependent on public transportation, their social clubs are not designed to give them a head s tar t in life. And so, popular sector barrios, the neighborhood areas which we may arbitrarily define as lying within 30 minutes on foot from any domicile location, may be

considered as an extension of the household economy, as that area which is essential to the production of life (and its social reprod:.c'tion from one period to the nex t ) .

We can perhaps better understand i t s economic role, if we consider that households are likely to regard the barrio economy as a vital resource. On closer examination, of course, i t may not be the barrio as a whole which serves a s a resource but only certain networksdefined by reci- procity relations and built on mutual t r u s t , o r community-based organi- zations serving some specific purpose, such as negotiating with the municipality, the cooperative production of some necessaries, or the joint purchasing of bulk food items at reduced prices. Some of these organizations, called popular economic organizations ( P E 0 ) in Chile, also promote convivial activities: fiestas, picnics, anniversaries, sporting events. In the barrio, the convivial and the functional tend to merge, reinforcing e a c h o t h e r as they bring people of out of impotent isolation into a group of friends and neighbors - 10s vecinos - where their joys and sorrows can be shared. The breaking' down of isolation barriers is a particularly important achievement of women, traditionally confined to the domestic sphere. Women have assumed leading roles in the organiza- tion of P E O s , thus providing fur ther evidence that household and barno economy are closely linked. Like household work, work in neigh- borhoods goes largely unremunerated. But even though they may be difficult to quantify, re turns on community 'volunteer work' are likely to be very substantial.

Because the barrio economy constitutes a major life space for its pnl~.~j- lation, we are justified in referring to it also as a political community. By this I mean that i t s inhabitants will tend to think of their barrio as a relatively autonomous space over which they can exercise something like a 'sovereign' right. It is this self-perception that lends legitimacy to claims for social participation in decisions affecting the community. Barrio inhabitants will refer to themselves as a collectivity, as 'we', and spokespersons may be elected to defend the community's interests vis-a-vis the s tate . Their claim to sovereignty, of course, as a relative one: full sovereignty is rather set of national rights and obligations. The desire for limited autonomy at the barrio level i s nonetheless real and related to the territorial rights people claim over the domestic space of households, rights that in many countries are secured in constitu- tional law. In the future, barrio citizenship may also require legal de- finition, especially if it is to play the increasingly important role assigned to it in the formulation and implementation of social policies.

I f we are prepared to consider the barrio as a political community, it ought not to surprise us that more t h a n o n e community-based crganiza- tion should compete for citizen's attention. Reflecting linkages to the outside world, such as the Catholic Church, evangelical churches, poli- tical parties contending for votes, and even the s tate , this competition for citizens allegiance i s not necessarily a bad thing, though it will tend to divide a community that needs to discover i t s strength ir. soli- dan ty relations. The iiveliriesb of competition is a sign that the harrio economy (and i t s correlative political community) exists as a vital di- mension of national life. From a localist and pragmatic perspective, the question posed b y vecinos is simple enough: which of several outside

agents can effectively deliver the most resources for barrio develop- ment? And which of them will do the most for the progressive sclf-em- powerment of individual households? In a national perspective, on the other hand, ideological questions tend to predominate.

Barrio self-organizations will sometimes extend beyond the barrio itself in to federa t ions of community-based organizations in the municipal (o r regional) spaces. But such organizations may become top-heavy with their own bureaucracy, they may fall prey to factionalism, and may pursue objectives that are not necessarily in the immediate interest of barrio populations. A favelado organization in Rio cle Janeiro, for exam- ple , does not appear to be a very effective advocate of favela interests , and a similar organization in Mexico City i s driven b'yfactional dis- putes . A more positive story comes from Lima, Peru, where a mass or- ganization of neighborhood women, the Comites Vaso de Leche, have been successful on a metropolitan scale in directing resources from the state towards their own communities.

Whatever the experience to da te , one thing remains certain: Popular sector barrios cannot remain encapsuled in the localism of their own communitiesfor long, without becoming entrapped in their powerless- ness. Vie have already argued the case for 'bringing the state back in' . Just a s organized labor has to struggle for a national voice to defend its interests , so the organized barrio must strive for influence in the national space. To remove t h e x n g c - n t limits on access to social power, such social power as barrio populations already have, must ulti- mately be translated into political power.

From social power to political power

Experience of barrio populations in their encounters with the state has been largely o n e a n t a g o n i s t i c struggle. In the lead i s the perpetual struggle over land, as migrants from small-town and rural areas seek to gain a foothold in the city. Squatter movements, land invasions, and confrontations with police and politicians are part of almost everyone's history, the lore on which poor people are raised and which is etched deeply in their memories. Some have a more bitter story to tell, recall- ing how entire communities were eradicated by bulldozers, and how fam- ilies were uprooted and displaced towards the distant periphery of the city among s t rangers . And although they would not speak of it in these terms, the language being unfamiliar, most have been systematically de- nied their economic and political r ights as citizens. Anti-inflation and pro-accumulation policies have shifted economic costs to the waged sec- tor of the population, whose; real incomes declined, and many of whose jobs were lost as industr ies , unable to compete against cheaper imports, had to close down. Police harassment, early morning police sweeps into the barr ios , and the arrest (and occasional t ~ r t u r e ) of community lead- e r s are pa r t of the unwritten history of poverty. There i s , t h u s , every reason to resent the stale. Occasional counterevidence only confirms the general t rend. During the 1960s, under General Velasco in Peru , an attempt was made to shift toward a more benign posture , and squatter areas were renamed ueblos lovenes, yo'Jng settlements. It i s perhaps a sign of the times that they are now called caniparnentos, encampments, a term at once more military and defiant.

And yet , without appropriate action by the s tate , the massive impover- ishment of the popular sectors will only get worse. By common consent among Latin American intellectuals, the economic crisis which, with slight variations, has held the countries of the region in an iron grip for over a decade, shows no signs of slackening. It i s structural crisis marked by hyper-inflation, high levels of international indebtedness, capital flight, and slow, even negative growth. There are few prospects of productively absorbing additions to the rapidly growing urban labor force. Modernization in the countryside, encouraged by countries' need to export , drives small peasants from the land and into the cities where they remain unemployed, earning irregular incomes that are insufficient to sustain life. Given this context, and the s tate 's need for legitimacy, something other than continued antagonistic struggle is needed to halt and, if possible, reverse the fur ther deterioration of conditions.

What poor people need above everything is improved access to the bases of social power at a scale commensurate with the scale of urbanization. Community action is vital to the success of an approach that respects people's own priorities and enlist their resources in the implementation of new programs. The desire for active participation on all facets of program development, from initial conception to enjoyrnents of the bene- fits trom collective efforts, is genuine and deep. The question therefore is not whether the s tate will solve the problem of disenfranchisement and massive poverty: it cannot. The question is rather whether the state is prepared to support the processes of collective self-empower- nient we have discussed.

It is t rue that the states don't usually act on their own initiative; they have to pressured, pushed, and cajoled into new policies and forms of practice. Converting social into political power, therefore, will require concerted citizen action. It will require political mobilization. Three examples may be cited. In Colombia within the last two decades there have been over 200 arcs civicos (civic strikes) protesting various in- just ices As with f o r s t r ikes , these - have been quite focussed on specific issues, such as electricity, water, urban services and prices. How successful they have been is debatable, but they have de- monstrated and extraordinary capacity for massive multi-class action rooted in civil society. In Peru, the United Left (Izquierda Unida) has been successful in mobilizing barrio populations for a number of cam- paigns, which the Vaso de Leche, already alluded to , was perhaps the most spectacular. And in Brazil, the so-called ecclesiastical base commu- nities were instrumental in the formation of the Brazilian Labor Party ( P T ) which in recent elections in Sao Paulo polled nearly a fifth of the votes.

Other instances of this latent capacity for political mobilization could be cited. Whether institutionalized or not, these mobilizations have potential for influencing government policies.

The critical point of encounter between civil society and the state is the municipality, which is the lowest until of general-purpose government and local administration. Until quite recently, and despite energetic ef- forts to reform municipal government in countries such as Venezuela and Brazil, municipal authorities were appointed rather than elected,

thus ensuring complete state control over local affairs. Most municipal- ties had barely enough financing to cover the salaries of the local bur- eaucracy. Its functions were few: city beautification, traffic lights, supervision of the municipal slaughterhouse. Mayors spent a good part of their time sitting in the antechambers of national ministers, in the hope of extracting some resources for public works in their commu- nities. But all this is changmg now. The first elections ever for the mayorality of Colombian cities was to be held in 1988. In Chile, the government of General Pinochet has channeled additional resources to municipal administrations, and municipal powers have been greatly ex- panaed even though there are no local elections, and mayors are em- ployees of the Ministry of the Interior. In the state of Sao Paulo, well over a thousand programs conceived and carried out by local govern- ment and involving the intense participation of barrio populations have been recorded. There and elsewhere (for example in Bogota), the first cautious steps are being taken in the direction of 'popular planning' o r what in Anglo-Saxon countries we would call counter-planning. All these examples suggest that a new political ballgame is being mounted. The national state is too preoccupied with managing the debt situation, bat- tling inflation. and promoting a few superinvestments with international agencies to attend closely to the details of daily life in the thousands of barrios throughout the country. I believe that this is the main reason f o r n e w e d interest in local government. Local government must now reach out to the barrio populations in a partnership beyond the old an- tagonism~.

Here are some of the things that may need doing: facilitate permanent access to land and the progressive incorporation of new settlements into the fabric of urban public services at pr ices , that people can afford; create a legal framework for community-based orgaxuzations; encourage self-reliance and self-provisioning in the poorest areas, including such innovative approaches as communal gardening; promote the production of wage goods through labor-intensive methods and their distribution through cooperative channels; organize urban extension services, espe- cially focussed on women, channelling useful knowledge anc information on nutrition, health practices, etc; assist in the organization of nur- series and kindergartens designed to relieve women's work and free them, if' they desire, to take on income-generating work.

This list i s no more than a suggestion of the sort of things that may be worth doing in barrios populares. But non-antagonistic relationships between barrio community and local s ta te , which this agenda implies, require a s t i l l more fundamental reform: the devising of a charter of political and economic citizenship rights in all political spaces, from household and barrio at one end to region and country at the other. A citizen charter would recognize claims for the relative autonomy and in- violability of life spaces; for participatory decision-making; and for cer- tain basic rights of access to the bases of social power. Like the Uni- v e r s d Deciaration of Kuniaii Rights, i t viui~ltl ebtablial, a r ~ i a t u i i; ben':h mark for legitimate social struggle. i t would define a cuiiseiisua oii guds and an agenda for action.

INDIA; THE MEDICO-FRIEND CIRCLE ON CHILD HEALTH

by Ritu Pnya Astha Kutir 1 9 7 Old Gupta Colony Delhi 110 0 6 9 , India -

About 6 0 persons, doctors and non-niedicos, came together in Jaipur on 2 0 and 2 1 January 1988 to discuss public health issues related to child health. This meet was organised by the Medico-Friend Circle. It was a 'professional' conference with a difference, in fact a number of signifi- cant differences.

The MFC is primarily a group of medicos and some non-medicos dissat- isfied with the existing health system and searching for alternatives. They have developed a basic common approach while continuing to main- tain different ideological positions. The common critique sees the pre- sent health system as cornmercialfzed, 'profession oriented rather than people oriented, over-emphasizing the curative rather than the preven- tive and social measures', and one ' that reflects and reinforces the neg- ative, unhealthy cultural values and attitudes of our society, e . g . glo- rification of money and power, diversion of labourers into manual and intellectual workers, domination of men over women, urban over rural , foreign over Indian.. .'. Their shared approach wants medical care to be available to everyone, to develop methods of medical intervention strictly guided by the needs of our people and not by commercial inter- es t s , to develop a pattern of medical care geared to the predominantly rural character of our country and towards a medical curriculum suited to i t , and to work towards popularization and demystification of medical science.

Many of i t s members are allopathic doctors who have been or are work- ing in non-government rural health projects attempting to evolve and experiment with optimal means of providing preventive, promotive and curative health services to rural? peasant and tribal populations. Others are involved with researching, documenting and publically raising health-related issues from the people's point of view, rather than from that of 'professional interests ' , commercial interests o r for the furthering of technological advances as an end in themselves. In fact, they also attempt to discover and point out the influence of such vested interests in any medical research and health programmes. Examples of these are the campaign for rational d r u g therapy and a rational d rug policy which take the need, the cost and the side-effects into account; the campaign against sex-detection of foetuses; the campaig-n against injectable hormonal contraceptives, etc. Some are involved with the 'people's science movement', while others are interested in exploring herbal and other indigenous forms of health care. Some of i t s members are also on the faculties of medical colleges and research institutions such as the National Institute of Nutrition ( N I N ) , attempting to do relevant work' through them. Non-medico members include those with backgrounds in sociology, social work, e tc , and now engaged in

women's development and child development programmes, in orghnising people's concern on various issues, in research, and in journalism on such issues.

Every year the MFC organises e two-day conference to discuss a topical issue concerning the health of the Indian population. Issues taken up in previous years include the tuberculosis control programme, the family planning programme, the sexist bias in medicine, the d rug issues, eic. Child health, the theme for this meet was chosen because of the current interest in national and international health organizations in developing strategies to improve the health of the children. Participants to this meet included the members of the MFC as well as other persons interest- ed in the area of child health.

Discussions centred around four 'technical' public health areas under focus in national and international programmes today - immunization, growth monitoring, supplementary feeding, and acute respiratory infec- tions. Two topics with wider ramifications were also taken up - 'Child survival versus child health' was discussed in the context of shift em- phasis from 'child health' to 'child survival' in international and national pronouncements and programmes. Gender bias in survival and nutri- tional s ta tus of children was discussed to arrive at insights on why the higher mortality of girl children as compared to bo^ys.

Immunization

A section of the participants felt that the universal immunization pro- gramme (UIP) being advocated by the UNICEF and implemented by the Government of India in large parts of the country was inherently a good programme but owing to the lack of 'will and intention on the part of the Government to carry out the programme of UIP efficiently and successfully' it will not show impact. Immunization coverage data of the government itself show the poor performance. However, they felt that it is a feasible programme because many other countries with socio- economic conditions similar to ours have done much bet ter and in small pockets in India itself we have achieved high rates of immunization coverage without unduly high investments. A very good voluntary re- sponse was evolved from the people in some programmes by simple means. An effective communication about immunization and the time and place for vaccination followed by strict adherence to the given schedule by the vaccination team brought villagers with their children in large numbers to the vaccination 'camps'.

On the other hand, those cautious in their enthusiasm about the im- munization programme felt that it must be kept in mind that only 8 out of 100 child deaths a re due to diseases covered by the U I ? o r EP1 (Ex- panded Programme of Immunization) and so that is the maximum impact this programme can have in terms of child survival.

Both diarrhoea and respiratory infections, the most common causes of child death, are multi-factorial in etiology and are not preventable by vaccines available today. With measles, it is a well known fact that mor- tality increased by 400 times in under-nourished children. Yet we are going to be spending Rs. 161 crores, 7 0 % of which will come from the

Government, on a vertical immunization programme. I f the intention was to reduce childhood mortality, surely the vaccination technology pro- vides a second best alternative?

Also, if an area is well-covered by immunization for sometime and then not covered the next the chances of an epidemic of severer forms of the disease is likely, specially in the case of diseases like measles and polio. With the condition of our health services today where sustained efficiency is known to be unlikely, are we justified in taking this risk? Documented instances of such epidemics of measles and increase in inci- dence of paralytic polio in India itself have been cited in previous edi- torials of the MFC bulletin.

The question was also raised of whether children in all par ts of the country suffer from these diseases to an extent justifying a nationall global programme of immunization against them. Even if some pockets of disease-free populations exist, are we justified in either wasting re- sources in these pockets or in inflicting useless vaccination on them?

The possibility of side-effects of vaccines, not only immediate but also long-term as allergies, auto-immune diseases, tumors, etc. was voiced but not discussed at any length.

Child Nutrition - Growth-monitoring and supplementary feeding

Two papers by Dr. C. Gopalari (ex-director N I N and presently director of Nutrition Foundation of India) were circulated. One of them dis- cussed some basic issues regarding growth-monitoring. Growth monitor- ing is the method of regular recording of weight of each child on a chart showing the accepted range of weight at each age and the curve of a normal weight gain graph. Comparing the child's weight gain graph with the normal range curves shows the child's state of nutrition and health. It is one of the components of the UNICEF sponsored 'child sur- vival programme' - GOB1 - growth monitoring, ORS, breast feeding, immunization. The point of growth monitoring is to identify malnourished children, the degree of malnutrition and then to do something about i t . It is thus not an end in itself 'but a means to a means'.

Programmes such a s the 1CDS (Integrated Child Development Service, a very large national programme providing services through the anganwadi') seem however to be doing growth monitoring as an end in

itself. Many participants recounted experiences with 1CDS projects in their areas where all children whether within the normal range or with mild, moderate or severe malnutrition were being given the same sup- plementary feed (though on paper the severely malnourished are to be given double the feed) . It was also said by many that the severely mal- nourished child often does not come to the anganwadi at all or if hetshe comes, is unable to consume more food than the others. Further , they need specially prepared food. In fact, such children need intensive rehabilitation. And anyway, for identify mg the severely malnourished children one does not need growth monitoring, the eye is enough.

The role of growth monitoring is thus in early detection of growth fal- tering, i . e . when a child is in the mild or moderate categories of mal-

nutrition or is just beginning to go from the normal into the mal- nourished range. This is the time to act and prevent the child from further deterioration by detecting the cause, treating the infection or worms etc . and introducing an appropriate diet. Supplementary feeding is useful here as an educational method for the mother. But with all the emphasis being given to weighing and drawing up the growth charts. to making and giving the feeds and to keeping records in innumerable registers, this facet of the ICDS programme, namely, health and nutri- tion education of mothers, is totally neglected. And it is the only mea- sure which can show some long-term effects on nutritional status of children. Here it was suggested that to shift the emphasis the anganwadi workers performance should be seen not only by service tar- gets such as the number of children fed, but also by impact output. Supplementary feeding' programmes, i t was generally agreed, should only be seen a s fire-fighting measures in situations such a s flood and drought and not as on-going long-term programmes. Often children are given little or no food at home when feeding is done elsewhere so that there is substitution and not supplementation. Without adequate medical care to treat infections, e tc . again the feeding has little impact in terms of improvement in nutritional status.

Some studies on ICDS projects done as part of the scheme itself claim a high degree of success in decreasing the number of mild, moderate and severe degrees of malnutrition while other independent studies show ab- solutely no impact.

Some smaller non-government programmes have shown impact in terms oi decrease in number of children with mild and moderate malnutrition but severe malnutrition has been resistant. However, it is generally ac- cepted that the more practical and sustainable solution to mild and moderate malnutrition even under existing socio-economic conditions is nutrition education of mothers.

That government supplementary feeding programmes as they are being run today are fairly useless was generally agreed. They were felt to be basically political gimmicks to convey the message that ' there is a bene- volent entity called the government'.

Practical problems experienced commonly in programmes were also dis- cussed, such as the bulky nature of cheaper foods so that children are unable to consume adequate calories. Adding oils increases calories without adding bulk but raises costs. A recently devised method for decreasing the bulk of starchy foods cheaply was told by a participant. Germinated dais, dried and ground can be stored easily and a small amount of the powder added to starchy foods while cooking will make it less bulky.

Growth monitoring was thus seen to be useful as a measure for indi- vidual medical care of a child and for education of mothers and not as a method for screening of children at a mass level for supplementary feeding.

Supplementary feeding too has a demonstration and educative effect but there is no conclusive evidence to say whether it has any direct and

immediate impact on nutritional status. Therefore, taking a stand that supplementary feeding programmes are useless is difficult but with the experience at grass root level there is little hesitation in saying that generally the programmes are being run shabbily and cannot deliver the goods they promise.

Acute Respiratory Infections Control Programme

Acute respiratory infections include conditions from the common cold to pneumonias a s well as specific infections like diphteria or whooping cough. They are supposed to be, along with diarrhoeas, the prime con- ditions causing childhood deaths ( 2 7 % of all childhood deaths is one es- timate). A programme for their control has been initiated by the WHO and is being worked out in many Third World countries including India. A paper prepared for the hlFC meet by Dr. Abhay Bang (M.D. Medi- cine, MPH from Hopkins and presently engaged in research in com- munity health as well as in action by optimising services at the Government district hospital and PHCs of Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra) reviewed the epidemiological and operational rationale of this programme and identified problem areas for discussion.

The review of data showed that the frequency of attacks of ARI per child per year is very similar in industrial and Third World countries. Also that frequency of attacks is much higher in urban than in rural areas. Rates of urban areas in the South are comparable to those of ur- ban areas in the North. This suggest that socio-economic development is not a major determinnnt of the frequency of ARls. But data also shows that it is a crucial factor in the severity of infections and the resultant mortality. A recent study from Manila shows that while there was no difference in the number of attacks of ARI per child between well- nourished and malnourished children, the outcome of lower respiratory infection was grossly influenced by the nutritional state. General malnutrition, Vit. A deficiency, a high population density, smoke from chulhas, tobacco, automobiles etc. all increase the severity of ARls and child deaths due to them. General malnutrition is known to have the most drastic effect. Control and prevention strategies could-

i ) be aimed at minimising these factors

ii) make use of immunisation against measles, diphteria and whooping cough which are said to be capable of taking care of 25% of deaths due to ARIS. Attempts a re also on to develop vaccine8 against major organisms causing pneumonias.

iii) attempt to control deaths, through 'case management'. The WHO has strongly recommended this approach. This requires that a simple and effective regimen be worked out to be taught to peripheral health workers so that they a re able to diagnose pneumonia and treat it with a suitable antibiotic. An increased respiratory rate of 50Irnin andlor history of breathlessness by the mother is to be taken as indication for s tar t ing antibiotics.

A study from Papua New Guinea shows that combining these two criteria gives 93% t rue positive diagnoses of pneumonia. The question was raised whether the stethoscope should also be given to peripheral health work-

e r s to aid in diagnosis. Through discussion it was felt that the stethoscope findings are difficult to decipher even by doctors and therefore not much purpose would be served by adding this to their armamentarium. Some, however, felt that this was a skill which was learned through experience and not something which required extra 'knowledge' and therefore peripheral workers could be as good or as bad at it as doctors. The question of necessity or no: of X-ray facili- ties was also raised.

Another important question that arose was that of the possibility of large scale overuse of antibiotics in viral pneumonias. How many cases of pneumonia in children are viral, and therefore antibiotics useless, is not known. Studies of lung puncture aspirates of serious cases not re- sponding to treatment have shown that 60% are due to bacteria. But can this figure be taken as applicable to all pneumonias? Does it not come from a very special category of pneumonia patients? In this state of knowledge where we do not know how many community acquired pneu- monia~ are viral a re we justified in launching a large-scale programme with this strategy? If launched, should antibiotics be given in the hands of non-doctors like VHWs (village health workers) or ANMs (Auxiliary nurse midwives)? Should they be allowed to give injection penicillin in the field (reaction rate in children being very low, 1 in 250 ,000 , and the skin test being useless, no testing is necessary)?

As this discussion took place before the programme has been launched the questions raised are timely and need attention.

Gender bias in survival and nutritional s ta tus of children

A paper predented by Leela Visaria, a demographer at the Gujarat ln- stitute of Area Planning, set the discussion going. Another paper, by Kamala J. Eao (retired joint-director NIX) presented a similar thesis. Visaria reviewed existing literature to t r y and delineate the actual mechanisms by which social bias in favour of boys operates resulting ir. higher mortality among girls 1-5 years than among boys. She found there there i s little 'hard data' to suggest the presence of gender bias in food intake. A Bangladesh study is the only one which has done ac- tual measurement of caloric and protein intake for boys and girls U-4 years and found a significant difference. Another study from the same region shows that improvement in the household resources raised the nutritional level of all children, but i t benefitted male children more than female children. However, in spite of the results of those lone study with direct measurement of intake and with other studies sug- gesting differentials, Dr. Visaria concluded that little discrimination is practised in everyday food. Special food taken only occasional.ly, like ghee, but ter , milk, sweets, non-vegetarian foods are given preferen- tially to boys. These occasions are however so infrequent that they were not felt to be capable of making any appreciable impact. This con- clusion also comes from the results of a study in Kacch area with which she has, been associated over the past 3 years.

According to her , a number of studies do, however, show a definite discrimination in the resort to medical care which is much less, or de- layed, in the case of girls compared to boys.

Her first conclusion (tentative at present) was immediately pounced upon, it being pointed out specially by those working in close contact with the community that a discrimination in feeding of girls a s against boys has been observed by all of them. What is probably at fault is the statistical tools used or the inferences drawn from them. The issue that came through in the discussion was whether what is commonly observed by many is to be considered as the reality or what the so-called scien- tific studies and data tell us i s t o be taken as the reality.

In terms of possible intervention for reducing the extra mortality among girls, the paper suggests that as differential resort to medical care seems to be the point of discrimination, this should be the point for intervention. Most participants, however, saw this as too narrow a view of a wider problem. The main aim of the paper , however, was well taken - that the mechanisms by which sociai bias against girls is prac- tised such as to result in higher mortality are not exactly known and need to be studied fur ther .

Child Survival Vs. Child Health

It was pointed out that there has been a shift in national and inter- national pronouncements and documents from 'Health for All' to 'Child- health' and then to 'Child Survival'! UNICEF is talking of a 'Chijd Survival Revolution'. This shift was seen as indicative of greater and greater narrowing of focus for programmes and of commitments made by the government.

Some questioned whether there was any difference between 'child health' and 'child survival' in operational terms?

It was pointed out to them in operational terms it meant the imposition of yet another vertical programme - the immunization programme. As has happened earlier with the malaria programme and the family plan- ning programme, targets are set from above and the whole health infra- s t ructure gets mobilized to fulfil them irrespective of whether the desired output is obtained or not. This also leads to a neglect of basic health services and building up or maintenance of basic on-going pro- grammes. A n intensity which is impossible to persist in , and a failure to build-up basic health services are known to be two of the reasons for failure of the malaria programme. Will we continue to repeat past mistakes endlessly?

It was also pointed out that this shift in emphasis from morbidity or mortality was already affecting the attitudes of medical students and in- terns in the way they handle public health tools like immunization and growth monitoring. It had long-term implications in terms of the empha- sis given to disease arid death, as if all that mattered was to prevent death, the amount of disease and the quality of life already receive less attention and will receive even less if this trend continues. In concrete terms the diarrrhoea programme is an instance. ORS was projected as t h e key' while what it does is prevent death. The water and sanitation programmes, much more fundamental for diarrhoea control, receive much less of the limelight as well as concrete attention.

The mechanics of this process of shift at WHO-L'NICEF level was ex- plained by Dr Bang as a question of which two lobbies in these bodies get the upper hand. One lobby believes in the vertical programme kind of approach - carrot dangled to Third horld countries, whips issued, army r e ~ m e n t a t i o n organised and results obtained. The other believes in the Primary Health Care approach (more democratic, talks of commu- nity participation e tc ) . It is the second which dominated from 1 9 7 7 to 1983 at the WHO (the Health for All by 2000 A.D. and Primary Health Care declarations signed in 1977-78. Then Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine, convinced UNICEF that another eradication programme such as small-pox eradication is possible - either polio or measles. WHO also got convinced. The Rockefeller Foundation backed the idea. But with their previous public commitment (Primary Health Care - integrated services, inter-sectorial development, community, participation, etc) they could not have talked of a single disease eradication programme. So the idea of GOB1 came up. On the other hand was the failure of the family planning programme at national level with demographers saying that infant mortality will have to be lowered to decrease birth rate. This gave added support to 'child survival' strategies.

The discussions, as one can see from the reporting of sessions, were open-ended; not attempting to necessarily come to final conclusions but raising issues and questions some of which may be possible to discuss in detail there and others to be kept in mind and answers sought later. This is in keeping with the general style and purpose of MFC.

The purpose of MFC appears to be two-fold: (1) to be a group of mutually supportive friends, which is very important when working against the general current and ( 2 ) to be a forum for exchange of ideas and in-depth discussion on health-related issues among socially con- cerned persons of diverse ideological positions and from different per- spectives but all relating to 'the people' a s the centre-point. The aim of these discussions i s to clarify each one's understanding of issues and of what can be done about health problems so that each one can do better in whatever helshe i s involved. The discussions were generally free and frank, no one seemed to be 'making a point' just to score over the other , serious involvement in issues was obvious. And this seriousness coupled with an informal, free atmosphere 'is most conductive for learn- ing'. Besides these annual meets, the MFC also brings out a monthly bulletin in order to promote the two aims referred to above as well as a third i .e . the spread similar questioning among other medicos and non- medicos interested in these issues. No direct action as a group is en- visaged unless it emerges spontaneously, for instance at the time of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy when epidemiological investigations as well as medi- cal relief operations were undertaken by MFC.

Organised in the hostel of a government Agriculture Training Centre the setting of the conference was strictly austere by any Conference s tandards. All the same some members were heard complaining that MFC members were being 'spoilt' at this meet because they had been pro- vided matrasses and quilts! Food was good, simple every-day 'roti- sabzi-dal' and the plates were washed by each one himself/herself. Ex-

penses were borne b y the participants themselves; no sponsors, no 'special dinners' hosted by pharmaceutical companies, no gifts presented by anyone.

The atmosphere was one of informality and comraderie. One could see why older members said that this was one place where they could 'relax and be themselves', 'where they came for emotional reasons as well'. Conscious care was also taken to integrate new corners into the friends' circle even though at times it was difficult because older members have their on-going debates.

That such a group with members having different perspectives and ideological positions (though with some basic consensus) and working in different areas has managed to stay together for so long (initiated in 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ) is in itself an unusual happening. The truly democratic spirit of the group is one of the obvious reasons. Organisationally, there is a convenor for executive purposes and an editor for bringing out the bulletin with an editorial board. Both change every two years. There is what is called a 'core group' which works out details of each annual meet and other organisational matters. It is composed of the original members as well as many later entrants who have shown interest in the thinking' of MFC a s well as organisational matters. That later entrants are also as much 'core' as others and have become convenor and editor as well is indicative of the openness of the organisation.

That the discussions remained confined to the realm of programmes being undertaken nationally and internationally was pointed out by some participants. There is more to child health than what is being ad- dressed by these programmes and by confirming to them we have res- tricted our own view of the problem as well as of possible means of improving the status of health of children. One of the participants and an older member of MFC, Dr Binayak Sen (now working with the Chattisgarh Mines Shramik Sangh helping organise the union's own hos- pital as well a s community level work among mine workers as well as the villages around) for instance gave the example of 'time available to the mother to attend the child' as an important factor in determining health status of children. In the mines at Chattisgarh there are workers who break stones manually and those who load them into t rucks. Stone- breaking is done by couples while loading is done by men alone, the wives generally staying at home. While economically the first were better off because double wages came in it was observed that health of children was much better among the loaders' families than among the stonebreakers. Thus suggest developing some social forms of child-care by which women can work and the children get cared for w e l l , not by 5-10 year old sibling. But i t w a s explained that as health personnel we could undertake only medical interventions and health education. We should realise the limitations of such intervention in making real i m - provements in health s tatus of a population and not spread ourselves out into other areas. The lack of a wider perspective in the discussions on child health was however felt by many.

Further infornation from: Harendra Guptc, Convener Medico-Friend Circle, Devgarh Xeo't-ias, FraZapqarh, Ch'iitorqmh, iiajastm 3^.2 & L ? , Zndic.

BEHIND THE PALESTINIAN UPRISING A Journey Through The Occupied Territories

Essma Ben Hamida Third World Network & International Foundation for Development Alternatives

(Third World Network, 87 Cantonment Road. 10250 Penong, Malaysia) USS6. -

ifda dossier 6 9 . janvier , ' ferr~er 1989 espace national

MONNAIE ET ENDETTEMENT EN ALGERIE

OU L E G R A I N ET L'IVRAIE

par Slirnane Toubale iiiicien maitre de conferences a l'Universit6 d'Alger 34 rue des Thermes 95880 Enghien-les-Bains, France

L'Cconomie de 1'Algerie demeure caracterisee par une situation monetiare chaotique. Des emissions monetaires inccntr61ees, censees officiellement financer les seuls investissements, mais dont une partie notable a ali- mente la consommation, ont entraine, du fait des deficits &pete!j de I'Etat, la formation de veritables lacs monktaires scuterrains. Instahles ell raison de l'absence de garantie offertes, recherchant l'occasion spe- culative, ces encaisses oisives , thesaurisees sous forme de monnaie fi- duciaire, constituent un danger formidable dc rupture du systeme. De- PLUS 1 9 7 4 , 1'Etat et la societe civile se disputent le quart d u revenu national. Le resultat en est la formation de revenus monetaires large- ment en avance s u r la vaieur ajoutee degag6c par l'activite nationale et s u r les ressources additionnelles procur6es par l'endettement aupres de l ' interieur. I1 n'est point etonnant, alors, que les risques d'une in- flation explosive s 'annoncent, aujourd'hui, pa r d i f f e r e n t ~ canaux: d'abord l'emergence d 'un veritable r6seau b a n c a r e parallele dont l'ob- jectif est la conversion des Uquidites excedentaires detenues en place- ment sCrs (biens fonciers et immobiliers, achats de devises s u r les mar- ches paralleles, investissements a l 'interieur. . . ) , ensuite la tendance a la voracite d'un march4 noir phagocytant, de rnanierc rampante, les rares secteurs oh les transactions sont derneurces Sgul ie res , enfin l'in- stabifit6 des prix et la montee des insatisfactions sociales qu'une poli- tique de rationnement habilement discriminatoire ne parvient plus ii

etouffer. C'est que les causes d'une situation aussi anorir.de soit pro- fonde et rntiritent d f&t re explorees.

L'on peut ciire qu'en Algerie, tout est uevenu banque et cue l 'entre- pr i se pub i~que a reussi . par une extraordinaire perversion de sa mis- sion, a par tager , avec d 'autres institutions le privilege de "battre mon- naie nationale"; la pratique illimitee du recours au decouvert sans que celui-ci soit sorieusement questionne est une forme rnariifeste de creation incontrolee de la rnonnaie. La pratique, anorniale, au sein d'un s y s t e m

bancaire contr6le entierernent par I'Etat, du kescompte, a conduit les banques prirnaires a penser qu'elle concouraient a la creation de richesses des lors qu'elles faisaient engranger par la banque centrale toutes sortes de creances douteuses quand celles-ci n'etaient pas fran- chement fictives. C'est que la delinquance comptable des entreprises publiques est devenue une recette courante. Le schema normal qui veut que les avances des banques s'appuient sur les surplus degages par les entreprises n'est guere respect&. Une conception naive 6 base d'acti- visme rnonetaire et prhtant a l'argent un pouvoir de transmutation ins- tantanee a amene les institutions publiques & faire de la creation de rnonnaie l'objet normal de leur activity. La detention de l'argent suffirait pour somrner le d e l a produire les biens desires et les &sultats comp- tables escornptes. Les manifestations ultimes d'un tel comportement per- vers sont aujourd'hui un fuite devant la monnaie nationaie parce que la gestion de cette monnaie par 1'Etat aboutit & fragiliser les soubassernents economiques sur lesquels repose la confiance, condition de la du&e d'une r6gle. Le robinet mon6taire laisse continfiment ouvert (10 milliards de Dinars algeriens d'irnpasse budgetaire au d6but des annees 80) a fini par emporter dans un d61uge de papier-rnonnaie les qualites tant n6ces- saires A la confiance et au rnaintien de la credibility de l'ideologie so- cialiste. D6ja s'arnorce une rn6fiance accrue vis-a-vis de la rnonnaie scripturale et un recours. qui s'amplifie, au papier-rnonnaie pour les placement speculatifs . La bonne monnaie (devises, biens irnmobiliers , biens import6s.. . ) se cache et le dinar est devenu l'actif le moins inte- ressant.

Si 1'Etat a r6ussi jusqu'ici a r6primer llexplosion inflationiste et a mas- quer la faillite rnenacante, les rnoyens utilises hccentuent pkcisement la menace s u r la monnaie. En effet c 'est en deniant a la monnaie detenue par les particuliers tout pouvoir decisif de selection des processus de production et de consomrnation ainsi que de diffyrenciation franche des patrirnoines que les pouvoirs publics parviennent a imposer l'irrationnel comme rationality par excellence. L'on aboutit ainsi a une contradiction qui devient de plus en plus sensible: ltEt6t se sert de l'arrne monetaire pour detourner la quasi-totalit6 des ressources au nom "d'objectifs pla- nit'iys", rnais refuse a la sociyte civile la possibility econornique de contester la rationality de ses choix en lui opposant les aspects chao- tiques de sa gestion rnonetaire. Ce qui est monnaie pour 1'Etat cesse de l'etre des qu'elle se trouve en d'autres mains. Ainsi 1'Etat continue a s'approprier des ressources qui devraient revenir a d'autres agents, leur interdisant, ce faisant, d1acc6der effectivernent a un usage de leur propre surplus. Devant engranger passivement du papier-monnaie , 11s continuent 6 6tre sommes de ratifier, par leur passivite rneme, les choix strategiques de ltEtat et l'usage qu'il fait de toutes les ressources. Les possibilites quelconques de reforrne ou dlaggiornarnento s e trouveni alors sans cesse reculees. L'inertie d'une gestion politique ou policiere des ressources s'arnplifie et recule toute velleity de reactiver une gestion 6conornique plus fine par la rnonnoie. Pourtarit les risques de ruptu-r-e se multiplient et cette strategic de 1'"endettement sans pleurs" qui a 4te suivie jusqu'en 1985 ne peut se poursuivre indefiniment.

Le conflit latent entre 1'Etat et la societe civile d'une par t , et 1'Etat debiteur et ses cr6anciers exterieurs devient de plus en plus a i p et pose la question de la poursuite ou de la reforme d'une experience aussi

arnbigue. L'endettement vis-a-vis de l'exterieur a et6 d'autant plus aise- ment accepte que 1'Etat faisait le pari enthousiaste que la croissance du produit national et du surplus escornptes engendreraient a terrne un renversenient du signe de la balance des operations courantes, le ren- dant apte a enclencher un processus rapide de desendettement continu jusqu'a la realisation tant esperee d'une autonornie industrielle et finan- ciere assuree. Ainsi la dette contractee restait-elle gagee essentiellement par les k s u l t a t s de l'activite, c'est-a-dire par les revenus attendus du capital, le patrirnoine derneurant par consequent intouchable. C'etait la le rn6rne activisme monetaire naif supposant que la detention d'un capital en devises permettait ipso facto de jouer au jeu fascinant de la plus- value et de l'accurnulation. C'etait compter sans les aleas de la gestion industrielle et de la competition internationale. Pierrette avail seulement reve.

D'abord la gestion quotidienne a commence par devoiler des lirnites qui on1 vite transforme les excedents attcndus en deficits, deficits devenus tels qu'ils ne pouvaient Gtre partiellement masques que par une concep- tion singuliere des changes et la tentation d'une manipulation inflation- niste des prix interieurs. Le premier expedient affectait un taux de changes theorique variable, devalorisant ou valorisant la monnaie natio- nale, au calcul de l 'output, selon que l'entreprise etait exportatrice ou non. Le second consistait 6 enfler artificiellement la valeur du produit cede, au sein d'un marche protege administrativement et doming par les pratiques collusives des vendeurs. Le resultat es t un processus perma- nent de devalorisation de la monnaie nationale coincidant avec l'enregis- trernent beat de rentabihtes pourtant artificielles. Les ecrans de fumee avances ernpechaient que 1'on prit franchement la mesure dcs gaspillages et des insuffisances.. . Partout l'on discourait s u r le cout de l'appren- tissage et s u r les prix inevitables d'une independance '6conomique proche. Cette politique laxiste alimentee par le vertige de considerations ideologiques a bloque les efforts de recherche d'une efficacite et d'une discipline minimales pour l'entreprise qui auraient et6 stirnulees par un comportement financier strict de ltEtat.

A la faveur du flou ccmptable et en plus des pertes essuyees par les entreprises publiques sont venues se greffer au systeme economique na- tional des pratiques economiques delinquantes qui se sont accelerees de- puis 1 9 7 7 , aggravant la menace d'explosion inflationniste et de fuite generalisee devant la monnaie nationale. Des lors , l'endettement vis-a- vis de l'exterieur cessait d'Gtre gage par les surplus escomptes d'ac- tivites industrielles suppos6es rentables pour devenir une creance s u r le patrimoine national et un droit potentiel du creancier a un regard au nioins s u r la gestion de 1'Entreprise-Algerie. A ce premier type d'en- dettement est venu s'ajouter un second, plus insidieux, rnoins apparent, mais contenant en germe une extreme tension entre la societe civile et 1'Etat. Ce second type d'endettement est contenu dans Ie mode de ges- lion de I'econornie par 1'Ltat. Les performances des entreprises publi- ques ayant 6te dans l'ensemble rn6diocres, la valeur ajoutee ayant ete inferieure aux salaires distribuks (lorsquc lcs valeurs internationales sont prises comrne valeurs de reference, le renouvellement du capital fixe lui-n16me cessait d'etre assure ) , 1'Etat n 'a eu d'autre ressource que de s'approprier par avance les ressources aegagees par les entreprises cornmerciales publiques ou privees ou par le secteur industriel prive

plus rentable. Toute l'economie, du fait du poids excessif de ses be- soiris etatiques et de la pauvrete de sa gestion productive, a commence, ces dernieres annees, a n16tre plus qu 'une pyramide de marges greffees s u r le seul commerce exterieur et taxant une productivite superieure realisee ailleurs. Chaque partie ne s 'est plus souciee que de l'etendue dc sa marge, les pr616vements etant effectues dans un climat rnalsain, inflationniste. L'apport de chacun A 116conomie ne pouvait alors 6tre questionne. Les entreprises publiques , qui etaient censees concourir a l 'elarpssement du march4 interieur jusqu'a le rendre un jour apte A por ter un processus de reproduction autonome a un haut niveau d'ab- sorption, sont , du fait de leur incapacite a produire economiquement , i+ exporter eventuellemen? et meme a satisfaire A un coat raisonnable les besoins inter ieurs , devenues de veritables pieges a devises et des fabriques d'iriflation pour toute L'economie. Elles continuent 6 t i rer l'en- semble de la nation vers l'appauvrissement.

A son tour , la reduction du revenu national a une somme de marges greffees s u r l'import-export hate la tentation de la speculation et invite au non-effort, en encourageant les delinquances latentes au sein de la societe. L'Etat lui-meme, devant le desequilibre do plus en plus evident du couple depenses-recettes publiques, est incite ii la manipulation des prix interieurs des biens importes e t voila qu'un dollar d'importation a tendance a se transformer en dix ou quinze dinars de recettes au ni- veau de 1'Etat. Les operateurs prives ont alors tendance a prolonger de plus en plus spontanement un esprit et une pratique dont 1'Etat lui- meme est parfois l 'initiateur. I1 n'est point dormant alors que la pra- tique des changes dominante devienne, eu 6gard a ia variability du multiplicateur" devises-dinars, caracterisee par I'existence de taux de change multiples, 6 peine deguisee p a r 1'Etat pour ses operations de commerce exter ieur , et franche pour la societe civile. Ainsi tout se passe comrne si la societe, ne pouvant empecher la gestion monopoliste de 1'Etat s u r les ressources en devises, s'appropriait potentiellement ce m6me fonds, avec le consentement tacite de l'administration. La meme logique vaut pour le patrimoine foncier ou immobilier et les actifs pro- ductifs. L'on assiste, progressivement, & la montke des pk ten t ions des segments les plus dynamiques de la societe A des sGretes e e l l e s pour les creances qu'ils detiennent, du fait de l'endettement de 1'Etat vis- a-vis de la soci6t6. La formation de veritables lacs monetaires sou- terrains , contrepartie des deficits repetes du t resor (finances princi- palement p a r la creation monetaire pour la partie couverte pa r les moyens nationaux) ont abouti paradoxalement h un dessaisissement potentiel d'une partie du patrimoine public au profit des entrepreneurs et speculateurs. Le Boutiquier finit p a r deloger le General.

