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ST. THOMAS TRAINING COLLEGE , MUKKOLAKKAL THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.

ASSIGNMENT:2013-2014

Name of Trainee: NISHA.B

Optional Subject: Mathematics

Reg.No: 13386004 Year: 2013-2014

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Topic:

Importance of Mathematics Textbooks, Mathematics Work books, Mathematics Handbooks, Learning Modules, Educational Cds, Importance of Mathematics Websites.

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Introduction Learning resources is a leading manufacturer of innovative, hands on educational materials for classrooms. As the Brand Teachers Trust our educational toys, games and learning aids children to learn though play.

A number of learning resources such as textbook, workbook, website, educational CD’s and learning modules have been presented in details. The need and significance of each of this resource has been dealt in this assignment.

Textbook in Mathematics“Text book is the basic instrument of teaching” - Keating

In each school subject textbook is an essential aid and has occupied a pivotal role in educating the children. A text book helps in systematic teaching and learning. In a text book the content organized in a systematic and specific manner. It gives direction to the class work and helps in evaluating pupil’s progress. Thus a text book is useful for both pupil & teacher. It influences the teaching learning situations in a class room. So it can be said that, “As the text book, so the teaching and learning undoubtedly reading is an impotent means of communication and for the teacher’s oral presentation, the text book is the most widely used teaching instrument.

Traditionally a text book of Mathematics has been an unavoidable instrument in teaching learning process. There for, the textbook are the keys of knowledge and considered almost synonymous with schooling. According to the report of Kothari commission,” The question of textbook is the most important and urgent one for our country. Energetic on state and national basis is required to progress the preparation of high quality school text-books.”

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Need and Importance of Mathematics Textbooks

The mathematics text book is considered to be a course of study organized according to a set plan and a learning guide rather than a source book of information. In this support Hurl R.Duglas has emphasized that,” In the analysis with great majority the textbook is a potent determinant of what and how they will teach.” Barr and Burton has also remarked that, the text book is probably the most important tool in the country.

The place of text book of Mathematics can only then be real if the mathematics teacher supplement in by his/her oral exposition, by difference reading, and by all his/her illustration. Text books should be followed carefully and intelligently and not slavishly. A good text book saves the time of both the student and teacher. A good text book probably is the cheapest and reliable source of information. It also a reference book and teaching aid for the Mathematics teacher.

A mathematics text book is very useful for a teacher in the following ways:

A textbook is written according to the syllabus and gives the outlines of the course. Therefore it helps the teacher to decide about the limits and depth of the contents to be presented to the students while teaching.

A text book provides insight to the teacher in planning the lesson, in selecting the problems to be worked out, the methods of teaching to be adopted and the teaching aids to be used.

A text book is written by experienced teachers of Mathematics by using text book, a teacher of Mathematics, specially a beginner, can avail the experience and expertise of the authors.

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The logical and psychological sequence followed in a text book helps the teacher in presenting the subject matter in an orderly systematic sequence.

A text book is an important aid for learning Mathematics. It is useful for the students in the following ways:

The text book helps the pupils to relate, what they are learning, to life.

It helps to foster the right study attitude among the students since the textbook presents definite and concrete details in a scientific and intensive manner which could arouse the student’s interest and curiosity

The textbook provides important source of materials for reviewing and recapitulating the lessons taught in the class.

The textbook helps in prepreparation of the lesson and gets the students acquainted with lessons to be taught.

It encourages self-study and independent work among the students.

It supplements classroom learning and helps in the realization of the objectives of Mathematics education.

Guidelines for Effective Use of Textbook Though the Mathematics text book is an indispensable tool for both the teacher and the pupil, a teacher has to use certain discrimination and take precautions while using it “Few tools have been so misused as textbooks in teaching.” Many teachers follow them blindly. But a good resourceful teacher of Mathematics will always seek ways and means to adapt the material, the problems and exercises given in the textbook to suit the previous knowledge level of

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achievement, power of comprehension and assimilation, and the interest and attitude of his students.

