C H A P T E R TWO

THE GROWTH OF THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN K E U L A

There is a vmim that the Communist spies who had crept jato the ladenhip oftk AH h&a

Congress Socialist Party had puqxmhlly enmu@ the Con- Socialists in K e d a to work within

t h e c 0 n ~ . n d m v d r s l o n y ~ m a s p o s s i b l e . ' ~ h e ~ o n n m l r n i s t ~ ~ o f ~ n d i a h d m s d e

every effort 5a convert the Comd group within the Congress Mal i s t Party into the Commzmist

movement rtself. Consequently, in 1939 W e n the Second World War broke aut, the entire Congress

SoclaltstPartygotamvmledintokCotltmmristmwementitself ThisvnistheineviEaMeamqueraceuf

the clever trick employed by the Communist leaders. As the Communist Party was then baud, this 2

eonversion was kept a secret. &&even Mke this u~w)fficid cunversion, the Commtmim had set up in

Kerala a Central Committee.

T h e C o m m u n i s t m o v ~ i n ~ h a d t h u s e r n ~ f r o m withinthecungmsand hadbeen

nwtumlwithinit; h e n c e , t f a e & y h i s t o r y o f i t i s ~ w i t f i ~ e C o n ~ ~ . Campredwithather

states of British M a , the Congms Party in Keda entered the struggle for -very late; only

in 1903. T h e s p i r i t o f ~ ~ m o v e m e r r t h a d t r e e n , b y t f i a t t i m e , d l l l n f d a n t e d b g . q ~

leaders. Uneofthemwas t h e d i c a l j o ~ K . RamhhaPilIat . Asajoumlist, hecriticizedthe

cruelties of the I)lm of T r a m . He had been a cantem- ofB.G. TiIak wbo fought against the

British Empre d was extmnkkd. Rmmhishrma plh toowas ~i~ H e m the author and

publisher of 'Karl M a d , a short life hxWy of K. Marx in Malaythn

The first conferem of tk fkeedom fighters in Kerala was convened by the Congress Party in 3

Calicutin 1903. B ~ t b e ~ d i d n o t ~ m i n t h e s t a t e u n t i I l 9 1 0 . InWyear,thfirstCongms

bstrict Committee was famed in Malubar. But, even this committee did not oafiize any substantial

politid activity In May 191 6, lhe first District conference of the Umpes Pluty was heid in Palghat.

Then on, tbe o r p - i i ~ d political work of the C o n p s Party be-. But, a curious phrrmomeuon ofthe

p t y during the ptiod was tktt the ieademhip of the party was in t l ~ hands ofbig land lords and rich

busitlessmen.

whrleatthesametimeqmedthe r#rllfor~lrefapms~bytheradicalwingwithmthepartyi~lf

In th 4th District Conk~rtce of ttre Cmgress Party held at Manjeri in 1920, the cdlici between the

kmgeois i d p and the d c a l wing of the p a q baame acute.' rn that dm, arew~uiion

demand@ complete mkpdence of Mi was psssed. Another redution calling for reforms of the

tenancyoflandhaldmgswas~withaverylslPgemajority. T h u s , a ~ c a I ~ w k h c h ~ f u r

consti- refoms as d l as mkxnmomic ~ h m s mas estabJishedatthiscQafmxweofthe psrty.

T h r s ~ ~ p w a ~ ~ M e d b y m e a n b e r s o f t h e ~ e c l a s s ~ . ~ ~ ~ l e a d e r s ~ p

of** l i ~ ~ e p w a i i n ~ t i x + ~ o f h i s ~ ~ . ~

By this time, tk N ~ o n M o v e m e n t qpirrst the British Raj gfuned MI mamenturn m

Krerala Instwrt,or~p~~entwaslaunchedin~onlyaf.berthecondngofMaMma

Gandhi and the mowmats started by him. This marfceda new p b in ik political mov;ement in North-

emK& ~fdl~twr,~wi~strorrgstm&esintheareaandasforthep@eof Kerala

these struggles were the first lessons of political edwitioxx. B L ~ when the political movement took an

unexpected turn to communal riots, it was mercilessly suppressed by the British and a full decade of