Souvent c'est 1'Etat qui a avance 6 ces entrepreneurs les Rioyenr, (ie multiplier leur fortune par la devalorisation dc la monnaie nationale. ii laquelle ont concouru l 'un et l 'autre. La machine a corrompre le. societe est devenue un obstacle ft une seine gestion et h la sauvegarde des natrimoines acquis. La societe dispute h 1 ' E t ~ t le cornmaridement de: res- sources reelles. Et 1'Etat hesite cntre la poursuite d'une pohtique d'en- dettement simultane auprks de l 'exterieur e t de l'iiiterieur (pour rem- bourser un service de la dette pr6sentement de 4 milliards de dollars, ' E t a t emprunte, environ, deux milliards dc dollars, l'exc6dent de la balance des operations courantes degapeant difiiciic~ment '.in exredent

compris entre deux ou trois milliards de dollars. Et encore il convien- d r a t de se demander si certaines recettes, gaspillees entierement. sont regulierement enreg-istrees et rendues pubiiques) avec le risque de perdre , 6 terme, le contrble des actifs dominants, ou l'association dc plus en plus large du capital prive national et e t ranger a une gestion plus efficiente de l'economie. L'experience de restructuration consis- terai t , en une sorte d'exercice exorciste, h somrner les anciennes entre- prises se comporter comrne un capital nouveau et a porter au maximum leur efficience productive n'incite guere a l'optimisme, si l'on considere 1c- precedent ae la SNTF intervenu dans les annees 70. Le vieux deficit n'a pu etre rebaptise excedent nouveau-ne. Les slogans marxisants re- p4tes ad nauseam s u r l'enfer capitalists et les ver tus aes croissances autocentrees continuent 6 fasciner et 1'Etat continue a s ' interroger s u r les avantages d'une association des creanciers interieurs et ex teneurs a la gestion quand les coups de belier retentissent avec insistance a la porte.

En at tendant , des des6quilibres curnulatifs s'accumulent. Le taux de ch6mage croit plus vite quo Ie taux de creation d'emplois (d'ailleurs largemerit impro-Juctifs). D'ici l 'an 2000, si la tend&nce actuelle se rnaintient, c'fcst le t iers de la population aaulle qui hera au ch6mage [aujourd'hui un cinquieme]. L'exode rural persists et l 'agriculture algerienne est une des rares a connaltre une decroissance absolue du nombre de ses paysans. L'Alg6rie perd ses paysans et y gagne des mi- grants , instables g6ographiquement et proiessionnellement, forrnant des ceintures menacantes autour des villes hypertropniees, eu eg:~rd h la pauvret6 de leur tissu productif. Une revolution agraire peu soucieu.,~: des k a l i t e s a litteralement invent4 des latifundia.. . irriaginaires c'. 6tendu aux campagnes les defauts pourtant patents des douiaines et entreprises publics. Pourtant un coefficient de Gini sereinement calcul6 attesterait du caructere t r es faiblement inkgalittdre de la possession des terres en Algerie, si 1'on excepte les dornaines autogeres (coefficient de Gini egal a 0 ,4 , tombant a 0.1 si l'on introduit le facteur quelite des t e r res . )

La consommation par tete a subi une chute pratiquernent continue depuis huit ans. Les indices de cette chute sont perceptibles au niveau de la croissance de la part de l'alimentation dans les depenses des menages. (La revision des ponderations, dans le calcul de l'indice der p n x , a u poste alimentation dans le sens de l'alourdissement est un aveu indirect d'une tendance a la pauperisation). Au sein de cette alimentation perce la part incroyablement elevee des &reales ( 230 k g par personne et pa r a n ) . Plus un menage est pauvre, plus il consomme de "biens de pauv- re". Effets de Giffen et premiere loi dlEngel se conjuguent pour appor- ter une premiere preuve indirecte. L'evolution des elasticitks en con- stitue une deuxieme. L'elasticite-prix pratiquemen: nulle de la demande de biens alimentaires montre que les menages sont encore loin QC la sa- turation et qu'ils restent prCts h s a ~ r i f i e r les autres postcs, dcvenus rL-hidut:ia, n I'fciiiriieiitation. L a propei~biuii ii'ioveniic A c o i t ~ ~ i ~ ~ i n ~ u r , voi~i i ic de 1 pour plus des quatre cinquiemes dcs menages, s i p i f i e flue pour la rnajorite de la population, epargner c'est se pr iver encore plus. Mais les agents economiques coritinuent a se uisputer 1c contr6le de l'economie en constant appauvrissement quancl 1'Etat pai'le dc proppr'rite A gSn6:-aliser.

Les reponses yue les responsables continuent appor ter au probleme de l 'echange d'un capital reel contre un capital fictif relevent du doniaine de l ' i r ree l . Le Plan es t lui-meme devenu un instrument de propagande. Ainsi 750 000 logements se t rouvent superbement i n s c n t s au plan 1980- 1984 . Or Ie simple calcul base s y un pr ix minimal de 3000 dinars/m2 (on atteignait les 5000 d inars le m en 1984 et le t rend es t !a hausse) et s u r la constatation yue plus de la moitie du cout du logement est im- portee montre que 1e volume de devises necessite p a r un tel programme es t tel que si l'on ajoute les importations incompressibles de biens ali- nientaires, l 'activite des ent repr ises se trouve e t ranglee , faute de pou- voir se p rocure r les inputs necessaires. I 1 ne peut alors Etre question d'investissements nouveaux. En reali t@, c 'es t rr.oins du q u a r t qui sera realise. Ainsi s e creuse Ie foss6 en t r e 1c reel et la proniesse. Tout be passe comme si 1'Etat s e comportait de maniere ii jeter le discredit s u r sa gestion. L'horizon s e t rouve pa r consequent envahi p a r les contesta- tions possibles e t les repressions inevitables.

Ainsi une gestion qui a constamment hesite en t r e la manipulation au ton- ta i re des parametres e t ins t ruments economiques et la tentation de re- courir a 1a monnaie comme instrument de dynarnisation d e s positions e t distances sociales e t de la transformation strategique des actifs a fi- nalement abouti a destabiliser le moncpole de i 'Etat , y cornpris au niveau des insti tutions qui auraient d 6 r e s t e r incontestees (controle des changes , monopole bancaire. . . ) , au profit des en t r ep reneur s , cornmer- can t s e t proprietaires e t a internationaliser potentiellement Ie patrimoinc e t les actifs reels her i tes de la colonisation. Ue plus en plus s'affirment les pretentions de la societe a vouloir controler la gestion de la mon- naie e t Ie comportement 6conomique de 1'Etat. Le Boutiquier triomphe et le calcul glace va remplacer l 'incantation G'une id6olotpe immediatemen: par tageuse . La mefiance et Ie mepris de ia plebe parasitaire s'installent e t les appels n la discipline de travail qui s'elevent activent une dyna- rnique de differentiation des revenus e t sur tout des patrimoines A gere r privativernent. La somnle des revenus thesaur ises en cachette aspi re A s e m6tamorphoser en capital et les creances dctenues s u r 1'Etat aspirent

d e v e n ~ r patrimoine reel.

L'echec plus general des experiences "socialistes" du Tiers hlonde ren- voie au climat tie delinquance essentiel au sein de societes res tees darwiniennes, faute d 'avoir pu s 'elever moralement au dessus des pul- sions criminogenes engendr6es p a r un milieu international conflictuel. Les politiques du type "Beggar my neighbour" on1 abouti a des conflits que les bgoismes nationaux ont precipites. Chaque societe a La moralite de son e ta t kconomique tout comme chaque Etat a la population qu'i l me- r i te . Parvenue a ce point , l ' exp6~ ience algerienne ne pcut p lus se d6rc- b e r au bilan, en continuant Ies depenses ou les emprunts tous azimuts: soit q u e les echecs repetks entrainent une reaction negative de la so- ciete, soit que s 'enclenche une dynamique de la privatisation associant Ie capital pr ive national et international la gestion du potential pro- ductif de la nation. Mais le regime nc'site et pour tant c 'es t "Ici Rhodes, et c 'es t ici qu'il faut sauter!"

BEYOND HUNGER

AN AFRICAN VISION OF THE 21ST CENTURY

I BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM

In the past twenty five years the image of Africa has shifted from great optimism of the immediate post-independence era (the 1960s) to one of immense gloom and pessimism. The indepen- dence of Ghana ushered in the dawn of a new age for the continent of Africa and its peoples. But with the onset of the great African drought 1968-75 and the oil crisis of 1973 and dramatic shift in the continent's image ensued. In the minds of many Africa is now characterised as a continent in crisis, a highly vulnerable region of the world - a continent caught in an inevitable downward spiral. Famine, high population growth rates and declining agricultural production have rapidly become the most common symbols of African existence to the external world, replacing other historically entrenched stereotypes. Conventional assessment of Africa's fragile natural resource base have conjured up an international image of a continent facing imminent collapse.

This persisting negative image of Africa as a continent in crisis, if unchallenged may not only be misleading but may also cause articulate Africans to doubt their own self-determination and crit- ical role as levers of change for a better future. The data base on which this image rests is weak and questionable; time horizons for evaluating development trends o n the continent are short and often externally defined and the methodology is overly simplified neglecting the wide and rich diversity of local level cultural, social and economic basis in African society which offer an alternative interpretive framework for Africa's future and analysis is mostly

distant (done mainly by experts based in international organiza- tions outside Africa).

In the absence of credible alternative visions, prevailing fore- casts about Africa's future extrapolated events could become self- fulfilling prophesies, frustrating the marshalling of innovative thinking, creativity and energy needed for new directions of thought and action.

A number o t Africans representing a broad range of academic disciplines and institutions who see a need to break the hold of pre- sent limited perceptions of the continent are beginning to make their voices heard around the region and in international fora con- cerning a possible future direction in the 21st century Africa. While they d o not underestimate the legacies of the past and the struc- tural constraints to which they have given rise. they are concerned about the need to restore confidence in the capacity of Africa to survive and indeed thrive in the 21st century and future times. Africa cannot forever be haunted by its past: after all many catac- lastic events of the past years like the Jewish holocaust or Hiroshima have not led to an eternal pessimism among the Japanese o r the Jewish peoples. It might even be a tremendous basis for overcoming disabilities inherent in technological 'politi- cal' and economic incapacity to become sources of positive change in themselves.

In today's difficult situation. Africa needs new, magnetic images and aspirations of the future. This is a time that calls for creativity in working together across academic disciplines, policy institutions and political programmes in order to mobilize natural, intellectual, managerial and financial resources toward a new Africa.

The Kericho conference represents a first step in an effort to mobilize continent-wide support for a new kind of imaging of Africa's future as a basis for formulating and implementing alter- native development strategies.

What will Africa look like in the year 2057 - a century after Sudan and Ghana initiated the wave of political independence in hub-Saharan Africa?

Usually nobody adopts such a long-term perspective. For gov- ernments and donor agencies as well as many others. including the media reporting on Africa. the future ends at year 2000. Yet , in

development terms. thirteen years is nothing and a child born today will be "only" 70 years by 2057.

Recognising the needs for a realistic time-frame for Africa's future development and a broadening of the policy and research agendas beyond their current stalemate. the Nairobi-based Afri- can cade ern! of Sciences, the Dakar-based Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research in Africa (CODESRIA). and the Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Program, based at Brown University. U.S.A.. are currently spon- soring a research and development policy project titled "Beyond Hunger: Africa's Future, 1957-2057". Its initial activity was a Workshop on Africa's future held at the Tea Hotel, Kericho, Kenya on June 1-5, 1987.

Nineteen prominent African scholars drawn from 10 different sub- Saharan countries and various academic backgrounds (see list at the end of this summary) came together to consider the "conven- tional wisdom" about Africa's future and through the use of a newly developed methodology create alternative and surprise-rich future scenarios for Africa. Participants were nominated by an Organizing Committee consisting of Professor Akin Mabogunje. Nigeria, Professor Thomas R . Odhiambo, Kenya; Dr. Marie- Angelique Savanne, Senegal; Dr. Kimpianga Mahaniah. Zaire; Dr. Thandika Mkandawire, Malawi; and Professor Goran Hyden. Sweden. Nominees were chosen for their documented commit- ment to and interest in Africa's future, their scholarly contribution to the understanding and resolution of current problems, and their readiness to think and articulate issues in an independent fashion.

I1 THE "CONVENTIONAL WISDOM" ABOUT AFRICA

It is a sad comment on the status of policy analysis in Africa today that its agenda is really set by others. Thus the current perspective - here also referred to as the "conventional wisdom" - are con- tained primarily in documents prepared by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the specialized U.N. agencies and various other international organizations. The only Africa- based institution in this group is the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), itself a United Nations agency.

Participants at the Kericho Workshop were first asked to con- sider a current perspective scenario of development in sub-Saha- ran Africa until the middle of the 21st century. Derived from an analysis of a hundred international documents projecting future trends in Africa (and the world) with regard to conventional indi- cators such as population growth, gross domestic product (GDP), energy consumption, environmental change, technological capabilities and social development, this paper constitutes a unique compilation of the "conventional wisdom" about the conti- nent. The future scenario of Africa that emerges in that paper is "surprise-free" in that it does not attempt to encompass specific events, unexpected changes, or other surprises that could signific- antly alter long-term trends. ~ o w e v e r , it differs from the Malthu- sian "persistent-trend" scenarios put forward by, for example. the ECA and FAO in that it reflects conventional expectations of the reversal of recent discouraging trends in population growth. food production. economic performance, and other areas.

It is clear that surprise-free development over the next 70 years is not very likely. Few periods in history have not had their shares of surprises. Nevertheless, the potential for surprise should not deter careful examination of and planning for the future. Indeed, according to World Bank demographic projections, of the 180 mill- ion children in Africa under age 10 in 1985, roughly three-fifths of Africa's present population may witness all of what occurs during the next 70 years. The year 2057 will be of concern not only to members of future generations, but also to many of those alive today.

The "current perspective" scenario, then, provides a starting point for developing alternative scenarios of the future and for ask- ing questions about how long present trends might persist, how they might be modified by ongoing or future choices, and how well they portray the future of Africa.

A three-stage trajectory is generally employed by the interna- tional organizations in projecting the current perspective for Africa to 2057. The time of euphoria begins in 1957 and ends in 1980; the time of troubles continues to 2000; and the time of renewal extends to 2057. For many variables, each time period implies a different growth rate. For instance, economic growth per

capita is assumed to be 2.4% per year for 1950-1980,1°/ for 1980- 2000, and 2.5% for 2000-2057. Although the year 2000 appears to be a relatively early turning point for some discouraging trends, it is certainly a key reference point in the current perspective of the future. Delaying the onset of the time of renewal to 2010 does not change the scenario for 2057 significantly.

What, then, is the "current perspective" scenario for Africa in 2057? At that time. Africa would be a continent of 2 billion people, one fifth of the world's total population. with an average per capita income of $3,800 and an average life expectancy of 76, with almost all of its children in primary school and half in secondary school, and with intensive use of its rich natural resources. As such, it would be about as densely populated. as wealthy, healthy and edu- cated, and as environmentally transformed as Greece was in the early 1980s.

More than half of the African population would be concentrated in Eastern and Western Africa. In all regions, population growth would have slowed substantially. Less than one-fourth of the popu- lation would be under 15 years of age. Three quarters of the popu- lation would live in urban areas, with perhaps a third of these in cities of over 4 million people.

Average per capita incomes would have risen almost fivefold since 1957. Both agriculture and industry would have expanded rapidly. Agricultural production would have increased more than ninefold, raising per capita food supplies by almost half. Although not self-sufficient in meeting its industrial demands. Africa would produce capital goods equal in value to what the United Kingdom produced in 1980.

Children born in 2057 would have a life expectancy of 76 years. Mortality among infants would have dropped to the level in North America in the 1980s. Relatively few children would have more than one sibling. Most would receive primary education and prob- ably secondary education and almost all would know how to read. As adults, they would have good opportunities for higher educa- tion, technical training, and subsequent employment within Africa.

Greatly expanded agricultural and industrial production. high- density population clusters and rapidly growing energy consump-

tion would place tremendous pressures on natural resources and the environment. Although the worst problems of soil erosion, deforestation, and desertification would have been contained. many areas would still face serious losses, and must make substan- tial investments to keep them under control. Attempts to deal with localized pollution problems are expected to have been generally successful, but the threat of large-scale hazards such as radioactive or biological contamination might be growing.

I11 CRITIQUE OF THE CONVENTIONAL WISDOM

There are at least three principal sets of limitations inherent in the "current perspective" on Africa's future. The first pertains to the accuracy and representativeness of presently available data on Africa. Statistical summaries of key demographic and economic indicators are reproduced widely in both the technical and popular literatures. Unfortunately, the proliferation of such summaries tends to conceal the limited quantity and quality of the primary data on which these indicators are based and the often considera- ble uncertainty they incorporate. Possible pitfalls include the ten- dency to:

1. focus on conventional variables for which data exist rather than on more pivotable newly identified variables for which data are sparse;

2. to concentrate on aggregate behaviours, rather than on the potentially more sensitive behaviour of sub-regions or sub- groups; and,

3. to ignore the effects of uncertainty have uses, extrapola- tions into the future. Thus, although these data certainly have uses, it is important to keep their shortcomings in mind in thinking about the future.

A second limitation is that the forecasts of the future used in the "conventional wisdom" scenario at best consider only a few key variables at a time. Few consider possible interactions between variables or important heterogeneities in any detail. For example, almost all economic and social forecasts treat demographic projec- tions as an external input, thereby limiting the potential feedback of social and economic factors for demographic behaviours. The

demographic projections themselves incorporate gross assunlptions about future economic and social conditions and about the effects of these on demographic behaviour. Such assumptions are usually varied to a limited degree to produce "low", "medium". and "high" estimates, but this procedure may mask the effects of complex interactions and feedbacks characteristic of real systems. The possibility therefore exists that even the supposedly "ex- treme" scenarios developed using conventional methods overlook important self-regulatory mechanisms, thresholds, or other non- linear phenomena and therefore may fail to characterize fully the range of possible futures.

The third limitation, which many workshop participants felt very strongly about, is the absence in the "current perspective" of any reference to the cultural dimension of human systems. Forecasting models only incorporate those variables that can be quantified. As a result, everything else tends to be treated as potential con- straints. For example, in demographic and economic forecasts, African cultures are treated as obstacles rather than opportunities. Still it can be argued, as indeed many participants did, that development is not so much about the production of certain tangi- ble outputs as it is about the change of the human mind, notably the emergence of greater respect both for oneself and others. Given the historical legacy of Africa as the perennially oppressed and exploited region of the world, this factor takes on special signifi- cance in any thinking about the continent's future. By according greater recognition to the nature and quality of social interaction. human creativity and self-esteem, African countries could make great strides forward.

What may seem implausible today, therefore, could well be common practice tomorrow.

IV CONSTRUCTING AFRICA'S ALTERNATIVE FUTURES

In constructing alternative future scenarios, Workshop participants used a combination of subjective probability assessment and imag- ing. The first of these two techniques was used to elicit "surprising" or alternative endpoints for Africa in year 2057. Two separate scenarios emerged out of this exercise which was conducted in four

groups working independently of each other. The first was labelled the "Big Lift", based on the assumption that after another twenty- thirty years, Africa would "take off ' . The second was called "Big Rift" after participants had suggested that a very probable scenario for the mid-21st century was an increasing differentiation among African states. As it turned out the Workshop had time to devote itself only to the first of these two endpoints.

The technique of imaging was subsequently used to identify cre- dible, coherent and consistent pathways to a future Africa that in the "Big Lift" scenario would be much better off than in the perspective of the current conventional wisdom. As in the case of eliciting the alternative endpoints, participants were divided into four groups consisting of individuals with different disciplinary orientations.

By allowing a longer time horizon than usual this methodology enabled participants of very varying backgrounds to work together without getting bogged down in epistemological differences. T o be sure, there were divergences on many issues but physicists, geog- raphers, climatologists, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, etc. were able to interact with each other in a con- structive and rewarding fashion in producing the four versions of the "Big Lift".

While the 70-year time horizon adopted in this project at first appeared quite long - and indeed is much longer than what is employed in current perspectives - participants soon realized that seventy years constitutes a relatively short period in human his- tory. The subjective probability assessment technique encouraged participants to recognize the importance of the human force in his- tory. Man can make a difference but he must also accept that not all events are equally probable. There is a need to carefully assess whichevents man sets in motion that is likely to be particularly sig- nificant in the longer run. Workshop participants identified a broad range of factors that tend to be ignored in current perspec- tives, for example, spontaneous innovative and productive activities taking place at the grassroots level, technological inven- tions, political developments and climatic changes. All of these can help bring about surprising developments in Africa in the next seventy years. Below follows a summary statement about the four histories developed under the "Big Lift" rubric.

The four alternative histories envision a changed Africa by the year 2057. Africa has been transformed economically, politically, socially and culturally for the better in such a way that there is a higher level of living characterized by higher growth rates, greater democratization of the political process, a heightened social and political awagness of peoples at the local level coupled with a gre- ater contribution of grassroots social, religious, cultural and feminist movements to national development. In particular the his- tories envisage a greatly improved situation of women and a higher level of cultural activity affirming African identity in languages, music, dance and symbolic culture.

There is a greater unity and social and economic interaction and exchange among African states alleviating the problem of small land-locked states and common currencies have emerged to facili- tate intra-African trade, cooperation and exchange.

By the year 2057 apartheid has been eliminated and Azania takes its rightful place among African nations. Industrializing efforts are now centred in Southern Africa and West Africa with Nigeria as the focal point in the west and Azania in the south. Sci- ence and technology has greatly advanced as exemplified by the "African Institute of Advanced Aeronautic and Space Science and Technology" established at the Makerere University of the Feder- ation of Africa based in Kampala, Uganda. One history provides a 20-year phased interval of waves of change from 1987-2057 with emphasis on economic improvement and greater democratization of society. Another case history envisions dramatic climatic changes with a deteriorating situation in the northern hemisphere causing the once 'developed' countries to depend more on Africa for grain and food. Another history envisions a delinking of Afri- can economies from the North as a result of the application of biotechnology and genetic engineering to the production of high- value agricultural commodities and a greater competence in biotechnology in solving food problems. Yet another history envi- sions a greater development of the capacity of symbolic culture as an alternative path for predicting the future.

v EVALUATION

At first glance, the alternative future scenarios produced by the Workshop may appear overly optimistic, but they are not really. In comparison with the "conventional wisdom" scenario. these alter- natives assume a longer period of crisis, reckoning and awakening. At the same time, it adopts a more optimistic assumption about Africa's performance after year 2015. The conventional wisdom conceives of a unilinear trend, the alternative future histories incorporate a dialectic movement.

Participants generally agreed that the "conventional wisdom'' scenario - implying that sub-Saharan Africa in 2057 would be where Greece is today - is conservative. It is definitely within the realm of possibilities for Africa to move further ahead. Particip- ants quoted various factors in support of this proposition:

1 . the already existing creativity and vitality of local actors outside the formal sector (most of which never gets recor- ded and acknowledged by governments and donors);

2. the rapid technological developments in fields of key importance to Africa, e.g. biotechnology ;

3. the climatic changes that man may induce in the next hund- red years as a result of emitting higher doses of carbon- dioxide into the atmosphere;

4. the growing impatience in many parts of Africa with poor government performance and abuse of power; and

5 . the emerging rediscovery of Africa's cultural heritage and its significance as a force in the development of society.

Perhaps the most important outcome of the Workshop was the growing awareness among participants that they represent a new movement that could have a bearing on where Africa is going in the next seventy years. There was a deliberate effort to contrast the thoughts, approaches and methodologies adopted in the workshop with those associated with the "conventional wisdom". These dif- ferences, which appear at different levels, may be summarized with regard to policy and research, as follows:

LEVEL CONVENTIONAL WISDOM AFRICAN VISION

CONCEPTUAL abstract realistic static & short term evolutionary & long-run unilinear dialectic/systemic crisis-oriented beyond crisis equilibrium non-equilibrium

METHODOLOGICAL surprise free surprise-rich deductive nductive predictive retrodictive~explanatory

INSTITUTIONAL state-centred grassroots-oriented concentrated multiple & dispersed monopolistic plurahzing heavily pldnned exper~mentalist

OPERA rlONAL donor fed &controlled locally owned &initiate directive, pre-emptive supportive nurturing capital intensive people intensive

FINANCIAL massive transfer seed money project-specific matching funds

Participants were agreed that the various elements associated with the African vision should be further explored and propagated both among researchers, analysts and deci- sion-makers

V1 FOLLOW-UP

Workshop participants agreed to continue the project and develop various activities, including a special lecture series on the "Future of Africa", research, and dissemination. Some argued for the development of the project into an African "think-tank" on the continent's future.

A number of specific research topics, reflecting the issues raised in the alternative future scenarios, were identified:

The new Panafricanism: regional cooperation through parallel markets

The new African: the Panafricanization of urban culture African languages in the context of expanding intra- African interaction Informatics in relation to language and non-formal educa- tion

Relationships between African universities, research insti- tutes and grassroots organizations in development South Africa beyond apartheid Role of African religious movements in social change The Lagos Plan of Action and the new social movements Population growth and agricultural change in densely populated areas of Africa Resource conservation in land abundant areas in Africa Informal spread of high technology in Africa Biotechnology and Africa's genetic heritage Impact of climatic changes on African development in the next century Ecological implications of anthropogenic influences of African development in the next century Social and scientific responses to epidemics in Africa Prospects for improved communications and transporta- tion within Africa.

Participants suggested that as much as possible research activities should be informed by a common concern with the issues of gender, culture and democracy.

Finally, the Workshop agreed that the project should continue as a network and that other concerned scholars in Africa should be invited to join this timely effort to broaden and realign the research and policy agendas from within the continent.

PARTICIPANTS WERE

Chinua Achebe, w r ~ t e r , Nsukka, N i g e r i a ; Husse in M. Adam, Ha rva rd U n i v e r s i t y , Cambridge,

USA; Deborah E. A j aka i ye , U n i v e r s i t y o f N a t u r a l Sc iences, Jos. N i g e r i a ; D ianzungu D i a

B in i akunu , U n i v e r s i t y Ma r i en Ngouabi, B r a z a v i l l e , Congo; Michaek Chege, U n i v e r s i t y o f

N a i r o b i , Kenya; Coran Hyden, U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a , G a i n e s v i l l e , USA; Rosemary Jomno,

AAWORD; Ca les tous Juma, P u b l i c Law I n s t i t u t e , N a i r o b i , Kenya; Robe r t W . Kates, A l a n Shawn

F e i n s t e i n Wor ld Hunger Programme, Prov idence, USA; K a b i r u K i n y a n j u i , U n i v e r s i t y o f

N a i r o b i , Kenya; C.H.D. Magadza, U n i v e r s i t y Lake K a r i b a Research S t a t i o n , Ka r i ba , Zimbabwe;

Thdndika Mkanddwire. CODESRIA; G.C.M. Mu t i so , N a i r o b i . Kenya; S.O. Ojo , U n i v e r s i t y o f

Lago i , N i g e r i a ; Achola P a l a Okryo, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cen t re o f I n s e r t P h y s i o l o g y & Lco logy.

N a i r o b i , Kenya; Acics Sawyer, I nd iana U n i v e r s i t y , b !oomington, USA; Nonitheto Simelane,

U n i v e r s i t y o f Swazi land, Kwaluseni , Swazi land; Kwesi Prah, N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y o f Lesotho,

Roma, Lesotho; Mahendra Shah, Kenton Harrow, Fngland.

(Contact: AchuLa Pula Okeyo, ICIPE, IOB 30//2, Nairobi, Kenya).

i f d a dossier . januarylfebruary 1989 g l o b a l space

DECLARATION OF THE F IRST GLOBAL POPULAR SUMMIT

OF THE GREAT PEACE JOURNEY

ADOPTED BY CONSENSUS IN THE UNITED NATIONS, NEW YORK, ON FRIDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1988"

We of the Great Peace Journey who have convened the first Global Popular Summit at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City carried on intensive discussions during the period 21- 23 September 1988.

I . The Basic World Situation

We find the world in 1988 to be caught between opposite tendencies: on all sides opportunities for peace and justice exist to offer us hope, and yet never have so many people on this planet been caught up in the miseries of hunger , disease, exile, repression and despair, and never in all human history have the threats to health, well-being, and even survival seemed to severe, ranging from new dimensions of the nuclear arms race to potentially disastrous ecological developments associated with the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, radioactive wastes, des- truction of rainforests, death of the oceans.

We are deeply encouraged by recent positive developments for iheir own sake and a s parts of a process that would greatly improve the Dro- spects for peace and justice in the world. We believe that the recent progress made under United Nations auspices to solve several regional conflicts both creates a global momentum for peace and builds renewed confidence in the importance of the United Nations. Such developments reflect a softening of the East-West rivalry and build some hope that the cold war is coming to an end, diminishing tensions and shifting energies to the challenges posed by human suffering and ecological dan- ger .

We also felt anguish over many signals of human distress. Each day 60,000 persons needlessly die, each year 18,000,000; these losses from social conditions of deprivation exceed by far the carnage caused by war. And war persists on our planet, especially in the Third World where we count some 37 wars taking place at present. We deplore the terrifying vulnerability that afflicts the lives of so many - and especial- ly of children and women, of the poor in non-Western countries, of the millions of refugees displaced by fear of persecution or by the turmoil of violence. We take special note of the persisting atrocity of a artheid and call on all forces of peace and justice to join In the s t r u g k h South Africa freed from the curse of racism.

cf. IFDA Dossier SO, pp.75-78 A C C , p p . 5 7 - 5 9 .

Responding to these opportunities and ordeals requires great imagms- tion and energy. Governments must be challenged, international insti- tutions must be endowed with wider mandates. We who speak as ordi- nary people must raise our voice at this time both in celebration and in gentle anger . We reflect especially the new resolve of women throughout the world to offer innovative ways to protect humanity and the future.

11. The aims and basic principles of The Great Peace Journey

The basic principles of The Great Peace Journey are to fur ther a dia- logue between citizens and governments pertaining to the five Ques- tions. Its approach is holistic. It brings together a criticism of current policies of national defence and militarization, and supports constructive alternatives and an open-ended vision of a more humane and just world.

The Great Peace Journey is a process, one of many seeds in the nuclear-ecological age towards developing an international democracy and a political community that acknowledges no boundaries.

Basic in the struggle for peace and justice is the accountability of gov- ernments as well as international agencies and corporations. We seek to empower people to exercise popular sovereignty over the commons of human kind as well as their daily lives.

The United Nations Charter is pledged to realize a peaceful world. Our Five Questions are drawn from this Charter vision. The process of real- izing this vision would require radical changes in all nations but it would offer a less cruel, more beautiful world, for generations to come.

The Great Peace Journey, through i ts Five Questions to Governments, offers a contribution to worldwide efforts to change the international political climate, to lay the foundation of a new security order , a new international order.

This leads to the need

- to recognize our common interests in overcoming the common crisis of North and South, to speak with the Brandt Commission;

- to gain understanding and win support for the concept of common security, to speak with the Palme Commission;

- to visualize a common future through sustainable development in a sound environment for all of u s , to speak with the Brundtland Commission ;

To summarize these theses; there is today no more urgent security need than a complete re-definition of the concept of security.

Security must be developed, development secured. In today's world de- fence and security can only be achieved by giving priority to civilian and non-violent conflict resolution. Development that improves the life situation of those vulnerable and underprivileged can not occur without basic changes in both industrialized countries and the Third World.

Development and search for security must above 211 realize the potential of human beings and begin to fulfil their spiritual, mental and material possibilities.

We believe that new thinking is needed and possible at this time, that what has been fragmented must be grasped through holistic images to

for a future world that meets the needs, and even the ? g m : =children of the world. We are convinced that women play a critical role in developing the rich and flourishing possibilities of this new thinking. Greater care than ever is needed in all domains of human activity, especially because our technological powers are more menacing than ever in the past.

111. The Five Questions

As you may recall, the Five Questions, posed to all governments bet- ween 1985 and 1986 were:

Are you willing to initiate national legislation which guarantees that your country's defence forces, including "military advisers", do not leave your territory for military purposes (other than in United Nations peacekeeping forces) - if all other members of the United Nations undertake to do the same?

Are you willing to take steps to ensure that the development, pos- session, storage and employment of mass-destruction weapons in- cluding nuclear weapons, which threaten to destroy the very con- ditions necessary for life on this ea r th , are forbidden in your country - if all other members of the United Nations undertake to do the same?

Are you willing to take steps to prevent your country from allow- ing the supply of military equipment and weapons technology to other countries - if all other members of the United Nations under- take to do the same?

Are you willing to work for a distribution of the ear th 's resources so that the fundamental necessities of human life, such a s clean water, food, elementary health care and education are available to all people throughout the world?

Are you willing to ensure that any conflicts, in which your coun- t r y may be involved in the future, will be settled by peaceful means of the kind specified in Article 33 of the United Nations Charter, and not by the use of threat o r force?

91 countries answered "Yes".

A "Yesv'-worlc! would be dramatically different from the contemporary one. A "Yes" does not mean that the governments should just wait until "ail others have done the same". The positive answers ought to commit each and every government to explore how changes can be made in the direction of a "Yes"-world in accordance with the United Nations Char- t e r . Our initiative should be seen as an opportunity for governments to

take action in the spirit of a growing transnational ethos that responds to dangers facing the whole planet.

We feel strongly that the world has enough knowledge about the causes of the civilizational malaise; we have also had a large number of re- ports , analyses and proposals outlining what to do. A new imperative is forming on the lips of people everywhere: "Act, take bold initiatives, make commitments for justice and peace - or perish!" And even this might not be enough. An ecological imperative is also necessary: "Pre- serve nature and restore the environment - or perish!"

IV . Following up

The Great Peace Journey has not yet finished the work it set out t o , accomplish. It has tested the willingness of governments to say "Yes" to the questions, it has established a network of active supporters in all regions of the world, it has established a dialogue on next s teps to go forward from here at the United Nations and elsewhere. We are more aware than most, that much remains to be done, that we have bearly started the journey to a peaceful world. We want very much for this work to go on , and we can forsee several lines of evolution.

We believe that much can be done at this stage in several regional set- t ings where projects can go forward. We especially commend efforts to establish zones of peace in as many regions as possible and to promote the self-determination of all peoples, especially tribal and indigenous peoples who have so often been forgotten, if not liquidated, by the makers of the modern world.

We also believe that this is a time to explore ways to keep the inter- national presence of The Great Peace Journey intact. All of us believe this to be desirable if the human and financial resources can be found.

This is a time to continue the dialogue on the Five Questions, to move the "Non-countries into the "Yest'-category and to challenge the "Yes1'- countries to join deeds to their words and work with popular groups to create a "YesT1-world.

It is also a time when international law could be given greater respect and authority, especially in relation to a prohibition on nuclear, chemi- cal, and biological weapons; to securing protection for children, refu- gees, minorities, endangered nations, and indigenous peoples, and generally to secure the human rights of all individuals and groups; we express our particular concern for women and even children, victimized by militarization, the horrifying accompaniment of prostitution that in- evitably arises from all foreign military presences, as an urgent prio- r i ty , to bring economic justice to poorer societies burdened by debts and confronted by harsh and biased obstacles to fair trade.

It is finally a time to work for accountability of governments, of the United Nations, of banks and corporations, of all organizations which contribute to the sufferings of the peoples of the world and in genera- tion dangers of war and ecological decay.

V . Hope for the future

IVe of The Great Peace Journey come away from the Global Popular Sum- mit inspired and hopeful about the future . We believe that the climate is right to move the Cnited Nations to a new level of activity and compe- tence. \ \c are convinced that popular initiatives are needed to realize these hopes - to call attention to the visions of a peaceful world con- tained in the L'N Charter ; to plead the cause of those who are among the most vulnerable on our planet, and to safeguard our beautiful pla- net from the ravages of careless technology and mindless development. h e call on others throughout the world to join u s in dialogue about the future and to ask of all governments that they rededicate themselves to the goals and principles of the United Nations and i ts Charter , and to carry on their activity in strict conformity with international law. If these calls are neglected, the future will be grom for all of us . If these calls are heeded we can imagine a bright and wonderful future for the children of the 21st century.

INGA THORSSON'S OPENING SPEECH*

Through the five questions to governments the intention of The Great Peace Journey was to promote a political dialogue between peoples and governments all over the world, in support of the solution of global problems by multilateral co-operation, through the United Nations.

In fact the U N Charter constitutes the very basis for the five ques- tions. In becoming members of the United Nations and voluntarily sign- ing the Charter , governments of the 159 member states have committed themselves to a code of behaviour in their international relations. For how many of them has that pledge truly fulfilled over the 4 3 years of the existence of the United Nations?

The Great Peace Journey, through i t s five questions to governments, is aiming at a contribution to worldwide efforts to change the international political climate, to lay the foundation of a new security o rder , a new international order ( . . . ) Sometimes, people's projects for peace and security are judged to be naive by those who believe themselves to be more knowledgeable, more experienced and more rational. That judgement should be taken gladly. Naivety can be - and often i s in matters of a peaceful future - an u t t e r expression of realism.

But we are not naive enough, though, to imagine that the world be transformed, as i t were, overnight, by the opening of a political dia-

'* inga ?horsson, a founding member of IFW. and member of i t s Comiztee.. i s the President of The Green Peace Jourr.ey. Me reproduce b e l m excerp t s from h e r opening speech a t t h e E r s t Global Popular ' S m i ' i t , Ur.ztei Actims, iVcu Y o r k , il September- 1 9 6 6 .

logue between the peoples and the governments. The issues involved are extremely serious, complicated and difficult. But we do believe in the need for new thinking and new initiatives in matters of life or death for the human beings of our only ear th.

Two points I should like to make very briefly here.

First: the importance that we should attach to the psychology of politi- cal action and reaction, which, in tu rn , is a prerequisite of the pos- sibility to deal with international conflicts in a rational and peaceful way.

This is how, at a conference in Stockholm just a year ago, called Dis- armament - But How?, a British psychologist, Dr. James A . Thompson, described some of the perceptions of governments facing an adversary in a conflict situation approaching violent action:

- They started first - we responded;

- They broke their word - we adjusted our position;

- They are offensive - we are defensive; - They invade - we peace-keep;

- They talk peace but plan war - we mean peace but reluctantly must also plan war;

- We would love to disarm, as long as they disarm first.

Indeed, this enumeration of governmental perceptions does give cre- dence to the standard formula that The Great Peace Journey used in the first three of the five questions: "if all other U N Member States undertake to do the same."

This i s not meant to underestimate the principal andlor political diffi- culties for the pursuance of The Great Peace Journey's ideas in times to come involved in the use of this standard formula. On the contrary, it should serve as a reminder of the many political obstacles to be over- come on our way to a t rue people-inspired state of disarmament and peace.

The second point: it is of great importance to emphasize the fourth quest iondeal ing with development and social justice, in our view only possible to achieve through disarmament and conversion of resources to peaceful and constructive purposes, as part of establishing a new and more just world economic system.

My own thinking on issues related to question P 4 developed over the years of work on disarmament and development, coincides with some ideas elaborated at a university symposium in Nei\ Zealand in November 1987 by an American social scientist, professor Willis Harman. One of his htarting points was;

There is no real security for the superpowers through deterrence. There is no real security for Europe a s long as it is a t the mercy of the decisions of the superpowers, o r of accidental initiations of liostil- ities.

But also, there is no real security for the peoples of the Third World. In a world which permits outlawry, there i s no security for the weak. And in the present world system some of the weak seem to be rather permanently relegated to that position.

Responsibility for protection of the weak within national boundaries has been increasingly assumed by the nations of the world. However, extend- ing the right to satisfaction of basic needs to the global level, to insure that all people everywhere can have their basic needs satisfied, is far from being recognized as a valid concept.

In br ief , it i s not clear that common security can be obtained around the world by means short of a major system chang-e.

So far Professor Harman. It reminds me of a statement made just a year ago in a report to a Nordic conference on globa-i interdependence issues: Until all people of the world feel secure in their everyday lives, there will be security for none. The urge for security thus becomes a global issue.

The United Nations should be , and must be made into the focal point of the new global thinking, urgently required for a turnabout in inter- national relations. But how often do w e not still witness narrow, short- sighted and nationalistic interest of Member States obstructing the principal aims of the U N Charter. Let me lust quote two most recent examples.

The third U N General Assembly session on disarmament failed to pro- duce a consensus final document, in spite of considerable concessions, in my view too fargoing concessions, by a number of government dele- gations. This was due to the resistance of the most powerful NATO country, insistent to dictate i ts conditions to the international com- munity.

The U N i s caught in a most serious financial crisis which threatens i t s continued activities and the exercise of i ts most vital services in pro- moting peaceful solutions of armed conflicts. Again: this is due to the refusal of this most powerful NATO country to pay i ts legally binding dues a s a Member State of the U N until the U N decides to follow the dictates of that country.

It has now been announced from the white House that the US will s t a r t paying i t s U N dues. The statement was vague and the question i s : When? and with how much?

This i s the moment for the peoples of this earth to come forward, bravely, in the defence of common global action for the survival and the development of humanity.

People have asked: why the Gobs1 Fcipulur Summit? Tilt: answer is ra ther simple: we have often witnessed the pyramid symbol of what i s called summit meetings: the two men at the top, letting whatever results their meetings achieve descend downwards to the smaller nations, and , at the base, the peoples having no influence on world affairs and

human development in peace whatsoever. The Great Peace Journey, with its Global Popular Summit, is turning this pyramid upside-down: making the broad base i ts top, the peoples asking and requesting answers to their questions of the decision-makers.

I want to quote the U N Secretary-General, in his forword to the re- cently published Gain Peace Atlas: "Ultimately i t i s the peoples of the world who must save themselves".

To translate that into something that I have said on a few occasions:

The peoples shall not any longer t rust the world's political princes and their summit meetings. Someone has said that the popular mobilization for peace, development and justice is spreading like a prairie-fire around the world. We see today the popular movements for peace spreading and broadening their support base, among the churches, among the trade unions, among the environmental groups and, not least, among the professional groups against nuclear weapons and for peace.

As a matter of fact , I can see no realistic way out of our present era of global crises but the genuine involvement of the peoples. It is their lives that are at s take, because of the double threat to their survival.

We must first of all aim at collective survival, by removing the Damocles sword of the militarization process. Without tha t , there will be no de- velopment, no human Life worth living.

1 should therefore like to see the peoples develop an immense amount of confidence in their own possibilities of power; we have called is the power of the powerless. That could be mobilized, and the results that it could br ing should never be underestimated by the mighty and power- ful.

This has been and is the aim of The Great Peace Journey. This wi l l continue to be the aim of keeping the ideas of The Great Peace Journey alive in the future .

T h e Great Peace h u r n e y Internat ional Secretar iat , FOE 228, 751 0 4 Uppsala, Sweden).

ANNOUNCEMENTS * ANNONCES ANUNCIOS

. Dans l e cad re de son Programme e t Budget pou r 1988-1989, 1'Unesco p r h v o i t ;a m i se au

~ o i n t e t l a d i f f u s i o n d ' u n w o i r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l des i n s t i t u t i o n 5 m e n a n t des r e c h r r r h e s

L li* dirwn:,ion ~ ~ ~ l t u r e l l e du d 6 v ~ ? o p p ~ r n e n t , r? not'af7ir>r><>nt sur 1 ~ 1 ' i - !rpzct '"?": e - t p - l :

c u l t u r e e t l e s a u t r e s aspects du developpement. Ce r e p e r t o i r e sera r e a l i s e a p a r t i r des

i n f o r m a t i o n s obtenues A l ' i s s u e d 'une enqus te p a r q u e s t i o n n a i r e q u i se ra l ancee u l t e -

rieurement.. Les i n s t i t u t i o n s q u i s o d h a i t e n t p a r t i c i p e r a 1 'enquSte peuvent o b t e n i r l e

q u e s t i o n n a i r e en s ' ad ressan t 2 l a S e c t i o n des p o l i t i q u e s c u l t u r e l l e s , D i v i s i o n des e tudes

e t des p o l i t i q u e s c u l t u r e l l e s , Unesco, 1 , r u e M i o l l i s , 75015 m, France.

I N FAVOUR OF A P O L Y C E N T R I C WORLD

by Samir Amin Third V,orld Forum FOB 3501 Dakar, Senegal

It is being constantly repeated that we all live on the same planet and therefore share collectively its fate. No doubt, the process of global- isation - which is not altogether new since it started five centuries ago with the 'discovery' of America, followed by the Universalism of the Enlightment - has entered a new qualitative phase during the last forty years , through the intensification of communications and exchanges of all kinds as well a s through the global capacities of destruction. Yet, should we deduce from this platitute that interdependency implies the subordination of the projects of the various societies of our world to the same criterion of rationality which orders the global expansion of the market? This opinion, which is dominant today, is not only rigor- ously incorrect, i t is also extremely dangerous.