The teacher, the taught and the examiner become the slaves of the text book if the textbook decides for the teacher his teaching, for the students his learning and for the examiner his examining task. Instead the text book should be a guide for the teacher, the student and the examiner in successfully carrying out each one’s task.

The greater capacity, knowledge and professional training and experience of the teacher, the less he needs to depend on the text book. A textbook can be a good reference book both for the teacher and the students and if used in a proper way, textbooks would definitely prove quite useful and helpful to the teachers and students.

Qualities of a Good Mathematics Textbook A teacher of Mathematics, while selecting a text book in mathematics, should look for certain qualities to be found in a good text book.

The following are the qualities of a good text book in mathematics:

The text book should be of least edition with necessary modifications.

The book should be moderately priced and readily available in the market.

It should be written by qualified experienced and competent teachers of mathematics or a committee of experts constituted by the state government.

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The textbook should be written according to prescribed syllabus and every aspect of the syllabus should be in adequately covered

It should be in accordance with the aims and objectives of teaching mathematics in that particular class

These should be sufficient provision for revision , practice and review

The text book should relate the classroom learning to the real life needs and the physical and social environments of the learners

The contents of the textbook should have a direct , practical and social utility value

The text book should stimulate the initiative and originality of the students

Oral mathematics should find its due place in the textbook The answers given at the end of each section should be

correct It should offer suggestions to improve study habits It should satisfy the demands of examination

The text book of Mathematics is an essential aid has occupied a pivotal role in educating the children. It is useful for both pupil and teacher. The text books are the keys of knowledge and most influential instrument in determining the subject matter

Workbooks in Mathematics A workbook is a modification of the text book and it is slowly coming into the mathematics classrooms. A workbook should be written by an experienced teacher with care and foresight

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Functions of a WorkbookA good workbook serves the following functions:

It suggests appropriate activities and exercise in addition to what the textbook does.

It saves time for the students as they need not recopy the problems and exercises from the textbook. It eliminates the mistakes due to the wrong copying of numbers and digits.

It facilitates uniformity in students work and facilitates easy correction of their work.

It serves as a supplementary teaching device. It provides opportunities for pupils to develop computation and

problem-solving skills. It provides activities and exercise in addition to the textbook

problems and exercise. Slow learners can learn at their own pace.

Characteristics of WorkbookA work book has the following characteristics:

It should be written by experienced teachers of Mathematics. The author should clearly specify the educational outcomes

that he tries to bring about. A variety of well graded exercises should be provided for each

topic. Enough space should be provided in the book for working out

the problems. The exercises should cater to the individual differences and

individual needs. It can be made attractive and appealing by suitable illustrations

and diagrams.

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Physical features of the book such as cover page , print, paper and binding should be good.

It should be reasonably priced. It should be easily available.

A textbook-cum-workbook, which is of American origin, is gradually replacing the next book and work book. It is cheaper and more comprehensive than a separate textbook and work book. Since the textbook-cum-workbook is authored by the same person, a better coordination and integration of ideas is possible. However, it forfeits one advantage of the text book namely the scope for resale and reuse because a work book once used cannot be reused again.

Handbook in Mathematics The teacher’s hand book is another important tool which helps the teacher in the effective dissemination of the curriculum. This helps the teachers in planning and implementing the lessons and also in assessing achievement corresponding to each lesson in the text book the hand book contains a description of the concepts, skills and attitudes the children are to acquire, the possible modes of expression by the students, the process to be adopted any by the social problems to the handled .It also includes details of the activities. The hand book is to be seen as one of the many kinds of support provided for teacher empowerment; it is not a collection of information for the teacher.

Along with the handbook, the following are some of the other devices for teacher empowerment

Teacher training Cluster meetings

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School subject groups/School resource group meetings Independent inquiries Class room experience On the spot support Reference books Collection of innovation Puzzles & games Lab activities

Learning ModulesModule – each of a set of standardized parts or independent units that can be used to construct a more complex structure, such as an item of furniture or a building .Modules carry a wide variety of labels ,including ‘unipack ’ , ‘individualized learning package’ and ‘learning activity package.