@tical &vityfdld

However, lhe pncely states of Travancunz andCochin whrch formed the main parts of Kerala

were inaccessibte to active politics, even in that eleventh b u r . The l d e r s of N d c w p e t i o n and

Khilafat movements took the stand that the king afprhce1y stah wereof lodian origin and therefore

struggle for wkpdmx wuld be limited in British India This implied that the organrrers of M r n

f k d d exploitation and oppression

The Vaikom and other temple satyagrahas, however, have had rn inflamming effect upon the

political movement in Kada, pslrticularly in the suhm parts of the state which fbr along time past had

been dormant. The Mian National Congress under Gandhiji's leadershap adom eradimtion of un-

touchability as one of the main planlrs of its Construcbve programme. T.K. Madimvan, one of the noted

23

Coogms ledenof the fkne, tml: upm himelfthe ~ o f 6 ~ g ~ W i t y by- as--

~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ g n i n g ~ h r ~ l e s d i n g t o t e m p ~ ~ o p e n e d t o ~ e ~ ~ w e ~ ~ Thelheiadinn

NationalCongre~s,mitsprtdkdupon itswahrstogktmmstrucovemi~ufcr~flemdof

~1touchability inthe state. The membersofthe cmra6tkewaeTK Madbgwan, KarurNelrhudan

Nam-pd, T-K. Kridnu Smrmi @MdKammh&h khyudhaMemMdilrc~nvenerwas

K. Kelappa. The b w s Vaikm Satyqgdm was the immediate outcome of the deliberations of the

oomming. The Sstyagrahawhichbeg~nmMarch30,1924andmaggDdoofor.lmoa2~m0~

amactedthe~mofthe&sWeindthecoMby.tlage. ~ * a d c r s u f h i g h ~ g l i k e T . K .

h h d h m , I C P Kesa~Menon,C.V.KunjuwnoRMN. NaifGmrgelorephandothnsadveIygxllded

the s t t p g r h N a t i d leaders like C+ Rajqpphchrtn, S. Snnivasa Iyyangm, Swarni Sraddhanand and

E.v Ramaswami Naiker also visited Wkam and gave a- to the morale of the %yag&ies. Ma-

hatma Gamthi himself v i s M W o m on March 09,1925 and after discussions w& Mr. Pitt, the Police

Gommissioner,ddher~officials~isedthetermsofa~sefoathc:dywi~ ofthe

struggle. Amrhngly, the approach mdsto the Vilikomtemplewere throw opento JI the Hindus,

irrespctive of caste and the boaads exhibited at the entrance h y i n g admittance tothe avamas were:

the peasants into a s-e for zfm of the tenancy @ts, security of tenancy and the ban on evictions

The Congress I d e d p supported the agrarian Stnggie d n a t d l y the landlord element

wiihhthepartydwindled InApril ~ 9 2 8 , t h e f i r s t K i s a n o o ~ i n ~ w a s c o w e n e d i n ~ . 10

A ppie's state conference which was political in nature was also organid 7 k Kim confern

in Payannmt, the Fourth Annual C&rence of the Congms Wny ofKen& was held llnder the pesi-

dsny of Woda Nehm The lbeconfwxx wgxltheA11 lndiaCoogrsstademand compiete imkpdaxe

ofthe cmsmy. in 1928, when a great milway strike broke out in South india, all railway Eenha in K d a

feltitsimpct 7 h i s o p p o l b n u t y w a r s e i z a l b y ~ ~ n g c h . ~ ~ t o ~ ~ ~ l l n i o t n IMwea

' h e n ~ ~ r t h y p h s e h t h e ~ g o f & ~ d i s t m o ~ t i n ~ w m M

~ ~ ~ h e L a h a e ~ i a n o f t h e ~ P a r t y k I d i n 1929 I t w a s i n t h a t ~ e ~ ~ i o n t k ~ ~ l ~

complete i n d e p e n h ar its motto. The leadas of tbe pmty decided to boycott the London Round

TaMe Conference, waMraw C h g m s members form aU provinclaI a s s e ~ I i e s . ~ n tbe policy of

mn-~odperation and in ib place to lunch a m o m t ofcivil diwbdkrm. There w s splendid rp

spome from the Con- Party in Kenla to the deeisims of tk LPhon session.

T ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ i ~ ~ f t h e ~ P ~ ~ h b i n h o f t h e c i v i l d W ~ c a m p a r ~ i n I3

Kerala. In March 1930, w i m Gmdhiji started the historic salt a m a , tbe Civil Disobedence

Movement in Malabar was Iwnched by Sri. K.Kelqpan m Apil13,1930. l4 The enem ofpopular

support to the movement was so massive to confnrrrt the authorities, who at fitst passively watched its 1s

rapid-. C h r 5 t h , M a y 1 9 3 0 , w h e n G a n d h j i w a s ~ ~ G o ~ e f n m e n t o f ~ ~ r t e d ~ 16

extensive rqesive masum. Un the 12th o M y , 1931, the @ice in & d 8 ahckedthe s a t y d i s

with &Ital force. Hun&& of s a y a p h i s were arrested and many were injured Two ofthe prominent

members ofthe popular movement. P. Krisfina Pith and Sri.Shmm (Shrtrmrlji) exhibited inspiring ex-

later became one of the faunders of the Chmmlmist Party of Kewbawhose memory has ever been cher-

Thefkdorn ~ v ~ i n K d l n w a g o n f y a c c e l e n m e d b y ~ p o l i a ~ ~ B y Manh 1931,

over five hundred ptnots ofMalabarwae in Jail. Wkn M.bsfmaOsndlu ws r e l d on January 2b6

1931,in-theCiGlDid-maMmtw-,Win Tm-abUrsatyagralus

were not freed. The release of political prisoners in Malabar was in response to Gydhi-Irwin pact by

~ ~ t h e ~ ~ ~ t o ~ ~ o f f t b e ~ i v i ~ ~ ~ a * r ~ o ~ ~ s t ~ ~ ; t g i r a a r n ' ~

~~heael~ageinthsgfautbofth:rmtidl~mavem~liaK&~kpesceful

picketing of wddy shop throughout the sbte under Congress I~~~~~ The Congtes, during this

pamd&~ionforfhc~ofadryintotanplep€athe~Hindusaodasa)9(7abaw

The Lo& Round Table ConfRenx shattered tbc brrps of Candhrji m anive at a smkment

withtheBriW T?xmkbmm . . ~ ~ m ~ a ~ v c o f ~ i w r n ~ ~ t h e 1 ~ 0 f t h e

semndCivilDirobpirpe M o v m e n & t h e s & h ~ C o n f m m o f t h e G o ~ ~ w a s r n m d

in Calicut m Sepbnba 15,1932.7he mnfiherm pit up aspiiiteddunmion against the British and

the entire four hundred delc@tes were snested. &t pdice mpessiom fkiled to contaur the Congress

LEFT RADICALS SPROUTING UP

Since 1 9 3 2 , ~ M a d h e n a ~ i n b r n e m M p a f h C o n ~ ~ . Therranerged