The exigencies of globalisation were expressed in the past-world war I1 expansion 1945-1970 through a double complementary paradigm. In the industrialised countries it was thought that keynesian interventionism could ensure a continuous growth to the benefit of all, eliminating the conjunctural fluctuations and reducing unemployment to minimal. In ad- dition, this was made consistent with a gradual international opening to the extent that the remembrance of the possible conflicts between national policies and globalisation was almost forgotten.

In the Third World, the Bandung ideology of development (1955-1975) was based on the idea that nations could master a process of develop- ment still taking advantage of interdependency. Nuances and polemics moved within the limits of the consensus over these reference paradigms.

Simultaneously, the socialist countries were enclosed in a ghetto of a third paradigm, hostile in principle to interdependency. Yet, since the autarkic and autocratic stalinist State has been shaken, the hope ap- peared that liberalisation - as a prelude to democratisation - implied also external opening. In this frame, even the military bipolarity of the two superpowers could be looked a t in a optimistic way: reason would necessarily lead, beyond equilibrium through terror , towards a nuclear disarmament and the search for compromises in the regional conflicts.

No doubt the crisis of capitalism has put an end to the keynesian il- lusions and to those of the ideology of development. No doubt also, the crisis of socialism has not yet found i t s solutions. But the void created by this double crisis has led to a conservative offensive of so-called neo-liberalism which boils down to the prescription of an overall remedy - the market. Yet, pursuing this dogmatic view will necessarily bring about disaster, and even to the opposite of i t s own aims: the disinte- gration of the world system and a renewal of confused and unmastered

national confhcts, the prelude perhaps to a renewal of bipolansation. I shall t ry to show it through four different cases:

The building of EEC Europe has been confined to this day to the gradual opening of the market. While the social adjustments to this opening were relatively easy to achieve in the atmosphere of the boom of the 50's and the 6(J 's , it is now obvious that in the crisis it will be almost impossible for whole regions and sectors to meet the challenges of competition and successfully achieve their conversion. Therefore many contradictions will become socially and politically unbearable, at the very risk of leading to an explosion of the EEC itself. There are already many signs of that danger. The alternative implies accepting that market forces must be accompanied by a common social policy de- signed to make possible the necessary conversions. If the euro-left adopts such a principle with courage and lucidity and keeps away frc~m neo-liberal dogmatism, i t will necessarily benefit from a broad suppor t , become the dominant political force on the continent and marginalise the right which is interested only in the immediate profits which can be drown from the expansion of the market. The euro-left would find again a universal mission which Europe i s presently losing.

* In the semi-industrialised peripheries, the pattern of development i s now confronted with a decisive change, illustrated by Brazil. This development has been based upon a growing inequality in the interna- tional distribution of income, to the extent that the young democracy in this country has inherited gigantic social problems from the previous so-called 'economic miracle'. Therefore, now, either country will initiate progressive responses to this challenge - and it i s obvious that these responses will come into conflict with the unilateral logics of market globalisation - or it will fail to do so and will give priority to the 'ad- justment', in which case democracy will have no fu tu re , and will disap- pear before i t has been rooted in society.

* The so-called 'fourth world' i s nothing new. The global expansion of capitalism, in i t s process of polarisation, has always produced the exclusion of those peripheral areas which had lost the functions that they had played - sometimes brilliantly - at a previous stage. What have become the Caribbean and the Brazilian Nordeste, once upon a time the places of the 'economic miracle' of mercantilism? Today the system confines Africa in an agro-mineral specialisation based upon a destructive extensive exploitation of land, while the technological revolution reduces the needs for certain raw materials. It i s not this process already excluding Africa from the future division of labour? This is a process of passive delinking which is depriving whole societies of any role. Obviously, by i t s own definition, such a process cannot be reversed by the virtues of the 'opening'. Therefore recolonisatior., accompanied by charity, i s here only to hide the failure of the neo- liberal solution.

* The socialist countries - USSR and China - have initiated reforms which will surely give to the external opening and to the market a role much more important than i t has been until now. Yet the problem of these societies has two faces which cannot be separated: the need for democracy and the mastering of the external opening. For those who

carefully follow the debates in these countries, i t i s almost obvious that it is understood that the solution is not the neoliberal receipt.

It appears from those very different cases that in no case the unilateral market solution can avoid unbearable social, political, internai anc in- ternational contrast. The ideological legitimation of neo-liberahsm has no scientific value, because i t ignores the fact that the market by itself cannot but reproduce and deepen contrasts. A scientific analysis of the advantages of the market - which are real - takes on i ts full meaning if it is related to the various determinants of the social system in which it operates including the historical place in the international division of labour, the social alliances which i t has created and which reproduce i t . Critical thinking is interested precisely in identifying those alternative alliances which can lead out the vicious circles of the market. From that point of view, there are considerable differences between the various regions of the world, which imply specific different policies that cannot be derived from the unilateral rationality of the market. One should add the differences - equally legitimate - produced by culture and the ideo- logical and political alternatives considered by the peoples.

The imperatives of our time imply therefore the rebuilding of the world system on the basis of polycentrism. l mean here not a pentapolar polit- ical system reduced to the five 'Bigs' ( the USA, Europe, the USSR, China, Japan) which would simply replace the military bipolarity. I mean a real polycentrism allowing for the development of regions and countries of the Third World. These regions and countries are bound to coordinate their visions and to submit their external relations to the constraints of their internal development, and not the opposite, i .e. the adjustment to the global expansion of capitalism. This is my definition of delinkin , which has nothing to to neither with autarky o r with the p r o d e x c l u s i o n referred to above.

The social alliances which define the content of the strategies for the various regions considered a re necessarily different. In the West, they certainly will keep a 'bourgeois' dimension, produced by a long history of advanced development. This reality does not contradict a gradual so- cialisation. In the East, they call for a liberalisation of society from the exclusive rule of the State, to the benefit of a social dialectics which recognizes the conflict between capitalism and socialism. But in the Third World they call more often for a revolutionary change of direction rather than for some evolution, since here the bourgeois subalter- nisation i s unbearable. In all cases, one can acknowledge a popular, national and regional content rather than a unilateral bourgeois vision of the market. Yet this dramatic challenge of the crisis is felt in the South more strongly than in the West o r in the East. But perestroika is needed everywhere. Rejecting it by a conservative discourse of neo- liberalism i s , for sure , preparing the ground for desperate responses of racism, prehistcrical nationalisms and all sor ts of integrisrns, religious and other .

The crisis should be the occasion for a progress of critical thought, if one understands it a s a rejection of dogmatisms. But it is not. Perhaps because academic economism and management behaviours do not prepare do not prepare to i t . Probably political and social progressive activists

should be more aware. The polycentrism that we suggest here is the only realistic principle on which peoples' internationalism can be built, echoing the universality of values. On the opposite, neoliberahsm is the actual reactionary utopia of our time. This being so, we shall probably continue to live sometimes with the military bipolarity. Until the further evolution of social forces in the frame of polyceyitrism wil l have led beyond the conventional discourse of coexistence. Until through i t s re- cognition of the objective diversity of conditions and problems, i t will have rebuilt the world in a way which gives legitimacy to the unity of the globe.

HOMENAJE A MANUEL PEREZ GUERRERO

( v i e n e de l a pagina 2)

blema de a jus te del sector externo, a l a espera de una reactivaci6n del crecimiento y las demandae niundi-ales, factores que, t a t c m o hemos corn- probado, son hoy nnq incier tos .

Se requiere entonces una accidn a un doble n ive l y en ese sentido va e l re to que tenemos planteado t a t fue e l mensaje p e m e n t e de Pdrez Gue- rrero I / . Por un l&, se hace imperative t ra tar de rej'orzar 10s medios y mecmzismos que pennitan modificar 'La situcu"i6n i n t e r n a i m 1 en un sentido favorable a las exigewiae del desarrolZo. Paralelmente es pre- c i s ~ reorientar las es trategias n a c i d e s y regionales ae desarrollo en nuestros paises para fortalecer La autosustentaai6n nacional y colec- t i v a .

Respondiendo a esa v is i6n amplia del d o que ten<a Pdrez Guerrero, la presents publicacidn c m s m de dos secciones. La primera conrprende la traducci6n a1 espafiol del t ex to que e l funciona.rio de las Naciones Uni- dae Mikio TaJvna, en forma muy enccvniable pubZicara recientemente en inglds sobre diversos ensayos en relacidn a la obra de Manuel Pdrez Gue- rrero . La segwida secci6n contiene una muestra de c i t a s del pensmiento de Pdrez Guerrero, y un poco conocido e s c r i t o suyo sobre l a experiencia del llamado t r i en io democrdtico de 1945-48, en l e cual se sentwon bases decis ivas de la actual era democrdtica venezolana.

l / Mikio Tajima (ed) Peace through Economic J u s t i c e , Essays i n memory o f - Manuel P6rez Guerrero, 132 pp (c10 UNCTAD, P a l a i s d e s Nat ions , 1211 Geneva 10. Swi tzer land .

TOWARDS 2000: A NEW LABOUR AND DEMOCRAT1 C INTERNATIONAL I S M

by Peter Waterman* Institute of Social Studies POB 90733 2509 LS The Hague. The Netherlands

Introduction: a practice in need of theory and strategy

There is no shortage of internationalist activity today. TV and n e w - papers are full of Greenpeace, international women's conferences, Am- nesty protests , solidarity with oppressed nations and peoples, the international peace movement and so on. Even in the U S of Reagan - self-appointed high-priest, judge and policeman of the present inter- national order - we can see a massive church and labour demonstration against U S policies in Central America and South Africa (Washington, 25 April 1987). What is missing is any systematic reflection and planning in this area. With a few notable exceptions (some in Waterman 1988, NILS 1978--?l, there is no discussion on contemporary internationalism either in i ts general sense or as it applies more specifically to the labour, human r ights , ecological and other movements.

This paper is an attempt to provoke such discussion. The title refers to the book of Raymond Williams, Towards 2000 (1983). Raymond Williams was a youthful old man who died much too early on 26 January 1987. He was a cultural sociolog~st, novelist and social publicist. Profoundly national in his roots and thought he was also one of a handful of British socialist thinkers who was profoundly internationalist, and expli- citly so. He satirised the British state identity fetishised by Right and Left, together a s the 'Yookay'. He recognised that we exist today not only, o r even primarily, in nation-state fcommunities' but also in local and international ones. He proposed an internationalism of meaningful human communities to surpass the international relations between nation- states (1983: 180-99). This paper represents a homage to Williams and an attempt to develop his suggestions more systematically.

The form of the paper is one of summary, with three series of enumer- ated points. The movement is one of a zooming in , from longshot to closeup. Thus I begin with nine general points on internationalisation and internationalism, continue by detailing four of these, and end by expanding on one of the four. This movement also represents - to con- tinue the metaphor - a tracking shot, from internationalism as a general

* Peter Waterman lectures on Third World po l i t i c s a t the I n s t i t u t e of Sod-at Studies , The Hague. Since 1978 he has edi ted the #ewsLetter o + intema.t'rori.~'l labour Studies . This paper, connected with i s currenr research project, 'fiemocrat'izing 3 t e m a t i o n o . i Cmutn'icati-on: The NGOs, t h e Third World, Labour' (The 3emint.ercom Project ) , represents a s m a q 0 the author 's academic w i t i n g on internationatism over the f a s t feu years. I t has been extracted and adapted from a? -inconplete 'paper on i n t e r n a t i o n d i s c comuni.cation.

political phenomenon to labour internationalism as a more specific one. The old 19th century labour and socialist internationalism may be mori- bund b u t we are going to need a new one in the year 2000.

1. Nine general propositions on internationalisation and internationalism

Let me present an argument in summary form before explaining some of i ts most significant terms:

1. In the 19th-century, 'internationalisation' was understood primarily in terms of ca ital Contradictions were, however, seen not only between intern& capital and international labour but also between international capital and the nation-state;

2 . In the 19th century, 'internationalism' was primarily identified with the labour movement and socialist ideology. These did create a certain international working-class community and culture. But the paradoxical achievement of 19th century internationalism was also to generalise the nation-state form (Italy, Poland), reinforce state power over society and to increase mass subordination to the state (the welfare s tate , the 'communist' s ta te , the populist state) ;

3 . Internationalisation today must be understood as a eneral social phenomenon, implying the increasing spread and impact o f t h e whole range of core-capitalist social practices and norms within states on both peripheries (Eastern as well as Southern) , in addition to the creation of numerous transnational o r supra-state instances that increasingly deter- mine the action of nation-states and the behaviour of the world's popu- lation:

4 . The old social movements (labour and ethnic/national) are still largely subordinate to , o r oriented toward, the nation-state; the new social movements (women, human n g h t s , peace, environment, e tc) impli- citly or explicitly recognize the interpenetration of local, international and national forces and forms of exploitation, domination and alienation; they tend to struggle simultaneously at many levels; they are therefore also implicitly or explicitly internationalist in orientation;

5 . Instead of primary, single, class, bearer of internationalism, serving humanity by moving toward i t s own class-determined goal, we are now confronted with a multiplicity of often-overlapping collective interests , whose identities, forms of action and goals are reshaped in the process of struggle against domination and in dialogue with each other; we must therefore speak of the new internationalisms in the plural;

6 . The ethical principle underlying internationalism is that of soliderit , ),- traditionally understood in terms of identity of status (proletarian terests (working class) and i d e o l o ~ (socialism); the increasing variety of internationalist subjects, interests and demands implies a more com- plex understanding of solidarity that allows for the variety and artic- ulates differing internationalist movements in mutually tolerating and supportive forms;

7 . Whilst internationalist movements today express themselves in the international space both through inter-state and state-based inter-

national citizens' organisations, they increasingly eschew the nation- state-member base and favour the flexible, open, horizontal network of autonomous uni ts , held together more by shared values tha-n sed discipline; where traditional, national o r international organisations are acting in an internationalist spir i t , this is often where they are in- volved in international networking or penetrated by internationalist net- works;

8 . Whilst, in many of the new internationalisms, middle-class people are the main subjects (e .g. feminist and ecologncal movements), in other cases they play the crucial role (e .g . shopfloor labour interna- tionaIism, indigenous peoples); increasingly, however, the agent role i s understood in terms not of leadership but a s that of catalyst or service-provider ;

9. It i s precisely the centrality of labour to commodisation and capitalist (.or s ta t is t ) industrialisation that makes labour internationalism so diffi- cult of achievement; the centrality of transnational capital to internatio- nalisation nonetheless gives labour internationalism a crucial role; whilst we witness signs of a reviving labour internationalism, a dynamic artic- ulation with the democratic internationalisms has yet to be achieved.

2 . Four crucial definitions

The key terms in the above argument that 1 want to develop in a little more detail are the following:

Internationalisation: The global spread of modernisation in a capital- ist-dominated world, in terms of the following: commodisation, industri- alisation, proletarianisation and capital concentration; bureaucratisation and statification (nationally and internationally) ; particular gender and family patterns; cultural centralisation and standardisation (cf . Connell, 1984). The most dynamic process is that of capital accumulation, with, a s i t s most dynamic institutions, the transnational production, trading, servicing and financial concerns. Bureaucratisation means the centralis- ation of power first nationally then internationally. The bourgeois family model i s propagated alongside competitive, commoditised and dehuman- ised sexuality. Cultural industrialisation means the global spread of North-Atlantic norms and forms. The increasing importance of inter- state agencies can be seen as expressing and extending the increasing 'interdependency' of humankind, o r even of exercising a civilising influence on nation-states and TNCs (Brecher 1987:104). But they tend to express the interests of dominant s tates , to reproduce the forms of capital and nation-state, and to remove control even fur ther from ordi- nary people and daily life (cf. Picciotto 1988).

Internationalism: Classically a critique of the nation-state and of cap- italism. A recognition that the capitalist nation-state was too limited to deal with basic social problems and human needs. Positively, the urging of cross-national, global or non-territorial solidarities, communities and organisations of an egalitarian and democratic nature. Internationalism emerged out of the experience of capitalist industrialisation and the construction of centralised, modern but undemocratic states. These were destroying old loyalties and communities without providing the masses

without any satisfactory alternative. Internationalism developed particu- larly out of the relationship between the new artisan-based labour movement and cosmopolitan socialist intellectuals. The generalisation of internationalistion processes has meanwhile enabled numerous other so- cial categories to recognize themselves a s global subjects (teachers, women, and even ethnic and regional minorities). Internationalisation processes have also created increasing social problems of an increas- ingly global nature (indebtedness, threats to the ozone layer , AIDS, state-terrorism, Chernobyl) . Increasingly, also, these problems are being dealt with in international fora, and the popular interests are ex- pressing themselves in internationalist terms. Contemporary interna- tionalism is highly complex and differentiated. Whilst the absence of mass internationalism (workers, women, peasants, ethnic minorities) re- -v mains a problem, the multiplicity and diversity of internationalism re- presents a considerable potential. It is necessary today to talk of in- ternationalism~ in the plural and to recognize this plurality a s essential to the meaning of a contemporary internationalism. Internationalism is not opposed to nationalism or to any other identity of a non-dominant and non-exploitative nature. It i s , on the contrary, increasingly a con- dition for the existence of national specificity and independence, and even for such 'sub-national' identities a s those of ethnic and regional minorities.

Solidarity: This is> the general ethical value and human relationship underlying internationalism, allying it with struggles for identity and liberation by the oppressed and exploited throughout history. Solidarity (see Vos 1976) has customarily been understood either in terms of iden- tity o r of substitution (taking the part of the other) . These a re part of i t$ meaning but identity can imply uniformity and exclusion of the other , substitution can imply the confirmation of material o r moral in- equality. Solidarity must therefore be also understood in terms of re- ciprocity (mutual advantage), affinity (shared feelings) and complemen- tarity (differential contribution). If we take liberty, equality and solidarity as the democratic t r ini ty , then we can see that the bour- geoisie and liberalism prioritised political liberty, the proletariat and socialism prioritised economic equality. In both cases solidarity was subordinated to the other term and became exclusionary in practice, if not in doctrine. Concerned with the preservation, rediscovery or inven- tion of community, in terms free of capitalism and statism, the new so- cial movements tend to prioritise solidarity as a social and human re- lationship, o r at least to re-assert i ts significance alongside the other two terms.

Labour internationalism: This concept needs to be deconstructed and periodised. Labour internationalism a s a general term includes that of workers at shopfloor level, of working-class communities, of trade unions and labour-oriented parties and of socialist intellectuals. Labour internationalism, even in i t s 19th century form, was related to what we would now call the human rights and national-independence movements. It also had a relationship to bourgeois cosmopolitamsrn and religious universalism. I t i s possible tha t , even during this period, labour in- ternationalism was most effective when i t was least 'proletarian' (i .e. least to do with the worker a s labour power). Solidarity is imbedded in wage-worker existence and union struggle to a greater degree than

amongst many other mass social categories. Given the extent to which daily self-defence and assertion requires solidarity amongst workers, this provides a historical and even a possible institutional base for a revival of internationalism amongst workers. Such a revival takes place where and in so far as labour rejects subordination to capital, statism and imperialism, and recognises the interpenetration of i ts national and international interests (for an emerging case, see Cantor & Schor 1987) .

3 . Eight principles of a new labour internationalism

Amongst the principles for a meaningful new labour internationalism would seem to be the following ones. These principles are based on a critique of the shortcomings of traditional internationalism as well as re- flection on new experiments wither by new labour or other internatio- nalist groups (cf. the principles offered by Cantor and Schor 1987: 77-82). The new labour internationalism:

1. Implies direct face-to-face contacts between the concerned labouring people themselves, not simply between their representatives;

2 . Implies a two-way (or multi-directional) flow of information and sup- port , not a one-way traffic from the 'rich' , 'powerful', 'free' workers o r unions to the rest ;

3 . Requires some visible physical effort, activity or sacrifice by those involved, not simply the making of declarations o r appeals;

4 . Combats political, religious, ideological and gender discrimination amongst working people locally so as to avoid reproducing these inter- nationally;

5 . Is based on the expressed daily needs and capacities of ordinary working people, not on those of their representatives;

6 . Links up with other democratic internationalisms, so as to reinforce wage-labour struggles and surpass a workerist internationalism;

7 . Implies that organisations with internationalist pretensions finance their acti-rities from worker o r publicly-collected funds, ensure full membership and public discussion, and carry out their own independent policy forr;,dation and research;

8. Requires of involved intellectually that they are open about their own interests , motives and roles, that they dialogue with workers and take on a primarily service and training role.

Conclusion: an idea whose time has not necessarily come again

Born in the struggle against industrial capital and the authoritarian nation-state in Europe, internationalism is being reborn in the struggle against capitalism, statism and alienation in their developed and multiple manifestations globally. In s t ruggle, however, success is not written into the rules of the game. This paper must therefore be explicitly per- suasive.

The fulcrum on which the lever r e s t s i s the experience, consciousness and desire of millions of educated, socially conscious and politically aware people living in ail ' three worlds' (and many others that might be ident i f ied) . It seems reasonable to assume that most readers of th is piece, from whatever country they come, a re im licit internationalists in the sense of being aware of the global n a t u r e o f problems they face and the necessity for international solidarity in finding solutions to them. Many of them will have been engaged in one o r more types of in- ternational solidarity activity. It i s time they stepped back and re- flected on the name of the game. The name is internationalism. To win r equ i re s that the team p u t s i t s heads together and works out a common unders tanding and s t ra tegy that enables each to act more creatively and effectively.

A persuas ive pape r r u n s the risk of too much optimism of the will. Let u s therefore conclude with some pessimism of the intellect . I note how labour internationalism and the centenary of May Day have been re- cently marked by various people on the Left internationally. The labour movement in Peru celebrated the centenary primarily a s a national la- bour d a y , with marginal reference to the outside world and even less to workers internationally (Waterman and Arellano 1986:21-4). Labour his- torians in Amsterdam studied labour internationalism as something dead , like anthropologists considering the half-forgotten ri tuals of a vanished t r ibe ( I I S H 1985). A veteran US communist equates - without reference to the ironies of h is tory - t he following odd phenomena: a May Day or- ganised hi, a Lieutenant Colonel following a military coup in Ethiopia; t he 5 6 official May Day slogans of a communist s ta te in which workers a r e forbidden to s t r ike ; and the hardly-successful US Communist a t - tempts to revive May Day observance m Union Square , New York (Foner 1986:152-6). If we do not wish to see May Day 2000 celebrated in such hypocrit ical , pathetic o r private r i tuals , tnen we w i l l need to p u t more effort into unders tanding both the old internationalism and the new.

Finally, for those of more practical inclination, a political proposal for discussion. What about reviving May Day as an International Solidarity Day, in which labour and democratic internationalisms would be expli- citly ar t icula ted , nationally and internationally? Let socialist o r labour o rgan~sa t ions by all means take the initiative. But let them also thus demonstrate a new manner of uniting those people and demands that capital and s ta te wish to hold p a r t .

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1366-1966 !NW York: I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s ; 184pp.

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h a t e m a n , P e t e r ( ed ) , 1988, The O l d I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m and t h e N W : A Reader o r Labour. New

S o c i a l Movements and I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m (The Hague: ILERI Founda t i on ) 180pp.

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T ransm iss ion and Recep t i on o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour I n f o r m a t i o n i n Pe ru ' , wo rk i ng Paper 32 (The Hague: I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l S t u d i e s ) .

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ANNOUNCEMENTS ANNONCCS * ANUNCIOS

. Tak ing democracy s e r i o u s l y : s o c i a l i s t s and democracy i n A f r i c a : 1989 Conference ( 2 ; - 24

September) o f t h e Review of A f r i c a n P o l i t i c a l Economv. Democracy has r e c e n t l y become a

c e n t r a l concern f o r t h e l e f t i n A f r i c a ano i n t h e Car ibbean, as we l e a r n from b ' t t e r expe-

r i e n c e . Democracy i s a c o n t e s t e d term; a m b i g u i t i e s o f meaning have f a c i l i t e t e d abuse o f

t h e term. They a l s o p o i n t t o t h e b road range of c o n d i t i o n s r e q u i r e d ' fo r t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f

democ ra t i c a s p i r a t i o n s : freedoms of speech, consc ience and a s s o c i a t i o n ; t h e r e c o g n i t i o n

and p r o t e c t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l and c o l l e c t i v e r i g h t s ; p r o t e c t i o n frm! d i s c r i m i n a t i o n on any

ground; e q u a l i t y b e f o r e t h e law and i n access t o o p p o r t u n i t i e s ; competi f i v e e l e c t i o n s ;

a c c o u n t a b i l i t ~ o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and o f f i c i a l s t o v o t e r s , c o n s t i t u e n t s and members. C r i -

t i c a l i s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f democ ra t i c o r g a n i s a t i o n s o f worker*;, o f peasants , o f c c m u n i -

t i e s , o f s t u d e n t s and o f o t h e r s o c i a l groups, whose p o l i c i e s a re shaped by, and wnose

l eade rs a r e accoun tab le t o t h e i r members. W i thou t t hese c o n d i t i o n s , and e s p e c i a l l y t h e

l a s t , popu la r o r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l forms o f government become i n s t r u r i e n t s f o r abuse o^ power.

O f f e r s o f papers and a p p l i c a t i o n forms t o a t t e n d t h e conference a r e a v a i l a b l e from: A f r i c a

S o c i a l Research U n i t , Dept o f Soc io l ogy , U n i v e r s i t y o f Warwick, Covent ry CV4 ?ALP UK.

. f t o r l d Communication Congress '83: o r g a m z e d b y t h e Wor ld A s s o c i a t i o n f o r C h r i s t i a n Cm-

( n u n ~ c a t i o n (WACC), t h e Congress w i l l t a k ? p l a c e i n Mariil,,, P h i l i p p i n e s , f r a r 15 t o :? October 1989. 1P.e theme w i I I be Communicdtion f o r C o m u n i t y . k r e f l e c t on t h e theme " C m -

r ' ^u+cat ion fop C m s n i t y " means e s s e n t i a l l y t o queb t i o r , t h e u r j x t : t "sc ture ' ; :?at ?anp?r

comnun i ca t i on as w e l l a5 community. I t means t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h r p r o b l e n o f power, t o i uou

a t t h e i d e o l o g i e s t h a t l u r k beh ind v a r i o u s communicat ion systems and t o i d e n t i f y t hoze

element; i n ou r own c u l t u r e s and t r a d i t i o n s wh i ch h i n d e r t h e s u r v i v a l o f cor r f iun<tv . (^ACC,

5 h n g t o r 8 Lane, Londor, SE?1 SOY, \ ' K ) .

SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIE A L'ECHELLE NONDIALE? par Rene Durnont

En 1965, au cours dlun sejour d e l u d e en Suede, Olof Palrne (alors ministre de ltEducation, peu avant de devenir Premier Ministre) me ce- manda de le rencontrer , pour parler du Tiers blonde: il revenait de 1'Inde. La reduction des inegalites entre les pays developpes et les autres nous apparaissait d'une evidente necessity morale, mais aussi politique. Nos discussions nous arnenerent & kf lech i r s u r des formes de social-democrntie a l'echelle du monde, par la recherche d'une constante diminution des ecar ts entre pays riches et nations d6munies: imp& mon- dial de solidarite, mais plus encore organisation des marches, avec des echanges rnoins 16onins - on ne parlait alors guere des dettes.

Aujourd'hui, nous savons, en effet , avec certitude, que la competitivit6 forcen6e du lib6rahsrne nous amenera assez vite a la rnort de notre 6co- systerne. Nous savons aussi que 1'6cart croissant richeslpauvres accen- tue les risques de conflits Est-Ouest. C'est p a r les armes nucleaires (y cornpris la n6tre) que la paix est la plus menacec.

Le necessaire &duction des hearts richeslpauvres implique 6vidernment celle de nos gaspillages, que nous baptisons niveaux de vies. Cette idee n'est guere populnire, mais desormals vitale.

Ce travail represente mon dernier effort de synthese, la conclusion de soixante-cinq ans (j 'ai debute en 1 9 2 3 , 6tudiant au Maroc) de recher- c h e ~ difficiles, rnais aussi passionnantes e t passionnees. Certains me disent: 'Comment pouvez-vous continuer, en ayant si peu de chances de voir vos idees et propositions rnises en oeuvre?' Je sais que les 'succes' restent partiels; il y en a au rnoins u n , rn6rne discutable par ses effets, la d6colonisation. Et ie ne nuis regret ter d'avoir averti . en 1962. aue 1'Afrique noire [ e t a i t ~ r n a l partie; en 1966, que Nous allohs a la farnine; en 1973, que ltalternative etait 1'Utopie ou la rnort, done qu'il fallait nous remettre en cause. C'est toujours le mcrne choix, et voici rnon ul- time tentative pour essayer de vous rnontrer que la recherche, h l'6chelle rnondiale, d 'une dernocratie etendue a I'economie et r6solument pacifiste n'est pas desesp6r6e. Des progres - fort insiiffisants - sont faits chaque lour , m6me si les echecs sont toujours nombreux. Aujourd'hui, c'est toute la jeunesse du monde, meme en pays riches, qui est sacrifice aux mythes du liberalisme, car c'est bien lui qui en- leve, avec Ie droit au travail , toute dignite. Ces jeunes vcnt-ils accepter cette forme de semi-esclavage?

On disait , en 1 9 6 8 , Continuons Ie combat, nous y aloutions, en 1 9 7 4 , A vous de choisir. En 1982 , nous intitulions une serie d16tudes: Finis les lendemains qui chantent. Titre qui a souvent deplu. mats l'idee est dksormais rnieux acceptee. Cela ne signifiait nullement une demission; il nous reste peu de t e m ~ s pour sauver l'honneur et l ' e s ~ o i r d'une huma- nite en grand danger.

i f d a d o s s i e r 69 . j anuary / februs r -y 1989 news f r o r t h e t r n r d systen,

PERU: ALGUNAS NGTAS SGBRE L A S ONGs

por F e d e r l c o Velarde

E l p r e s e r v e t e x t o i n t e n t s p r t s e n t a r a l g u n a s b r e v e s r e f l e * i o n e s s o b r e e l r o l de l a s Organ izac iones No Gubernamentales (OHGs) y su v incu lac i t i r . con i a s o c i e d a c c i v i l en e l c a s e peruani.. Pa ra e U o , convienc e s t a b l e c e r una p r imera d i i e r e n c ~ a c i 6 r . dencro de G e t a s , a p a r t i r d e l r o l o f u n c i o n que cumplen. Eopezare sei ia lando a l g u n a s c a r a c t e r l s c i c a s g e n e r a l e s de aque- i i a s O N G s , que en e l l e n g u a j e c o t ~ d i a n o , denoninamos en e l Peru comc "cencros":

a ) Se t r a t a de i n s t i t u c i o n c s que d e s a r r o i l a r ; un t r a b a j o d i r e c t o de pro- motion, p r e s t a n d o d i s t i n c o s s e r v i c i o s a l a pob lac i6n b e n e f i c i a r i a de 10s proyectoi- ( c a p a c i t a c i 5 n , i n f o m a c i 6 n , t e c n i c o - p r o d u c t i v o s , l e g a l e s ) .

b ) D e s a r r o l l a n una r e f l e x i o n pennanente en c r e s n i v e l e s : s o b r c l a r e a l i - dad inmedia ta er- la que a c t u a n ; s o b r e l a soc iedau peruana come con jun to ; , s o b r e l a s r e l a c i o n e s e n t r e l a r e a l i d a d c o n c r e t a en l a que a c t c a n y i a scci ,edad peruana.

c ) Tiener. i a s c a r a c c e r l s t i c a s de una i n s t i t u c i 6 r 1 , e s d e c i r un grupo or - ganizado de t e c n i c o s y p r o f e s i o n a l e s con p e r s o n e r i a j u r i d i c a , con equ i - pos pienamente c o n s t i t u l d o s , cox programas y f u n c l o n e s y con una dinzmi-- ca i n t e r n a que n o r m SUS a c t i v i d a d e s . No s c t r a t a , e n t o n c e s , de i n d i v i - duos o de g rupos que en s u s r a t e s l i b r e s y como cornpiemento de o t r a s a c t i v i d a d e s , cumplen con f u n c i m e s de promocitiri.

T a l e s r a s g o s comunes, d i f e r e n c i a n a e s t a s ONGs o " c e n t r o s " , de a q u e l l a s o t r a s , que pueden s e r o r g a n i z a c i o n e s de b a s e , equ ipos de l a s i g l e s i a s , o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s o a q u e l l o s g rupos d e a s e s o r l a s e s p e c l f i c a s y p u n t u a l e s a l a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s popula res . E l l a s , tambi6n son ONGs: s i n embargo n o s l i m i t a r e m o s a h a b l a r de l a s p r imeras .

1. Los "cen t ros" y su r e l a c i f i n con l a p o l f t i c a

Deciamos que uno de 10s r a s g o s comunes d e e s t a s ONGs e s l a de t r a b a j a r con d i s t i n t a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s , p r e s t a n d o un s e r v i c i o de apoyo. Dicho s e r v i c i o , e s i n n e g a b l e , t i e n e l a s c a r a c t e r i s t i c a s d e un acompaiia- c i e n t o a l a o r g a n i z a c i 6 n p o p u l a r b e n e f i c i a r i a y a su di3Zmica.

S i h i e n e s c i e r t o , l a s CNGs son muy v a r i a d a s en l o que s e r e f i e r e a Los a l c d n c e s y a 1 t i p o d e t r a b a j o que desempenan, as: como a su l o c a l i z a c i 6 n - pueden s c r l o c a l e s , r e g i o n a l e s o n a c i o n a l e s ; e s p e c i a l i - s a r s e en e l a g r o , 10s s e L t o r e s urbano-populares o e l movimienco 5iaiiict.i; c o s b l n a r 0 no Zmbitos y s e c t o r e s b e n e f i c i a r i o e , e t c . - t i ener . e s e p r i m e r denomina- d o r comun. Por l o demss, l a p r e s e n c i a de aproximadarnente 250 o r g a n i z a - c l o n e s de e s t o s r a s g o s en e l p a i s , cubren toda l a gano f i s i c a y s o c i a l d e l mismo.

Ahora b i e n , d e s d e l a optics d e l acompai iamiento y l a v i n c u l a c i o n d i r e c t a con 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s o r g a n i z a d o s , e s t a s OKGs : ienen una c l a r a v i n - c u l a c i 6 n con e l mur.do de l a p o l i t i c s . Y e l l o , p o r q u e e n g r a d o s m5s c en g r a d o s menos,, t o d a s t i e n e n una opc i6 r . p e r e l c a n b i o s o c i a l d e s d e l a 6p- t i c a 1 0 s i n t e r e s e s d e 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s .

A 1 i n t e r i o r ae e l l o s y m e z c l a d o s con e l l o s , y d e s d e i n i c i o s d e l a decada d e l s e t e n t a , a c t u a n pe rmanen temen te 1 0 s p a r t i d o s p o l T t i c o s . A d i f e r e n c i a de o t r o s p o i s e s d e America L a t i n s y d e l T e r c e r Mundo, d i c h a r e l a c i 6 n ( p a r t i d o s , s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s o r g a n i z a d o s ) e s t a n f l u i d a y d i n z m i c a , que r e s u l t a i m p o s i b l e , a 1 t r a b a j a r con 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s , no e n c o n t r a r - s e con 10s p a r t i d o s p o l i t i c o s .

S i e n d o m t i z a d a s l a s o p c i o n e s i n s t i t u c i o n a l e s f r e n t e a t a l r e a l i d a d , p i e n s o q u e e n t e m i n o s g r u e s o s , l a o p c i 6 n de l a mayor i a de " c e n t r o s " e s l a de l a n e u t r a l i d a c a c t i v a , que puedo e x p l i c a r l a a p a r c i r d e l a expe- r i e n c i a de D E S C O . En n u e s t r a institution, t e n i e n d o c l a r a m e n t e d e f i n i d a una o p c i 6 n p o r 10s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s , mantenernos una n e u t r a l i d a d a c t i v a con 10s p a r t i d o s p o l i t i c o s , 10 que s u p o n e , m a n t e n e r r e l a c i o n e s con t o d o s a q u e l l o s q u e e s t a n p r e s e n t e s e n n u e s t r o s a m b i t o s d e t r a b a j o , d i f e r e n - c i a n d o c l a r a y e x p l i c i t a m e n t e 10s campos. Hac i a e l i n t e r i o r d e DESCO, s e d e s a r r o l l a una d ina rn i ca p l u r a l donde c o e x i s t e n m i l i t a n t e s d e d i s t i n t o s p a r t i d o s y compaiieros s i n m i l i t a n c i a p a r t i d a r i a . Lo i m p o r t a n t e , 10 r e - c a l c o , e s l a d i f e r e n c i a c i o n de 10s e s p a c i o s y l a s f u n c l o n e s .

2 . E l r o l d e l as ONGs en l a r e a l i d a d p e r u a n a

E n t e n d e r e l r o l d e l a s ONGs e n l a r e a l i d a d p e r u a n a e s f u n d a m e n t a l ; e s L ~ c h o r o l , e l que d e s d e mi p u n t o d e v i s t a , e x p l i c a l a e x i s t e n c i a d e una g r a n c a n t i d a d y v a r i e d a d de " c e n t r o s " e n n u e s t r o p a l s . S i t u a c i 6 n S s t a que c i e r t a m e n t e l l a m a l a a t e n c i 6 n y muchas v e c e s puede p r e o c u p a r a un o b s e r v a d o r e x t e r n o .

E n t r e 10s a i io s 60 y 8 0 , uno d e 10s r a s g o s f u n d a m e n t a l e s d e l a s o c i e d a d p e r u a n a h a s i d e e l s u r g i m i e n t o , c r e c i m i e n t o y c o n s o i i d a c i 6 n d e l a o r g a - n i z a c i 6 n p o p u l a r . S i hacemos una r a p i d a m i r a d a r e t r o s p e c t i v a , ve remos f a c i l m e n t e come h a cambiado e l p a l s y come s e han o r g a n i z a d o 10s s e c - t o r e s p o p u l a r e s ; t a n t o en e 1 campo como e n l a c i u d a d , e n e l Zmbi to s i n - d i c a l como e n l a i n f o r m a l i d a d , en l o v e c i n a l cimo e n l o e s t r i c t a m e n t e b a r r i a l . Todo e l l o , c o n f i g u r a un fenomeno r e l a t i v a m e n t e r e c i e n t e que c o n t r a s t a con l a r e a l i d a d e x i s t e n t e 2 i n i c i o s d e "is s e s e n t a .

P a r a que t a l p r o c e s o s e p l a s m e , c r e o que han c o n f l u i d o t r e s f a c t o r e s que c o n v i e n e s u b r a y a r :

a ) e l p r o c e s o de r e f o r m a s y cambios i m p u l s a d o d u r a n t e e l g o b i e r n o de V e l a s c o A l v a r a d o ; i n d e p e n d i e n t e m e u t e d e l a o p i n i o n que be t e n g s s o b r e e l mismo, e s i n n e g a b l e q u e , e n t r e o t r a s c o s a s , s i g n i f i c o u n a g r a n a p e r t u r a ue e s p a c i o s y p o s i o i l i d a a e s p a r a l a o r p a n i z a c i 6 n cie 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a - r e 5 as: como p a r a l a g e n e r a c l o r de e s p e c t a t i v a s .

b ) E l compromiso con 10s p o b r e s , como a c t i t u d a sumida p o r l a s i g l e s i a s , que s e t r a d u c e , e s p e c i a l m e n t e , e n l a t e o l o g i a d e l a l i b e r a c i 5 n , r e p r e - s ~ - n c a n d c un apoyo f u n d a r n e n ~ a l a 1 p r o c e s c de organization d e i o ~ s e c t o r e s

p o p u l a r e s . En e l caso peruano , e l compromiso de l a I g l e s i a C a t o l i c a t i e - ne signification e s p e c i a l , habiendo tambien i m p o r t a n t e s nGcleos de o t r a s i g l e s i a s como 10s m e t o d i s t a s y 1 0 s e v a n g 6 l i c o s .

c ) La p r e s e n c i a de i o s " c e n t r o s " que s e c o n v i r t i e r o n en un apoyo a l a s n e c e s i d a d e s y demandas de e s t e importance p roceso de organization popu- l a r . Muchos de 1 0 s s e r v i c i o s que demand6 e l p r o c e s o , a 1 no poder s e r a u t o s a t i s f e c h o s por l a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s , s e c o n v i r t i e r o n en e i campo de a c c i 6 n y r e s p u e s t a de 1 0 s " c e n t r o s " . Desde un i n i c i o , e s t a r e - l a c i o n e s t u v o marcada en tonces por l a r e t r o a l i m e n t a c i o n mutua.

Con e l paso de 10s aiios y l a e s p e c i a l i z a c i 6 n d e 1 0 s " c e n t r o s " , a n t e s que responder a l a s e x i g e n c i a s academicas c l Z s i c a s , buscan a c t u a r a n t e 10s problemas y l a s a s p i r a c i o n e s de 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s . De a l l l , que hayan t e n i d o como punto d e p a r t i d a l a s e x p e r i e n c i a s c o n c r e t a s de C s t o s , y como punto de l l e g a d a , e l f o r t a l e c i m i e n t o de s u o r g a n i z a c i 6 n , de su capac idad de p r o p u e s t a y de s u f u e r z a de n e g o c i a c i o n .

Por e s t a v i a , 1 0 s " c e n t r o s " ademss de p r e s t a r un s e r v i c i o d i r e c t o a l a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s r e s u l t a n i n f l u y e n d o en l a soc iedad desde l a 6 p t i c a d e 10s problemas de 10s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s . Tauco en e l r e l e v a - mien to de 10s temas, c u a n t o en l a s fo rmulac iones d e a l t e m a t i v a s .

T a l i n f l u e n c i a e s f 5 c i l m e n t e comprobable. La enorma mayoria de l a pro- duccifin i n t e l e c t u a l d e l p a l s , s o b r e su p r o b l e m d t i c a , p r o v i e n e d e 10s ' c e n t r o s " s u e x p e r i e n c i a y s u p e r s o n a l . Los temas de l a s i n v e s t i g a c i o - n e s , 1 0 s s e m i n a r i o s y 1 0 s d e b a t e s de e l l o s , e s t z n hoy d i a en e l c e n t r e d e l d e b a t e n a c i o n a l ; a s 1 c u e s t i o n e s como l a p r o b l e m s t i c a a n d i n a , l a r e - g i o n a l i z a c i 6 n d e l p a l s , l a economia de l a s c iudades y e l s e c t o r i n f o r m a l que son a l g u n o s de 10s e j e s d e n u e s t r o s t r a b a j o s y de n u e s t r a e x p e r i e n - c i a - t a n t o d e promoci6n cumo de investigation - son hoy a lgunos d e 10s temas dominan tes en l a p o l l t i c a n a c i o n a l .

Con 10 a n t e r i o r no queremos d e c i r , necesa r iamente , que l a soc iedad y e l Es tado hacen s u y a s n u e s t r a s p r o p u e s t a s . Si queremos s u b r a y a r , s i n em- bargo , que muchos de 1 0 s temas y a l t e r n a t i v a s l a n z a d a s desde 1 0 s "cen- t r o s " aparecen hoy d f a , i n c l u s o e n l a r e t 6 r i c a d e l gob ie rno y en l a s p reocupac iones d e l a soc iedad g l o b a l n a c i o n a l .

T a l impacto d e 10s c e n t r o s , hace p o r c i e r t o que l a s demandas aumenten, exced iendo en mucho s u capac idad o por l o menos s u s p o s i b i l i d a d e s . La s o l a e x i s t e n c i a d e t a l demanda, c r e o , demuestra n u e s t r a a f i r m a c i o n s o b r e l a i m p o r t a n c i a y e l impacto d e e s t a s O N G s .