An instructional module is a self contained, self sufficient unit of instructional for the learner to work on, for achieving a set of pre-determined objectives .A module contains three co-ordinate basic elements of instruction. There are objectives learning activities and evaluation. A module can be defined as “a set of learning activities intended to facilitate the students” achievements on an objectives or a set of objectives. Thus a module stands for a part or sub system of the curriculum or instructional programme. An instructional programme in which modules are being used may be said to adopt the modular approach to instruction. Modular approach is considered as an effective and economical way of developing specific items of knowledge and skill with minimum authoritative direction and supervision by the teacher.

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Modules can be prepared in different forms. A module can be in written form or in the form of slides, tapes, pictures, etc.

Characteristics of the Modular approach1. Each module is developed for a specific target population

of learners.2. Modules are based on learning objectives started in

behavioral terms.3. Each module is prepared based on a particular

methodology that will be quite appropriate to the requirements of the learner.

4. Modules possess a sequence of key activities developed on the basis of the selected objectives, content, learner characteristics, and the nature of the discipline.

Advantages of the Modular approach1. Learners can learn the subject matter according to one’s

own pace of learning.2. Simple and interesting activities can be incorporated in

the module and it will enable the students to actively participate in the learning process.

3. Monotony of routine instruction can be avoided.4. Remedial programme can be effectively implemented for

the benefit of individual learners

Disadvantages of the Modular approach1. Lack of proper guidance in using the module may spoil

the true spirit of the approach.2. The modular approach is likely to minimize the services

given by teachers, which may lead to different emotional problems among the children.

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3. Preparation of effective modules for all topics is a difficult task.

Sample ModuleSubject: Mathematics standard: 8

Topic: Algebra

After going through this module, we will be able to:

1. Understand the facts & concepts of algebra2. Analyses the algebraic expression3. Develop the skill of computation

We have learned about algebraic expressions. Can you write down the algebraic expressions?

Activity 1

1. 2. 3. 4.

That is a number when added to itself is equal to double the number and so in algebra, the addition can be written as x+x and the sum as2 x.

We can expand the algebraic expression,

( x+ y )=xz+ yz for all x , y

For all numbers x , y , u , v

( x+ y ) (u+v )=xu+xv+ yu+ yv .

Find the product,

(8+6 ) (10+5 )=(8∗10 )+(8∗5 )+(6∗10 )+ (6∗5 )

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= 210

Activity 2

Find the product of the following expressions:

1. ( p+q ) (2m+3n )=¿

2. (4 x+3 y ) (2a+3b )=¿

3. (4 a+2b ) (5c+3d )=¿

Now we are going to discuss about the product of the negative numbers.

( x− y ) (u−v )=xu+ x (−v )+ (− y )u+ (− y )(−v) ¿ xu−xv− yu+ yv .

Activity 3

1. ( x+3 y ) (2a−b )=¿

2. (3 x+5 ) (3m−2n )=¿

3. (2 r−3 s) (t−u )=¿

Next we are going to discuss about the square of the algebraic expression.

( x+ y )2=x2+ xy+ xy+ y2

¿ x2+2xy+ y2

Activity 4

1. 2 x+3 y=¿

2. x+2=¿

3. 2 x+1=¿

Check progress of the students:

Questions

1. Find the product (3a+2b ) ( x+2 y )=¿

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2. (2 p+5q ) (3 r−4 s)=¿

3. Find the square x+3.

Key to the questions.

1. 3ax+6ay+2bx+4 by .2. 6 pr−8 p+15qr−20qs .3. ( x+ y )2=x2+6 x+9.