3 . Las nuevas demandas y e l reto d e hoy

)e l a s nuevas dernandas que e n e s t a s i t u a c i 6 n r e c i b e n 10s " c e n t r o s " , q u i e r o h a c e r h i n c a p l 6 en d o s d i s t i n t a s :

a ) De un l a d o , e l g o b i e r n o , e s p e c l f i c a m e n t e e l I n s t i t u t e Nac iona l d e P l a n i f i c a c i o n , que demanda un d i g l o g o m5s f l u z d o sobre e s t o s p rob lemas , p a r a c a n a l i z a r l o s a 1 0 s p l a n e s d e g o b i e r n o aprovechando l a e x p e r i e n c i a y e l conoc imien to de 1 0 s " c e n t r o s " .

b ) Lie o t r o l a d o , demandas de nuevo t i p 0 que p rov ienen de 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s y de l a s o c i e d a i en g e n e r a l . E x p e r i e n c i a s como e l Consejo Uni- t a r l o A g r a r i c (CL'KA) o l a Confe renc ia tsacional de T r a b a j a d o r e s (CONA- J E T ) , que buscan h a c e r d e l conocimiento de l a soc iedad g l o b a l s u s de- mantias a l t e r n a t i v a s , en l a s que e s c la ramente i d e n t i f i c a b l e e l t r a b a j o t e c n i c o y de apoyo de d i s t i n t a s ONGs que a p o r t a n s u s t a n t i v a m e n t e a l a e x i s t e n c i a y f u n c i o n a a i e n t c de t a l e s e s p a c i o s .

Es te aumento de l a demanda, supone tambign un aumento c o n s i d e r a b l e de i a c a l i f i c a c i o n de l a misma. Hay & f a , no b a s t a con p r e s e n t a r c n a r l a s gene- r a i e s s o b r e l a problemii t ica d e l p a l s ; en e l t r a b a j o con 1 0 s gremios cac- p e s i n o s no b a s t a , p e r e jemplo , h a b l a r de l a d e ~ e n d e n c ' l a i n t e r n a c i o n a l y su i n c i d e n c i a en l a e s t r u c t u r a de p r e c i o s , s i n o cue e s p r e c i s e responder a l a s c o n d i c i o n e s c o n c r e t a s d e l mercado d e l algodOn, a l a s p o l l t i c a s e s t a t a l e s s o b r e e l p a r t i c u l a r a l a s p e r s p e c t i v a s de forma t a l que e l campesino pueda o r i e n t a r i n c l u s o su producciOn.

E x i s t e a d i c i o n a l m e n t e , a n u e s t r o s e n t e n d e r , o t r o fenOmeno cuya importan- c i a e s d e c i s i v a p a r a e l t r a n s i t 0 de una democracia formal a o t r a r e a l en n u e s t r o p a i s . Dicho t r S n s i t o , e s t 5 condicionacio a l a e x i s t e n c i a d e orga- n i z a c i o n e s r e a l e s con autonomia y poder . Es i n n e g a b l e que l a g r a n mayo- r i a d e " c e n t r o s " ban op tado p o l l t i c a m e n t e por e l cambio s o c i a l y l a j u s - t i c i a , pe r@ 10 han hecho tambign por l a democracia; de a111 l a importan- c i a que l e a s i g n a n a noc iones t a l e s como a u t o g o b i e r n o s y democracia en su r e l a c i o n con 1 0 s s e c t o r e s popula res .

Y en e s t e t e r r e n o , e x i s t e algGn t i p 0 d e t e n s i o n con l a s r e s p u e s t a s dog- mSt icas que p rov ienen muchas veces desde l a i z q u i e r d a . No e s c a s u a l , e n t o n c e s , que mucha de l a production i n t e l e c t u a l d e l c o n t i n e n t e s o b r e l a s nuevas fo*s de h a c e r p o l i t i c a , e s t 6 basada en l a e x p e ~ i e n c i a pe- ruana de apoyo a l a organization p o p u l a r , que t i e n e en 1 0 s c e n t r o s d e promotion a s u a c t o r p r i n c i p a l .

E l r e t o mZs grande p a r a 1 0 s " c e n t r o s " hoy r a d i c a en e l c r e c i m i e n t o de l a demanda s o c i a l que t i e n e un r i t m o mavor y mSs riipido que e l que han t e - n i d o l a s O N G s . Y e l l o , porque en e l a c t u a l moment0 p o l i t i c o , i n c l u s o independien temente d e l g o b i e r n o , 1 0 s p l a n t a m i e n t o s y l a a c c i 6 n d e 10s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s e s t a a d q u i r i e n d o un protagonismo mayor que e l que tuvo a n t e s y e n una p e r s p e c t i v a d i s t i n t a que no s e a g o t a en e l e n f r e n t a - miento con e l Estado y 1 0 s s e c t o r e s dominantes .

En e s t e s e n t i d o , 1 0 s "cen t ros" UGS que e n f r e ~ t a r aun "con t inuan" e n c r e - c i m i e n t o , hacen f r e n t e a una t r a n s f o r m a c i 6 n c u a l i t a t i v a que l e s e x i g e una a c c i 6 n mZs i n t e n s a y una r e v i s i o n permanence de t o d a s y cada una de SUS a c t i v i d a d e s . Tener una o p i n i o n y una p r o p u e s t a d e f i n i t i v a p a r a e s t e p a i s e s nuest-ro r e t o . D i f l c i l en l a medida en que somos p a r t e de una r e a l i d a d que s e desenvue lve c o n t r a d i c t o r i a m e n t e de manera c o t i d i a n a , pe r0 i n d i s p e n s a b l e s i queremos c o n s t r u i r una situation mejor p a r a e l p a i s y e s p e c i a l m e n t e p a r s 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s .

W S C O , Lean ae La fuente 110, Line V/, P e r u

ECUADOR : C I ESE

E l Cen t ro de I n v e s t i g a c i c n e s y E s t u d i o s Socio-Econ6sicos, CIESE, ndc lo como un Cent ro d e I n v e s t i g a c i o n e s v i n c u l a d o a l a p rob lem5t ica s o c i a l d e l Ecuador y comprometido con 10s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s de l p a l s , e s p e c i a l - mente campesinos. No e s una c a s u a l i d a c que C I E S E hay2 s i d o fundado en 1 9 7 5 : e s t e afio y 1 0 s p r e c e d e n t e s s e c a r a c t e n z a r o r , por impor tan tes lu - chas campesinas e i n d l g e n a s en todo e l p a l s .

Creemos que s i g u e v i g e n t e l a p e r s p e c t i v a academics, s o c i a l y p o l i t i c s que anim6 l a fundac i6n d e l CZESE: h a c e r d e l a Inves t i fcac i6n s o c i a l un i n s t r u m e n t 0 de conocimientos y t r ans formac i6n de l a r e a l i d a d n a c i o n a l , t a r e a que s o l o puede s e r cumplida cabalmente en una e s ~ r e c h a r e l a c i o n con 1 0 s g rupos p o p u l a r e s .

Las i n v e s t i g a c i o n e s a g r a r i a s r e a l i z a d a s en CIESE siempre han e s t a d o f u e r t e m e n t e v i n c u l a d a s a un s u j e t o s o c i a l d e c i s i v o en l a v i d a n a t i o n a l : e l campesino. T a l coma s e ha d e s a r r o l l a d o en e l CIESE y en o t r a s i n s t i - t u c i o n e s d e investigation d e l p a l s , l a t e o r i a d e l campesinado y l a s i n - v e s t i g a c i o n e s s o b r e e l mismo suporten un reconoc imien to d e l a r a c i o n a l i - dad p r o p i a de e s t e s u j e c o s o c i a l y d e l a v a l i d e z d e l a misma.

Las i n v e s t i g a c i o n e s s o b r e l a p r o b l e m s t i c a a g r a r i a y campesina luego se t r a d u j e r o n en e l disef io d e p r c v e c t o s concretes d e d e s a r r o l l o en 1 0 s C U A -

l e s e l campesino ha cumplido un p a p e l d e c i s i v o , a 1 i u c h a r por o b t e n e r i m p o r t a n t e s n i v e l e s de p a r t i c i p a c i 6 n en La5 d e c i s i o n e s s o b r e e l d e s a r r o - 110.

E l d e s a r r o l l o mismo de l a soc iedad n a c i o n a l , f u e p ian teando nuevos pro- blemas v i n c u l a d o s sobre todo a 1 d e s a r r o i l o u rbane y a l a modernization. E s t o e x p l i c a l a a c t u a l p reocupac i6n de CIESE por e l movimiento margi- na l -u rbano y l a r e f l e x i o n d e s a r r o l i a d a en l a i n s t i t u c i 6 r i en t o r n o a l Es tado y l a Democracia.

Apoyo a programas de s a l u d - CIESE v i e n e t r a b a j a n d o con jun tamente con l a Union de Organ izac iones Campesinas de Vinces y Baba, UNOCAVB, en un pro- grama de Salud cuyo o b j e t i v o e s a e s a r r o ~ l a r y c o n s o l i d a r un s i s t e m a de Salud p rop io . La metodo log ia de programa c o n s i s t s en r e c u p e r a r l a laedi- c i n a p r o p i a d e l campesino, r econoc iendo i a l e g i t i m i d a d y e f i c a c i a que posee l a misma. De e s t a manera, s e busca t rans formar l a t r a d i c i o n a l r e - l a c i o n de dependenc ia d e l campesino r e s p e c t o de 10s mcdicos r u r a l e s , jus tamente i n t e g r a d o s a 1 b i s q u e de poder l o c a l .

Encuentro de o r g a n i z a c i o n e s campesinas e i n d l g ~ n a s de segundo g r c d o - En 1985, s e r e a i i z 6 en l a ciudad de Chorde lec , p r o v i n c i a d e l Azuay, eL Ter- c e r Encuen t ro Nacional de Organ izac iones Campesinas e Ind lgenas de se- gu;iQo G r a d e . A l Encuentro a s i s t i e r o n d e l e g a a ~ s de v e i n t e y c i n c o o rga- n izac ioufcs c a i s p e s i n a ~ e i n d l g e n a s . de l a s ~ : t s r e g i c n e s d e l p a l s . Se sef ialo l a n e c e s i d a d de rec-cger 1.35 din2rnicuto p i i i p i a s rie l ' a? o r e a n i z a - c l o n e s l o c a l e s y p r o v i n c i a l e s , r e a l i z a n d c Fncuen t fos i' e s t o s n i v f c l f c ~ , .

VENEZUELA: CECODA?, CENTROS COMUNITARIOS DE APRENDIZAJE

QuC e s CF-CODAP? C e n t r e s C o m u n i t a r i o s d e A p r e n d i z s j e , e s una A s o c i a c j o n C i v i l , no Gube rnamen to i , s i f i n e s de l u c r e y d e c a r a c t e r b e n e f i c e so- c l a l . Cecoaap no r e p r e s e n t s n i s e i d e n t i f i e s con r.ingGn g r u p c o p a r t i d o p o l i t i c o , t o m como p u n t o de r e f l e x i o n y a c c i 6 n l a d i g n i d a d humana.

CuZndc p o r que n a c e x ~ a A s o c i a c i o n f u e c r e a d a e n 198'-, o b ~ e n i e n a o en e s e m i s m ~ a?io s u P e r s o n a l i d a d J u r i d i c a . Lace como uns n e c e s i d a d d e r e s - p u e s t a a n t e l a d i f z c i l r e s l i d a d que v i v e n 10s n i c o s y f a m i l i a s a e & s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s , c a r a c t e r i z a d o s e s t o s , p o r l a e s c a s e z de r e c u r s o s econ6miccs . Es p o r e s o que Cecodap o r i e n t a t o d a s s u s a c c i o n e s y compro- m i s o s a 10s s e c t o r e s mas d e s f a v o r e c i d o s de 12 p u b l a c i o n .

CuZle s s o n s u s p r o p 6 s i t o s ?

D i se f i a r e imp lemenea r p rog ramas c o m u n i t a r i o s de s a l u d , nutrition, d e s a r r o l l o p s i c o s o c i a l , o r i e n t a c i O n j u r z d i c a y organization comuni- t a r i a .

. C a p a c l t a r p e r s o n a s d e l a c o a u n i d a d , no p r o f e s i o n a l e s , couo anima- d o r e s p a r a e l t r a b a j o con n i h o s , f a m i l i a y comunidad.

D i se f i a r r e c u r s o s c i n s t r u m e n t o s p a r a l a comun icac i6n . c a p a c i t a c i 6 n y s o c i a l i z a c i 6 n de l a s e x p e r i e n c i a s .

. A s e s o r a r a g r u p o s , p rog ramas 0 i n s t i r u c i o n e s que d e s a r r o l l a r . expe- r i e n c i a s con c a r a c t e r l s t i c a s s i m i l a r e s .

P r o p i c i a r e l t r a b a j o c o o r d i n a d o con o r g a n i s m o s o i n s t i t u c i o n e s que apoyan p rog ramas r e l a c i o n a d o s con n i f i o s , f a m i l i a ,. comunidad.

C6mo l o h a c e ? CECODA-P p r o p i c i a m o d a l i d a a e s no c o n v e n c i o n a l e s con l a p a r - t i c i p a c i 6 n a c t i v a d e l a comunidad e n t o d a s l a s f a s e s d e l p r o c e s o . Son 1 0 s a n i m a d o r e s c o m u n i t a r i o s q u i e n e s l l e v a n a d e l a n t e l a s a c t i v i d a d e s v a c c i o n e s de 10s p rog ramas .

Los p r o f e s i o n a l e s , t e c n i c o s y e s p e c i a l i s t a s j u e g a n un p a p e l d e a s e s o r a - m i e n t o y apoyo . Se p ropone como metodo d e t r a h a j o La investigation-ac- d o n , u t i l i z a n d o p a r a e l l o i n s t r u m e n t o s d c t r a b a j o f l e x i b l e s , s e n c i l l o s

de f a c i l mane jgu .

HONDURAS; S E R V I C I O S TECN ICOS, LEGALES Y ECONOMI COS (SETELEC)

S e r v i c i o s TScnicos , Lega les y EconOmicos (SETELEC), e s una Organization p r i v a d a , s i n f i n e s de l u c r e , s i n d i s t i n g o de r a z a , c redo p o l i t i c o v r e - l i g l o s ~ , ded icada a l a i n v e s c i g d c i o n socio-economics, p r e s t a c i 6 n de s e r - v i c i o s de a s e s o r i a l e g a l , t g c n i c a economica, d e s a r r o l l o dc p r o v e c t o s cue c o n t r i b u y a n a 1 d e s a r r o l l o econijmico, s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l y p o l i t i c o d e l p a l s . E n f a t i z a l a a c c i 6 n en l a formaci6n a e r e c u r s o s humanos y e l f o r t a - l e c i ~ i e n t o o r g a ~ i z a t i v o de 10s b e n e f i c i a r i o ~ de s u s programas p a r a que i e s p e m i t a d e s a r r o l l a r s e por s l mismos, e v i t a n d o e s c a b l e c e r y mantener l a z o s de dependencia c' pa:ernalismo.

O f r e c e r a s i s t e n c i a t g c n i c a g r a t u i t a a p e r s o n a s , o r g a n i z a c i o n e s o comunidades campesinas U o b r e r a s .

O f r e c e r a s i s t e n c i a l e g a l g r a t u i t a a p e r s o n a s , o r g a n i z a c i o n e s o co- munidades campesinas y o b r e r a s p a r a p r o t e g e r en derechos humanos y l e g a t e s ( t r a m i t a c i C n persuner5a j u r z d i c a , s o l i c i t u d e s r e c u p e r a c l o n d e t i e r r a s ) .

E l a b o r a r es tud ios , d e f a c t i b i l i d a d t 6 c n i c a . economica, f i n a n c l e t a de p r o y e c t o s a g r f c o l a s , empresas a g r o i n d u s t r i d l e s , e t c . y o b r a s a e i n g e n i e r c a .

E l a b o r a r e s t u d i o s de a s e s o r i a , c o n s u l t o r ~ a e i n v e s t i g a c i o n e s a o r - g d n i z a c i o ~ e s p r i v a d a s , gabernamenta ies , populare:-- e i n s t i t u c i o n e s i n t e r n a c l o n a l e s i n v o l u c r a d a s en e l p r o c e s o de d e s a r r o l l o .

R e a l i z a r p r o y e c t o s que p r o p i c i e n una toma d e c o n c i e n c i a de l a po- b l a c i 6 n urbana y r u r a l , d e s u r e a l i d a d , un a u t o - d e s c u b r i n i e n t o d e s u s v a l o r e s y c a p a c i d a d e s .

C a p a c i t a r comunidades y o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p a r a e l d e s a r r o l l o de pro- y e c t o s .

Buscar e l f o r t a l e c i m i e n t o de l a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s o g r u p o s , as!, como s u c o n s o l i d a c i 6 n econOcnca.

Colabora r en l a busqueda de f i n a n c i a m i e n t o , t a n t o a n i v e l n a c i o n a l como i n t e r n a c i o n a l por medio d e l d i s e s o y elaboration d e p r o y e c t o s , identification de f u e n t e s , n e g o c i a c l o n e s y segu imien to .

l n v e s t i g a r campos de a c c i 6 n p a r a s o l u c i o n a r problemas de s a l u d , educac i6n , e t c . e implementar d c c i o n e s p r ? v e n t i v a s .

( < U P ld jubLif&

Con l a o r g a n i z a t i o n de SETELEC s e ha logrado c o o r d i n a r e i v o i u t i ~ a r i a d c , impulsa r y apoyar l a s c i g a n i z a c i o n e s p r i v a d a s , campes inas , o b r e r a s o de i r - v e s t i g a c i o n s o c i a l honduresas , que por f a l t a de a s i s t e n c i a tGci:ica y ccort6r ;~ica sfe hah ian -1isco i m p o s i b i l i t a d a s a d e s a r r o l l a r p r o y e c t o s de

g r a n magnitud y v a l o r . Las c r g z n i z a c i o n e s de b a s r - si .. . r . i t r a n en l a rnayorra de 10s c a s o s s i n p r o f e s i o n a l e s que l e s a>ud<- : . : - r e t i z a r s u s i d e a s p r o y e c t o s y a d i r i n i s t r a r o a c r e c e n t a r en forma - o r r e c t a s u s fon - d o s , s i n m i r a s a e x p l o t a r l o s con f i n e s politicos, r e l i g i o s o s o ec. cos .

Hay muchos g rupos formados por pe rsonas c o n s c i e n t e s y r e s p o n s a b l e s , o r - gan izados e n forma s e r i a , pe ro s i n fundamento l e g a l por l a f a l t a de un ahogado que l e s haga 1 0 s t r z m i t e s n e c e s a r i o s p a r a o b t e n e r l a p e r s o n e r i a j u r l d i c a , y con g r a n c a u d a l de i d e a s de p r o y e c t o s v i i l idos y n e c e s a r i o s , pe ro s i n e l apoyo p a r a e i a b o r a r 1 0 s p r o y e c t o s y l a s s o l i c i t u d e s d e a s i s - t e n c i a economics.

C r i t e r i o s de selection de p r o y e c t o s y p r o g r a m s

. Aceptac i6n d e l p r o y e c t o por p a r t e d e l a comunidad, y a l t a o a r t i c i - p a c i 6 n d e l a inisma.

. Aceptac ion de 1 0 s l l d e r e s y o r g a n i z a c i o n e s de base d e p a r t i c i p a r en programas de education y capacitation que g a r a n t i c e n e n & x i t o d e l p r o y e c t o .

. F a c t i b i l i d a d desde e l punto de v i s t a de p roducc i6n corno d e mercado para p r o y e c t o s a g r l c o l a s o a g r o - i n d u s t r i a l e s . A u t o s u f i c i e n c i a d e l p royec to .

. E x p e r i e n c i a d e l g rupo b e n e f i c i a r i o en l a a c t i v i d a d a e j e c u t a r y que s e a n personas r e s p o n s a b l e s y d e reconoc ida s o l v e n c i a mora l .

B e n e f i c i a r i e s

M u l t i p l e s g rupos o rgan izados y o r g a n i z a c i o n e s campesinas o b r e r a s , coo- p e r a t i v a s d e t r a n s p o r t e , de v i v i e n d a y a g r o p e c u a r i a s d e todo e l p a l s , e s t s n s o l i c i t a n d o urgentemente n u e s t r a c o i a b o r a c i 6 n en p e r s o n a l t e c n i c o y a s i s t e n c i a economics p a r a e l d e s a r r o l l o de p r o y e c t o s . SETELEC ha e s t a - do b r indando a s i s t e n c i a t g c n i c a g r a c u i t a , a g rupos que desean o r g a n i z a r - s e y o r g a n i z a c i o n e s ya e x i s t e n t e s , a s l como tarnbier. l e s ha hecho 1 0 s c o n t a c t o s n e c e s a r i o s p a r a s o l i c i t a r ayuda economics y e n o t r o s c a s o s i a ayuda economics ha s i d o c a n a l i z a d a a t r a v e s d e SETELEC.

L n t r e e s t o s g rupos contamos con l a Coopera t iva Ar tesa r -a l I n t i b u c a n a , Grupo J u v e n i l Dion d e l a Colon ia E l P e d r e g a l de San J o s e , A l i a n z a Campe- s i n a de Organ izac iones Nac iona les d e Honduras (ALCGNH), Asoc iac ion de S e c r e t a r i a s y O f i c i n i s t a s , P a t r o n a t o s d e 1 6 Cos ta N o r t e , Coopera t iva Agropecuar ia de E l P r o g r e s o , Empresa Cooperai-iva A g r o i n d u s t r i a l , Coope- r a t i v a COCATUL y muchas o t r a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s d e g rupos marginados obre - r o s campesinos.

INDONESIA : LEMBAGA STUD I PEMBANG'JNAN

The I n s t i t u t e f o r Development S t u d i e s Lembaga S t u d i Pembacgunan (LS?) i s a community development o r g a n i z a t i o n working f o r s o c i a l change i n I n d o n e s i a . I t promotes s o c i a l change on t h r e e f r o n t s : working t o improve the economic s i t u a t i o n of t h e poor , a s s i s t i n g poor people t o h e l p them- s e l v e s t o overcome t h e i r pover ty and promoting a more d e m o c r a t i c , c o r e open and more j u s t s o c i e t y concerned w i t h r i g h t s and o p p o r t u n i t i e s and v i t h b r o a d e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n l o c a l and n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s .

The I n s t i t u t e v o r k s or. a l l t h r e e f r o n t s w i t h t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t commu- n i t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l f o r a c h i e v i n g b e t t e r socio-economic c i r - cumstances and s o c i a l change. A m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y approach i s used a t LSP; s t u d y and r e s e a r c h i s combined wi th t r a i n i n g , e d u c a t i o n and f i e l d a c t i o n programs. LS? u n d e r t a k e s programs a l o n e and wi th government , i n - t e r n a t i o n a l and p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s which a r e committed t o s o c i a l change. Some of t h e programs c u r r e n t l y under taken by t h e I n s t i t u t e i n - c l u d e :

I n t e g r a t e d r u r a l c o m u n i t y development programs

These respond t o t h e most u r g e n t needs of r u r a l a r e a s . C u r r e n t l y t h e I n s t i t u t e has such programs i n t h e Mancak and Ciarnis a r e a s , b o t h i n West J a v a , and i n P u j u t on t h e i s l a n d of Lombok. P l a n s a r e fcel l advanced f o r a new i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l community development program a t Pengandonan i n South Sumatera and f u r t h e r p r o j e c t s i n Lombok.

Urban community development programs

Programs a r e conducted t o improve t h e socio-economic s i t u a t i o n of t h e urban poor . Emphasis i s p l a c e d on b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s l i k e co- o p e r a t i v e s t o s u s t a i n development i n i t i a t i v e s . These i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e des igned t o become s e l f - r e l i a n t and a r e d e m o c r a t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d by members t o e n s u r e t h a t b e n e f i t s f low e q u i t a b l y t o a l l of t h e p a r t i c i - p a n t s . LSP p r o v i d e s t r a i n i n g , a d v i c e , and fund ing f o r c r e d i t programs. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n is now b e i n g p a i d t o t h e f u l f i l m e n t of t h e needs of d e s t i t u t e s (gelandangan) communities and e s p e c i a l l y women i n slum a r e a s .

Labour community development

A s t r o n g s e l f - g o v e r n i n g l a b o u r community h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d i n Bandung, West J a v a , th rough LSP working v i t h workers t o deve lop a co- o p e r a t i v e , low c o s t h o u s i n g , and c o m u n i t y f a c i l i t i e s . LSP c a r r i e d ou t f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s , a c t e d a s community m o t i v a t o r , a r r a n g e d f i n a n c e , l i a i s e d w i t h government a u t h o r i t i e s and c a r r i e d ou t t r a i n i n g . LSP i s c u r r e n t l y f o l l o w i n g up t h i s development th rough prov id ing t r a i n i n g and o t h e r a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e community i n t h e c r e a t i o n of income g e n e r a t i n g e n t e r p r i s e s .

Development of Women's C o o p e r a t i v e s

LSP encourages t h e f o r m a t i o n and s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n r u r a l and urban a r e a s i n Java o f o r g a n i s a t i o n s d e c o c r a t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d by poor women (such a s women worker c o o p e r a t i v e s ) , th rough awareness r a i s i n g , i n s t i t u t i o n -

b u i l d i n g , m a n a g e r i a l a s s i s t . a r . c e , s k i l l t r a i n i n g and t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of c r e d i t f u n d s . Income g e n e r a t i n g and employren t c r e a t i n g e n t e r p r i s e s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d .

P a r t i c i p a t o r y T r a i n i n g

n a d d i t i o n t o t r a i n i n g c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e above p rog rams , t h e I n s t i - t u t e a l s o c o n d u c t s much t r a i n i n g f o r t r a i n e r s f rom o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

Resea rch and Study

Resea rch and s t u d y a c t i v i t i e s a r e c a r r i e d o u t b o t h i n n o u s e and i n c o l - l a b o r a t i o n w i t h I n d o n e s i a n Goverr.merit a g e n c i e s and o t h e r development o r g a n i z a t i o n s . P a r t i c u l a r emphas i s i s g i v e n t o p o l i c y s t u d i e s .

P u b l i c a t i o n and Communication

Communicating LSP's r e s e a r c h and i d e a s and p romot ing nev t h i n k i n g abou t development i s a p r i o r i t y a t LSP. L'sing a v a r i e t y of med ia , LSP encour - a g e s d e b a t e on i m p o r t a n t development i s s u e s . The I n s t i t u t e u n d e r t a k e s r e s e a r c h t h r o u g h i t s Development E d u c a t i o n Program; t r a n s l a t e s i m p o r t a n t works on T h i r d World deve lopmen t i s s u e s ; p roduces books , r e s e a r c h r e - p o r t s , monographs , a p e r i o d i c a l on i n f o r m a l s e c t o r deve lopmen t ; and e d i t s and p u b l i s h e s r e p o r t s of workshops which i t s p o n s o r s . Most of t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s o f t h e I n s t i t u t e a r e i n t h e I n d o n e s i a n l a n g u a g e .

LSP m a i n t a i n s numerous a f f i l i a t i o n s w i t h i n t e r n p t i o n a l n e t w o r k s of non- g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n t e r e s t e d i n i s s u e s o f s o c i a l change and j u s t i c e .

A r t i c l e s b y T h i r d World j o u r n a l i s t ? on T h i r d wor ld deve lopmen t a r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o t h e I n d o n e s i a n l a n g u a g e and d i s t r i b u t e d . Compute r i s ed i n f o r m a t i o n exchange s y s t e m s and d a t a b a s e s a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g d e v e l - oped t o enhance a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o good s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n on deve lop - ment .

Source : Grassroots K G 5

A N N O U N C E M E N T S * A N N O N C E S A N U N C I O S

. T r a d i t i o n and Mode rn i za t i on i n A f r i c a Today: Th i s i s t h e t i t l e o f t h e A f r i c a n Research

Program (ARP; o f t h e Eotvos U n i v e r s i t y ' s 3 r d i n t e r n a t i o n a l conference t o t a k e p l a c e f rom

27 August t o 3 September 1989 a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r a r i a n Sc iences i n t h e town o f

C o d d l c ~ u s t o u t s i d e Budapest ( 2 5 km). There wi ; l be seven s e c t i o n s : I . F o l k l o r e i n A f r i c a

today; I I . S o c i a l Sc iences; I l l . Economic sc iences; l \ ' . E3v th sc iences, bioiog:, geo-

graphy; V. A g r a r i a n sc iences; V l . Tecnn i ca l sci¥¡nc - i n d u ~ t r i a l i z e t i o n - development o f

t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ; V I I . Med i ca l sc iences - h e a ? t h . D e s e n d l n ~ on t h e i i r . r l i c a * i o n 5 ant: p r c -

poseis - ecc i vec , t h e o r g a n i z i n g conn" t t * -e wi l 1 a l s c t .rou>d*- t h e r o n c ! - ' t ~ c " ~ . ':'- !:pePat'n-r

l r e s e c t i o n s i n any Q?^?' - ^ e l i G' i ; r i ' - a n s t u a i e s . I T you w i sh t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n

t he con fe rence w i t h a paper, p l ease i m e c i a t e l y 'ere; a 2 6 - 4 0 - l i n e a b s t r a c t ( i r 3 cop ies , ' .

The d e a d l i n e f o r sending t h e f u l l t e x t o f t h e paper i s 31 Nerch 1985 t c T r a d i t i o n and

M o d e r n i z a t i o n 7n A f r i c a Today, A f r ' c a n h e s e a l e r Program, Lor2nd Eozvos U n . v e r s i t ) , Pub

8 7 . Budapest, Hungary.

SENEGAL: FEDERATION DES ORGANISATIONS

NON GOUVERNEMENTALES (FONG3) La FONGS a G t f c c r e e e e n 1 9 7 6 g r a c e 2 l a v o l o n t e d ' u n c e r t a i n n o n b r e de h e a d e r s paysa i i s . E l l e a CtG r econnue p a r l e g o u v e r n e o e n t du Senegal cornme a s s o c i a t i o n 2 v o c a t i o n socic-Gcono;!:ic;ue s a n s b u t .Luc rc i t i i .

O b > c t i f s - L E FONGS a pou r b u t : [ a ) de r e g r o u p e r l e s a s s o c i a t i o n s v o c a t i o n s o c i o - ~ c o n o m i a u e et c c l t u r e l l e s z n s b u t l u c r a t i t c l f ~ " . i e l l e m e n t r e c o n n u e s ; ( h ) d ' a s s u r e r une c o o p e r a t i o n p e r r u n e n t e e n t r e ses membres e n g a g e s d a n s d e s p r o j e t s e t programmes de d sve loppemen t a u s e r v i c e d e s p o p u l a t i c n s r u r a l e : e t u r b a i n e s du Senfcgal; ( c ) de v i s e r u r e m s i i l e u r t h a r m o n i s a t i o n c e s p r o j e t s e t p r o g r a m e s emanant a e s icembres; ( d ) d ' a p - p o r t e r s o n c o n c o u r s e t s o n a p p u i t e c h n i q u e e t a d m i n i s t r a t i f  d e s g r o u - c e m e n t s p a y s a n s , ou a d e s o r g a n i s m e s l o c a u x , r t g i o n a u x , n a t i o n a u x ou i n - t e r n a t i o n a u x p u b l i c s ou p r i v g s e t d e s e r v i r de s t r u c t u r e d ' a c c u e i i . p o u r i e s v i s i t e u r s d e s a s s o c i a t i o n s membres ou t o u t a u t r e ; ( e l de r e p r e s e n t e r l e a membres t a n t a u p r e s d e s s e r v i c e s gouve rnemen taux que nor. gouve rne - mentaux a u n i v e a u i n t e r n a t i o n a l , n a t i o n a l , r e g i o n a l e t l o c a l ; ( f ) de t , e ~ v i r d e c e n t r e d ' i n f c rn ' ^ i . t i on e t de f o r m a t ~ ~ n i s e s memhres.

Membres - La FONGS c ' e s t : 9 g r a n d e s a s s o c u . t i o n s a v a n t chacune une d i - n e n s i o n r e g i o n a l e , t o u c h a n t e n v i r o n 700 g r o u p e m e n t s v - ~ l l a g e o i s 5 t r a v e r b l e S e n e g a l ; e n v i r o n 180,000 membres er. a c t l v i t C a u t o u r de d i v e r s p r o j e t s t ' r i ~ e r n a n t l ' a g r i c u l t u r e , I ' e l e v a g e , l ' a r t i s a n a t , i ' a l p t ~ a b C t ' . . s a t i c n . i ' h y d r a u l i q u e v i l l a g e o i s e , 1 ' a l l e g e m e r . t d e s t i a v a u x rte l a femmc, l a s a n - C & , l ' h y g i e n e , l e e b a n q u e s de c e r e a l e s , l e s b a r r a g e s a n t i - s e l s , l e s r e - t e n u e s d'ea' i- e t d i v e r s e 5 f o r m a t i o n s tiux t k r h n i q u e s v i l i a g e o i s e s . T o u t e s c e s a c t i v i t e s b e n e f i c i e n i d i r e c t e m e n t ou i n d i r e c t e m e n t 2 p l u s dt. I WL! 'JOO d e p e r s o n n e s .

REALISATIONS

F o r m a t i o n d e s a n i m a t e u r s de g r o u p e m e n t s p a y s a n s 2 l ' a n i m a t l u i i e t aux t e c h n i q u e s d ' o r g a n i s a t i o n - Des p e r s o n r i e s - r e s s o u r c e s i n t e r n e s i l a FONGS o n t an imc d e s s e s s i o n s de f o r m a t i o n c3 ' an ima teu r s de g roupemen t s p a y s a n s . 4 5 l e a d e r s p a y s a n s o n t pu a i n s i b e n e f i c i e r d e " n o u v e l l e s a r m e s pou r d y n d m i s e r l e u r s v i l l a g e s .

t o r n a t i o n 5 l a g e s t i o n 2 l ' i n t e n t i o n d e s c o m p t a b l e s e t t r g s o r i e r s d e s g r o u p e m e n t s v i l l a g e o i s membres d e l a FONGS - P l u s i e u r s s e s s i o n s d e f o r - m a n o n d e s g e s t i o n n a i r e s d e g r o u p e m e n t s v i l l a g e o i s o n t e t 6 o rgan i s f c - e s a f i n d e p e r m e t c r e i c h a c u e a s s o c i a t i o n p a y s a n n e d e t e n i r c o r r e c t e m e n i a e s l i v r e s de comptes . L ' o b j e c t i f r e c h e r c h e f c t a i t - , d a n s un p r e m i e r t emps , d e p e r m e t t r e d chaque a s s o c i a t i o n d e p r e s e n t e r , 2 l a :in d e cha - c u t e x e r c i c e (ou campagne ) , un b i l a n f i n a n c i e r d e l ' e n s e m b l e d e s a c t i v i - t&s men6es d a n s 1 ' a n n e e . Le s econd o b j e c t i f e s t d t p e r m e z t r e aux g r o u p e - L ' a c > i l i o r c ~ li. gentle-!: g i r b n l o d 0 I P I I - = a c t i v i t c s p r z c e 2 l ' i n t e r - p ~ G ~ e t L i o ~ , p l u ' s l t l - . > , J e s L i l i i r . 5 ' fIr^sn,.ic-v- ?'/er. l ' r i r p ~ ~ i t a c t dp l a TONGS que dfcs p a r t e n a i r e s .

F o r m a t i o n ? l ' a u t o - p l a n i l i c a t i o n - A f i n de f a v o r l s e r une c r o i s s a n c e re- i l e c h i e e t m?. l r r i sGe d e s g r o u p e m e n t s , d e s s e s s i o n s d ' a u t c - p l a n i f i c a t i o n

one et6 organisges i l'intention des leaders paysans. Cette auto-plani- fication est en voie de duplication sous forme de sessions organisees et financees par Ies groupements eux-mSmes.

Formation d'animateurs 2 la conception d'outils audiovibuels - Des chan- tiers-ecoles one ete organises pour former des animateurs audio-visuels chargfcb d'am6liurer le6 outilb d'information des groupementb villageois. L'n programme d'information-bensibilisation est actuellement en experi- mentation au sein aes groupements paysans bous formes de montages de diapositives comment6s sur cassettes en langues nationales.

Appui i'identification et a l'elaboration des projets - Grace 6 eon equipe technique, la FONGS appuie les groupements villageois a identi- fier et 6 mieux slaborer leurs projets.

Actions concert6es - Pour favoriser la s&curit& alimentaire au niveau de see groupements paysans, la FONGS a realise une operation dite banque de cerealeb, qui consiste a transferer des excedents de cereales d'une zone de surproduction en direction d'une zone sinistree ou deficitaire. Cecte operation, outre d'assurer a des populations deficicaires des cereales 6 bon narche, pemet aux bfin6ficiaires surproducteurs de vendre 18 bon prix leurs cereales en Cchappant aux comaercants qui les leur achecaient par Ie passe a deb prix trSs inferieurs aux prix offlciels.

P H I L I P P I N E S : PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT, BUKIDNON STYLE

( O R HOW D E L MONTE GOT A T A S T E OF PEOPLE-POWER C H U N K S )

' P e o p l e Power ' was t h e o f t e n c o i n e d t e n f o r t h e sudden s u r g e o f n a t i o n - a l u n i t y and s p i r i t t h a t was t h e p r e c u r s o r of t h e P h i l i p p i n e R e v o l u t i o n i n 1986 . To i t was a t t r i b u t e d t h e u p s w e i l of s o c i a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t saw h u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of F i l i p i n o s j o i n i n g hands t o fora : t n e c . a s s ive human b a r r i c a d e s t h a t s t o p p e d t h e war t a n k s of t h e p r e v i o u s d i c t a t o r s h i p and e v e n t u a l l y l e d t o i t s p e a c e f u l o v e r t h r o w .

But i a t e l y , l e s s and l e s s of t h i s phenomenon i s b e i n g seer- i n t r ~ e

s t r e e t s o f M a n i l a , l e a d i n g some t o c o n c l u d e t h a t P e o p l e Power i s a l r e a d y d y i n g i n t h i s c o u n t r y . F a r f rom i t - a t l e a s t i n t h e p r o v i n c e of Bukid- non i n t h e i s l a n d of Mindanao, where P e o p l e Power i s showing i t s m i g h t .

A remake of s o r t s of t h e 1986 r e v o l u t i o n was s t a g e d i n t h e summer of l988 i n t h i s n o r m a l l y p l a c i d p r o v i n c e when a hundred o r s o s m a l l f a r m e r s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h a g roup c a l l e d KAAMlE had a c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h t h e t r a n s n a t i o n a l a g r i b u s i n e s s g i a n t D e l Monte P h i l i p p i n e ; : ir a d i s p u t e o v e r l a n d r i g h t s . The war t a n k s were gone t h i s t i m e ; b u l l d o z e r s and o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l equipment a p p e a r i n g i n t h e i r s t e a d . b u t t h e human b a r n - c a d e s and t h e p i c k e t l i n e s were t h e r e , a l b e i t s m a l l e r , t h e i r r a n k s f i l - l e d w i t h s u b s i s t e n c e f a r m e r s who were d e s p e r a t e l y b u t d e f i a n t l y s t o p p i n g t h e b u l l d o z e r s of De l Monte from e n t e r i n g a c o n t e s t e d a r e a of l a n d . Men and women were i n g r o u p s of f i v e t o t e n , p u s h i n g a g a i n ? : t h e mammoth b l a d e s o f d o z e r s and g r a d e r s t o keep them from moving. Numerous p r c t e s t s i g n s and b a n n e r s t h a t c o u l d b e s e e n a l o n g t h e n a t i o n a l highway g o i n g t o Del ~ o n t e ' s o p e r a t i o n a r e a t o l d p a s s e r s b y e v e r y t h i n e : "Del Monte Pahawa s a Among Kayutaan" (De l Monte Leave Our L a n d ) ; "P inya - & g , Mats - Yes'' ( P i n e a p p l e - No, Corn - Y e s ) ; " ~ n ~ Kayu taan sa P i l i p i n a s A lang s a %a P i l i p i n o n g Maguuma, D i l i s a mga Langyaw nga Kompanya" ( F i l i p i n o Land f o r F i l i p i n o Fa rmers , Not f o r F o r e i g n C o r p o r a t i o n s ) .

Del M o n t e ' s c o n f l i c t w i t h Kaanib began i n 1984 when t h e c o r p o r a t i o n a c q u i r e d l a n d s f o r t h e e x p a n s i o n of i t s p l a n t a t i o n s i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i - t i e s of Sumilao and Impasug-ong. D e l Monte was c o n t r a c t i n g l a n d s w i t h p r i v a t e l andowner s t h r o u g h a "Crop P r o d u c e r and Growers Agreement" wh ich a l l o w e d t h e company a l l t h e r i g h t s t o c u l t i v a t e a p r o s p e c t e d l a n d . How- e v e r , s m a l l f a r m e r s and l andowner s o b j e c t e d t o D e l M o n t e ' s l a n d expan- s i o n . T h e r e was g rowing e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e s y n t h e t i c c h e m i c a l s and f e r t i - l i z e r s t h a t De l Monte h e a v i l y u s e d made t h e s o i l a c i d i c and t h e r e f o r e u n p r o d u c t i v e . I n d i g e c o u s t r i b a l communi t i e s b e r e b e i n g d i s p l a c e d and d i s i n t e g r a t e d . V a l u a b l e a r a b l e l a n d s t h a t t h e l o c a l c o n m u n i t i e s needed f o r food c r o p s were b e i n g l o s t t o De l M o n t e ' s p i n e a p p l e s which were m o s t l y e x p o r t e d . Farm w o r k e r s h i r e d by t h e company were g i v e n i n a d e q u a t e s e c u r i t y and b e n t - f i r s a s t h e y were t a k e n o n l y a s a c a s u a l employees . F i n a l l y , t h e l e a s e c o n t r a c t s p r e p a r e d by t h e company were h e a v i l y i n i t s f a v o r , t h e r e n t a l payments i i ~ s u f f i c i e n t and t h e c o r t r a r r p r o v i s i o n s un- e x p l a i r e d p r i o r t o s i g n i n g .

A tug-of-war e n s u e d between t h e f a r m e r s and Del Monte w i t h t h t l a t e r a t t i m e s g i v i n g i n t o t h e f a r m e r s ' demands t o c e a s e e x p a n s i o n , o n l y t o r e - ncge on t h e i r p r o m i s e s t h e r e a f t e r and a t t e m p t i n g a g a i n t o a c q u i r e more l a n d s .

The i n t e r s i i y of t h e d i s p u t e be tween Kaan ib and ! J e i ?!@rite r eac l j ec i t s peak l a s : y e a r , b o v e v e r . wi:h t h e impena-ng p a s s a g e of : k i t gove r r . r . en t ' s Comprehensive A g r a r i a n Re fcm; Law. Much c r i t i c i z e c by t h e t a m e r s e c t o r , :;ie p ropcs t~c i A g r a n a r . k e f o m Lai- h a s p:ovisicn.= t h a t w o u l ~ ' a l l o i ; t r a r . s - n a t i o n a l c o r p o r a t i o n s a t e n y e a r g r a c e p e r i o d b e f o r e t h e y a r e compe l l ed :c s u r r e n d e r t h e l a n d s t h e y l e a s e f o r distribution t o i and - i - e s s f a r m e r s . -. - n i s w a s seen by t h e K a a ~ i b p e o p l e a s a l o o p h o l e b e i n g e x p l o i t e d b y Dei Monte , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e l i g h t of t h t coiLpany'b sudden renewed i n t e r e s t i n l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n s . The-; c h a r g e d t h a t De l Monte was p r e e r p t i n g t h e A g r a r i a n ke fo r i r Law b:. a c q u i r i n g l a n d s which were p r i o r i t i z e d t o r r e - < i s : r i b u t i o n 1.r-der t h e A g r a r i a n ; . e f o r i ~ Program.

I t was a t t h i s j u n c t u r e t h a t Kaan ib d e c i d e d t o s e e k t h e a s s i s t a n c e of f r i e n d s and s y m p a t h e t i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s , p r i r i c i p a l l y t h e !'ambansang .. . ~ l u s a n ng mga Saaahang Magsasaka ( P A K I b A " A ) . t h e n a t i o n a l a l l i a n c e of =imer£ c r g a n i z a t ~ o n s v i t t i wh ich i t was a f f i l i a t e d . With FAXISwA's he:?, Kaar.ib i n i t i a t e d a s e r i e s of moves t u c o u n t e r Le1 Monte , and a movement was o r g a n i z e d s o l e l y f o r t h i s p u r p o s e : SEED ( S t o p t h e Expans ion and E x p l o i t a t i o n by De l Mon te ) .

? l ed i a f r i e n d s , government p e o p l e , s o c i a l w o r k e r s , s t u d e n t s , and s c h o o l p r o f e s s o r s g o t i n v o l v e d i n t h e e f f o r t t o e x p o s e t h e i r r e g u l a r i t i e s of D e l M o n t e ' s l a n d e x p a n s i o n . A - d e l l - a t t e n d e d p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e , which i n - c l u d e d some members of C o n g r e s s and o f t h e S e n a t e , was h e l d a t t h e Na- t i o n a l P r e s s Club t o v e n t i l a t e t h e f a r m e r s ' demands . A b a r r a g e of let- t e r s and t e l e g r a m s wcis s e n t t o Del Monte , t h e L 'epar tment of A g r a r i a n R e - f o rm, a n d P r e s i d e n t Corazon Aqu ino . A r e s o l u t i o n a s k i n g f o r a n i n v e s - t i g a t i o n of t h e f a r m e r s ' c h a r g e s was i n t r o d u c e d i n C o n g r e s s , and s e v e r a l ^embers of t h e S e n a t e e x p r e s s e d t h e i r d e s i r e t c a s s i s t t h e f a r m e r s . Even t h e C a t h o l i c Church i n M a l a v b a l a y , Buk idnon , c a n e o u t w i t h a p r e s s s t a t e m e n t g i v i n g i t s s u p p o r t t o t h e f a r m e r s . F i n a l l y , t h e c l i m a x came when P r e s i d e n t Aquino s t e p p e d i n t o d i r e c t t h e Depa r tmen t of A g r a r i a n R e f o m t o c o n d u c t ar. i n q u i r y on t h e m a t t e r , and a t o p l e v e l team from t h e DAP. was s e n t t o Impasug-on&, Bukidnon. D i a l o g u e s were h e i d u n d e r t he a u s p i c e s o f t h e DAR, and D e l Monte a t l a s t r e l e n t e d t o h a l t t h e i r l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n s a t l e a s t u n t i l t h e i m p l e m e n t i n g g u i d e l i n e s of t h e A g r a r i a n Reform Law f o r t r a n s n a t i o n a l c o r p o r a t i o n s were f i n a l i z e d .

Kaan ib s u c c e e d e d i n h a l t i n g De l Monte t e m p o r a r i l y . B r e a t h i n g s p a c e was g i v e n t o t h e f a r m e r s . I t w a s n ' t t o t a l v i c t o r y f o r them, b u t a t l e a s t i t was a f i r s t s t e p i n t h e r i g h t d i r e c t i o n . The main i s s u e o f who h a s t h e p r i o r i t y o v e r t h e l a n d s , t h e F i l i p i n o s o r t h e f o r e i g n e r s , and t h e o t h e r i s s u e s r a i s e a by Kaan ib , s u c h a s t h e damaging f a r m i n g me thods of D e l Mon te , s t i l l r e m a i n t o b e r e s o l v e d . But Kaan ib h a s s u c c e e d e d i n d e s t r o y - i n g t h e t r a n s n a t i o n a l f i r m ' s f u c a d e of i n v i n c i b i l i f y , and t h i s was dune t h r o u g h p e a c e f u l b u t e f f e c t i v e means .

K a a n i b ' s message i s l o u d and c l e a r : P e o p l e Empowerment i s a l i v e and wut-Ling w e l l i c r t h e f a r m e r s i n Bukidnon.

PRIMER ENCUENTRO LATINOAMERICANO ANTI NUCLEAR (ELAN)

h c b e r t Jur.gL

C r g a n i z a c i o n e s e c o l o g i s t a s de America L a t i n a han d e c i d i d o c o n c r e t a r un d e b a t e l a r g a m e n t c r e q u e r i d o p e r c nunca c o n c r e t a d o s o b r e e l l l amacc L-so C i v i l d e l a e n e r g i a a t o m i c a en n u e s t r o c o n t i n e n c e e n e l mundo.

D u r a n t e 10s i i l t i m o s 5 a h o s , e n n u e s t r o s p a r s e s , d i v e r s o s g r u p o s d e c i u - dadanos y c i u a a d a n a s comenzaron a t cmar p o s i c i 6 n c r i t i c s a e n t r o d e 10s campos d e f i n i d o s como e c o l o g i s m o , ambient-a l ismo y c o n s e r v a c i o n i s m o . En v a r i a s d e e s a r e p u b l i c a s ( A r g e n t i n a , B r a s i l , Mexico y C h i l e ; s e ha11 fun- dado r e d e s p r o v i n c i a l e s y n a c i o n a l e s a f i n d e l l e v a r a l a o p i n i o n p u b l i - c a p r e o c u p a c i o n e s que s e r e f i e r e n a l a c a l i d a d d e v i d a de t o d o s .

En o p o r t u n i d a d d e l a h a . Asamnlea d e l a Red S a c i o n a l de Acc i6n E c o l o g i s - t a d e l a A r g e n t i n a ( con a s i s t e n c i a d c e c o ~ o g i s t a s d e Uruguay, C h i l e y B r a s i l j en o c t u b r e d e 1987 ( E z e i z a , 5 s . A i r e s ) s e d e c i d i 6 convoca r a 1 l e r . ELAN, no con un e s p T r i t u a e r a m e n t e c o n t e s t a t a r i o s i n o con l a c l a r a v o l u n t a d d e c o n t r i b u i r a une d i s c u s i 6 n g e n e r a l d e l a s u n t c , dado que l a i n i c i a t i v a no ha s u r g i d o en a b s o l u t e h a s t a hoy d e 10s c i r c u l o s c i e n t l f i - c o s , p c l l t i c o s o e d u c a c i o n a l e s .

Es p o r e l l o que d u r a n t e t i e s d i a s d e l n e s d e o c t u b r e de 1988 en l a c i u - dad a r g e n t i n a d e Mar d e l P l a t o , y s imu l t i i neamen te con FLEA 88 ( F e r i a L a t i n o a m e r i c a n a d e E n e r g i a s A l t e r n a t i v a s ) , f u e a n a l i z a d a y pros ramada una dinarnica d e l a b o r e s c l a r e c e d o r a d e c i e r t a s c u e s t i o n e s g r a v e s r e f e r i - d a s a l a s e g u r i d a d d e n u e s t r o s p u e b l o s y a 1 mode10 d e d e s a r r o l l o que e s p r e c i s e c r e a r a f i n d e s u p e r a r l a t r i i g i c a c o y u n t u r a economics a c t u a l .

Considerame's quo 10s d o s p a i s e s 1 ; d e r e s en e l campo i n d u s t r i a l a tomic0 ( A r g e n t i n a ;, Bras i -1 ) deben e x p l i c i t a r a n t e t o d c s u r e c h a z o d e c u a l q u i e r u s 0 b e l i c o d c .La t e c n o l o g i a n u c l e a r . A1 mismo t i e m p o , l a a c t u a l p o l l t i c a e x p a n s i v e de ambas n a c i o n e s e n t a l campo amenaza con i n c e n t i v a r l a pro- l i f e r a c ~ o n n u c l e a r en e l T e r c e r Mundo, e s p e c i a l m e n t e a h o r a q u e s e h a b l a d e e x p o r t a r u r a n i o e n r i q u e c i d o y dominar e l c i c l o d e l p l u t o n i c . H a s t a hoy e s t o s temas han e s t a d o a u s e n t e s d e l d e b a t e p o l i t i c o p u b l i c o .

I g u a l m e n t e a a e n a z a n t e s r e s u l t a n l a s p e r s p e c t i v a s emanadas d¡ a c c i o n a r d e l a s Crandes P u c e n c i a s er, c1 ziismc t e r t - e n n . De all:!' cue e l l e r . ELM s e a un s e n c l j i o p r imer pcisu "par2 p r c g z n z a r a n t e c q'ie rlgda: L'DL t i p o d e s o c i e d a d vamos a c o n s t r u i r ? Cuan ta e l e c t r i c i d a a nace i a i ~ a p a r d o l l b ? C u a l e s s o n l o s v e r d a d e r o s r i e s g o s d e l nuc lea r i s rno? CuSl p o d r r a s e r l a r e s u l t a n t e d e u n a p o t e n t e d i n a m i z a c i o n d e 10s p o t e n c i a L e s a l t c r n & t i v o s de e n e r g T a ? H a s t a cuando s e g u i r e m o s f u e r a d e l a s d e c i s i o n e s quo n o s

a f e c t a n como ciudadanos y u s u a r i o s ? - No nos g u i a o t r o p r o p 6 s i t o que e l b i e n e s t a r g e n e r a l y l a segur idad p l a n e t a r i a . De a111 e s t a i n i c i a t i v a . Completamente a u t 6 n o m y p l e t o r i c a de s o l i d a r i d a d humana s i n concesio- nes .

Durante 1 0 s Glt imos aces, en v a r i a d o s campos de l a i n i c i a t i v a p r o f e s i o - n a l en America L a t i n a , l a s l l amadas Energ las A l t e r n a t i v a s han merecido i a a t e n c i 6 n y e l compromiso de personas p a r a q u i e n e s e l s o l , e l v i e n t o , l a geo te rmia c 1 0 s pequefios c u r s o s de agua r e p r e s e n t a n l a p o s i b i l i d a d de r e s o l v e r e l problems de l a p roducc i6n de e l e c t r i c i d a d independientemer. te de 1 0 s p o r t e n t o s o s emprenaimientos cefiidos a i a m z t e r i a l i z a c i 6 n de g i - g a n t e s c a s r e p r e s a s h i d r o e l e c t r i c a s , 1 0 s menguantes combus t ib les f o s i l e s que mueven i a s c e n t r a l e s t e rmoel fcc t r i cas o l o s r i e s g o s emanados de l a s t e c n o l o g i a s d e l u r a n i o y d e l p l u t o n i c .

A v e c e s en e l t e r r e n o p r i v a d o , o t r a s veces en e l h b i t o o f i c i a l , t a l e s p i o n e r o s han logrodo c o r p o r i z a r S U S iaejores suefios, que a menudo s e han t r a b a d o deb ido a l a t r i g i c a c r i s i s economics que ahoga a 1 c o n t i n e n t e l a t i n o a n e r i c a n o . El10 va d e l a man0 de l a a u s e n c i a de un d e b a t e profundo a c e r c a de 10s modelos d e d e s a r r o l l o a p r o p i a d o s p a r a l a r e g i o n , dada l a i n s e n s a t e 2 de i m p o r t e r din5micas que han i n c r u s t a d o a l a Civilization I n d u s t r i a l en 1 0 s dramas de l a l l u v i a Z c i d a , e l e f e c t o i n v e r n a d e r o y e l d e t e r i o r o de l a capa d e ozono, que comprometen a 1 g lobo e n t e r o , s i n d i s - t i n c i 6 n de i d e o l o g i a s o de g e o g r a f i a s .

Durante l a 4 a . Asamblea de l a Red Nac iona l d e Acci6n E c o l o g i s t a de Ar- g e n t i n a ( E z e i z a , BA, o c t u b r e 1987) y e l l e r . Seminar io d e D e s a r r o l l o a E s c a l a Humans o rgan izado por e l Cen t ro de E s t u d i o s s o b r e Tfccnologlas Apropiadas de l a A r g e n t i n a , Comunidad-Nordan, Anigos d e l a T i e r r a y e l Cen t ro de E s t u d i a n t e s d e C i e n c i a s Economicas (Buenos A i r e s , j u n i o 1988) , cued6 c l a r a l a neces idad u r e e n t e de i n v e n t a r i a r d e una vez todo l o que s e ha l o g r a d c en n u e s t r o c o n t i n e n t e a p r o p 6 s i t o de l a s Energ ias A l t e r n a - t i v a s .

Es por e l l o que hemos convocado p a r a FLEA 88 , no s o l o con e l apoyo de l a s 63 e n t i d a d e s no gubernamenta les que conforman l a Red Nacional de Accion E c o l o g i s t a a r g e n t i n a , s i n e ccn l a s o l i d a r i d a d de 10s C e n t r e s de Tecnoiog ias a p r o p i a d a s d e A r g e n t i n a , C h i l e Uruguay (CETAAR, CETAL y CEUTA). Durante 3 d i a s en Mar d e l P l a t a ( o c t u b r e 1988) t r a t a m o s de ex- poner p r o y e c t o s , in fo rmes , a u d i o v i s u a l e s documenta les , p r o p u e s t a s , d i a g - n 6 s t i c o s , d e s a f i o s y v i s i o n e s c o n c r e t a d a s por q u i e n e s ven en l a s ener - g i a s e o l i c a , s o l a r , geo te rmica o mic roh idr i iu l i ca un rumbo v i a b l e p a r a l a s n e c e s i d a d e s l o c a l e s de muchas de n u e s t r a s comunidades a t r a s a d a s o sumidas en l a impotenc ia s o c i a l . S i n t i e n d o l a u r g e n c i a de c r e a r r e s - p u e s t a s r a z o n a b l e s hemos dad0 e s t e p r imer pas0 p a r a i n c e n t i v a r en Ame- r i c a L a t i n a una d in i in ica d e s r i n a d a a p r o g r a m s de autonomla, de s u f i - c i e n c i a y de genu ine participation popula r en l a s d e c i s i u n e s que cornpro- meten e l f u t u r e .

A M E R I C A L A T I N A : P O R U N A A C C I O N C O N J U N T A

E N D E F E N S A D E L O S R I O S

Desde America C e n t r a l h a s t a e l s u r de C h i l e y A r g e n t i n a , pasando por l a Amazonia b r a s i l e s a , l a s g r a n d e s r e p r e s a s h i d r o e l 6 c t r i c a s son hoy uno de 1 0 s p r i n c i p a l e s problemas e c o l 6 g i c o s de Latinoamferica.

Cen tenares de r i o s de n u e s t r o c o n t i n e n t e t e n d r a n s u s c u r s o s in te r rumpi - dos h a s t a corsienzos d e l proximo s i g l o si 1 0 s p l a n e s " d e s a r r o l l i s t a s " a c t u a l e s nc t u e r e n parados . Grandes e x t e n s i o n e s de bosques y t i e r r a s f e r t i l e s de p e q u e h s campesinos e i n d i o s ya e s t a n s i e n a o p u e s t o s b a j o e l agua en nombre d e l p r o g r e s o . Los peces toda l a fauna de agua c o r r i e n t e mueren. P r o l i f e r a n enfermedades endemicas como e n t o r n o de 1 0 s l a g o s de l a s r e p r e s a s b ras i l eF ias de Ba lb ina e I t a p a r i c a . E l c l ima d e cada r e g i 6 n a lcanzada p o r 10s g r a n d e s p l a n e s h i d r o e l 6 c t r i c o s s e v e a l t e r a d o . Campe- s i n o s e i n d l g e n a s , d e s a l o j a d o s de s u s t i e r r a s , no t i e n e n adonde i r .

Todo e s t e s a c r i f i c i o e s e s e n c i a l m e n t e d e s n e c e s a r i o . Necesi tamos buscar en La t inoauGr ica un modelo de d e s a x r o l l o s o s t e n i b l e , que pueda d u r a r por c e n t e n a r e s y m i l e s d e a608 y que no venga de l a mano con un s u i c i d i o e c o l o g i c o . Las p royecc iones exageradas de expans ion d e l consumo e l e c - t r i c o no cor responden a l a r e a l i d a d . Las nuevas t e c n o l o g f a s y e l s u r g i - miento d e energXas a l t e r n a t i v a s , a s f como La neces idad de un cambio ha- c i a a f u e r a d e l e s t i l o de v i d a consumis ta y en direction a l a s i m p l i c i d a d v o l u n t a r i a , hacen d e s n e c e s a r i o s t a l e s p l a n e s t e c n o c r 5 t i c o s y i o s l a n z a u , t o t a l m e n t e , en un y a c i o h i s t o r i c o . F a l t a n ya i n c l u s o r e c u r s o s p a r a t a l e s g randes o b r a s - f e l i z c i e n t e .

E l I n s t i t u t e de Recursos Mundfales (World Resources I n s t i t u t e , WRI, 1735 New York Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20006, U . S . A . ) p u b l i c 6 en 1987 un t r a b a j o coord inado p o r J o s e Goldemberg ( B r a s i l ) , Thomas B . Johansson (Suec ia ) , Amulya Reddy ( I n d i a ) , y Robert K i l l i a m s (U.S.A.) , s o b r e l a s r e a l e s n e c e s i d a d e s e n e r g e t i c a s e n e l mundo de ma6ana. E i e s t u d i o (Energy f o r a S u s t a i n a b l e World) r e v e l a que ya comenzamos a v i v i r una a u t e n t i c a r e v o l u c i 6 n e n e r g e t i c a , no deb ido a a l g u n a nueva torma de e n e r g i a , s i n e por l a g e n e r a l i z a c i 6 n g r a d u a l d e e n e r g f a s a l t e r n a t i v a s , d e s c e n t r a l i z a - d a s , v e s p e c i a l m e n t e p o r una r e d u c c i 6 n r e v o l u c i o n a r i a en e l consumo.

Una p r o p u e s t a de a c c i o n

En e s t e c o n t e x t o , l a d e f e n s a a c t i v a d e 1 0 s r i o s y de l a s a r e a s v e r d e s que s e r i a r . inundadas e s , a 1 mismo t iempo, l a lucha p o r un d e s a r r o l l o s o s t e n i b l e , basado en un uso r a c i o n a l de 1 0 s r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s . La 11- n i b Protectors d e l Ambience N a t u r a l p a r t i c i p a d e l a Red d e Accion I n - t e r n a c i o n a l por 10s Rios ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l R i v e r s Network, IKN), una coa- l i c i t i n g l o b a l de e n t i d a d e s e c o l o g i c a s que d e f i e n d e n r i o s y s e oponen a l a s g r a n a e s r e p r e s a s . En j u n i o de 1 9 8 8 , l a Red r e u n i 6 por p r imera vez e n a n F r a n c i s c c , C a l i f o r n i a , c e r c a de 50 e c o l o g i s t a s d e todo e i mundc. j s e form6 un Comic6 D i r e c t o r P r o v i s i o n a l d e 13 p e r s o n a s , e n t r e 1 0 s c u a l a s 4 l a t i n o - a m e r i c a n o s . Los c u a t r o l a t i n c - a m e r i c a n o s son: C a r l o s Ave l ine ( p r e s i d e n t e de UPAK), J o s e M . Borrero-Navia, (FIPMA, Apar tado Acre0 2 7 4 1 , C a l i , Colombia) , J o r g e Trucco ( F u n d a c i h Salm6nidos, Perez 6 6 2 ,

8370 San K a r t i n de 1 0 s Andes, A r g e n t i n a ) , y Michel S t . L6t (P .O. Box :3171 Delu.as, P o r t au P r l n c e , U). E l p l a n de t r a b a j o de l a Red de Acci6n International por 1 0 s Rios (RAIR) a e f i n i d o en l a c o n f e r e n c i a de j u a i o , e s t a b l e c e como p r i o r i t a r i o s v a r i e s o b j e t i v o s a c c r t o y m e d i a x p l a z o , as: como f o r t a l e c e r l c r e a r r e d e s re- g i o n a l e s , por c o n t i n e n t e , y e s t i m u l a r i a y u d a r l a acc i6n c o n j u n t a . Son l i n e a s de a c c i 6 n ce r . t r a les l a p r e s i o n por e l cambio d e p o l i t i c a s en 1 0 s bancos m u l t i l a t e r a l e s (Eanco Mundiai , e t c ) y tambien una canspana i n t e r - national en c o n t r a de l o s " 2 0 mZs t e r r i b l t s " , c e r c a de 26 p r o y e c t o s de g randes r e p r e s a s s e l e c c i o n a d o s e n t r e 10s p e o r e s d e l mundo.

C6mo a c c i o n a r en Lat inoamCrica

Los c o o r d i n a d o r e s p r o v i s i o n a i e s de cada c o n t i n e n t e e s t i n ahora e n t r a n d o en c o n t a c t 0 con o t r a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p a r a p e d i r l e s o p i n i o n , d a r o s , ayuda e in formac ion .

En e l c a s e l a t i n o a m e r i c a n o , once r e p r e s e n t a n t e s de .La r e g i o n t u v i e r o n v a r i a s reun iones s e p a r a d a s en San F r a n c i s c o , y d e c i d i e r o n , e r p r i n c l p i o , l a formaci6n de una Red que t e n d r f a su nombre p r o p i o , aunque a c t u a r f a como l a i n s t a n c i a l a t i n o a m e r i c a n a de l a RAIR. E l nombre de n u e s t r a Red s e r a Rios Vivos , p a r a e x p r e s a r de mod0 p o s i t i v e l a meta c e n t r a l dc nues- t r o a c c i o n a r : g a r a n t i r l a s o h r e v i v e n c i a de 1 0 s r i o s , en s u s cuencas . En ^ a o p i n i o n de UPAN, que s e propone a ayudar en l a articulation, l a f o r - macion de una red Rios Vivos s o l o s e r a p o s i b l e si un numero r e l a t i v a - c e n t e i m p o r t a x t e de e n t i d a a e s q u i e r e , desde y a , p a r t i c i p a r d e l p roceso . Caso c o n t r a r i o , a c t u a r e n o s m.5~ modestamente como Red de Acci6n por 1 0 s Rios ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l R i v e r s Network, IRK).

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E C U A D O R : E D U C A C I O N B I L I N G U E Q U I C H U A - C A S T E L L A N O

E l P r o y e c t o Educac i6n B i l i n g G e I n t e r c u l t u r a l (FBI ) implement2 una e n s e - fianza b i l i n g u e i n t e r c u l t u r a i q u i c h u a - c a s t e l l a n o e n l a e s c u e l a r u r a l con p o b l a c i 6 n i n d l g e n a .

A n i v e l e x p e r i m e n t a l e l P r o y e c t o e s t z t r a b a j a n d o en 8 p r o v i n c i a s a n a i n a s con 75 e s c u e l a s f i s c a l e s d e s t i n a d a s o n i i i o s i n d l g e n a s q u i c h u a h a b l a n t e s . En t o d a s l a s p r o v i n c i a s y a n i v e l n a c i o n a l e l P r o y e c t o t i e n e r e l a c i o n e s con l a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s i n d 5 g e n a s campes i r i a s . Es po1:tica d e l P r o y e c t o e l b u s c a r a t o d o s 10s n i v e l e s e l apoyo , l a p a r t i c i p a c i c ' n l a c o g e s t i o n d e l p u e b l o q u i c h u a .

E l P r o y e c t o EBI e s una p o s i b l e r e s p u e s t a a 1 p rob l ems e d u c a t i v e que s e p r e s e n t a e n un p a l s m u l t i l i n g i i e y m u l t i c u l t u r a l . En e l Ecuador e x i s t e un a l t o p o r c e n t a j e de p o b l a c i 6 n q u i c h u a h a b l a n t e , que r e q u i e r e d e un pro- grams e d u c a t i v o adecuado a l a s c a r a c t e r z s t i c a s s o c i o - l i n g i i i s t i c a s y c u l - t u r a l e s d e s u t r a d i c i 6 n .

E l P r o y e c t o EBI s e p r e s e n t a como una a l t e r n a t i v a a l a e d u c a t i o n t r a d i - c i o n a l , que t r a t a de c a m b i a r e l modelo d e l a e s c u e l a r u r a l c a s t e l l a n a v i g e n t e , p o r una education b i l i n g u e r e s p e t u o s a d e i a s t r a d i c i o n e s c u i t u - r a l e s d e l p u e b l o q u i c h u a .

E l Programa e d u c a t i v o d i s e i i ado p o r e l P r o y e c t o s e p ropone i m p a r t i r edu- c a c i 6 n b i l i n g u e y e d u c a c i 6 n i n t e r c u l t u r a i : E l n i i i o a d q u i e r e e l u s o i n - s t r u m e n t a l d e l q u i c h u a y d e l c a s t e l l a n o e n e l d e s a r r o l l o d e l p r o c e s o de e n s e i i a n z a - a p r e n d i z a j e , p r e p a r i n d o l e a d e s e n v o i v c ~ s e con s e g u r i d a d tam- b i g n en e l med io m e s t i z o s i n d e s v a l o r i z a r s u p r o p i o i d ioma y c u l t u r a , Los c o n t e n i d o s c u r r i c u l a r e s p r o v i e n e n t a n t o d e l a c u l t u r a q u i c h u a como d e l a c a s t e l l a n o - m e s t i z a .

Los p r o g r a m a s r e s p e t a n l a s e s t r u c t u r a s o p e r a t i v a s m e n t a l e s q u i c h u a s , l a s t r a d i c i o n e s d e una p e d a g o g i a f a m i l i a r que i m p l i c a l a p a r t i c i p a c i 6 n d e 10s n i i i o s e n l a economla d e l h o g a r . E l Programa v a l o r i z a l a h i s t o r i a d e l p u e b l o q u i c h u a , s u m e d i c i n a , su l i t e r a t u r a , s u a r t e s a n i a . Se b u s c a a - t i a n z a r a 1 maxim0 l a i d e n t l d a d c u l t u r a l q u i c h u a y a 1 mismo t i e m p c i n t r o - d u c i r u n a s egunda c u l t u r a e n un p r o c e s o d i a l e c t i c 0 de c o n s e r v a c i 6 n - i n n o v a c i o n .

Los o b j e t i v o s d e l p r o y e c t o s o n : d e s a r r o l l a r y v a i l d a r un modelo d e edu- cation b i l i n g u e i n t e r c u l t u r a l a n i v e l p r i m a r i o p a r a t o d a l a p o b l a c i 6 n i n d z g e n a q u i c h u a ha fc l an t e . S u s campos de a c c i 6 n i n c l u y e n : I a v e s t i g a c i 6 n d e l a r e a l i d a d soc io -econ6mica v i i n g u l s t i c a dc l a p o b l a c i 6 n i n d i g e n a q u i c h u a . Capacitation a t o d o s 10s m a e s t r o s que t r a b a j a n e n l a s d i f e r e n - t e s e s c u e l a s d e l P r o y e c c o , a s ? como a d o c e n t e s y f u n c i o n a r i o s i n v o l u c r a - d o s e n e l P rug rama . P r o d u c c i 6 n d e m a t e r i a l d i d s c t i c o ; 10s t e x t o s , c a r t i - l l a s y g u l a s d i d a c t i c a s e n q u i c h u a y c a s t e l l a n o s o n e l a b o r a r i o s p o r e l e q u i p o d e l p r o y e c t o . P romoc i6n d e l q u i c h u a , a c r a v e s d e l apcyo a o r g a n i - z a c i o n e s c a m p e s i n a s i n d i g e n a s , p a r a l a r e a l i z a c i 6 n d e s e m i n a r i e s que promuevan e l q u i c h u a y p u b l i c a c i o n e s e n q u i c h u a .

I g u a l a e n t e i m p u l ~ a e l e s t a t . l e c i n i e n t o de u r q u i c h u a u r . i f i c a d u que p e r - mica una comun icac i6n m5s a m p l i a en t - r e l o b (julcin..; h a b l a z t e : d t 13s d i - f e r e n c e s z o n a s d e l p a l s .

CARIBBEAN: GRADUATE THEATRE COMPANY

S i n c e 1981 , t h e G r a d u a t e T h e a t r e Company h a s b e e n v e v a c t i v e i n t h e P o p u l a r T h e a t r e Movement i n t h e E n g l i s h s p e a k i n g C a r i b b e a n . The Com- p a n y ' s a im i s deve lopmen t , t h e t o o l f o r i t s ach ievemen t - t h e a t r e .

W i t h i n t h i s o v e r a l l a im t h e GTC's p r imary f o c u s i s t h e empowerment of y o u t h . To t h i s end t h e Company c o n d u c t s T h e a t r e i n E d u c a t i o n and commu- n i t y a n i m a t i o n workshops t h r o u g h o u t J ama ica a s w e l l a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y .

The Company was o r i g i n a l l y c o n c e i v e d a s t h e o u t r e a c h arm of t h e Jama ica S c h o o l o f Drama and was t h e b r a i n c h i l d of t h e n D i r e c t o r , D e n n i s S c o t t . I n March 1 9 8 7 , t h e GTC became a l e g a l e n t i t y s e p a r a t e f rom t h e J S D and now a d m i n i s t e r s i t s e l f c o m p l e t e l y . I t c o n t i n u e s , however , t o p romote t h e S c h o o l ' s work and t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e deve lopmen t o f a P o p u l a r T h e a t r e methodology r e l e v a n t t o t h e r e g i o n .

The Community T h e a t r e Programme p r o v i d e s s u p p o r t t o community d e v e l o p - ment g r o u p s i n t e r e s t e d i n u s i n g drama a s a means o f e d u c a t i n g t h e i r mem- b e r s a b o u t common p rob lems and p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s . To d a t e , t h e Company h a s done e x t e n s i v e work i n more t h a n 20 communi t i e s w i t h o v e r 300 drama e n t h u s i a s t s . Communities a r e d e f i n e d n o t o n l y g e o g r a p h i c a l l y , b u t ac - c o r d i n g t o i n t e r e s t s e . g . y o u t h g r o u p s , women's g r o u p s , and o t h e r s .

S c h o o l s ' t h e a t r e

S i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n , t h e GTC h a s pe r fo rmed i n 70 s c h o o l s i s l a n d - w i d e w i t h a u d i e n c e s t o t a l l i n g o v e r 30,000 h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s . I t was d e v e l - oped w i t h t h e a im of e n l i v e n i n g s c h o o l s ' c u r r i c u l a and t a k e s t h e form of two hour workshops a round p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t a r e a s . Workshops t r y t o b r i n g t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r of t h e t e x t c l o s e r t o t h e e x p e r i e n c e and en- v i ronmen t of 4 t h and 5 t h fo rm s t u d e n t s and t h e i r t e a c h e r s .

The r e s p o n s e t o t h e S c h o o l s 7 T h e a t r e Programme h a s been ove rwhe lming , w i t h t e a c h e r s r e q u e s t i n g r e p e a t p e r f o r m a n c e s on a n ongo ing b a s i s . To d a t e t h e Company h a s c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e H i s t o r y , E n g l i s h L i t e r a t u r e and Language c u r r i c u l a .

R e p e r t o r y

A s e a s o n i s p r e s e n t e d a n n u a l l y and works a r e s e l e c t e d i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e GTC's commitment t o T h i r d World P l a y w r i g h t - p a r t i c u l a r l y C a r i b b e a n w r i t e r s and t o C a r i b b e a n fo rms .

The R e p e r t o r y Programme h a s a c h i e v e d n o t a b l e s u c c e s s i n b r i n g i n g good t h e a t r e t o T h e a t r e g o e r s w i t h s u c h p l a y s a s " A c c i d e n t a l Dea th of an A n a r c h i s t " , "The B lack J a c o b i n s " , " S u f f e r e r ' s Song" and "DoR" . " B a p s i K? h i c o " and " D i F a l l e n Angel and D i D e v i l Concubine" were b o t h c r e a t e d b y t h e Company a s p a r t c f i t s c o n t r i b u t i o r i to t h e evu lu t - io i t of Cdr ibbean T h e a t r e .

SEAFDA: SOUTH-EAST ASIAN FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVE

A REGIONAL NETWORK CONCERNED WITH

PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT A C T I V I T I E S

SEAFDA was established in 1985 at Pondok Evergreen, West Java, Indonesia during a workshop which brought together members of various organiza- tions engaged in grassroots development programmes as well as scholars close to the works and problems of these organizations.

SEAFDA conducts a package of activities, including research, docunenta- tion, publication and training, with the aim of increasing consciousness towards the structural causes of underdevelopment and the possibility for development alternative strategies. Research is important to uncover the issues and alternatives; publications are intended to disseminate the results of research; and training is to develop a new generation of scholar-activists and field workers to the need and methodology of par- ticipatory action research.

The major activity of SEAFDA would be the conduct of development re- search using the participatory action research (PAP.) method. It is this methodology that makes SEATOA distinct.

Publications under way include: Decline of Malaysian Economy by Martin P

Khor, People's Economy by Adi Sasono and Ahmad Rofi'ie, Labour Movement by Ahmad Rofi'ie, V G 0 Perspective: People Movement: by Heri Akhmadi.

Training: Training is a vital component of SEAFDA's works because of our realization of the need to develop young scholar-activists both in the understanding of development problems and alternatives, as well as in the methodology of participatory action research.

Information exchange: SEAFDA had launched a program in order to develop a computerized information system which is able to facilitate data col- lection, data documentation, data communication and information exchange anong alternative groups in ASEAK countries, especially among SEAFDA members and its related organizations.

Documentation: The Secretariat of SEAFDA, which will be rotated "among members, will serve as the documentation centre. Members could send ar- ticles and documents which they or their organizations publish to the centre and these would be copied and circulated to all other members.

Members: The members of SEAFDA are: Martin Khor Kok Peng, Evelyn Hong, Chee Yoke Ling (Malaysia); Surichai Wun Gaco, Suthy Prasartsct, Phumtham Wechayachai (Thailand) ; Edel C. Guiza, Randolph S. David, Roberto Verzola (Philippines); M. Dawan Kahardjo, Adi Sasono, Achmad Rofi'ie, H e n Akhmadi, Kdrtjono (Indonesia).

W, Set.ia.b'ud': 1, F I S , E 3-4, .?.h. Masuw Sai-d X * ( ? Â £ Kumngar., Jakarta :ii'Si., Indonesia).

MALTA: FOUNDATION FOR INTERNATIONAL STL;:..?

The Founda t ion f o r l n t e r n a t ; ^ . , , l S t u d i e s a t t h e L 'ni .?ers i ty of ? ' ; l ta, V a l l e t t a , was s e t up bv P u b l i c Deed i n May 1986 a s a n autonomoi: s e i i - r e g u l a t i n g body w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g main o b j e c t i v e s :

(a; t h e p romot ion of r e s e a r c h and i r a i r . i n g i n i n t e r n a t i o n a : s t u d i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e r e l e v a n t t o t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a r e a , t c t h e e n v i r o n - ment and t o ocean a f f a i r s ; ( D ) t h e u n d e r t a k i n g of p r o j e c t s connec ted w i t h t h e above f i e l d s ; ( c ) t h e c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h r . a t i ona1 and i n t e r n a - t ~ o n a l b o d i e s , o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s conce rned w i t h o r engaged i n any of t h e a f o r e s a i d a c t i v i t i e s and o b j e c t s ; and t h e p r o v i s i o n of a >ermanent s e c r e t a r i a t , where a p p r o p r i a t e , f o r s u c h b o d i e s o r o r g a n i z a - t i o n s ; ( d ) t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of s e m i n a r s , c o n f e r e n c e s and summer s c h o o l programmes.

The F o u n d a t i o n i s gove rned by a Board of T r u s t e e s , and a d v i s e d i n aca - demic m a t t e r s by a P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l , b o t h o r g a n s b e i n g composed of emi- n e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l and M a l t e s e p e r s o n a l i t i e s . The Founda t ion h a s f o u r a s s o c i a t e d i r i ~ : l t u t i o n s , n a m e l v h e Me4lterranea: ' . I n s t i t u t e , t h e I n t e r - na t io r7a i Environment i n s t i t u t e , t h e J n t e r n a t i o n c l Ocean i n s t i t u t e and t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e on Aging.

The M e d i t e r r a n e a n I n s t i t u t e

The o r i g i n and deve lopmen t of t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n I n s t i t u t e a t t h e Founda- t i o n f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d i e s i s c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h M a l t a ' s s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e on t h e one hand and s t r o n g r r n s s - c u l t u r a l c r o s s - winds c f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c i v i i i z a t i o n on t h e o t h e r . The i n s t i t u t e a ims a t b e i n g a f o c a l p c i n t o f a l l t h e d i s c i p l i n e s t h a t s t u d y p rob lems r e - i a t e c t o t h e p a s t , p r e , s en t and f u t u r e o f human a c t i v i t y i n t h i s r e g i o n of c o n v e r g e n c e s and n x i q u e example o f c u l t u r a l d i v e r g e n c e s , wh ich i s t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n .

I n i t s f i r s t y e a r o f e x i s t e n c e t h e I n s t i t u t e h a s been t h e venue f o r con- f e r e n c e s s u c h a s t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on t h e " M e d i t e r r a n e a n i n t h e New Law o f t h e Sea" h e l d i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ocean I n s t i t u t e and t h e M a l t a Oceanograph ic Conmiss ion , t h e second s e s s i o n o f t h e Euro-Arab U n i v e r s i t y and t h e Pacer . i n Mar ibus XV C o n g r e s s . O t h e r s n a H e r sympos ia , s e m i n a r s and r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s were h e l d d u r i n g 1 9 8 7 .

The M e d i t e r r a n e a n I n s t i t u t e s t i m u l a t e s r e g u l a r c u l t u r a l and s c i e n t i f i c exchange6 be tween a c a d e m i c s o f M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s . The M e d i t e r r a - neai! I n s t i t u t e ' s main f u n c t i o n s a r e t o : < a ) h o l d i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y cour - s e s on t h e M f a i t e r r a n e a r i , airbed a t ar- i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u d i e n c e , o f v a r i o u s k i n d s ; ( b ) t c a c t a s a f o c a l p o i n t t o r xesearc'i t-:-S i n t h e a r e a ; t o p ro - z c t e and conduc t r e s e a r c h on p a r t i c u l a r t o p i c s and p u b l i s h i t ; ( d ) t o p r o v i d e f a c i l i t i e s f o r s p e c i a l i z e d c e n t r e s workirig Â¥i d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s . à ˆ , e i c h e ~ ' i o g j , a r c l i i t e c t u r e , e d u c a t i o n , l i n g u j s c i c , i ius- ic , r t f l i g i o r . . s o c i a l an i . n ropoJo&y; .-. 5 !.c ' 6 ir,t:cr^.3ri-,n,'i: ; . ~ r , : \ ~ r e . - . ~ e ~ , srii,..i~.ois and o t h e r m e e t i n g s , c o l l e d 17,; 1 tse.1f o r i r z s s o c i a t i o r i k i t11 a t h e r ins1 i fu -

tli- ,ns i n h e r e s t - e J ir . t h e same t o p i e s .

GLOBAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATES G l o b a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i c . t t ~ > is AT. in:fcrr.ationaJ. r . e t v o r ~ of m e r and women i n o v e r 70 c c u n t r i e s who cunducc r e s e a r c h and e d u c a t i c n a : p r d g r a x s a imed a t a d v a n c i n g v o r l d p e a c e and s e c u r i t y , c o o p e r a t i v e econciz ic d e v e l o p m e n t , human r i g h t s , and e c o l o g i c a l s u s t a i n a b i i i t y .

The A s s o c i a t e s work t o g e t h e r t o f o s t e r a d e e p e r a d a r e n e s ? of hunc ink ind ' s m u t u a l i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e ; :c e n v i s i o n and b r i n g f o r t h c r e i i t i v ~ r - spons fc s t o t o d a y ' s g l o b a l c r i s e s an2 o p p o r t u n i t i e s ; and t o e d u c a t e :-:.c: en70wer o t h e r s t o become a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n 5 h c : r l ; ; g 3 &son. "us : , pecicefi-.-L and s u s t a i n a b l e f u t u r e .

G l o b a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t e s r e c o g n i z e s t h a t we- l i v e i n a c r i t i c a J a c e of t r a n s i t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a g l o b a l i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e . A l l i n d i v i d u a l s , g r o u p s and n a t i o n s un e a r t h t oday a r e i n e x t r i c a b l y i n t r r c c n n e c t e d , n o t o n l y b y a d v a n c e s i n t r a v e l and t e l ecommunica t i ons - , b ~ t b y o u r econor . ic and mone ta ry s y s t e m s and o u t s h e r e d ecosystem. Because i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e has r e n d e r e d o b s o l e t e many o f o u r t r a d i t i o n a l p r o b l e i r - s o l v i n g mechanisms based on o u t d a t e d c o n c e p t i o n 5 a b o u t n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y an< n a t i o n a l so';?- r e i g n t y , o u r e r a c a l l s f o r n e v wavs of c o l l a b o r a t i v e p rob l e rv - so lv ing t h a t r e s p e c t humank ind ' s d i v e r s i t y w h i l e ~ ~ n d e r s c o r i n g i t? o n e n e s s .

GEA's agenda c e n t e r s or. f i n d i n g s t h e s e new v a v a ar.d p . : t t i c p tiiei-. t o work i n a w i d e r a n g e of a r e a ? , i n c l u d i n g p o l i t i c a l , e conomic , e c o l o g i c a l , c u l t u r a l and s p i r i t u a l s y s t e m s . Our a c t i v i t i e s i u l i o w f r o m t h e s e pre- m i s e s :

1 ) While n a t i o n - s t a t e s will c o n t i n u e t o P X L S L . t h e y a r e !¥CV sciril'l t o ¥solv t c d a y ' s g l o b a l c r i s e s and t o o large3 t o S < I v e mar'? l o c a l prc-blems. t h e r e f o r e , we need t o d e v e l o p and s t r e n g r l t e : ~ svsteTi-E) 3: 8 l i her l e \ , e l s - l o c a l , r e g i o n a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l and g l o b a l - t o d e a l more e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h c u r r e n t c r i s e s a n d e n s u r e a s u s t a i n a h l e f u t u r e .

L) The c o n c e p t of s e c u r i t y can no l o n g e r be l i m i t e d t o m i l i t a r y s e c u - r i t y : i t n e c e s s a r i l y i n c l u d e s economic , m o n e t a r v , r e s o u r c e and e n v i r o n - m e n t a l s e c u r i t y . And n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y c a n no Longer b e ' s e p a r a b l e f rom g l o b a l s e c u r i t y .

3 ) A f r i c a n s , A s i a n s , E u r o p e a n s , L a t i n h i c r i c a n b and N " ) r t l ~ a l l need r e become a c t i v e p a r t n e r s i n t h e d e s - g n u f a peace-fuJ a r d s u s t a i n - ? b U - w o r l d . The wisdom an6 s x p e z i e n c e o i F.ast and L,'ee'i-, N c r t ? and S o u t h , n a s o u i i n e - and f emi r i - i i c a r e n e c e s s a r y i'.i d e ~ i s i o n - z a k ; n g .

;. l . < ~ l . ; E ..X f u t u r e f o r a l i t i t pends upor. a in";Â¥l;Â¥:i1 ".,at hckr,uk."-dge; : . . v . , , , . ...- - . . - ^->Â¥:;'-i^'.lL??r 22: o-!enr-s L . ? t.lmanK:;n,: a.̂ :~,.> :. i. v ' ' ' ' " '" ' . .

t h a n s e e k i n g t h e l i m e l i g h t , we have c o n c e n t r a t e d on c o l l a b o r a t i o n and b r i d g e - b u i l d i n g - e n a b l i n g u s t o m u l t i p l y o u r r e s o u r c e s and i n f l u e n c e many t i m e s o v e r .

GEA t r a n s c e n d s s i n g l e i s s u e s . S i n c e t o d a y ' s p rob lems a r e complex, s o l u - t i o n s must b e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y . Our d i v e r s e m u l t i c u l t u r a l ne twork i n - c l u d e s e c o n o m i s t s , c o r n u n i t y development o r g a n i z e r s , s c i e n t i s t s , p o l i t i - c a l and r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s , homemakers, women's r i g h t a d v o c a t e s , educa- t o r s , a r t i s t s , l a w y e r s , b u s i n e s s and l a b o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , and many o t h e r s - c o l l a b o r a t i n g i n t h e s e a r c h f o r m u t u a l l y b e n e f i c i a l s o l u t i o n s .

GEA t r a n s c e n d s i d e o l o g i e s . R e c o g n i z i n g t h a t t h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n t g l o b a l m a r k e t p l a c e no l o n g e r obeys t h e f o r m u l a t i o n s o f c a p i t a l i s m o r communism, t h e GEA ne twork embraces a Gandhian commitment t o s e e k t r u t h w h e r e v e r i t may l i e - i n c l u d i n g o u t s i d e t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of t r a d i t i o n a l i d e o l o g i c a l , c u l t u r a l and r e l i g i o u s c a t e g o r i e s .

GEA's o u t l o o k i s h o l i s t i c . Today, t h e p rob lems of communi t i e s , r e g i o n s and n a t i o n s c a n n o l o n g e r b e s o l v e d i n i s o l a t i o n . GEA's p r i o r i t i e s cen- t e r on i n c r e a s i n g a w a r e n e s s o f l o c a l - g l o b a l l i n k a g e s and r e l a t i n g i s s u e s t o t h e l a r g e r p i c t u r e - t h e g l o b a l community and o u r common f u t u r e . Only by p l a c i n g q u e s t i o n s i n t h i s c o n t e x t c a n we a d d r e s s them c o n s t r u c t i v e l y and d e s i g n t r u l y s u s t a i n a b l e s o l u t i o n s .