Importance of Educational CD’S A study of the eff ectiveness of educational CD in self learning of Modern Physics by using an Educational CD which is created by the teacher. The importance of education for the proper functioning of democracy and socio economic. The objectives of the educational CD are to offer to other. CD-Rom technology allows the compilation of immense amounts of text, illustrations, audio and with equally important implications, audio and with equally important implications for education and research, computers now provide access to digital audio Educational CD- Audio Engineering society .This new educational CD, produced by the AES technical committee on signal processing and other new corners who must try to understand the relevance and relative importance of various signal.

Geometry related software such as Dr. Geo [Drawing Geometry] and kig are included in the IT@SCHOOL GNU/Linux CD-ROM. All teacher would be given subject based IT training. Together with this a CD-ROM containing some games, applications & website

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URL which helps Mathematics education at the UP level, will be sent to the schools along with the hand book. Try to Use this CD to make mathematics learning more interesting opportunities for all children to use it in the computer lab would help them acquire IT skills along with Mathematics skills.

Examples of educational cds are

1. INR 99 PRE School 1

2 .INR 99 PRE School 2

3. INR 99 PRE Rhymes

4. INR 299 CBSE Mathematics class 8

5. IDaa CBSE Mathematics class 2 Educational CD

6. IDaa CBSE Mathematics class 3 Maths Activity Educational CD

7. IDaa CBSE class 4 Maths Activity Educational CD

8. S.Chand’s Educational CD-ROM Mathematics class 1

9. S. Chand,s educational CD-ROM Mathematics class 6

10. Chand’s Educational CD-ROM Mathematics class 8

Importance of websites A website is collection of pages representing a company, business or simply in idea on the World Wide Web. Increasing visibility is one major factor that makes having a website

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important. A website will broaden your base of customers member’s distributors etc.

A brief description of the websites which will be useful to teachers and students in education are detailed below:

Ask ERIC Virtual Library : Site address is http://www.askeric.org. . The Educational Resources Information Center [ERIC] has long been a provider of education related to resources.

Academic This week: Academic this week is an online portion of the chronicle of Higher education. We can find job postings a table of contents, events in academe, portions of the statistical almanac, bestselling books on college campuses and more form this standard resource.

Learning Research and development center

The LRDC at the University of Pittsburgh is a national center for education research. Descriptions of project , programs scientists ,departments and service are available on their web page along with connections to other related internet organizations and resources http://www.Irdc.pitt.edu.

Scholastic Internet Center: It has been a leading publisher in the field of education. The scholastic internet center provides a catalog and ordering mechanism for those books plus hundreds of other educational books and materials listed in their Ultimate Education store Directory. The site address is www.http://scholastic.co.

A number of sites are available where teachers can locate vast amounts of information of special interest to them. It provides curriculum based lesson plans, activity guides, and research, the full text is presented on-line; for other sources catalog entries are presented. The centre also offers electronics newsletters and the

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scholastic Network, an interactive online service for students and teachers.

World Wide Web Virtual Library Education

Page: The site address is www.http://life.anu.edu.au/education/library.html.journals; lectures and tutorials, books, software, major education sites and networks and specialized sources in education are hyper textually linked on this page.

Mathematics Web sites:

www.c3.lant.gov:80/mega-math/nasa-online-megaMath

www.chaos.umd.edu/gallery.html

-works of modern art created by the chaotic dynamics of mathematics. Physics and other sciences.

www.eurekalert.org

-Gateway to Science Medicine and Technology news.

References

1. Dr.James Anice (2005).”Teaching of Mathematics.” Hyderabad:

Neelkamal Publication pvt.LTD.

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2. Kulshrestha Arun Kumar (2003).”Teaching of Mathematics”. Delhi:

3. C.Naseema (2004)”From Black Board to the web”. Newdelhi-110002:

Kanishka Publishers Distributors.

4. En. Wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital text book.

5. www.learning resources.com

6. www.discovery education.com/administrative.

7. www.lgbthea/theeducation.org/training.

8. www.academia.edu/1171395.

9. www.superwebanalyst.net/importace of website.

10. Government of Kerala Department of Education. 2011.

Teacher’s Handbook of Mathematics State council of Education

Research and Training.