GEA c o n c e n t r a t e s on long- t e rm s y s t e m i c change . While n e c e s s a r y t o a v e r t immed ia t e c a t a s t r o p h e , s h o r t - t e r m s o l u t i o n s t o g l o b a l c r i s e s o f t e n d e a l w i t h symptoms r a t h e r t h a n c a u s e s , d o i n g l i t t l e t o a l t e r f u n d a m e n t a l so - c i e t a l s t r u c t u r e s t h a t p e r p e t u a t e i n j u s t i c e and c o n f i . ~ c t . We h o l d t h a t w i t h o u t s j s t e f f i i c change a t t h e g l o b a l l e v e l , t h e s e c r i s e s have no r e a l s o l u t i o n s .

GEA o f f e r s a p r a c t i c a l f ramework f o r hope. We a r e r e a l i s t i c i n a s s e s s i n g t h e g r a v e c r i s e s t h r e a t e n i n g h u m a n i t y ' s s u r v i v a l . At t h e same t i m e , we n o t e t h a t wor ldwide a w a r e n e s s of i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e i s growing s t e a d i l y , p r o v i d i n g u s a l l w i t h e x c e p t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e change . The GEA v i s i o n i n t e g r a t e s a s t r o n g u n d e r l y i n g f a i t h i n h u m a n i t y ' s capa- c i t y f o r wisdom a s w e l l a s f o o l i s h n e s s , a n i n c l u s i v e s p i r i t u a l o r i e n t a - t i o n , and a c o ~ ~ t i n u a l l y renewed hope f o r o u r common f u t u r e .

GEA p u b l i s h e s a q u a r t e r l y , B r e a k t h r o u g h .

1988 RIGHT LIVELIHOOD AWARDS SHARED BY

ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISTS, COMMUNITY ARCHITECT

AND TORTURE-REHABILITATION DOCTOR

P E O P L E F R O M BRAZIL, DENb6ARK, MALAYSIA AND T H E U K HONOURED

The 1988 Right L ive l ihood Honorary Award goes t o 3 r Inge Kemp Genefke (Denmark), founder and Medical D i r e c t o r of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e h a b i l i t a - t i o n and Research Cent re f o r T o r t u r e Vic t ims i n Copenhagen. The Award " r e c o g n i s e s h e r p i o n e e r i n g work t o h e l p t h o s e whose l i v e s have been s h a t t e r e d by t o r t u r e t o r e g a i n t h e i r h e a l t h and p e r s o n a l i t y . "The J u r y a l s o r e c o g n i s e s h e r v i t a l work i n b r i n g i n g t o l i g h t and j u s t i c e t h e i n - volvement of members of t h e medica l p r o f e s s i o n i n t h e p r a c t i c e of t o r - t u r e .

Three awardees s h a r e t h e 1988 Right L ive l ihood cash Award of $100,000: Sahabat Alam ( F r i e n d s of t h e E a r t h ) i n Sarawak, Malays ia ; J o s e Lu tzenberger ( B r a z i l ) and John Turner (UK).

I n awarding t h e Sahabat Alam movement i n Sarawak, t h e J u r y honours t h e i r exemplary s t r u g g l e t o save t h e t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s of Sarawak, t h e home of i t s t r i b a l p e o p l e s , from d e s t r u c t i o n . The J u r y e s p e c i a l l y r e c o g n i s e s t h e courage of S. Mohamed I d r i s , founder and P r e s i d e n t of Sahabat Alam Malays ia , H a r r i s o n Ngau and t h e Penan p e o p l e s , who a t g r e a t p e r s o n a l r i s k have i n s p i r e d and l e d t h e f i g h t a g a i n s t t h e g reed-dr iven d e m o l i t i o n of one of South-East A s i a ' s g r e a t e s t ' r e m a i n i n g r a i n f o r e s t s .

The Jury honours John Turner f o r having r e s u r r e c t e d t h e knowledge t h a t ' hous ing ' i s a v e r b , and t h a t t h e freedom of communities t o p l a n , b u i l d and manage t h e i r own hous ing i s a fundamental human r i g h t . Through h i s books, a r t i c l e s and o r g a n i s a t i o n , Assoc ia ted Housing Advisory S e r v i c e s (AHAS), h e has p ioneered s t u d i e s and s y s t e m a t i s e d knowledge about t h e c u l t u r a l and s o c i a l d imens ions of hous ing which h a s changed p o l i c i e s i n many c o u n t r i e s . The J u r y p u t s s p e c i a l emphasis on h i s e f f o r t s a t f a c i l - i t a t i n g t h e exchange of e x p e r i e n c e between t h e c o u n t r i e s of t h e South.

The J u r y honours i n J o s e Lu tzenberger one of t h e most e f f e c t i v e and many-sided env i ronmenta l a c t i v i s t s i n L a t i n America, r egarded a s t h e f a t h e r of t h e env i ronmenta l movement i n B r a z i l . S i n c e l e a v i n g t h e chemi- c a l i n d u s t r y i n p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e abuse of c h e m i c a l s , Lu tzenberger has worked t i r e l e s s l y a g a i n s t env i ronmenta l d e g r a d a t i o n i n B r a z i l , a lways p r o j e c t i n g a message of hope through a number of p r o j e c t s Lhat show c h a t d e p l e t e d s o i l can be r e g e n e r a t e d , t h a t po i son- f ree a g r i c u l t u r e i s Loth p o s s i b l e and economic and t h a t w a s t e s can be rec la imed and recyc led .

The Awards were p r e s e n t e d iE t h e Swedish Par l i ament on 9 December, t h e day b e f o r e t h e Nobel p r i z e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . (The F i g h t L ive l ihood Award? have been r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e media a s " t h e A l t e r n a t i v e Nobel P ~ i z e s " ) . These Awards were i n t r o d u c e d i n 1980 " t o honour and s u p p o r t t h o s e work-- ing on p r a c t i c a b l e and r e p l i c a b l e s o l u t i o n s t o t h e r e a l problems f a c i n g u s today". The i d e a came from Jacob von Uexkul l , a Swedish-German w r i t e r

and p h i l a t e l i c e x p e r t , who s o l d h i s v a l u a b l e p o s t a g e s t amps t o p r o v i d e t h e i n i t i a l endowment. Von L'exkull f e l t t h a t t h e Nobel P r i z e s had become t o o na r row and s p e c i a l i s e d i n f o c u s and i g n o r e d much work a n d knowledge v i t r i l f o r t h e s u r v i v a i of mankind.

Sahaba t Alam M a l a y s i a - Sarawak

The Sarawak O f f i c e o f SAM - t h e F r i e n d s o f t h e E a r t h i n M a l a y s i a - h a s been c a u g h t up t o r t h e l a s t 18 months w i t h t h e n a t i v e Penan p e o p l e of Sarawak i n a d e s p e r a t e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t l o g g i n g i n t h e p r o v i n c e . I n 1983 t h i s l o g g i n g was p r o c e e d i n g a t t h e r a t e of 7 5 a c r e s p e r h o u r , e r . ab l ing Sarawak t o p r o v i d e 39; of M a l a y s i a ' s t r o p i c a l l o g e x p o r t s , o v e r 502 of t h e w o r l d ' s t o t a l . The l o g g i n g i s d e s t r o y i n g t h e c u l t u r e and l i v e l i h o o d of t h e a r e a s n a t i v e p e o p l e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e P e l a b i t , Kayan and Penan peo- p l e s .

The SAM Sarawak O f f i c e i s r u n by a 28 y e a r - o l d Kayan H a r r i s o n Ngau, who h a s f o r some y e a r s h e l p e d t h e n a t i v e communi t i e s w i t h t h e p rob lems caused by t h e l o g g i n g : p o l l u t i o n , s o i l e r o s i o n , l a n d s p o i l a g e and des - t r u c t i o n o f t r e e s and o t h e r f o r e s t r e s o u r c e s . But when t n e l e t t e r s and p e t i t i o n s t o government d e p a r t m e n t s which he h e l p e d them d r a f t b rough t no improvement , t h e Pensn p e o p l e began i n 1987 t o b l o c k a d e t h e l o g g i n g camps and r o a d s , b r i n g i n g much o f t h e l o g g i n g t o a h a l t .

SAM Sarawak h a s b e e n f u l l y s u p p o r t e d by t h e c e n t r a l SAM O f f i c e i n Penang. SAM i t s e l f was founded i n 1978 by i t s p r e s e n t P r e s i d e n t , S . Mohamed I d r i s , a l o c a l bus ines sman who a l s o s t a r t e d t h e i n f l u e n t i a l Consumers ' A s s o c i a t i o n of Penang ( 1 9 6 9 ) , A s i a - P a c i f i c P e o p l e s Env i ron - ajent Network (APPEN, 1983) and T h i r d World Network (1984) . SAM h a s a n e x t e n s i v e p u b l i s h i n g programne: a mon th ly n e w s l e t t e r i n two l a n g u a g e s , b i m o n t h l v u r o n m e n t D i g e s t Xews B u l l e t i n s , a news s e r v i c e and numerous s i n g l e p u b l i c a t i o n s . SAM a l s o p i o n e e r e d t h e ' S t a t e of t h e Env i ronmen t ' c o n c e p t w i t h i t s S t a t e o f t h e M a l a y s i a n Environment i n 19831 8 4 .

John T u r n e r / A s s o c i a t e d Hous ing Adv i so ry S e r v i c e s

John T u r n e r ' s many p u b l i c a t i o n s had a g r e a t i n f l u e n c e on h o u s i n g p o l i - c i e s wor ldwide . They i n c l u d e ' U n c o n t r o l l e d Urban S e t t l e m e n t : P rob lems and P o l i c i e s ' , 1 9 6 6 , and t h e books Freedom t o B u i l d ( w i t h R o b e r t F i c h t e r , Macmi l l an 1 9 7 2 ) and Housing by P e o p l e (Marion Boyar s 1 9 7 6 ) , t r a n s l a t e d i n t o Du tch . F r e n c h , German. I t a l i a n and S p a n i s h . T h i s q u o t a - t i o n f rom Freedom t o B u i l d i l l u s t r a t e s t h e a p p r o a c h t h a t h a s gu ided T u r n e r ' s p r o f e s s i o n a l l i f e :

S i n c e 1963 T u r n e r h a s been i n v o l v e d w i t h t h e KG0 H a b i t a t P r o j e c t of t h e h a b i t a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c i l , of which he was :lie C c - o r d i n a t o r d u r i n g t h e 1 9 6 7 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Year of S h e l t e r f o r t'ne Homeless . The P r o j e c t c u r r i e d o u t a world-wide s u r v e y i d e n t i f y i n g 54; c a s e s o f s e l f - g e n e r a t e d h o u s i n g o f w h i c h 194 were i n t h e T h i r d World . I n d e p t h c a s e s t u d i e s o f 20 c i t h e s e fo rm t h e main s u b j e c t m a t t e r of t h e s u b s e q u e n t l y p u b l i s h e d B u i l d i n g C o m u n i t y : A T h i r d World Casebook ( B u i l d i n g C o m u n i t y Books i98').

Announcing New Books from Sweden 1. Premises and Process of Maldevelopment Franklin Vivekananda (d.) The papers contained in this book include the conceptual Mid process of maldevelopment from both the Marxist and non-Marxist view points and from both the n e o - l i b d and nu-Marxist angels. The motivation for doing m is, rather, to open a forum for debate on overdevelopment. underdevelopment and dependent development with a new to find out the objective alteinarives to overall maldevelopment

2. Bangladesh Economy: Some Selected Issues Franklin Vivekananda (ed.) This Book analyses the present economic conditions in the country and suggests some alternative solutions for the future development. Fifteen scholars contributed papers on various subjects on Bangladesh socio-economic conditions. This is a useful reference book to libraries and research scholars. About 400 pages.

3. Development Alternative Amalendu Guha and Franklin Vivekananda This book is a challenge to the ongoing structural thoughts and actions as well as the ideological and processes of vertically growth-oriented development- It puts forward the premises and processes for an alternative theory and action of development. This is the alternative to the contemporary maldevelopment which consists the evil troica of underdevelopment and dependent development- The applicability of such a development alternative has been demonsnaied through case studies. It is a must for the new generation development thinkers. Price 350 Sek.

4. One Step Forward and Two Steps Backward. Theories in Rule Making and the Responsibility of a Developing Economy. The Indian experience discussed thread-bare in this book typifies the developments in TW countries, i.e., the gulf that exists between the loudly proclaimed aims and objectives of the ruling parties and their actions. Price 350 Sek

5. Socio-economic Conditions in Nigeria. This book analyses the past and present socio-economic-political conditions s ine independence. Under print.

Bethany Books, Box 7444,103 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

JUILLET 1989: UN AUTRE SOMMET ECONONIQUE A PARIS

E T A T S G E N E R A U X POUR L A D E M O C R A T I E E C O N O M I Q U E

Depuis 198't, different5 reseaux anglais, canadiens et amgricains ont pris pretexte des somets du ' G 7 ' (Groupe des 7 pays les plus indus- trialises) pour organiser chaque annee, sous le label TOES (The Other Economic Sumi:), un sommet alternatif.

Le prochain somet du 'G?' se tiendra 5 Paris les 14, 15 et 17 juillet 1989, au coeur des comm6morations flu bicentenaire de la RGvolution fran- caise.

Pressentie pour etre l'initiatrice d'un TOES francais sous la forme des Etats gensraux pour la democr&tie 6conomique, ltALDEA* voit dans cet - autre sommet l'occasion de rencontres et de renforcement des reseaux alternatifs francais et internationaux autour d'un projet mobilisateur.

Quels sont les enjeux?

- Pour la premiere fois dans l'histoire, l'activite economique de l'humanit6 risque d'alterer de facon irreversible les equilibres fonda- uer~taux necessaires a la vie sur notre planete. I1 est urgent que les icodCles 6conouiques anti-6cologiques soient remis en cause par les pays riches eux-memes, et que se developpent des formes d'activites modernes mais non destructrices de ces 6quilibres.

- Alors que la division internationale du travail sembie profiter 2 quelques 'Nouveaux pays industrialises', elle exacerbe dans le meme temps une concurrence internationale que enrichit les riches et appauv- rit les pauvres. Certains d'entre eux sont maintenant condemnes a l'assistance tant que des mesures volontaristes de CO-developpement ne seront pas mises en oeuvre.

- Avec la revolution infonnatique et la croissance des gains de produc- tivite, les societgs industrielles parviennent 2 un stade oii Ie travail humain perd sa place centrale. Or, Ie maintien des cadres rigides du 'grand salariat' transforme notre 'societ6 du temps libere' en 'societe au temps gaspillg' generatrice de chcmage, de precarite et d'exclusion. L est urgent de redgtinir politiquement l'organisation du travail, de l'emploi et des revenus afin de valoriser socialement nos capacitgs de progres technique.

I1 est temps d'aller vers une maitrise collective et politique du pro- gres technique. Deux sigcles apres la naissance de la democratic politi- que, il s'agit de lutter contre le despotisme contemporain de l'economie et de la technocratie.

La democratie economique, qui permet de poser collectivement les grands choix de developpement, devient ainsi une revendication essentielle de notre Cpoque.

* cf IFDA Dossier 6 8 , pp 81-82

i f d a d o s s i e r 69 . j a n u a r y / f e b r u a r y 1989 l e t t e r s / l e t t r e s / c a r t a s

D E BUKAVU, ZAIRE Je v i e n s de r e c e v o l r d ' u n coup h u i t a u t r e s numeros de IFDA W. Cela me rend t r e s heu-

reux e t i e v o u d r a i s vous d i r e i c i t o u t e ma g r a t i t u d e . En e 4 f e t , a c e t t e epoque 02 ? a l i t -

t e r a t u r e s u r 1e d6veloppemen*. f o i sonne . j e s u i s p a r t i c u l i e r e n e n t c o n t e n t de decouv - i r 2 t r a v e r s l e 5 co lonnes oe IFDA l e s expe r i ences o r i g i n a l e s d ' o r g a n i s a t ~ o n s paysannes

dans 1c T i e r s Monde. J e decouvre p roo ress i vemen t 1a r i c h e s s e du deve lopppenent O 'J t i e r s

s y s t c m e t > ' e f f o r t de concept !o? q u ' i l r e q u i e r t danb no;: pays 06 'I? r i s q u e du m I m 6 t i m e

e s t t i -es grand.

FROM FAO, ROME I t h i n k t h e JFDA i s t e r r i f i c v a l u e an< does a r e a l l y v i t a l j ob . I t has a lways been of

g r e a t v a l w as a sou rce o f i deas t o me i n e d i t o r i a l ha rness and 1 hope you c o n t i n u e t o g e t

suppo r t f o r a l abou r o f l ove . As t h e m u l t i l a t e r a l cystem winds down i t s c m u n i c a t i o n ac-

t i v i t i e s ( you have t o be Reagan o r Thatcher b e f o r e you unde rs tand t h e v a l u e o f c m u n i c a -

t i o n s ) , t h e IFDA w i l l b e eve r mere impo r tan t .

Feter Stone, Chief Ediicr, Ceres.

FROM IBADAN, NIGERIA l thank you v e r y much f o r t h e ' bund les ' o f 1FDh you have sen t t o me 5 j n c e i a s t

December. I have t r i e d t o r ead t h r o u g h a l l t h e i s sues i n t h e p a s t coup le o f weeks. I t has

been h i g h l y r e w a r d i n g and re f rosh !ng f o r me. N o t o n l y have t h e v a r i o u s a r t i c l e s broaden my

p l a n n i n g h o r i z o n i n deve lopmenta l issues. i t has opened t o me, a new v i s t a i n contemporarv

i s sues i n deve lopnwnt p a r t i c u l a r l y as i t r e l a t e s t o t h e T h i r d Wor ld .

D E LIMA) PERU Agradecemos e l envso de IFDA -, c l m a t e r i a l es muy i n t e r e s a n t e pa r8 n u e s t r o t r a b a j o ,

permltanme f e l i c i t a r l o s po r t a n p o s i t i v e c o n t r i b u c i 6 n en e l i n t e r c a m b i o de conoc im ien tos

expe r i enc ias ; ademss f a r e d de comunicçc i6 e s muy i n t e g r a d o r a .

A l i c i a ' - a r - des de Rioe, Ctro de Estud, Comunicac'iSn y Prom, La Sem'i'L'La.

C ' e s t a " i" " f 0i.e ' i ' a i r e c u l e s num€r- de v o t r e r evue au Togo dans un m i l i e u 02 regne

l e sous -a6n=~oppm~en t . Je vous en remerc i e beaucoup e t j e souha i t e une longue v i e pour

v o t r e p u b ? i c a t i o r pour a p p o r t e r l a l u m i e r e aux hwrnes t o g o l a i s de bonne v o l o n t e c o m e dux

a u t r e s dans ? c T i e r s Monde e t su r n o t r e p l a n e t e e n t i e r e .

DE M E X I C O DF, MEXICO Me es sumamente g r a t o comun i ca r l es que hace ya v a r i o s mtses r e c i b i m i s 10 c o p i a s de IFDA

Doss ie r 65, c o p i a s que ya d i s t r i b u 5 e n t r e acad6micos e i n s t i t u c i o n e s i n t e r e s a d a s en e l d e s a r r o l l o . Encuen t ro muy i n t e r e s a r t e l d s t emSt i cas de t odos sus nGmeros y no conpa r to l a s

o p i m o n e s d e l senor P e t e r H . Roosen d e l Departamento de C ienc ias de l a C m p u t a c i 6 n ae I a

Un i ve rs i dad de York en To ron to (IFDA Doss ie r 66, pp.77-78) . Quiz2 su v i s i 6 n p a r c i a l se

cesprenda de que s o l o l e e en i n g l 6 s pe r0 aun a s ^ , cons ide r0 que l a s co labo rac iones e r l a s

3 lenouas recoqe r 10s v a l o r e s s o c i a l e s emergentes y novedosos de t odo e l mundo. No c r e o

que "de l a l e c t u r a d e l Doss ie r parezca que e l d e s a r r o l l o se d e f i n e c a s i en su t o t a l i d a d en

t g rm inos o c c i d e n t a l e s " .

FROM MUSOMAi TANZANIA 1 am t h a n k f u l f o r a l l t h e i s sues sen t t o m. I have c o n s t a n t l y r e c e i v e d IFDA Doss:er sir .ce

end o f 1985. I t i s a good book champ-ioninc T h i r d Wor ld I ssues and t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s a r e

w e l l chosen. l hop? t h e paper w i l : c o n t i n u e u n t i l rre have a w o r l d w i t h a ? l peop les e r -

j o \ i r q freedom and e c o n m i c s t a b i l i t y . The vi 'or ld i s so much i n te r -dependen t t h a t one can-

n o t j u s t s i t and watch o t h e r p e o p l e ' s s u f f e r i n g .

M a f i k u T. S c i t m b e , Kegi07~a.l Development Director.

FROM NANYUKIi KENYA l have a lways a p p r e c i a t e d a r d en joyed r e a d i n g IFDA D- c o p i e s t h a t vou send me. They

c o n t r i b u t e immensely t o t h e mutua l exchange o f i deas and expe r i ences r e g a r d i n g development

e f f o r t s i n d i f f e r e n t , D a r t s o f t h e g l obe .

DE SAN FELIPEi CHILE O u i s i e r a agradecer i n f i n i t a m e n t e y en toda su d imens i6n e l e r v i 6 de IFDA Doss ie r 62 y 63. ha s i d e para m1 y pa ra t odo n u e s t r o gruDo un in-sospechado a p o r t e ob tene r l a p u ~ l i c a c i f i n

con sus con ten idos y a r t l c u ' o s que nos han dddo l a p o s i b i l i d a d de conocer y d e m o s cuen ta

de l a magn i t ud do las i n s t i t u c i o n e s , o rgan i zac iones y personas que se cornprometen y tornan

c o n c i c n c i a de l a r x c e s i d a d e i m p o r t a n c i a de un d e s a r r o l l o , en e s t e caso alternative, de

O S pueblos o soc iedades marg inadas. Creo que e s v h l i d o m a n i f e s t a r 10 que s i g n i f i c a p a r a

m1 poder s e g i r r e c i b i e n d o IFDA Doss ie r , aGn cuando no $6 Franc6s n i l n g l 6 s . Soy un Joven

h i j o dc campesino, i n t e g r a n t e ) animador de un mov im ien to de J6venes r u r a l e s en l a Zona de

San F e l i p e ; a su ver. formo p a r t e de un equ ipo de t r e b a j o s o c i a l a t r a v e s d e l Obispado de

San F e l i p e , C h i l e , con v a r i a d a s e x p e r i e n c i a s de d e s a i - r o l l 0 de 10s sec to res popu la res , p e r

y po r 10 que Uds podrSn da rse cuen ta 10 i m p o r t a n t e que es, en p r i m e r l u q a r coma campesino

e l r e l a c i o n a r s e y conocer e x p e r i e n c i a s a n i v e l mundia l pa ra poder n u t r i r m e y asumir un

canpromiso una c o n c i e n c i a aGn mayor dc n u e s t r a p a r t i c i p a c i 6 n en n u e s t r o prop10 desa r ro -

110. S e r i a i m p o r t a r t e poder conocer y p a l p a r en e l t e r r e n o mismo cada r e a l i d a d y cada ex-

v e r i e n c i a , p e r 0 ya es un a o r t e i m p o r t a n t l s i m o e1 conoeer a t r a v 6 s oe IFDA Doss ie r cada

e x p e r i e n c i a . No me queda mbs que f e ? i c i t a r l e s p o r e l a p o r t e que IFDA s i g r ~ f i c a

pa ra n o s o t r o s y aqradecer e l env lo .

JitZio CaLderor. Cortes, Gb'is?ado de San F+e.

FROM SUSSEX, U K , a s l ~ 5 : e : . f o r t h e 1cr.t; rifc:cy ' i - i p r o . ; u  ¥ n L h i b sma:'i c c n t r i u ~ t ~ o n t o t n e c o s t s o f your

e l 1 e r , : p h ; i c a t i u n . Whi;e ,ny otvii p ru fes i s i ona i i n t e r e s t s a r e non tocussea on i n l o r - m a n o n

t echno logy i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l c o u n t r i e s , l s t i l l f i n d i t ex t reme ly h e a r t e n i n g t o r ead t h e

d i s c u s s i o n s o f deve lopment i s sues and s t r a t e g i e s i n you r j o u r n a l , and f r e q u e n t l y f i n d

essays p r o v o c a t i v e and s t i m u l a t i n g .

icfi Mice's, Science P o l i c y Rese017ch i ' x i t , i 'm-versity of %sex.

j f d a d o s s i e r 69 . j a n u a r y / f e b r u a r y 1989 f o o t n o t e s / n o t e s / n o t a s

N.B. Documents m n t i o n e d i n t h e f o l l m i n q s e c t i o n a r e E a v a i l a b l e f r m IFDA b u t , de-

pending on t h e case, from p u b l i s h e r s , bookshops o r t h e address i n d i c a t e d a f t e r t h e de-

s c r i p t i o n o f t h e document.

L O C A L SPACE . Denis Cou le t , Tasks and Methods i n Development E t h i c s ( U n i v e r s i t y o f S o t r e Dane, 1988) 29pp. ( N o t r e Dame, IN 46556, U S A ) .

. S e i s e s t u d i o s de Dmninique Temple: C o n t r i b u c i 6 n a l a e c o n m f a mapuche, 22pp;

dad v r e c i p r o c i d a d en e l A l t i p l a n o B o l i v i a n o , 20pp; E s t r u c t u r a co tnun i t a r i a y r e c i p r o c i d a d .

19pp; Apuntes pa ra une t e o r i a d e l e t n o d e s a r r o l l o : Sugerenc ias de i n v e s t i q a c i o n e s pare e l

d e s a r r o l l o comun i t a r i o , 9+4pp; O r i qen Qe 18 r e c i p r o c i d a d , 10pp; Apuntes f i l o s 6 f i c o s sobre

e l fundamento de l a r e c i p r o c i d a d , 8pp. (P lace de l a Fonta ine, 34570 Montarnaud, F rance ) .

, Miguc l Angel HuamSn, Pocsfa u t o p i a and ina (Lima: DESCO, 1988) 142pp. Con e l f i n de

promover l a i n v e s t i g d c i b n sob re l a r e a l i d a d national, DESCO e s t a b l e c i b a p a r t i r de 1967 un

concurso anual de ensayo en c i e n c i a s soc+a les . La p r ime ra convoca to r i a fue ded icada a1

tema "Cu l t u ra y Soc iedad Andina", per c o n s i d e r a r i m p o r t a n t e c o n t r i b u i r a poner de r e l i e v e

l a f i s o n ~ m l a ~ l a e v o l u c i b n y l a p resenc ia de l a c u l t u r a and ina en el c o n j u n t o de l a s o c i e -

dad peruana. En e s t a o p o r t u n i d a d p f i b l i c a e l t r a b a j o que o b t u v i e r a ? l p r i m e r premio en

1988, cuyo o b j e t o de a t e n c i b n es l a obra p d t i c a d t Jose Mar ia Arguedas. (Le6n Ge I a

Fuente 110, Lima 17, Pe ru ) .

. ICIS 6 MUDAR, Mujeres, c r i s i s y mov im ien t c : Amer ica L a t i n a y E l C a r i b e {San t i ago ,

1988) 156pp. A t r a v e s de una s e r i e de t r a b d j o s r e a l i z a d o s p e r mu je res i n v e s t i g a d o r e s r e -

un idas po r MUDAR, se van deve lando l d s maneras c6mo l a c r i s i s y l a s p o l i t i c a s a s m i d a s pe r 10s gob ie rnos f r e n t e a festa, han cambiado l a s cond i c i ones de v i d a de l a s muJeres y cbmo

r o l t r b d i c i o n a l de e s t a s como proveedoras de l a s neces idades bas i cas de sus f a m i i i a s l a s

l l e v a a una s i t u a c i 6 n de sobrecarga de t r a b a j o y m p o b r e c i m i e n t o . En suma sc a n a l l z a c h

l a subo rd inac ibn de g6nero es un f a c t o r que a g u i d i z a 10s e f e c t o s de l a c r i s i s e i l a v i d a

de I a s mu je res de l a r k g i o n . (1515, C a s i l l a 2067, Co r reo C e n t r a l , Sant iago, Chi le/VUDAR,

c / o IUPERJ, Rua P a u l i n o Fernandes 32, 22270 R i o de J a n e i r o RJ, B r a s i l ) .

. Ximena Valdes S. , La p o s i c i b n de l a mu je r en l a hac ienda (San t i ago : CEH, 1968) 136pp.

E l m a t e r i a l a u t o b i o q r S f i c o de e s t e l i b r o nos e n t r c g a una v i s i o n d e l mundo hacenddl e n t r e

10s aiios 1930 y 1960; 10s i t i n e r a r i e s l a b o r a l e s de l a s mujeres, enmarcados en un proceso

g radua l de t r ans fo rmac iones en e l sisterna de t r a b a j o y en l a s r e l a c i o n e s l a b o r a l e s de 12

hacienda. A t r a v k s d e l a n a l i s i s de l a s t r a y e c t o r i a s de cada mu je r e n t r e v i s t a d a , de f u t r a -

b a j o , e l de su mar i do y e l de sus h i j o s e h e a s , podernos d e s c u b r i r a lgunas t endenc ias y

c o n s t a t a r a lgunos hechos h i s t b r i c o s que se r5n i r r e v e r s i b l e en e l t r a n s c u r s o de 10s aiios

pos te r - l o res . (Pu r f s imd 353, San t i ago , C h i l e ) .

. L o r e t o Rebo l l edo e t a l ,

Ru ra les y Almackn Campesino (San t i ago : C m , 1586) 1 4 6 ~ ~ . La Escue la de Vu:e??.5 apunta 3

desencddenar 1a t o n s de c o n c i e n c i a de 10s mecdni ~ m s de subo rd i nac i6n:dmi n a t i o n que

opera" en d i s t i n t a s e s f e r a s de l a v i d a . AGn cuando e s t o s mecanismos conc le rnan a1 COnjuntO

de l a s mujeres, nos pa rece que a s i como l a s c u l t u r a s suba l t e rnas d e s a r r o l l a n d i s t i n t a s

formas de r e s i s t e n c i a que es p r e c i s 0 d e s c u b r i r , para p o t e n c i a r l a f ue rza que e l l a s t i e n e n

y d e s a r r o l l a n en c i e r t o s Smbitos de l a v i d a s o c i a l .

. CtTCUA, S i t u a c i h n de l a mule7 en Cuatemela l ! I ("9.86) 6Gpp. (Apdo w s t a l 20-666,

Mexico DF 0100C, M e x i c o ) .

. FAO, Mu_seres campesinas en America L a t i n a (Rome: FAO, 1988) 266pp. Acceso de l a Mu je r

a 1a T i e r r a en America L a t i n a - Panorama General y Es tud ios de Caso de Honduras y

Colombia; t ' i g rac i hn Ru ra l Femenina en America L a t i n a y c ' Car ibe y su E f e c t o en l a s Pe-

queiias Unidades Campesinas; Situation de l a M u j r r Campesina F ren te a ' .a L e g i s l a c i o n - Es-

t u d i o Comparative de C h i l e , Guatemala, Pe ru y Rephb i i ca Dormnicana ( V i a d e l l e Terme d i

C^araca^ia, 0ClOC h a , l t a ' i i a ) .

. Tamara Underwooa, F m e s wo lo f ; pouvo i r s e t s a v o i r s - f a i r e ;Dap.ar: ENDA, 1966) 67pp.

B P 3370, Dakar, Senegal ) .

. ISIS. Femnes e t developpement (Lausanne: E d i t i o n s d ' e n bas, 19881 253pp. Une presen-

t a t i o n documentee des e f f e t s du maldeveloppement sur l a v i e des femrws; des r e c i t s de f m -

mes dec idees 2 a g i r i l e u r maniere pou r repondre 2 l e u r s p rop res beso ins; un ca ta l ogue

f a c i l i t a n t l ' a c c e s 2 des groupes, o r g a n i s a t i o n s , pe r i od iques , c e n t r e de documentat ion,

o r i e n t e s su r l e s t r a n s n a t i o n a l e s , l e d ~ v e l o p p e m e n t r u r a l , l a sante, l e s m i g r a t i o n s e t l a

p r o s t i t u t i o n ; un moyen d ' e n r i c h i r I e reseau de cannun i ca t i ons e n t r e l e s f m e s du Nord e t

du Sud. (Case p o s t a l e 304, 1017 Lausanne 17, S u i s s e ) .

. P h i l i p p e Egger (sous l a d i r e c t i o n d e l , Des i n i t i a t i v e s paysannes de developpement en

W ; une a u t o - 6 v a l u a t i o n de t r o i s exp6 r i ences au Senegal, au Burk?na Faso e t au Rwanda

(Geneve: BIT/WEP, 1988) 107pp.

. Kenneth Hermele, Land S t r u q q i e s and S o c i a l D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n Southern Mozambique

(Uppsala : Scandi r~av ier ; i n s t i t u t e o f A f r i c a n S tud ies , 1988) 64pp. The peasants o f t h e

Lirnpopo v a l l e y have been robbed o f t h e i r f e r t i l e l ands t w i c e : f i f - s t i n t h e 1950 ' s when t h e

Por tuguese c o l o n i a l reg ime i n i t i a t e d t h e Chokwe s e t t l e m e n t scheme and thousands o f poor

Por tuguese peasants were b rough t t o Mozambique t o farm t h e i r r i g a t e d f i e l d s . And aga in

a f t e r independence i n 1975 when t h e abandoned l ands were t u r n e d i n t o Mozambique's ma jo r

s t a t e f a rm i n s t e a d o f b e i n ? handed over t o t h e peasan ts . The reponse of t h e peasants t o

t hese two i n s t a n c e s was s i m i l a r : i n b o t h cases t h e y y i e l d e d t o t h e s u p e r i o r power o f t h e

s t a t e . Bu t whereas t h e ous ted peasants d u r i n g t h e c o l o n i a l e ra demanded t o be l e t i n t o t h e

i r r i g a t i o n scheme, a f t e r independence no such opening was a v a i l a b l e . The pea'ants were

i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e s t a t e farms, m o s t l y as l abou re rs , and t h e y responded by e n s u r i n g t h a t

t h e s t a t e f a rm f a i l e d . I n 1983, t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l development s t r a t e g y changed, and l a n d

begun t o be d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e peasants . The essay a l s o desc r i bes t h i s l a t e s t phase, h i g h -

l i g h t i n g t h e s t r o n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g e f f e c t s and t h e c l a s s f o rma t i on t h a t i s t a k i n g p l a c e

i n t h e area. (PO6 1703, 751 47 Uppsala, Sweden).

. H. Coudere and S. M a r i j s s e , A no te on access t o land, wage income and t ypes o f house-

h o l d s i n Mutoko Communal Area (Zimbabwe) 11 pp.; Guy C a r r i n , Code1 i e v e Kegel s -Corne l i s e t - Mart Revei 1 Ion, Autof inancement p a r l a p o p u l a t i o n des touts des medicaments au c e n t r e de

san te de K i t a ( M a l i ) : p m i t e s a c t u e l l e s e t pe rspec t i ves , 86pp.(Antwerpen: UFSIA, 1988) .

. Andreas Fuglesang and D a l e Chandler , P a r t i c i p a t i o n as Process - what we can l e a r n

from Crameen Bank, Bangladesh (NORAD, 1988) 234pp. I n t h i s case s tudy o f Crameen Bank,

banqladesh, t h e a u t h o r s m a i n t a i n t h a t r each ing t h e p o o r e s t and, above a l l women, i s a met-

t e r o f c r e a t i n g an o r g a n i z a t i o n a l framework ensu r ' ng thew d i r e c t access t o and c o n t r o l o f

r esou rces . The i s s u e o f peop le ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s l i n k e d t o t h e p r a c t i c a l p rob lem o f o r -

g a n i z a t i o n development. People p a r t i c i p a t e e a s i l y and w i l l i n ~ l y i n development - i f s o c i a l

o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l env i ronments a r e des igned i n ways conduc ive t o t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n . Such

env i ronments a re s o c i a l democ ra t i c i n t h e b e s t sense o f t h e word: They a l l o w f o r i n d i v i d u -

a1 i n i t i a t i v e and e n t e r p r i s e w h i l e c o m t * : i n g i n d i v i d u a l s t o a s t r o n g s o c i a l a c c c u n ~ a f c i ! l -

t } . The bank has succeeded i n c r e a t i n g such an o r g a n i z a t i o n o r a l a r g e s c a l e . P r o j e c t

managers, e x p e r t s , a d v i s e r s and developnient workers o^" a!' c 2 t e g o r i e s w 1 ? 1 f i n d use fu l

p r a c t i c a l expe r i ence i n t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f Crarneer. Sack ' s o r g a n i z a t i o n and wa j s o f c m -

mun i ca t i ng and wo rk i ng w i t h t h e poo res t . (P08 8142-Dep, 0033 Oslo 1, Norway) .

. Au ta r S. Dnesi and T e j i n a e r j i t S ingh, "The Impact o f h o a s e i o i d S i ze a w S t r u c t u r e or. householc , ~ a b o u r Suppiy, Income ana Sav ing Behav iour i n Urcar l n o i a " A r t ha '.Qnana !Vo;

3 C , ? 2 , June 7, 1988) pp.162-17E ( C o ~ h e l ~ I n s t i t u t e oC E c o n a - n , ~ ~ anc F'o l i * ic : , Pune 411

004, I n d i a ) .

. Barbara E. Grandin , Weal th r a n k i n = i n sma l l ho lde r c m u n i t i e s : A f i e l d manulil,

(Sha f t esbu r \ : I n t e r m e d i a t e Technology P u b i i c a t i o n s LtC, I 9 Â £ f i 49pp. meal t h r a n k - n q i S a

sample f i e'j ri r esea rch t echn ique . 8v u s i n s i t , resea rche rs , p l anne r * an6 e x t e n s i o n agents

can l e a r n '.r what ways r i c h an6 poor households ir an a re? are c - i ' i e r e n t ^'-or each c t h e 7

and t h e r e l a t i v e w e a l t h s t a t u s o f each household i n s e l e c t e c communi t ies . I t h 2 f a z t and

e l e c t i v e way o f g a i n i n g socio-econormc data on sma l l , r u v a l c a m u n i t i e s , p r o v i d i n g an accu ra te b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i ~ a t i o n s . (Longmead, Shaf tesbury , Do rse t SPi ~ P L , UK) .

. Joaqu in Mateo Blanco, E l Re to rno C o o p r r a t l v o : Resumen de t e s i s d o c t o r a l lALCECO0F.

CENEC, 1988) /pp. {Apdo Correos 50080 Laragoza, Espana).

. Anr S c r i l y t e r , Women Householders and Hous ing S t r a t e g i e s : The Case of Georqe, Lusaka (Stockholm: A l m q v i s t 6 Wikse l l , 1988) 156pp. Zarnbiar women householders e l a b o r a t e hous ing

s t r a t e g ' e s i n o rde r t o o b t a i n o r improve t h e i r hous ing. A d w e l l i n g i s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r

t h e f o r m a t i o n o f an independent household . Ownership p r o v i d e s a secure home f o r a w0ndr"s f a m i l y as w e l l as a means 0 1 jncome and a permanent p l a c e around wh i ch she can b u i l d a

s u p p o r t i v e s o c i a l network . # m e n meet a s e r i e s o f c o n s t r a i n t s wher, the', t r v t o improve

t h e i r hous ing s i t u a t i o n , The needs o f poor women have t o be b e t t e r r ecoqq l zed i n hous ing

p o l i c y . (Box 45150, 1 0 - 3C Stockholm, Swede"' .

. Jean Jacques C u i b b e r t ( e d ! , Tecno loq ias urbanas soc ia lmen te ap romadas : e x p e r i e n c i a s

co lanb ianas (BogotS: ENDA, 1987) 2 vo l , 561pp. F r e n t e a l a c r i s i s urbana que v i v e e l p a ^ s

y a1 f r a c a s 0 de l a s s o l u c i o n e s convenc iona les en e l campo de l a v i v i e n d a pop i ' l a r y de 10s

s e r v i c i o s pC~bl1cos pa ra 10s mSs pobres, I a s comunidades ha" i d o inventando e implementando respuestas t e c n i c a s y o r g a n i z a t i v a s a l t e r n a t i v a s . Es ta p u b l i c a c i 6 n muest ra une s e r j e de

e x p e r l e n c i a s d e s a r r o l l a d a s con e l apoyo de o rgan i zac ioncs no gubernarnentales > 1a c o l a -

bo rac ion de a lgunas en t i dades qubernamenta les . Recorr imos as5 e x p e r i e n c l a s dc autocons-

t r u c e i o n ( s i s t emas de a u t o c o o s t r u c c i o n en a l t u r a , m a t e r i a l e s t r a d i c i o n a ' i e s mejorados, m a t e r i a l e s p r e f a b r i c a d o s l i v i a n o s ) ; de a1 t e r n a t i v a s a I os s e r v i c i o s pub1 ices (saneamienf.0

amb ien ta l , r e c o l e c c i 6 n c o m u n i t a r l a de basura, f uen tes de energya a l t e r n a t i v a , s is te fnas de

purification de aqua a pequena e s c a l a j ; y de a g r i c u l t u r a urbana que se d e s a r r o l l a n en

p r i n c i p a l e s c iudades d e l pays. Es te d o c m e n t o p r e s e n t s un c o n j u n t o de docurnentos t e c n i c o s

y s o c i a l e s as? c m 0 una s e r i e de he r ram ien tas [ f o t o n o v e l a s t e c n i c a s , c a r t i 1 1 a s popu le res y t es t i r non ios ) . (AA 091369, Bogota, Colombia) .

. John A . D i xon e t a1, Economic A n d l y s i s o f t h e Env i ronmenta l Impacts o f Development

P r o j e c t s (London: Ea r thscan P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1986; 134pp. I t has always been t hough t t h a t

some l e v e l o f p o l l u t i o n and waste i s u n v o i d a b l p i n development p r o J e c t s . B u t no one has

made much e f f o r t t o q u a n t i f y and 05ses: t h ? e - t e n t o f t h i s s o r t o f damage. I n t h i s book a

T o u p o f a n a l y s t s f r om t h e A s ~ a n Devcloprnerf Bank and f rom t h e Eas t West Center Cropose a

means o f c o n s t r u c t i n g u s e f u l economic e v a l u a t i o n s o f t h e impacts o f de#elopment ;ro;cc!? on t h e env i ronments i n wh i ch t h e v are c o n s t r u c t e d . T h i s s tudy demands t h e sys tema t i c eva-

l u a t i o n o f a l l t h e i n t e n t i o n a l and u n i n t e n t i o n a l consequences o f development i n i t i a t i v e s

be fo re t h e y a r e de te rm ined upon. ( 3 Ends le i gh S t r , London WC1H ODD, U K ) .

. CCDEL, Env i r onmen ta l l y Sound Small Sca le A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o j e c t s ( A r l i n g t o n : V I T A ,

1968) 162pp. Th i s manual - new i n i t s 8 t f - e d i t i o n - i s des igned t o a s s i s t t hose who p l a n

and implement sma l l - sca le agr icu l tura" ; ro~ects . By p romo t i ng awareness o f env i r o rmen ta l

concerns, t h e manual can i n c r e a s e t h e development wo rke r ' s a b i l i t y t o des ign p r o j e c t s t h a t

are b o t h env i ronmenta l l ' , sound an0 p o t e n t i a l i y more s u s t a i n a b l e , Th i s manual has two ob-

~ e c t i v e s : Tc promote we1 1-p lanned and e n v i o n n e n t a l l y sound smal I - s c a l e a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro -

j e c t s , anc t o i n t r o d u c e env i ronmenta l concepts i n t o t echno logy development and a l t e r n a t i v e

management t echn iques , and encourage t h e t r a n s f e r i n t o t r a i n i n g programs. (PO0 12028,

A r l i n g t o n , V i r ~ i n l a 11109, USA).

. O le The rk i l dsen , h a t e r i n g Whi te E l e ~ h a n t s ? Lessons f rom Donor Funded P lann inq and

Implementat ion o f Ru ra l h a t e r S u p p l i e s i n Tanzania (Uppsala : SIAS, 1988) 224pp. ~ i v e case

s t u d i e s on v a r i o u s donor approaches t o t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f l ong - t e rm r e g i o n a l water supply

p l a n s i n Tanzania ?nd t h e i r subsequent imp lemen ta t i on (Denmark, F i n l and , Ho l l and , Sweden

and t h e Wor ld Bank) . The donor approaches t end t o be w e l f a r e and c o n t r o l o r i e n t e d , a l -

though t o v a r y i n g degrees. They have been c h a r a c t e r i z e d by e x t e n s i v e da ta c o l l e c t i o n ; de-

t a i l e d p ro - imp lemen ta t i on p l ann ing ; no r or l i m i t e d p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f b e n e f i c i a r i e s ; w-

phas i s on f a s t imp lemen ta t i on o f new schemes; and donor b y p a s s i r g o f Tanzanian o rgan i za -

t i o n s . T h i s has s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e non-use o f donor-prepared l ong - te rm

p lans, and t h e n o n - s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f dono r - f i nanced water schemes. The a u t h o r argues t h a t

a more a d a p t i v e approach t o p l a n n i n g and imp lemen ta t i on o f a i d i s needed. Th i s i m p l i e s

t h a t development p r o j e c t s shou ld be regarded as exper iments w i t h l e s s empnasis on d e t a i l e d

l ong - t e rm p lans; t h a t p l a n n i n g and i m p l m e n t a t i o n shou ld be c l o s e l y i n t e g r a t e d w i t h moni -

t o r i n g as a key a c t i v i t y ; t h a t a c t i v e b e n e f i c i a r y p a r t i c i p a t i o n based on t h e h e l p t o s e l f -

h e l p p r i n c i p l e i n p l ann ing , implementat ion, and maintenance shou ld be i n t e g r a t e d p a r t s o f

dono r - f f nanced a c t i v i t i e s . (address above, p .94 ) .

. Sudhi rendar Sharma, Wet Dese r t s : The Impact o f Canal I r r i g a t i o n (Energy and Env i r on -

n e n t Croup, 1988) 25pp. (Pos t Bag 4, New D e l h i 110066, I n d i a ) .

. Berna rd McNe l i s e t a l . So lar -powered E l e c t - i c i t y : A survey o f p h o t o v o l t a i c power i n

deve lop ing c o u n t r i e s (London: I n t e r m e d i a t e Technology P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1968) 67pp, The d i r e c t

conve rs i on o f s o l a r ene rgy i n t o d i r e c t c u r r e n t e l e c t r i c i t y by means of s o l a r c e l l s - s o l a r

p h o t o v o l t a i c s (PVI - i s an i n c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t area o f renewable energy. The s tage has

now been reached when PV systems a r e b o t h t e c h n i c a l l y and economica l l y s u i t a b l e f o r many

a p p l i c a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t hose i n v o l v i n g relatively sma l l amounts of power i n remote

l o c a t i o n s . T h i s book i s a su rvey o f PV systems wh i ch have been deve loped and demonst ra ted

ove r t h e p a s t t e n y e a r s t o supp l y power f o r water pumping, r e f r i g e r a t i o n , l i g h t i n g , v i l -

l a g e e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n , communicat ions and o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s . The su rvey a l s o p r o v i d e s ad-

v i c e on t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e equipment, t a k i n g i n t o account t h e v a r i o u s t e c h n i c a l ,

economic, s o c i a l and i n s t i t u t i o n a l f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d . (103/105 Southampton Row, London WC10

4 H H , UK).

. J u s s i R a m o l i n ( ed ) . Suomen A n t r o p o l o g i : Spec ia l I s sue on Swidden C u l t i v a t i o n

( H e l s i n k i : F i n n i s h A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y , 1988) 280pp. ( J u n a i l i j a n k u j a 5 B 78, 00520

H e l s i n k i , F i n l a n d ) .

. CCSTAM, JMRF y AzGcar: La Nueva Ecuac ibn, 20pp; La I n d u s t r i a Azucarera en China

( F u j i a n y Guangdong), 12pp. (FOB 66, " lronto, O n t a r i o M5T 2T2, Canada).

. Robe r t & C h r i s t i n e P r e s c o t t - A l l e n , Genes f rom t h e W i l d (London: Ea r thscan h u b l i c a -

t i o n s , 1388) l l l p p . T h i s book d e s c r i b e s t h e g row ing c o n t r i b u t i o n o f w i l d g e n e t i c r esou rces

t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f f ood and raw m a t e r i a l s and t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , e x p l a i n s t h e bene-

f i t s and prob lems of u s i n g them and o u t l i n e s t h e ways i n wh i ch t hey a r e t h r e a t e n e d and t h e

measures b e i n g t aken t o conserve them. (add ress above, p.95).

. Frances Moore Lappk a n c Rachel Schurman, The M i s s i n g P iece i r t h e P o o u l a t i o n Puzz le

I n s t i t u t e f o r Food and Development P o l i c ) , 1988; 87pp. (145 N i n t h S t r e e t , Sar F ranc i sco ,

CA ( 4 7 5 ) 864-8555, USA).

. Jean-Loup Rennet-~emonne & Jess i ca R. Hopper, P r e v e n t i o n o f A ids and Other \ ' 1 ra l

D i seases /P reven t i on du 51DA e t des malad ies v i r a l e s (ENDA, 1986; 1 7 9 ~ ~ . (BP 3376, Dakar,

Senegal l .

. John E l k i n q t o n & J u l i a H c i l e s , The Creen Consumer Guide: Frm shampoo t o champagne - h i g h - s t r e e t shopping f o r a b e t t e r env i ronment (London: V i c t o r Go l l ancz , 1988; 342pp. Every

day, whether shopping f o r s imp le n e c e s s i t i e s o r l u x u r y i tems, consumer cho i ces a f f e c t t h e

env i ronment . Vet most a r e unware o f t h e p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e we can e x e r t t h rough ou r spend-

i n g power. The Creen Consumer Cuide b r i n g s t o g e t h e r , i n one easy- to-use handbook, t h e

v i t a l f a c t s on a wide range o f p r o d u c t s . Wherever you shop, i t w i l l t e l l you wh i ch p r o -

duc t s t o a v o i d and d i r e c t you t o a t t r a c t i v e , c o s t c o m p e t i t i v e and e a s i l y a v a i l a b l e a l t e r -

n a t i v e s . ( 14 H e n r i e t t a S t r e e t , London UC2E 80J, UK).

. S y l v i a Schu le i n , La t e l e v i s i o n p r o v i n c i a l en l a A rgen t i na : Las e x p e r i e n c i a s ae

Cordoba y Tucumtin, 4Opp; La t e l e v i s i o n po r c a b l e en l a A rgen t i na , 52pp. ([LET, C a s i H a

16637, Co r reo 9, Sant iago, C h i l e ) .

NATIONAL SPACE

. J. Rosenoer 4 H. H e r t i n g , La s o c i k t e dua le au C t i i l i : qu i nze ans oeja ... (GRESEA,

1988) 165pp + annexes (Chaussee de Wavre 136, 1050 B r u x e l l e s , B e l g i o u e ) .

. Manuel Elarrera, Cons iderac iones acerca dc l a r e l a c i o n e n t r e p o l U i c a y movimiento

s i n d i c a l : E l caso de C h i l e (CES, 1988) 29pp. ( C a s i l l a 1021 Co r reo 2 2 , San t i aao , Chi l e ) .

. J Bast iaensen, The Peasant ry and Pos t -Revo lu t i ona ry A g r a r i a n P o l i c e i n Nicaragua

1979-1986, 16pp; J. Bas t i aensen and S . M a r i j s s e , T r a n s i t i o n s 1-0 S o c i a l i s r : N icaraqua and

Zimbabwe? 27pp. (UFSIA, P r f n s s t r a a t 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium;.

. Man Liniqer-Goumaz, Breve h i s t o i r e de l a Guinee E q u a t o r i a l e ( P a r i s : L 'Harmat tan,

1988) 216pp. Les p o p u i a t i o n s de l a Cuinee E q u a t o r i a l e o n t e t â marquees p a r une Espagne q u i

a h e r i t 6 du P o r t u g a l de vas tes t e r r i t o i r e s au c reux du G o l f e de Cuinee, en 1778. Mats

l tA1 lemagne, I ' A n g l e t e r r e e t l a France q r i q n o t e r e n t ses possess ions; en 1900 ne subs i s -

t a i e n t p l u s que 1a p r o v i n c e c o n t i n e n t a l e du R i o Muni e t l e s T ie5 de Fernando Poo e t

d'Annobon. La XXe s i g c l e a 6 t e pour l a Cuinee E q u a t o r i a l e c e l u i des d i c t a t u r e s , d ' a b o r d

espagnoles, p u i s autochtones, avec Macias Nguema e t son neveu Obiang Nguemd. Apres a v o i r

echoue au XIXe s i e c l e , l a France s ' e s t recomment i n s i n u e e dans 1 ' e x - c o l o n i e espagnole; en

1985, 1e pays a r e j o i n ! l a zone f r a n c avec l e p rem ie r f r anc CFA en espagno"! Tandis que

s ' i m p l a n t e n t des i n t e r s t s s u d - a f r i c a i n s , l a Commission des D r o i t s dc l'hofrme, Amnesty l n -

t e r n a t i o n a l , e t c . c o n t i n u e n t 5 denoncer l e v i o l des l i b e r t e s fondamenta les p a r l a d i c t a -

t u r e nguemi s t e .

. L i f e i n L i b e r a t e d E - r i t r e a / L a v i e en E r y t h r e e 1 i bE ree ILa v i d a en E r i t r e a l i b e r a d a

(Roma: Research and I n f o r m a t i o n Cen t re on E r i t r e a (RICE), 1967) 1 2 8 ~ ~ . ( 5 V ia d e l l a Doqana

Vecch i t , 00186 Rant , I t a l i a ) .

. W i l l i a m M i n t e r ( e d ) , O p e r a t i o n Timber: Pages f rom t h e Savimoi Doss ie r (hew J e r x y .

A f r i c a Wor ld Press, 1968) 117pp. Jonas Savimbi o f UNITA i s South A f r i c a ' s roost s i g n i f i c a n t

m i l i t a r y c l i e n t . He i s a l s o t h e b e n e f i c i a r y o f US c o v e r t a i d . D e s p i t e h i s i n t i m a t e t i e s

w i t h t h e a p a r t h e i d reg ime, he s t i l l c l a i m s t o be an a s t h e n t i c A f r i c a n n a t i o n a l i s t who

f ough t t o end c o l o n i a l i s m . The documents i n Ope ra t i on Timber r evea l t h a t even h i s p a s t has

i t s s e c r e t scandal : c o v e r t c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e Por tuguese c o l o n i a l arrry. These docu-

r e n t s , a lmost a11 apoea r i ng he re f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n Eng l i sh , a r e t r a n s l a t e c and i n t r o -

duced b'. h i l l i a m M i n t e r , au tho r o f K ing Solomon's P ines R e v i s - t e d : h e s t e r n I n t e r e s t s and

t h e Burdened H i s t o r y o f Southern A f r i c a (FOB 1892, Trenton, NJ 08607, USA).

. K a r ~ m a K o r a y r r , T h e Impact c c Economic Ac jusrment P o l i c i e s on t h e Vu lne rab le Fam i ' i es

& C h i l d r e n < n E= ( T h ~ r d h o r ; d F o r m , 1987) 1 E l ~ p . [PO@ 42, Orma,?, Cai ro , E g y p t ) .

. Leuns Wing-yue, smash in^ t h e I r o n R i ce Pot : k o r k e r s an6 Unions Tn C h i n a ' s M a r k e m

c i a l ~ s s r " (Hong Kong: As ia M o n i t o r Resource Center , 1968) 233pp. Smashing t h e I r o n R i ce P o t

l ooks a t t h e t r a d e u n i o n movement i n s i d e China and e x p l o r e s t h e e x t e n t t o which workers

a re "masters o f t h e coun t r y " f o l l o w i n g C h i n a ' s amb i t i ous program o f p o l i t i c a l and economic

re form. The book i s t h e r e s u l t o f d e t a i l e d resea rch and i n t e r v i e w s i n s i d e China, a l ong

w i t h c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s o f o f f i c i a l r e p o r t s . I t p rov i des t h e f i r s t sympathet ic y e t c r i t i c a l

a n a l y s i s o f modern Chinese t r a d e un ion ism. (444 Nathar Foad E-B, Kowloon. Honc Kong) .

. Ha ide r A. Khan & E r i k Thorbecke, Macroeconomic E f f e c t s anc D i f f u s i o n o f A l t e r n a t i v e

Technoloo ies W i t h i n a S o c i a l Accoun t i ng M a t r i x Framework ( A l d e r s h o t : Cower P u b l i s h i n g C m -

pan), 1986) 209pp. Dec i s i ons regard1-ng t e c h n o l o g i c a l cho i ce can have ma jo r macroeconomic

consequences on t h e economies o f T h i r d Wor ld c o u n t r i e s . T h i s s t udy p r o v i d e s a conceptua l

and genera? e q u i l i b r i u m ^rameworL, based on t h e S o c i a l Accoun t i ng M a t r i x , w i t h i n wh i ch t h e

d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t macroeconomic e f f e c t s o f a l t e r n a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s on t h e whole s o c i o -

economic system can be i n v e s t i g a t e d . Us ing a S o c i a l Account ing M a t r i x f o r Indones ia , t h e

t o t a l and s e c t o r a l e f f e c t s o f l a b o u r and c a p i t a l i n t e n s i v e t echn iques on such v a r i a b l e s as

ou tpu t , income d i s t r i b u t i o r and w-,ploy~'wn: a r e es t ima ted . The h o l e networA of i r . f i uence

t h rough wh i ch a l t e r n a t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s a f f e c t t h e s o c i o e c o n m i c system a re e x p l o r e d

t h rough s t r u c t u r a l p a t h a n a l y s i s . ( C r o f t Road, A lde rsho t , Hampshire C u l l 3HR, UK).

REGIONAL SPACE

. Three books f r om CODESRIA (PO0 3304, Dakar, Senega l ) :

- W.A. Ndongko ( e d ) , Economic Coope ra t i on and I n t e g r a t i o n i n A f r i c a (1985) 344pp. The

book s t a r t s w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n o f gene ra l prob lems o f economic c o o p e r a t i o n and i n t e -

g r a t i o n . Th i s i s t hen f o l l o w e d by an exam ina t i on o f t h e impact o f e x t e r n a l f o r c e s on

r e g i o n a l economic coope ra t i on . I n t h e f i n a l s e c t i o n , t h e e d i t o r t akes a c r i t i c a l l ook

a t t h e f u t u r e o f e c o n m i c c o o o e r a t i o n i n A f r i c a .

- Thandika Mkandawire and Naceur Bourenane (eds ) . The S t a t e and A q r i c u l t u r e i n A f r i c a

(1987) 3 6 5 ~ ~ . The l a s t t h r e e decaaes o f A f r i c a n independence have seen t h e v i r t u a l

c o l l a p s e o f A f r i c a n a g r i c u l t u r e w i t h d i r e consequences n o t o n l y f o r development, b u t

f o r l i v e l i h o o d i t s e l f . The d rough t yea rs o f 1974 and 1982-3 were a s e r v e r e b low b u t

even b e f o r e t h e d rough t t h e r e c o r d o f d e c l i n i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y was e v i d e n t . Exp lana-

t i o r s g i v e n f o r t h i s s t a t e o f a f f a i r s o f t e n t u r n o u t t o be f a c i l e and s i m p l i s t i c ge-

n e r a l i s a t i o n s . Here a group of l e a d i n g A f r i c a n academics engage i n an i n - d e p t h exa-

i o t . i ^ ' i * ? ^.he ~ u r r e r . ; , f ood a r , ~ ag, ~ ~ u l t ~ : " c ~ c ; i s : ~ , t o u c h i n s en t h e causes, na tu re ,

scope ruin oyna,mici> o f t h e p f > ~ b . ~ e f . 7ney 6, ~ n y t o Ll ie > u L j e ~ t o iiew fr 'amewf^r~ u f erid-

l y s i s whick. combines t h e g e n e r a l i t y o f g l o b a l approach w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f err-

p i r i c a l l y based case s tud ies, c a r e f u l l ) chosen t o cover t h e d i f f e r e n t t ypes o f p ro -

d u c t i o n systems. The c o n t r i b u t i o n s a l s o suqqest conc re te ways o f overcome t h e con-

t i n e n t ' s c u r r e n t f c o d and a q r i c u l f - u r a l c r i s i - > .

- M i d i Jemai led) , P o p u l a t i o n e t deve loppenent en A f r i q u e (1967) 389pp. T r c i s themes

p r i n c i p a u x . D 'abo rd I ' e x o d e r u r a l , m i g r a t i o n s i n t e r n a t i o n a l e s e t c o l o n i s a t ~ o n des

t e r r e s neuves. Les ana lyses p o r t e n t s u r ? a Cote d ' l v o i r e , " e Gnana, ; e Bu rk i na Faso,

l e N i g e r i a e t 1c Senegal. P e i s l e b r a p p o r t s e n t r e 'ia c ro i ssance economique e t l a

c r o i s s a n c e demographique. E n f i n , I a m o r t a l i t & ; i ' a u t e u r y mon t re que l p o i n t l e n i -

"eau de l a m o r t a l i t e dans une f o rma t i on s o c i a l e donnee de te rm ine son deve loppe~ ien t

&con& que.

. Mekur ia Bu lcha, F 1 i g h t and In tea ' -a t 'on: Causes o f Mass Exodus f'-W 5 t h i o o i a and " r o -

blems of I n t e g r a t i o n i n t h e Sudan (Uppsala : SIAS, 1968; 256pp. About h a l f o f t h e re fugees

i n t h e w o r l d a r e A f r i c a n s . More t h a r h a ? + o f A f r i c a ' s r e fugees o r i g i n a t e f r a - E th ' i op ie and

l i v e i n t h e Sudar and Somal ia . T h i s hook i s about; t h i s mass exodus f r o r E t h i o p i a . Muc-i o f

t h e s tudy i s concerned w i t h t h e prob lems faced by t h e up roo ted ac:c . S based on 'nformat:Â¥'o^

o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h i n t e r v i e w s w i t h seve ra l hundred r e ? u ? e t householos I - i v i n g i n t h e Suds".

The au tho r t r a c e s t h e i r expe r i ences a t t h e v a r i o u s s tages of t h e i r * : i g h t , e x a ~ i r e s *:nr

s u b j e c t i v e and o b j e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s which f o r ced t hese peop le t o make t h e p a i n f u l dec i s :ov

t o l eave t h e i r homes and seek f r e e haven i n a l i e n env i ronments , l a y s ba re t n e i n tecconnec -

t i o n , i n E t h i o p i a , between s t a t e t e r r o r i s m , s t a t e p o l i c i e s and programmes, and mass d h -

p lacement , and e x p l o r e s t h e r e f u g e e s ' s t r u g g l e s t o eke o u t t h e ' r subs i s tence i n a cou i - i t ry

w i t h seve re e c o n d c problems, t h e i r r e l a t i o n s t o t h e i r hos t s and t h e i r a n x i e t i e s as

a l i e n s i n a f o r e i g n l and . He c m p a r e s t h e v a r i o u s s e t t l e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e

achievement o f economic s e l f - s u f f i e n c y and s o c i o - c u l t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o r . iDi:.:. b? f l ' imq'vist

& W i k s e l l i n t , FOB 638, 101 28 Stockholm, Sweden) SEK 150.-

. B a r r y Munslow e t 01, The Fuelwood Trap: A Study o f t h e SADCC Region i (London:

Ear thscan, 1968) 181pp. Over 60 m i l l i o n peop le l i v e i n t h e SADCC c o u n t r i e s ; by 200C A2 t h e

number w i l l be over 100 i . ' i I l t o n . The v a s t m a j o r i t y , c i t y - d w e l l p ? ~ as w e l l as farmers , r e l y

on wood f u e l f o r d o n e s t i c use. Supp l i es a r e d i m i n i s h i n g as consumpt ion grows. The qua1"s"ty

o f l i f e i s d e t e r i o r a t i n g and t h e env i ronment i s more and more degraded. But, t hese pheno-

mena a r e net. simp!) t h e consequence c f wood s h o r t a g r which m igh t be co red by some c r o p p i n g

and manaqement p o l i c y . They f l o n f r o ? a complex network c f causes. I h e au tho rs , by mean:

o f case s t u d i e s , examine t hose causes t h r o u ~ h o u t t h e n i n e ^ADCC c o u n t r r e s and c o n s i d e r t h f

p o l i c i e s t h a t can be deve loped t h e r e wh i ch w i l l no t o n l y n e l p t c a'l I e v l a t e t h e sympt.on', bu t

a l s o t o p r e v e n t t h e imn inen t c a t a s t r o p h e h i c h i t rep resen ts . (add. above, p i95) f 8 ,qS

. A ide a l i m e n t a i r e at, s e r v i c e du developpement de l l A f r i c u e subsahar ienne ( P r o g r a m

a l i m e n t a i r e mond ia l , 1987) 30pp. ( V i a C r i s t o f o r o Colombo 426. OC"45 Rome, t f .a l ie ) .

. Thomas P.Fenton & Mary J. t i e f f r o n (eds;, r i d d l e Eas t : A D i r e c t o r y o f hesources (New

York: O rb i s Books, 1988) 144pp. A comprehensive p i a e t o o rgan i z a t i o n s , books, pe r - i od i c -

a l s , pamphle ts and a r t i c l e s , and a u d i o v i s u a l r esou rces on t h e M i d d l e Eas t . I l l u s t r a t e d .

F i v e d e t a i l e d indexes: o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t i t l e s , i n d i v i d u a l s , geog raph i ca l areas and t o p i c s .

Each copy: $3.95 p l u s $1 .S0 postage and hand l i ng . (Ma rykno l l , New York lO5*5, USA).

. A l i n e Frambes Buxeda ( e d ) , Pue r to R;co y 1a paz en Cent roamer ica; Desde I d Cec la ra -

c i 6 n de San Juan h a s t a un p rem io Nobel para l a paz ( R e v i s t a honinesi, 1988 144pp. ( U n - ~ b -- In te ramer i cana de P u e r t o Rico, Apdo 1253, Hato Rey, OOSIS P u e r t o R i r o l .

. And rze j Dembicz ( e d ) , f Simposio I n t e r n a c i o n a l oe i a ' J u i v e 5 i d g c d c Va rscv ia sobre

America L a t i n s [ U n i v e r s i d a d de Varsov ia /Asoc iac i bn Pax, 19801 Vo'l .'I 'I'/bpp, Vo? . 2 3 1 5 ~ ~ .

D~oblema?. d e l d e s s ' ~ o l 1 o <?P l a s r eg iones f r o n t e r a s en Anierica ~ a t l n a y ~ov , i r , i e r r . us i-; Â ¥ J I

to: i o s ec f unc¥ ; " i i d e ? a for -xac iS- de ~ ~ p a c i o ? soc ioec r i n&n i ro< ?n Arner~ca Lax.!nd.

. B ~ b r n h e t t n e ( e d ] , W: 3 i m e n s i m s o f Peace (Tokyo. b n ~ t e d h a t i o n s U n i v e r 5 i t 2 ,

1988) 287pp. What i m p l i c a t i o n s does S t a r Wars have + o r European s e c u r i t y ? How d!d t h e C O ! -

l apse o f d e t e n t e between t h e suoerponers a f f e c t European c o o p e r a t i o n ? Does t h e new e r 8

o f g l a s n o s t and n u c l e a r arms n e g o t i a t i o n s open up a more p o s i t i v e p r o s p e c t f o r t h e Cor-

t i n e n t ? What independent i n i t i a t i v e s shou ld Europe t a k e t o a l t e r i t s r e l a t i o n s w i t h T h i r d

Wor ld c o u n t r i e s , and c o n t r i b u t e more c o n s t r u c t i v e l y t o t h e i r prob lems o f deb t and mass

p o v e r t y ? These a r e among t h e ques t i ons r a i s e d i n t h i s d i a l o g u e between i n f l u e n t i a l f i g u r e s

from Western and Eas te rn Europe. The c o n t r i b u t o r s i n c l u d e s c h o l a r s such as Mary Ka ldo r ,

mmanuel n̂a} i e r s t e i n , T a m s Szentes, Andre Cunder Frank, Angeios Angelopoulos and Loui s

Emeri. and many o t h e r s f r a r t h e S o v i e t Union, Germany, Hungary, Roman"a, Greece,

Yugos iav ia , t h e Ne the r l ands , A u s t r i a and Scandinav ia . They p resen t t h e i r d i v e r s e v iews on

Europe 's own s e c u r i t y prob lems and on t h e C o n t i n e n t ' s p o s s i b l e r o l e i n w o r l d peace and

deve iopf~ ient . T h e i r a im I s t o break t h e mould o f i n h e r i t e d i d e o l o g i c a l d i v i s i o n s and ways

o f thougnt , and t o p r e s e n t new p e r s p e c t i v e s i n t h e f i e l c s o f economics, p o l i t i c s and c u l -

t u r e t h a t ma) h o l d o u t g r e a t e r hope f o r a secure and jm t f u t u r e f o r Europe and t h e wo r l d .

Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t among t h e many t o p i c s d i scussed i s an assessment o f t h e p o t e n t i a l

c o n t r l b u t i o n t h a t Europ '5 s o c i a l f o r c e s - t h e peace and t n e green movements - can make t o

r e o e f i n i n g no: j u s t p o l i t i c a l and e c o n m i c goa ls , b u t human r e l a t i o n s h i p s and s o c i a l i r -

( l o h o Seinwi B i d g 15-1 Shibuya 2 - c h m , Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) .

. AIDS and t h e T h i r d Wor l d (London: Panos I n s t i t u t e , 1986) 198pp. The most comprehen-

s i v e ove rv i ew o f g l o b a l AIDS y e t pub l i shed . The r e p o r t i s produced i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e

ho rnec ian Red Cross. S ince t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n o f t h e Panos d o s s i e r i n 1986, AIDS has become

t r u l y g l o b a l , says the r e p o r t . Then l a r g e l y c o n f i n e d t o t h e US, A f r i c a an2 p a r t s o f

Europe, t r ie v i r u : has now ga ined a f o o t h o l d i n As ia , West As ia and Eas t Europe; and i n

L a t i f America and t h e Car ibbean t h e r e a re ep idemics as severe as - and i n many cases more

severe t han - t hose i n N o r t h America, West Europe and A u s t r a l i a . B u t t h e r e i s good news

t oo . I n g l o b a l terms, governments ano t h e UN system have responded t o t h e c h a l l e n g e o-*"

A I D S w i t h a speed and v i guou r t h a t i s p r o b a b l y unprededented. The 54 page appendix t o t h e

d o s s i e r c o n t a i n s a comprehensive c o u n t r y by c o u n t r y r ev i ew o f t h e spread o f HIV, w i t h

seven g l o b a l i n d r e g i o n a l map:. ( 8 A l f r e d P lace , Londo.', WC1E 7 E B , U K ) .

GLOBAL SPACE

. t i i chae l V a r ~ e n (ed ) , Survey Annual E (Bethesda: Wor ld F u t u r e Soc ie t y , 1388) 195pp.

A b s t r a c t s o f r ecen t books and a r t i c l e s on w o r l d f u t u r e ; i n t e r n a t i o n a l economics; w o r l d

r e g i o n s and natioons; defense and disarmament; energy; env i ronment and resources; food and

a g r i c u l t u r e ; ' soc i e t y ; t h e US economy; business.; work; s p a t i a l a f f a i r s ; c r i m e and j u s t i c e ;

h e a l t h ; f a r m l i e s and educa t i on ; c m u n i c a t i o n s ; " i ience and technology; methods t o shape

t h e f u t u r e . (h916 S t Elmo Ave, Bethesda, Mary land 20614, USA).

. J u l i a n Burqer , Repo r t f r a n t h e F r o n t i e r : The S t a t e o f t h e W o r l d ' s Ind igenous Peoples

(Cambridge: C u l t u r a l S u r v i v a l , 1987) 310pp. The i nd igenous peop le o f t h e w o r l d a r e a t t h e

f r o n t l i n e o f n a t i o n a l deve lopment programmes. They have been d r i v e n from t h e i r t r a d i t i o n -

a l homeddnds, h ~ e t i m e s f o r c i b l y and sometimes t h rough t h e use o f a l i e n laws and decrees.

I n t h e nane o f p roq ress , t h e l i f e s t y l e s o f more t han 200 m i l l i o n t r i b a l and i nd igenous

peop les a r e b e i n g des t royed . Repo r t from t h e F r o n t i e r i d e n t i f i e s t hese peop les whose v u l -

n e r a b l e and e7'?"1oited communi t ies e x i s t i n more t han h a l f t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d . I t

examines, t h e > r s i t u a t i o n r e g i o n by r e g i o n , i n c l u d i n g Western Europe and N o r t h America,

China and t h e S o v i e t Union. It document,*! t h e i r employment, h e a l t h and e d u c a t i o n a l d i s -

advantaqes; l ooks a t t h e ma jo r sources o' c o n f l i c t w i t h governments, t r a n s n a t i o n a l s , and

o t h e r orooonenrs c f c a n l t a l i ^ . t de<elo"mf-i t , and descr <bp:- t h e - ) r - o w i ~ g res;s tance o x t h ?

corninurn L;e5 them-ielves. ( 11 D i v i n i t y Ave, Cambridge, Mass 02138, USA).

. P i e r r e Ross r i ( ed ) , m; M a n u f a c t u r i n q t h e E x o t i c (Copenhagen: IWGIA, ;388)

193pp. The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s document i s t o o u t l i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t o u r i s m and

" u l t u r a l m i n o r i t i e s . I t aims t o unders tand t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p , t o p o i n t o u t

i t s nwst s e r i o u s and harmfu l e f f e c t s and t o maKe known some o f t h e s u r v i v a l s t r a t e g i e s

wh i ch c u l t u r a l m i n o r i t i e s e m ~ l o y . Tourisrr i s t h e q r e a t e s t economic and s o c i o - c u l t u r a l phe-

nmenon o f ou r epoch and c u l t u r a l m i n o r i t i e s s u f f e r more t han anyone f rom i t s n e g a t i v e

e f f e c t s . The c o n t r i b u t o r s have each s t u d i e d t h e p r o b l e m a t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p between t o u r i s m

anc c u l t u r a l n i n o r i t i e s and p r o v i d e conc re te examples c o v e r i n g a wiae geog raph i ca l and

c u l t u r a l spect rum. The r i c h n e s s and v a r i e t y o f t h e a u t h o r s ' obse rva t i ons a r i s e from t h e i r

d i f f e r i n g p e r c e p t i o n s , approaches and f o r m u l a t i o n s of t h e i r problem. T h i s h e t e r o g e n e i t y

has p e r m t t e r i t h e emergence o f a t h e o r e t i c a l framework wh i ch i s p resen ted i n t h e f i r s t

a r t i c l e : "Tourism and c u l t u r a l m i n o r i t i e s : doub le m a r 5 i n a l i s a t i o n and s u r v i v a l s t r a t e g i e s "

( F i o l s t r a e d e 10, 1171 Copenhagen h , Denmark).

. Pe te r haterman, From 'Globa l l n7o rma t i on ' t o ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s : C m u n i c a t i o n ' :

c e p t u 8 l i s i n g t h e Democ ra t i sa t i on o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m u n i c a t i o n ( I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l S t u -

d i es , 1988) 49pp. (P05 90733, 2509 LS The Hague, N e t h e r l a n a s ) . [ c f . pp.55-61 above]

. F r i e n d s o f t h e Trees, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Green F r o n t Repo r t (Washington, 1988) 194pp.

F r i ends o f t h e Trees I n t e r n a t i o n a l Green F r o n t Repo r t i s a cornpendim of no tewor thy deeds,

p r o j e c t s , events , o r q a n i z a t i o n s , movements, i n d i v i d u a l s , p e r i o d i c a l s , books and a r t i c l e s

conce rn ing Re-Greening t h e E a r t h - The wo r l dw ide "Green F ron t " . (FOB 1466, Chetan,

Washington 98816, USA). $ 7 . -

. HernSn Santa C r u z Cooperar o pe rece r : E l d i l e n c de I a c m u n i d a d munc ia l , Torrro l l :

Luces, sombras y tormenta5 en 10s 860s r a d u r o s (Buenos A i r e s : Grupo L d i t o r ~ a t i n o a m e r i c a n o

Q 1988) 452pp. E s t e l i b r o es l a c o n t i ~ ~ u a c i 6 n de l a obra Cooperar o pe rece r , pub l i cada

en 1985. HernSn Santa Cruz ariade ahora a "Los arios de c reac ibn " su t c s t i m o n i o i iobre "Los

aiios maduros". E l p resen te volurnen - d i v i d i d o en t r e s p a r t e s , que son h a s t a c i e r t o pun t0

t ndepend ien tes - c o n t i e n e m a t e r i n s de v a r i a d a Tndole, como l a e r r a d i c a c i 6 r i d e l hambre en

l p l a n e t a y l a d c s c o l o n i z a c i 6 n mnsiva o c u r r i d a a1 t e r m i n a r l a Segurida Cuerra Mundia l . !.a

p r ime ra a n a l i z a l a l ucha c o n t r a l a d e s n u t - i c i h n , quc es tS aun l e j o s de ser e l im inada . h i

10s avances t e c n o l 6 g i c o s n i l a r i q u e z e d e l mundo o 10s es fue rzos i n te rnac iona ' i es han Dodi -

do supe ra r 10s obs tScu los provocados po r !a ceguera de d i r i g e n t e s mund ia l es y e1 egoismo

c r e c i e n t e de sec to res s o c i a l e s que s o l o buscan e l a i n e r o y e l pode r . La o t r a se r e f i e r e a l a independenc ia de c a s i un cen tena r oe t e r r i t o r i o s no a u t 5 n m o s que cubren c a s i medie

p l a n e t a . Tambien e s t e volumcn pone de r e l i e v e l a tremenda c o n t r a d i c c i 6 n qJe e x i s t e e n t r e

l a s n o t a b l e s r e a l i z a c f o n e s dc 10s Orqani smos d e l sisterna dc Nac iones Unidas y e l implacd-

D ie a taque de a igunos gob ie rnos de Estedos poderosos y sus c o r i f e o s pa ra e l i m i n a r , 0 a1

menos man ia ta r , a d i chas 1 ~ i s t i t u c i o n e s . L1 a u t o r s o s t i e n e aue e l mundo e n f r e n t a un i n t e n t o

par's e l r e t o r n o dc I n s p o l i t i c a s de poder que causf t ron en e l p r e s e r t e s i g l o dos que r ra1

devastadoras y que 10s amigos de l a pa2 y de l a j u s t i c i a deben m o v i l i z a r s e para d e t e n r r

t a n p e l i q r o s o p r o p 6 s i t o . So lo l a coope rac i6n u r i v e r s a l en 10s t e rm inos de l a C a r t a puede

e v i t a r e l h o l o c a u s t o p l a n e t a r i o . ( L a p r i d e 1183, l e r P i so , 1425 Buenos A'res., A r g e n t i n e ) .

. P i e r r e de Senarc lens, La c r i s e des Na t i ons Un ies ( P a r i s : PUF, 1588) 234pp. Les Na-

t i o n s Un ies o n t exe rce depu i s l e u r c r e a t i o n une grande i n f l u e n c e su r I ' e v o l u t i o n des r e l a -

t i o n s i n t e r n a f o n a l e s . Sans l a Cha r t s e t l e s d e c l a r a t i o n s s o l e n n e l l e s de I 'Assemcilee gene-

r a l e , sans l e s i n s t r u m e n t s j u n d i q u e s S t a b l i s sous l e u r eg ide, sans ";S o r g a r ~ i s a t l o n s du

systeme de I'ONU chargees de l e u r p romo t i on OL de l e u r m i se en oeuvre, l a p o l i t i q u e i n t e r -

n a t i o n a l e s e r a i t t o t a l e m e n t p r i v e e de reperes, 1 i v rGe encore oavantage q u ' e l l e ne

aux c o n t r a i n t e s de 1.3 f o r c e , 2 l ' a r b i t r a i r e des p u i s s a n t s . Or l e s Nd t i ons Unies, c e r t a i n e s

de l e u r s i n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i a l ?sees, t e l l e 1 'Unesco, t r a v e r s t n t ? u . ] o u r u ' h ~ > une c, i s e

y r d v e , Jgpassant l a r5eme 'Â¥ ? e : p^'o!?l+me= de b ' ~ d g r t rt de a e s t i o n a d r p i n i s t r a t i v e , ou men&

i e " p o l i t i s a t i o n " abus i ve . P i e r r e df Senarc lens se propose dans c e t essa i d ' exp l ' . que r 1es

ya i sons de c e t t e d e r i v e , ana l ysan t ses fonden-ients i dGo loq iques , p o l i t i q u e s e t i n ~ : i t u t i o n -

p e l s . 11 examine auss i "is vo ies d ' une e v e n t u e l l e r e fo rme .

. R.A. Touznchamad & I . I . K 0 v a ' e . w ~ l e d s ) , The Non-A. .:, ,Y-z. - * : Progres:

Publ > c a t i o n s , 1986) 279pp. T h i s c o ' " i ~ i - t i v e rr.onoqraph by Sov ie * ~ c n c . , a . W: :h c bpoa'.;

range o f ques t i ons t h a t shon t h e i@ec:oc; ica l and p o l i t i c a l source- . , t ne b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s

and purposes, forms and methods o f w o r k t h e l r - e r n a t i o n a i l e g a l b a n s anc t h e :: :, 'nd

p o l i t i c a l essence o f t h e non -a l i gned movement from 1961 t c 1966. ( 1 7 Zubovsk) r * - -^oscow,

USSR).

, B a k h t i y a r Tusmu~hamedov, Frm Place Zones t o a Peace p l a n e t : N u c l e a r - f r e e r e g i o n s d r e

c r u c i a l f o r a sa fe r w o r l d h a b i t a t ( A l l i e d Pub1ishe'-s ( P v t ) L t d , 19E7, 42pp. ( P r a r t n n a

f ^ a t s , Navrangpura, Ahmedabao 380009, I n d i a ) .

. Simbr Albe'-:c C c n s a l v i , La pa; n u c l e a r : Ensavos dc h i s t o r i a con tmpo^&nea (Caracas:

Monte A v i l a E d i t o r e s , 1988) En 1945, a1 c o n c l u i r l a Segunda Cuerra Mundia l , cuando es-

t a l l a n l a s banbas a t h i c a s en Hi rosh ima y Nagasaki, se i n i c i a "un per7odo s i n precedentes

en l a h i s t o r i a mund ia l , determinado po r l a c m p e t e n c i a po r e l poder n u c l e a r e n t r e 10s t s -

tados Unido5 l a Un ion S o v i 6 t i c a " . As1 10 ' n a n i f i e s t a Sirr6n A l b e r t o Consa l v i a1 p resen ta r

10s c i n c o ensayos que conforman u r volomen cuyo p a r a d 6 j i c o t i t i i l o i n d i c a ya que e l t m a

a l l ! t r a t a d o c o n s t i t u y e un hechc c e n t r a l de i a h i s t o r i a contemporSnea. Porque, s i esas dos

nac iones - a sab iendas de l a s f a t a l e s consecuenc ias que a c a r r e a r l a par8 l a r aza humana un

rn f renta f r iento en g ran e s c a l a - se es fue rzan p o r mantener l a paz, e s t a supone tambien,

lamentab1emer.:e, ?or p a r t e de esas mismas superpotenc ias, c l a u s p i c i o de c ruen tos "con-

f l i c t o s r e ~ ~ o ~ i a ' i e s " que ban sumado mSs de d i e c i s i e t e m i l i i o n e s de muer tos en 10s b l t i m o s

t r e i n t a a F . 0 ~ de "paz n u c l e a r e n t r e 10s grandes". (Apdo p o s t a l 70712, Zona 1070, Caracas,

Venezuela) .

. Bernard Unod, M i d d l e Powers i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l System: The M i d d l e Powers and t h e

Gene-a1 I n t c r r s t (Nor th-Sout1. I n s t i t u t e , 1988) 31pc. (55 l^ur ra) 5 t r , S u i t e P O P , Ottawa KIN

FM3, Canada).

. Pugwasn Symposiur' on S c i e n t i * ' c and Techno log i ca l Aspects o f Development o f New Wea-

pons, V e r - ' f i c a t i o n Issues and Global Secur ' ty , i n co-operateon w i t h t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s

Department f o r Disaramament A f f a i r s and t h e U n i t e d Na t i ons U n i v c r ! ) i t y (New York, 1988)

6 9 0 ~ .

. Tosh i yuk i Toyoda, A Study on M i l i t a r y R & D: Concerns about Japan ' s P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n

t h e S t r a t e g i c Detense i n i t i a t i v e (PRIME, 1988) 51pp. ( M e i j i Caku in U n i v e r s i t y , Kamikurata - 1516. Totsuka, Yokohama 24k, Japan) .

. SIPRI Yearbook 1986: Wor ld Armaments and Disarmament (So lna, 1986) 598pp. The 1 3 t h

e d i t i o n o f t h e SIPRI year boo^ p r e s e n t s d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on arms and arms c o n t r o l

i s sues i n a format t h a t i s b o t h conc i se and s tanda rd i zed f o r ease o f u5e. The SIPRI Year-

book 1988 con t i nues SIPRI ' s r ev i ew o f t h e l a t e s t deve lopments i n n u c l e a r weapons, n u c l e a r

exp los i ons , w o r l d m i l i t a r ) expend i t u re , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l arms t r ade , chemica l and b i o -

l o g i c a l weapons. t h e m i l i t a r y use o f o u t e r space and ongoing armed c o n f l i c t s . E f f o r t s t o

c o n t r o l t h e arms r a c e a r e desc r i bed , and t h e s t a t u s o f nego t i a teons and agreements i s

ana lysed. I n a d d i n o n t o t hese r e g u l a r f e a t u r e s and s t a t i s t i c s , t h e Yearbook c o n t a i n s spe-

c i a l s t u d i e s on :he INF T r e a t y , t h e ABM T r e a t y r ev i ew , t h e I ra '1- I ran War and t h e r o l e o f

t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , and t h e UN I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on t h e R e l a t i o n s h i p between D i s -

armament and beve lopment . i t s comprehensive coverage makes i t an i n v a l u a b l e sourcebook f o r

anyone seek ing a u t h o r i t a t i v e , f a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n on i s sues o f armaments and disarmament

and t h u s t c anyone ^n teCe ' s ted i n s t r a t e g i c s t u d i e s , war s t u d i e s , peace s t u d i e s and i n t e r -

r a t i o x l r e ? a t i s n : . [ P i p e r s vtt; 2 8 , 17' 73 Sc'na, Sweden!.

. K a r l P.Sauvant, Trade and Fo re iqn D i r e c t Investment i n Data Se rv i ces (London: West-

W Pr.ess. l 0 h f t ) 223pp. An i n - d e p t h e x a f : ~ i n a t i o n of t h e ~ r o w t h and impor tance o f da ta se r -

v i c e s - da ta p rocess ing , so f twa re , da ta bases, and t e l e c m u n l c a t i o n s e r v i c e s - which

documents t r a a e and f o r e i g n d i r e c t investment i n t hese se rv i ces , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n L a t i n

America. The d i s c u s s i o n o' t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i m r n s i o r o+ d a t a - s e r v i c e s t r z n s a c t l o n s f o -

cuses on t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s "i assess ing t r ansbo rde r da ta f l ows , t h e impac t of da ta t e c h -

n o l o g i e s on i n t e r n a t i o n a l economic t r a n s a c t i o n s , and t h e emergence of new f o m s o f i n t e r -

n a t i o n a l t r a d e . Dr Sauvant a l s o l ooks a t t h e r e g u l a t i o n s gove rn ing i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e and

f o r e i g n a i r e c t i n v e s m e n t i n aata se rv i ces , and he surmar izes p r i n c i p a l p o l i c y i s sues and

i m p l i c a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e T h i r d World. The t e x t i s accmoan ied by e x t e n s i v e s t a -

t i s t i c a l m a t e r i a l s and an overv iew of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t r ansbo rde r da ta

f l ows . (13 The Brunswick Cent re , London WC1F lAF, UK).£30.5

. Jagd i sh N. Bhagwat i , Dependence and In terdependence: D e v e l o p ~ n g ~ o u n t ' n e s i n t h e

World Economv (1987) 27pp. {The John Hopk ins l i n i v e r s i t) School o f AdvaTceG i n t e r n a t i o n a l

S tud ies , 1740 Massachuset ts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA;.

UNCTAD, Trade and Development Repo r t 1988 ( U n i t e d Na t i ons Sales N0E.88. I ! .D.6 I 292pp.

From t h e UN Cen t re on T ransna t i ona l Co rpo ra t i ons :

- T r a n s n a t i o n a l C o r p o r a t i o n s i n Wor ld Development, Trends and P rospec t s tE.86.1I.A.7)

623pp.

- T ransna t i ona l Co rpo ra t i ons , A s e l e c t i v e b i b l i o g r a p h y 1983-1987 (Vo1 . i : L .68. I I .A.9 ,

442pp; Vol.1 1: E.88.i I.A.lO, 463pp.)

- J o i n t Ventures as a Form o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Economic Co -ope ra t i on (E.88.11.A.12)

210pp.

- I n t e r n a t i o n a l Accoun t i ng and R e p o r t i n g Issues: 1987 Review (E.86.11.A.81 140pp.

. Robin Cohen, The hew r i e l o t s : M i g r a n t s i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l D i v i s i o n o f Labour

( A l d e r s h o t : Avebury/Cower, 1987) 290pp. In t h i s w ide r a n g i n g work o f compara t i ve and h i s -

t o r i c a l soc io l ogy , Robin Cohen argues t h a t a ma jo r eng ine o f c a p i t a l ' s g row th l i e s i n i t s

a b i l i t y t o f i n d success i ve c o h o r t s o f q u a s i - f r e e workers t o dep loy i n t h e farms, mine5 and

f a c t o r i e s o f an expanding i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i v i s i o n o f l abou r . These workers , l i k e t h e h e l o t s

o f a n c i e n t Greece, a r e found a t t h e p e r i p h e r y o f ' r e g i o n a l p o l i t i c a l economies' o r i n t h e

form of modern m i g r a n t s , sucked i n t o t h e v o r t e x o f m e t r o p o l i t a n s e r v i c e o r manu fac tu r i ng

i n d u s t r y . The r e g i o n s o f sou the rn A f r i c a ; t h e USA and t h e c i r c m - C a r i b b e a n ; Europe and i t s

c o l o n i a l and sou the rn h i n t e r l a n d s , a r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y compared - y i e d l i n g o r i g i n a l and, i n

some cases, uncomfo r t ab le ana log ies between c o u n t r i e s p r e v ' o u s i y t h r o u q h t t o be w h o l l y

d i f f e r e n t I n terms o f t h e i r p o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e s and g u i d i n g va lues . Though i t p r e s e n t s a

c h a l l e n g i n g t h e s i s , The New H e l o t s has been w r i t t e n w i t h b o t h an undergraduate and p r o f e s -

s i o n a l r e a d e r s h i p i n mind. S tuden ts o f h i s t o r y , s o c i o l o g y a i d economics as w e l l as t hose

i n t e r e s t e d i n p a t t e r n s o f m i g r a t i o n and e t h n i c r e l a t i o n s w i l l a l l f i n d someth ing new t o

d i s t u r b conven t i ona l wisdome, found i n t h e i r f i e l d s . (Cower douse, C r o f t Roaa, A lde rsho t ,

Hampshire C u l l 3HR, UK) P r i c e £27.5 ( h a r d cove r ) , £8.9 (pape rback ) .

. Czech Conroy & M i l e s L i t v i n o f f (eds) , The Greeninq o f A id : S u s t a i n a b l e L i v e l i h o o d s i n

P r a c t i c e (London: Ear thscan, 1988) 302pp. T h i r d World development has so o f t e n meant t h e

e x p o r t o f No r then t echno logy f o r amb i t i ous schemes des igned t o make money - t h e l a t e s t

g i a n t d a n , o i l r e f i n e r y , l ogg 'ng p w c e s ? o r p e s t i c i d e f a c t o r y . Bu t such "a i d " has f r e -

q u e n t l y been e c o l o g i c a l l j d e s t r u c t i v e a r d i t s c r i p p l i n g c o s t has ended up making l i f e im-

measurab ly worse f o r t hose i t was supposed t o he lp . Us ing examples f rom Asia, A f r i c a , t h e

Caribbean, C e n t r a l and South America, t h i s book shows t h e r e a r e forms o f deve lopment t h a t

a l l o w peop le t o c o n t r o l t h e i r own resources w h i l e i m p r o v i n g t h e i r c o n d i t i o n ano enhanc ing

t h e i r envi '-onment. The 33 case s t u d i e s f r m a g r i c u l t u r e , f i s h i n g and i n d u s t r y were c m i s -

s ioned by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r Enk i ronment and Development f r m peop le c lose l ' .

i n v o l v e d i n t h e pro 'ec ts ( a d c ~ e s s above, p .35) £8.95

. R . Renard, A i c end Development i n Sub-Saharan A f r i c a , 27pp; C. Andersen-Speekenbrink,

The Legal D imens ion i~ t h e Socio-Cu?:ural E f f e c t s o f P r i v a t e Fo re i s r , E n t e r p r i s e : The Lane

l l l Convent ion, 18pp and European D e v e l o ~ m e n t Co -ope ra t i on : A Cb,al lenqe f o r A i c

Acmin is t ra ' .ors , 17pp. (UFSIA, P r i n n 5 t r a a t "1, 2000 A i twe rpen , Be lg i um) .

. Taimi S ' t a r i , Technoloay T rans fe r t o develop;^^ C o u n t r i e s : Fro- P lace t o P lace o r

f ~ m Space :c Space, 5 9 0 ~ ; K i m o K i l j u n e n , -0r1.z Bank anc t h e h o r l d Pove r t y , 1 5 ~ ~ ;

Mikko Ko rpe la , Economics o f Deve lop inq Coun t r i es , 20pp. { I n s t i t u t e o f Development Studio!:.

U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i , F i n l a n d ! .

. Con tac t B e r l i n 1987: Proceedings o f t h e No r th -Sou th Conference, B e r l i n 1987 (Senat

a p a r t m e n t f o r Economics and Labour, 1968; 12Gpp. (Ma r t i r - Lu th -e r -S t rasse W , 1000 B e r l i n

62, FRG).

. O i l t o South A f r i c a : A p a r t h e i d ' s F r i e n d s and P a r t n e r s (Sh ipp ing Research Bureau,

1988) 76pp. (POE 11898, 1001 GW Amsterdam, Nether lands; . .

. Beyond Apa r the id (Amsterdam: South A f r i c a Economic Research and T r -a i n i nq P r o j e c t ,

1968) 76pp. I n c o n t r a s t t o much of t h e e a r l i e r d i s c u s s i o n s conce rn ing a p o s t - a p a r t h e i d

s o c i e t y , t h e concern o f these papers i s w i t h p r a c t i c a l ques t i ons and n o t a b s t r a c t t heo re -

t i c a l i s sues . Which t y p e o f p o l i c i e s need t o be implemented i n t h e r e a l w o r l d t h a t w i l l be

i n h e r i t e d ? C l e a r l y , t h e answers i n each case i m p l y a p a r t i c u l a r t h e o r e t i c a l unde rs tand ing ,

b u t t h e au tho r has t o t r a n s l a t e i t i n t o a p o l i c y approach, SAERT encouraged t h i s focus i n

t h e b e l i e f t h a t l i b e r a t i o n needs t c be g i v e n a p r a c t i c a l c o n t e n t i f t h e dreams of t hose

who s t r u g g l e f o r freedom a r e t o Be implemented. (Pau lus P o t t e r s t r a a t 20, 1071 DA

Amsterdam, Ne the r l ands ) .

. Le5 e n f a n t s face 8 l t A p a r t h e i d (Mouvernent a n t i - a p a r t h e i d de Suisse, 1988; 63pp. (15

r u e L s v r i e r , 1201 Geneve, S u i s s e ) .

. John H i l l a r c ( ed ) , J M Keynes i n Re t rospec t : The Legacy o f t h e Keynes ian R e v o l u t i o n

( A l d e r s h o t : Edward E l g a r Publ . , 1988) 229pp. T h i s book emphasises t h e c o n t i n u i n g i m p o r t -

ance o f Keynes t o t h e s tudy o f t h e economic prob lem. The o r thodox c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n i n

economic t h e o r y has sought t o undermine t h e endu r i ng s i g n i f i c a n c e of h i s work . These o r i -

c i n a l essays demonst ra te t h e v i g o u r and c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e Keynes ian t r a d i t i o n . They h i g h -

l i g h t t h e impo r tance of Keynes' c o n t r i b u t i o n t o econanic t heo ry , method and p r a c t i c e i n

s p i t e o f t h e c r i t i c i s m s advanced by t h e New C l a s s i c a l School . The essays range ac ross t h e

Keynes ian spect rum and rep resen t success i ve gene ra t i ons o f t h e Keynes ian E ra . (Grower

house, C r o f t Road, A l d e r s h o t , Hants GUM 3HR, UK).

. Dav id E. Ap te r , R e t h i n k i n g Development: w n i z a t i o n , Dependency and Postmodern

P o l i t i c s (London: SAGE P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1987) 326pp. Development t h e o r y i s a t a c ross roads .

D m i n a n t t h e o r i e s such as m o d e r n i z a t i o n and dependence have r u n t h e i r course. I n R e t h i n k -

i n g Developnent . a ~reefninent p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l t h e o r i s t o f f e r s h i s v iew of t h e d i r e c -

t i o n o f t h e d i s c i p l i n e . Us ing ma jo r themes such as t h e r e l a t i o n between development and

democracy, t h e prob lem o f i n n o v a t i o n and m a - g i n a l t y . Ap te r o f f e r s an i n n o v a t i v e conpara-

V C s tudy . He t akes a new 1.ook a: s c i e n t i f i c , r o n a n t i c arid ¥ i .e1eolog ica f c rmu la t i on t . ,

showing how c o n v e n t i o n a l concepts o f deve lcpr rent p r e v e n t us f rom see ing i t s n e g a t i v e con-

sequences. He argues t h a t development w i l l gene ra te democracy, b u t n o t e a s i l y . I n s t e a d o f

p r e s e n t i n g a s i n g l e dogmat ic t heo ry , Ap te r g i v e s s c h o l a r s and s tuden ts o f p01 i t i c a l and

s o c i a l change an a r t i c u l a t e and o r i g i n a l v iew. (26 Banner S t r , London EClY 80E, UK).

. A-martva Sen, Resources, Values anc Development (Cambridge U n ~ v e r s i t> Press, '"9641 547pp. Tr-iis book ^ocuses on some fu'- ' r iamertal prob lems of e c o n d c development. Ama-tya

5 e r ' s i n n o v a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n s have had a p ro fou -d i n f l u e n c e on deve lopmer t e c o n o v c s .

- ; . S s e l e c t i o n o f h15 essays i n c l u d e s recogn i zed c l a s s i c s , such as "Peasents and D u a i i s ~ " ,

a l ongs ide new work p r e s e n t i n g f r e s h i deas ana a n a l y s i s . The ' i r s t ; s e t e x p l o r e s t h e b a s i c

f ea tu res 0' r esou rce a l l o c a t i o r i n 'non-wage' systerr.8, suet"" as peasant acr icu l ' .u r - f , aua l

econorses, and c o o p e r a t i v e ai, l o c a t i o n . The d i s c u s s i o n t hen t u r n s t o in'.'estrient p ' l a n n v ~ ,

n c l u d i n c s a i i n g r a t e s , aiscoun';!i-i5, and pvc jec* : a p o r a i s a ' . The n e x t gpoup aea l s m t h s5,a-

a p r i c i n g and employment p o i i c j , p a y i n g p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o p c l 1 t i c a 1 an? s o r i a ?

c o n s t r a i n t s as w e l l as economic a n c t e c h n o l o ~ i c a l ones. The au tho r goel o? :o i n v c s z ~ s d t e

some i m p o r t a n t i s sues i n w e l f a r e e c o n d c s anc t h e i r r e l evance t c deveiopprent p o l i c y and

i n t e r n a t i o n a l e t 9 i c a . He analyses t h e use o f conven t i ons and norms i n t h e p e r c e p t i o n o F

d e p r i v a t i o n and pove r t y , and ir s o c i a l behav io r i n v o l v i n g d i v i s i o n s w i t h i n t h e f a r m l v a n c sex b i a s i n g e n e r a l . The l a s t f o u r essays p r e s e n t an o r i g i n a l b lew 0'" t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p

betweer goods and A I - b e i n g . They examine t h e w e l f a r e b a s i s o f r e a l income co.-'lpa'-{sons,

t h e s o c i a l r o o t s o f hunger, and t h c na'.d'-e o ^ e c o n m i c aeve>opment. A s u b s t a n n a : .,r-+.ro-

d i c t i o n b r i n g s o u t t h e i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s between t h e v a r i o u s themes, a r d comments, on t h e

r e c e n t r e l e v a n t l i t e r a t u r e . ( 7 9 Garden S t r e e t , Cambridge, MA 02136-9963, U S A ) .

PERIODICALS

HUMAN RIGHTS: I n t h e Human R i g h t s I n t e r n e t Repo r te r (VoI 12, N03 ) ' M a l a y s i a : A ‘rent a t t a c k on t h e independfnce o f t h e j u d i c i a r y ' by Chandra Muza f f a r . T h e A ~ t i c l e 19 B u l l e t i n

(NO31 g i v e s 19 c m e n t a r i e s , each one proposes an "up - t o -da te account o f t h e s t a t e o t

freedom o f thought , o p i n i o n and i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e r e p o r t i n q c o u n t r y and exatr.ines t h e

l a t e s t t r e n d s i n t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t hese r i g h t s and f r eedo rs " .

CULTURES: ' A u s t r a l i a : A b o r i g i n a l appeal t o t h e w o r l d ' i n IWCIA N e w s l e t t e r (N053l541. I n

I n d i a n News of t h e Americas 'Amaranth and qu inua : Coope ra t i on among I n d i a n c m u n i t i e s '

(No36J ; '2no encounter o f L a t i n Amer ican I n d i a n l e g i s l a t o r s ' (ti037,1. i n G rass roo t s Deve l -

V 12, NO21 ' I n t o another j u n g l e : The f i n a l j ou rney o f t h e Matacos ' by A r i e l

Dorfman. 'Los l n d i g e n a s de America L a t i n a a n t e e l b c e n t e n a r i o ' en ( h o 1 7 ; .

'Mus l ims o f B u l g a r i a ' i n I s l a m i c Order (Vo l 10, N ? ) . I n The Kanaqana ( V c l 35, NO21 'Loco1

governments t a k e a hand i n c u l t u r a l a f f a i r s - Kanagawa's app roach* . 'La p e r s i s t e n c i a de

10s id iomas mayas' e r Winay Marka (No6 -7 ) . 'Cmemos segun n u e s t r a s c s s t m b r e s ' en

(V23). "Me v o i c i de r e t o u r e r France. H u i t mois de rencon t res q u i m ' o n t m e n 6 de v i l l a g e

e v i l l a g e ( . . . l Pas de danses, pas de cadeaux, ma i s l u s t e E t r e l a , dens un v i l l a g e que

l ' o n p e r t u r b e I e moins p o s s i b l e i'... J Ca rne t s de no tes q u i se r e m p l i s s e n t d ' i n f o r m a t i o n s

b ru tes , de f a i t s e t d ' expe r i ences "€cu ( . . . ) " C ' e s t ce que propose I e d o s s i e r ' A f r i q u e

de I 'Gues t : pour une approche c u l t u r e l l t du developpement du B u l l e t i n C R I D D (N0761.

CHANGE: ' P e r e s t r o i k a r a d i c a l s : t h e o r i g i n s and i d e o l o g y o f t h e S o v ~ e t new l e f t ' i n m Review ( V o l 40, N 0 4 ) . I n [ V o l 20, NOS, 'Europe a t t h e dawn o f t h e t h i r d m i l l e n -

mum: a s v n t h e s i s o f t h e main t r end ' . ' by Hugues de Jouvenel . 'The v o l o n t a r v o p t i o n - on

t h e r0'1.s o f vo l unLa r i sn4 f n s o c i e t J ' i f i (!lo?&?!. IT- (V01 \'l l , NO31 'Towards

c o r n u n i t i e s o f r e s i s t a n c e and s o l i d a r i t y : some p o l i t i c a l and p h i l o s o p h i c a l n o t e s ' by

L e s t e r Edwin J. Ru i z . Dans l a Revue I n t e r n a t i o n a l e des Sc iences S o c i a l e s (N0117) ' l n t e r -

connex ions e n t r e I ? l o c a l e t I e mond ia l , dynamiques l o c a l e s e t I e systeme mond ia l , l e s

m'cro-espaces, l e s reseaux t r a n s n a t i o n a u x ' avec, e n t r e au t res , C h a d w i c ~ F. A l g e r , B j o r n

He t t ne , M a j i d Rahnema e t Johan C a l t u n ~ .

NON-VIOLENCE: I n Andean focus (Vo l 5, N04 ) 'The v i c t i m s o f s t r u c t u r a l v i o l e n c e ' . ' E t a t ,

v i o l e n c e e t accumu la t i on - lemons d ' A f r i q u e n o i r e ' i n Fo i e t developpement (K0164 /165 ) .

L e s o e f i s des t e r r o r i s m e s ' i r A l t e r n a t i v e s non v i o l e n t e s (N -69 ) .

HEALTY: I n Hai news !N04:) 'The e v o l u t i o n o f a n a t i o n a l d rug p o l i c y ' i n t h e P h ~ ; i p p i n e s ,

9 r i n ~ : n g r i a t e r ' (V01 14, ?3 ) and 'The t i p ~ y t a p ' (N04) i n H e a l t h f o r t h e m i l l i o n s . I n

Anc ien t Sc ience of L i f e ( V o l 7. N03/4) ' W i l d e d i b l e p l a n t s o f J a m u A Kashmir S t a t e - an

e t h n o - b o t a n i c a l s t u d y ' . 'Una h i s t o r i a vergonzosa - Medicamentos: c l poder de 10s l abo ra -

t o r i o s ' en Quehacer (N055 ) . " ~ a d d e c i n e t r a d i t i o n n e l l e c b i n o i s e e s t nee de l a sou f f r ance

quo t i d i enne , p o p u l a i r e e t m u l t i p l e ; l a 06 e l l e se d i f f e r e n c i e p r o f o n d h e n t de no t -e mede-

c i n e a l l o p a t h i q u e , c ' e s t dans l e s causes du dpreglernent qu i en t raTncn t 1es maladies" ex-

p l i q u e l ' a u t e u r de l r a r t i c l e 'Medecine t r a d i t i o n n e l l e c h i n o l s e ' dans L ' e n v o l ( N 0 6 j .

FOOC PRODUCTION: ' E c o l o g i c a l a g r i c u l t u r e : t h e I n d i a n expe r i ence ' i n t h e P h i l d h r r a Notes

(Vo i 4 , N o s ) . ' A f r i c a n a g r i c u l t u r e : a new approach t o r esea rch and deve lopment ' i r

E c o a f r i c a (Vo l 2 , N04) . ' T r o p i c a l kudzu, maize and pcache pa l - s r e v i v e Pe ruv ian so l 1 s ' in

1 r . t e r n a t f o n a l Ag-Sieve (Vo l 1, ? 3 ) . ' C ~ u l t i v a t i n g d i s a s t e r : US farn' p o l i c y f < a s c c ' i n t h e - ? Â ¥ ~ i n n a t ~ c n a mon i t o r !L'o'i 10, h c 7 / 8 , . 'Food s e c u r i t ) , a b a s i c consumer ngh: ' i n

i m b a n g a n ( V o l 7, N o ? ) . I n Wor ld Development ( V G ' l b , ?9; ' c u r r e n t s i s sues i n food secu r -

~ t y ' . Dans peup les en marche [ N o j l ) 'Ch ine: a u t o s b t f i s ~ n c ~ ~ a l i v e n t a i r e - ''e: accu?s d 'une

p01 i t i q u e . 'Farmers h e l p i n g t hemse l ves ' i n A f r i c a n f a m e r ( N o ' ̂ e x p l a i n s t h a t " Thousands

o f c r a s s - r o o t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , i n i t i a t e d and d i r e c t e d by peasant ""armers, a re making a

r a ~ o ? b l e d4 f f e re - c? :- the ' i v e s 0' o ' l ' i n v s ' ,

COMMUNICATION: 'Even Trotswy had a t r i a l . ..and so d i d Candhi and Mandela' i n (Vo l

0 , N 0 3 ) . 'On t h e road w i t h t h e Ate l ieer Thea t re Buf -k inabe ' i n 4, Development Commumca-

t i o n Repo r t (N062) . I n Extra ( V o l 2, N02) ' L i t t l e Steven on rock , South A f r i c a , media and

p o l i t i c s ' . ' l o p l 2 censor-ed s t u d i e s o f 1987 ' i n t h e UTNE Reader (N029) . En D ia . l oqos

(No21! 'La t e l e v i s i o n mexicana er, 10s Estados Unidos: e x t i n c i b n o r e c o n v e r s i 6 n ? ' . ' L ' ab -

ser,ce d ' e s p r ~ t critique dans l a p re>se l duns I n t e r c m (No59) (er, p o r t u g a i s > .

CITIES * CIUUAOES: ' S u r v i v i n g on t h e s t r e e t s : a vendor speaks ' i n B o l i v i a B u l l e t i n ( V o l 4,

N04). I n S o c i a l Change ( V o l 17, N04) 'Problems o*' u r b a n i t y : a l o o k a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' .

'Apuntes ace rca de l h a b i t a t p o p u l a r ' en P r a c t i c a B a r r i a l (A710 2, N041. 'Aqua y saneamiento

en A m ~ i c a L a t i n a ' en Medio ambiente y uvban i zac i6n (N023) . ' l r t e r n a t i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e i n

t h e u rban s e c t o r ' by Serge D m i c e l j i n H a b i t a t I n t e r n a t i o n a l (Vo l 12, N02). I n

lNo16 ! ' $ e l f - h e l p hous ing ' i n d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l c o n t e x t s . 'Ambiente y e t i c a en L a t i n o -

arnerica: l a busqueda de una u t o p i a ' en (A50 4, N O G ) .

ENVIRONMENT: 'Focus on p e s t i c i d e s ' i n Panoscope (No@) . ' T h i r d Wor ld war: oebt , development

& env i r onmen t ' i n IDOC I n t e r n a z i o n a l e (Vo l 19, N03/66) . ' E x p l o r i n g a l t e r n a t i v e energy

sou rces ' i n E n v i r o n e s i a (Vo l 2, V 2 ) . 'Green c o n s m e r ~ s r ~ ' i n New Economics ( N O 7 1968 ) . I n

Seminar (No346), ' D r o u g h t ' , Spec ia l i s s u e o f I n d u s t r y and Env i ronment "do1 1 1 ? l ) about

'hazardous waste management'. I n Wise ' F i r e a t Cher.-iobyl s t y l e r e a c t o r ' ¥,Ko298 a r c

'Sweden s t i l l h o t a f t e r Che rnoby l ' (N0297) . T ransna t i ona l P e r s p e c t i v e s ( V o l l * , No2) i s

5 t r i ~ c t u - e + avour'c? t h e concept o f t i o ~ e c ; i n ? a : < s ~ , w i ' t h a ser;?s ol' book ??v iew> Q- 'Crepr

-. . . . r .r . l . - - ;r .c ' @"d a ' - t i c 1 - 5 o" t" c"-pg "TÂ¥'@'.., ?r"^ ^ra"r'-'^.t'e" ; c " ' " ? , * cc f d c r c " i ^

t h e development o f n o r t h e r n Tha i l and , and a 'Disarrnanent Watch' on t h e dangers o f e c o l o -

a i c a l d e s t r u c t i o n t h rough w a r . ' F o r e s t r y f o r peop le ' s w e l f a r e ' i n As ian A c t i o n (NQ69) . I n

C u l t u r a l S u r v i v a l Q u a r t e r l y ( V o l 12, ? 2 ) ' H y d r o e l e c t r i c Dams'. I n t c o f o r m (Vo l 12, N o l )

' P r o f i t s o r peop le? a l c o k a t t h ? T r o p i c a l F o r e 5 t r ) M c t i n n P i a n ' . S ~ e c i a l i s % u e o f B

P i c t u r e s B u l l e t i n (N03) about 'ozone and t h e ove rhea t i ng e a r t h ' , I n The h i c u s Jou rna l

( t ' o l 10, N03! 'Spec ia l r e p o r t : Amer i ca ' s Mad Dash t o t h e Sea ' . 'Laquna v e r d r : Riesgos dc

l a e n e r g i a n u c l e a r ' en D e s a r r o l l o ) medio ambiente (Vo l 1, ? 3 ) . ' H e l i a n o b i l e au Tour de

Sol 88 ' e t ' C M r e v o i t u r e ! ' i n ( N o l i O ] . GlCh b u l l e t i n s o r t un nun6ro s p e c i a l pour

commSnorer son 40' a n n i v e r s a i r e (Vo l 19, No7-12) .

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOCY: ' T e x t i l e s : o p t i o n s f o r a v i a b l e f u t u r e ' i n Appropriate Technology

( V o l 15, V > ) . I n Marga Q u a r t e r l y ~ o u r n a l ( V o l 9 , No2 j 'Proceedings o f t h e synpos i~ f l r On

"mind and knowledge" ' . I n IDOC i n t e r n a t i o n a l e (Vo l l ? , N02/88) 'B i o techno logy - where t o

now? ' . WOMEN * MUJERES * FEMMES: The T r i bune ( N o 4 0 ) , f o l l o w s up on a 1984 i s s u e (No29) c a l l e d

' F i n d i n g ou r own way: women's t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s w o r l d w i d e ' . I n The Ahfad Jou rna l (V01 5,

? l ) 'Housework and t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f housewives ' . 'Women's 1 i v e s under E t h i o p i a n occu-

p a t i o n ' i n Vo:ce o f E r i t r e a n Women ( F a l l 1988 ) . I n S o c i a l Development I s s u e r (Vo l 11, N 0 3 )

' U n v e i l i n g t h e " c u l t u r e o f s i l e n c e " f o r T h i r d Wor ld women'. 'Cue CS? sucediendc en e l

Wovimiento dc Mu je res? ' en Mujeres en a c c i b n (No12) . ' E n t r e l a fabu'ir: y e l machismo' en

u j e r y Sociedad (An0 7, N019) , En Cofna_i (NoXIV) 'La sa lud d e l pueb lo Pu - r t o r r i que f i o cofni-

a c a s a l u d de sus m u j e r e s ' . INSTRAW n o u v e l l e s (NOIG) 'Les sources n o u v e l l e s e t r e -

nouve lab les d ' 6 n e r g i e - un c h o i x pour l e s f m e s , un d 6 f i pou r l ' a v e n i r ' . ' F e r n s en

A f r i q u e du Sue' 1n La S a t e l l i t ? lNo9/1O). ' R a c i s m e t macb, ismq (en p o r t u g a i s ! i~

i n f o r m a t i v o (Ano 3, ?4) .

UNIONS: ' ILO: 40 yea rs o f Union R i g h t s ' i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour Repor ts ( N 0 2 9 ) .

Azucarero: un i n f o r m a t i v o sobre t r a b a j a d o r e s azucareros (Vo l XI, ?S). E l mov imiento s i n -

d i c a l en Uruguay ' y 'una e x p e r i e n c i a de o r g a n i z a c i 6 n b a r r i a l ' en Notas d e l CLASH (N053 ) .

IUMICMNTS: I n As ia L i n k (V01 X, N04) 'Refuyees i n AsTa: 'The f o r g o t t e c p e o p l r " ' . kc

B u l l e t i n CEDRI (N026) r end compte du c inqu i&ne conqrss du Cani t 6 Europeen pour l a DSfense

des Re fug ies e t imfnigres. 'Eco le e t i n m i g r a t i o n ; l e s a s s o c i a t i o n s F a r t e n a i r ? ? dans 'ie sys-

teme 6 d u c a t i f f r a n ~ a i s ' dans ( N Y 7 / 5 8 ) .

PARTICIPATION: 'Peasant f a rmer a g r i c u l t u r a l se l f - deve lopmen t ' i n ILEIA N e w s l e t t e r I~o ' I 4,

No3) . I n (No56) ' C m u n i t y p a r t ~ c i p a t i o n i n deve lopment ' . En Pensamiento P ~ o P ~ ~ o 1Ano VI , N053) 'N icaragua: economla n i x t a a prueba: c h reacc iona ran 10s a g r l c u l t o r e s ? ' .

PEACE: A s p c i a l i s s u e of Peace and Chanqe (be1 12, No3 /4 ) about 'Peace i s sues i n postwar

Japan ' . I n A l t e r n a t i v e s (Vo l X i l i , N04 ) ' G e o p o l i t i c a l d i scou rse : t h e S o v i e t Union as

O t h e r ' , 'The ; ~ c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t t h r e a t : a s tudy i n t h e p o l i t i c s o f r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o r ' e;.'; ' C u i t u r a l a n a l y s i s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y ' . ' I n d u s t r i a n i l i t a r : produc-

t o res , cnx., , ¥.-ores v i c t i m a s ' en Nueva Soc iedad (N097) . En A fe r s internationals (N014/15)

' Las r e ' a c i ,nv \ espaKolas con Cent roamer ica: e l p e r i o d o de 10s gob ie rnos s o c i a l l s t a s

(1982-l9BMi .- ^as expo r tac i ones espanolas de armamento a America L a t i n a en l a decada de

10s ocbers:-'. ' C b j e c t i o n a l 'a rmement ' dans (No109) . A forum on peace, s t a t e and

i n t e r n a t l o n a " s t u a ~ e s , w i t h , among o the rs , R i c h a r d Fa l k , R a j n i K o t h a r i & Andre Cunder

Frank i n Scand inav ian J o u r n a l o f Development A l t e r n a t i v e s (Vo l VI I , N 0 2 / 3 ) .

NORi-D ECONOMY: Seve ra l a r t i c l e s on Raul P reb i sch , and ' N e o - l i b e r a l i s m ve rsus neo -s t r uc - t u r a l i s m i n :at>" Amer ica ' by S e r g i o B i t a r i n CEPAL Review (N034 ) , I n Green L i ne (N066i

W L C ' , ?udhoo res i gned 'rom t h e IMF'.

SOUTH-SOUTH: En P o l i t i c a i n t e r n a c i o n a l (NW";^ / ' L a bbsqueod d f 1 a dn jdad y l a c ~ ~ c e r t a r l o n

de America L a t i n s ' y ' Pe rspec t i vas de l a economya m u n d i a l ' . ' C o - o r d i n a t i o n and c 0 n S ~ l t a -

* : ion i n L a t i n America and t h e Car ibbean: sane i deas f o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l r e f o r r ' i n Cap< tu los

de l SELA (No18! .

PLACES: C h i l e : 'L lamamiento a 10s p a r t i d o s dc 13 oppos',ci6n: Verdad y J u s t i c i a p a r a 1 s

t r a n s i c i b n a i d aemocrac ia ' en Paz y J u s t i c i a (A60 X I , ?55 ) . 'La f a l a c i a de l a r e v o l u c i 6 n

s i l e n c i o s a ' en B o l e t i n d e l FREMUCH ( N 0 3 ) . P a l e s t i n e : I n à ˆ o r l P o l i c y Jou rna l (Vo l 5 , N03)

'The u p r i s i n o and t b c P a l e s t i n e q u e s t i o n ' . 'The P a l e s t i n i a n U p r i s i n q : A t u r n i n s p o i n t ' b>

Noaf Chansky i n Scandinav ian Jou rna l o f Development A l t e r n a t i v e s (Vo l 7 , N04). "One o f our

s tops i n i s rde : was a p l a c e c a l i c o 'heve Shalon/haha: a l - S a l a n ' ( . . . i heve S h a l w i s a c m -

u n i t y made up o f some seventy peop le , h a l f o f the-, Jews of o r i e n t a l an6 wes te rn o r i ~ i n ,

t h e o t h e r h a l f l s l a r r i c and C h r i s t i a n Arabs ( P a l c s t i n i a n s ; , who l i v e t o o e t h e r i r e coopera-

t l b e v i l l a g e " . T h a t ' s t h e beg inn ing o f t h e a r t i c l e c a l l e a 'The pror - lsed l a n d ' ;n Peace b:

Peace :';ol 13, NOS). '1946-1966 I s ra? ; : l ' h i s t o i r e e t l e s i r v t hes ' i r Ge'.w d ' e tddes p a l e s - - t i n i e n n e s ( ? ? g ) . I n NCCF n e w s l e t t e r :V01 XXIX, ? 3 ; ' J u s t i c e , Peace and ?l ie i n t e g r i t y o f

C r e a t i o n - some t h m a t i c no tes f r o - t h e P h i l i p p i n e e x p e r i e n c e ' . 'O rgan i s i ng ir , e x i l e - t h e

SWfr?O s e t t l e m e n t s i n Angola ' i n A c t i o n on Na r . i b i a IAu tunn 88 ) , I n hews ie t t e ' - f rom t h e

S i e ~ a Madre ;N019) 'The y e l l o w ~ u ' l d o z e - o r some good t h i r q s a r e happening i n South

A f r i c a ' . ' V i e tnam 's r e fo rms : renewal o r dea th ' i n Indoch ina Issues (N084 ) . 'A user p e r -

5 p e c t i v e on l a n d e v a l u a t i o n i n Papua New Ct i inea ' i n l iEG P e r s p e c t i v e s (1388, No> ) . I n k Asian V i s i o n s (L'ol 5, N o l ; 'The s t a t e o f democracy i n M a l a y s i a ' . En A c t u a l i d a d economica

de l Pe ru tN0102) 'La coca marca e l paso ' . A rgen t i na : Con t r i buc io r , de l a eronor- ia s o c i a l a1

d e s a r r o l l o de l p a i s en Cuadernos de e c o n m i a s o c i a l (V01 X, No28) . F u t u - i b l e s (b i0125j 'La

Chine du v i nq t -e t - un ie rne s i + c l e ' p a r Mehdi E !mard j r a .

NEW PERIODICALS: Technology and Development i s p u b l i s h e d once a yeap by t h e I n s f t u t e f o r

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Coope ra t i on t h e a r t i c l e s a r e s e l e c t e d and t r a n s l a t e d from i t s Japanese e d i -

t i o n Kokusai Kyoryoku Kenkyu. Syn thes i s has changed i t s n a K e now i t i s c a l l e d Green Syn-

t h e s i s (t i t :>28). The Cen t re f o r Our Comnon F u t u r e non p u b l i s h e s t h e B rund t l and B u l l e t i n - 43 - pages o f i n f o r m a t i o n s on t h e f o l l o w up t c t h e Brund+.'ard r e p o r t . The new p u b l i c a t i o n o'

t h e Cen t re f o r Human R i g h t s Human R i g h t s News- int.encs t o promote and s t r e n g t h e n i n -

t e r n a t i o n a l awareness and unde rs tand ing o f human r i gh t : . Haramata " f rom t h e language o f

t he Fa r i t i , i s t h e o r i a i n a l A f r i c a n worn f o r t n e d r y winn o f t he Sahc-l . For the peop le o f

t h e d r y l ancs , i t i s t h e purpose o f t h i s Haramata t o c a r r y seeds o f chande and hope".

T r a n b l t i o n s e s t l e nouveau nmr du l l e 5 de p d > x . Mau l - i t i u s T r i bune d i scusses ' M a g r i t i u s and

hen-A1 i gned Movement' . The F r i e n d s o f R i g h t L i v e l i h o o d ~ u b : i s h a n e w 5 l e t t e r c a l l e d

m i s s i o n . The Womenshare Newsnote i s an occas iona l b u l l e t i n produced i n E n q l i s n , French and

Spanish by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Women's T r i bune Cen t re .

. A c t i o n on Namibia, NSC, PO6 16, -NW5 2LW, UK

. A c t u a l i d a d economica, CEDAL, AV Cuzmkn B lanco 465, Of 504, Lima, Pe ru

. A fe rs I n t e r n a t i o n a l s , ClDO6, L l G r i a 125, l o - I A , 08037, b r c e l o n a , Espafia

. The Ahfad Jou rna l , Ahfad U n ~ v e r s i t y f o r W a n , PO8 167, Omdurman, Sudan

. W, PO6 1043, 10630 Pu lau Pinang, Ma lays ia

. A l t e r n a t i v e s , 23 Ra jpu r Rd, 110054, l n d i a / 777 UN P laza , New York, NY 10017, USA

. A l t e r n a t i v e s non b i o l e n t e s , 16 r u e P a u l - A p e l l , 4200C S t - E t i e n r ~ e , France

. The Amicus J o u r n a l , NRDC, 122 E 42nd S t r , Rm 4500, New York, NY 10166, USA

. Anc ien t 5 c i e n c e o f L i f e , 366 T r i c h y R d . Coimbatore 641 018, TN, l n d i a

Andear F o r u s , l ? h &'-oadwa;, ^ o ~ 302, New V o r k NY lOO??!, V S P , a,,-- c T - . a - e c b m o ~ c m . , l c 2 - ? 5 5 sGLz-,aT,;tL. KC*, W C ! 5 k! :H, :k

. A r t i c l e 19, 90 Eorough H igh S t r e e t , SE1 I LL , UK

. As ia L i nk , C t r f o r P rog ress o f Peoples, 46 P r Ma rga re t Rd, Hamantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong

. As ian A c t i o n , GPO Box 2930, Bang~Ok 10501, T h a i l a n d

. B o l e t T n F r ~ n t e Mu je res C t , i i enas , A ~ d o 6 3 3 0 8 , Caracas 1067-A, Venezuela

. E o l i v i a B u l l e t i n , C a s i l l a 20134, U, b i i v i a

. B rund t l and B u l l e t i n , P a l a i s Wi lson, 52 r u e des PZquis, 1201 W, S w i t z e r l a n d

. K ~ l l e t i n CEDRI, F!F 4 7 , 04300 F o r c a l a u i e r , France

. b u l l e t i n CRIDEV, 41 avenae Janv ie r , 3500C W, France

. C a p i t u l o s d e l SELA, Apar tado 17 035, Caracas 1010 A Venezuela

. CEPAL Review, C a s i l l a 179 D, Sant iago, C h i l e

. -, CEDEC, C a s i l l a 906-A, -, Ecuador

. W, T a l l e r Salud, Apdo 2172, E s t a c i 6 n de Hato Re), Hato Rey, P u e r t o R i c o 00913

. Cuadernos de econom'ia s o c i a l , Moreno 1:23, 1093 Buenos A i r e s , A rgen t i na

. C u l t u r a l S u r v i v a l Q u a r t e r l y , 11 D i v i n i t y Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

. DCR - Development C m u n i c a t i o n Repor t , 1285 23 rd 51r Nh, Washington, DC 20037, USA -

. D e s a r r o l l o v w d i o ambiente, IMETA, Apdo P o s t a l 6 3 - 3 3 > 0200C DF, M e x ~ c o

. D ia . l oqos de l a Cmun i cac i5n , Apar tado Ae r ro 16-0371, m 18, Pe r6

. EcoaFr ica, POE, 53844, W, Kenya

. Eco fo rm . , FOB 72461, m, Kenya

, Env i r ones ia , J l , P e n ~ e r 5 i h a n l h m p l e x Keuanaan No 15, Pe jmpongan , J a k a r t a 10210,

I ndones i a

. L 'Envo?, Q u a r t i e r F o n t s a i n t e , 13100 Beau recue i l , France

. - Extra ! , c10 FAIR, 130 W 2 5 S t r , New York , NY lOD01, USA

. Fo i e t a e v e l o p p m n t , Cen t re Leb re t , 39 bd Sain t -Germain, 75005 Pens, France

. FONDA, l 8 ?ue de barenne, 75OC; m, France

. -, B u t t e r w o r t h S c i e n t i f i c L td , FOB 63, G u i l d f o r d , GU2 SBH, UK

. F u ~ u r i b l e s , 55 r u e de Varenne, 75341 Cede& 37, France

, Grass roo t s Development, 1515 W i l s o n Bouievard, m, VA 22209, GSA

. Green ILIne, 34 Cowley Road, OX4 lHZ, UK

. Habitat, Apar tado p o s t a l 21866, Santo Dmi ingo, RepGbl ica D m n i c a n a

. H a b i t a t l n t c r n a t i o n a l , 15 1 he Mount Square, B NW? 6SX, UK

. Hai News, IOCU, FOE? I N S , 10830 k ~ , Malays ia

. Haramata, l IEO, 3 E n d s i ~ ' g ~ , S t r e e t , WClH OCD, UK

, H e a l t h f o r t h e Mi l l i o n s , VHA!, 42 I n s t i t u t i o ~ a l Area, New D e l h i 1.10 016, I n d i a

. E, Human R i g h t s I n t e r n e t Repo r te r , Ha rva rd Law School , Pound H a l l , Rr 101, Cambridge,

MA 02138, USA

. Human R i g h t s News le t t e r , U n i t e d Na t i ons , P a l a i s des Na t i ons , 1211 Geneva 10, S w i t z e r l a n d

, - IDOC, V ia S.M. de1 l 'An ima 30, 00186 W, I t a l i a

, l IEG Perspec t i ves , 3 Ends le i gh S t r e e t , UCIH ODD, LW . ILEIA Newsiette!, PO8 64, 3830 AB -, The Ne the r l ands

, I n d i a n News of t h e Americas;, l nsu rqen tes Sur 1690, 01030 Mexico DF, Mex ico

. Indochina Issues, 236 Massachusetts. Ave NE, S u i t e 510, Washington, DC 20002, USA

. I n d u s t r y and Environmerbt, WEP, Toar M ~ r a b e a u , 39-43 qua i A. C i t r o g n , 75733 m Cedck

15, France

. INSTRAW Nouve l l es , P06 21 747, S Domingo, Rep. Doi r in icana

. ~ n t e r c o m , Caixa P o s t a l 20.?93, E1496 - 5% Paulo, B r a s i i

. l n t e r r r i s s i o n , F r i e n d s o f R i g h t L i v e l i h o o d , 1% Har roga te Rd, L57 4NZ, UK

. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ac-Sieve, 222 Main S t r e e t , m, PA 18098, USA

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour Report;., FOB 45, S ta i nbo rough , Ba rns ley , Y o r k s h i r e S75 3£A UK

. - ISIS, 5 V i a S . Saba, 06 \53 m, I t a l i a l C a s i l l a 2667 C. C e n t r a l , San t i ago , C h i l e

. I s l a m i c Order , c10 Ferozsons P r i n t e r s , harach! P a k i s t a n

W C I A N e w s l e t t e r , F i o l s t r a e d e 10, 1171 Copenhagen K, Denmark

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. ?larga Q u a r t e r l y ~ o u r n a ; , 6 : i 5 : p a t t a y a .?2w?tb,.?, 5 , ~ a n ~ a

. M a u r i t i u s T r i bune , T r i s h u l N i ves , K c y r a U j , Pamplemousses M a u r i t i u s

. P ~ d i o Ambiente y Urban i zac ibn , Corrien:e= 2835, GOB, Cuerpo A, 1193 2- A , res , Argent inc ; -

. E, Aper taco 7 2 2 , Huanca>c, ??:C

Mor th l ! R e . i m , l 5 5 h e s t 23rd Stre?:, New jerk, lOOl;, L I ~ A

. Mo\,inq P i c t u r e s B u l l e t i n , TVE, h 6 Charl?.te S t f e e t , . F

. M ~ j e - y soc iedad, a-. . N i c o I 6 s de F le i - u ' a 677 0 + . 503, +, Feri;

. Ku je res e r acc ihn , c r . IS15

. M u l t i n a t i o n a l M o n i t o r , "06 19405, kash ing ton , DC 20036, USA

. funco hzucarero, CCSTA?+, POE 66, S t a t i o n E , Toronto M5T 212, Canada

. NCCP tdewsle t ter , P0B 1767, U, P 5 i l ~ p p i n e s

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. New Eco r ' oncs , 27 Thames house, South Bank Bus iness Cen t re , 140 B a t t e r s e a Fa rh Road,

London SW11 4HB, UK

, News le t t e r f r m t h e S i e r r a Madre, Hespe r i an Found., P06 1692, P a l 0 h l t c , CA 34302, USA

. h o t a s de l CLAEH, C a s i i l a 5021, honteb,ideo, Uruguay

. Nueva Sociedad, Apdo 61.712, 1060-A, Venezuela

. hz i r .ga l n f o n n a t i v o , Caixa P o s t a l 2073, 200C1 R i o de J a n e i r o hJ, B r a z i l

. Panoscope, 8 b l f r e d P lace , m WClE 7EB, UK

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. Peace and Change, Ceqter f a r Peace & Change, Ken t S t a t e Un i v , m, Ohio 44242, USA

. Peace by Peace, 22q L i s b u r r Road, U, I r e l a n d

. Pensamiento p r o p i o , Apar tado 3516, Manaqua, N icaragua

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. ? o l f t f c a l n t e r n a c f o n a l , Apar tado 6475, 1010, Venezuela

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