£tom w i t h the puty a radial wing which was tmpired by Marxist and Socialist ideas. It pressed for a

p o m e of socialization The mabate wing of the C0n.gm.s Party W against the programme of

it was the soft policies which the AM India Congress in Delhi adopted towar& the British that

accelerated b e ideological schism within the Congress j~ K a r l a The Left wing Coogrew men were

i s o 1 a t e d i n ~ C o ~ , o n ~ n t o f ~ f 0 r m e r ' s t i . OnhiS~lase f romjd

inMay 1933,WjidcsUefftheCidDidm-andfiWlmtiviMsgyaBrahamils 23

p By the end of 1933, even individual satyagraha was bottled up, and s ~ u e n t l y , in 1934, the

mvemmtwaswibdrarm T h c ~ & w a h m t h e C o ~ ~ i # t h i s ~ h r m m E f o m a

militant of political stion a type ofelopemmt. They m e restive. Thcre merged s seriom

dhitywithinthe . . o v a f h i s ~ v r b n h , i n ~ w e t ~ ~ l d b y ~ i d e r n f l ~ . Among

e i & i n f i m , wodd&umstarwshave had arnajminflwm- It was Past-&-on Period-

h w a p a t i r n e w h n ~ ~ w r ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f o r - i v a l . ~ ~ ~ u f q i t e a b y t h e m a l a i d i e s

. . . exmsive wI- of agmhwe atd embarked ujxm a m of ecar#rmic and Politd Cmali-

Won underthe New Ecowrnic Policy. The image ofthe Soviet Unionthm k a m e M v e to them

w i t h the Congress started to challenge its traditional lalaship and pleadsd for a revoIlltionaq p t h to 25 .

deal with the b g n d e . Tlnsradidsm c u b m d in the estabii&mentof& All W a Congres

the fild of& Left wing of& Indaan N & d Congrmi.

For a Iong time, in Kerala, the Congress Party had hm under the contro1 of the Left mhcds.

Working within the Congress, many ofthem like P.Krishna Pillai, E. M-S. N a m M r i p d , Moyarath

Shankaran,enli~theirow~amomg~~rkers,peasafits,~and~Ilectualslayi~the . .

o ~ f - m o f t h e * C o m m d P a r t y . w h m k t h e ~ w i t h w i t h ~ ~ i i n

1940,theytmktheks~witbthem. TkLef iradica lswi thrntk~Party~era lasecured

amajorsumsin 1 9 3 4 , w h e n t b e r i v d ~ a a l a ~ n e i a l ~ ~ ~ t b e e k ~ e l l m t o t h e i r h a n d s . ~ ~ h

1 9 3 5 , ~ s e c d a n a t h e r s u c c r ? s s w h e n ~ m d e ~ o ~ t h e ~ I n z i m . ThefirstPmincml

Congress itself constiW specific SuWZmmittees to organize Trade Uniom aml farmer's organiza-

tions. A mjar strike wave which -the state demonsbkdthe molutioaary p e n i d ofthe wu-

class and h h t e d t h e possitnlity ofbuilding up an jmkpdmtpolitical me~ento f lk wwkingclas.

T h e L R f t ~ ~ r n s p r e d b y t h i s e x a r r t p l e , ~ a g r t a t o r s a n d ~ ~ d l ~ ~ ~ ~

their faith in Socialism. They forced the K d a Provincial Committee of the Congress Parry to pass a

mlutiuncontahingkialistideas. T h e m L u t i m ~ b e d t h e C o n g r e s s P ~ t o ~ w h o l e h e a r t e d

supporttothe urgentdemaradsoftk wMkersandpr=asants, suchasfur ingofw~hours , m i h u m

wagesaadsecwityofwork. inMay1935, theradidsccmvenedlhefirst AIlKeralaTraQeUnion Con-

gress in Kozhikode. This convention was a revelation to them. It affirmed the Left radids that the

h e r s and peasantry in Kerala could be prarngtedto launch their awn po1itical movement. nominally

d n i n g within k C o q Party. The Ke& Congras M i s t Party was mtab1isM in May 1935.

his -tk ultimate oystallnatim ofdl efforts madeby& radials till

Communism In Kctala E~ncrpin~ From

The Womb Of The Consms Party

~ l h e r m ~ i n t h c p w t h ~ f c o m ~ g n i n ~ ~ w p s ~ t h i n t h e ~ a n b d ~ C o n ~ ~

Mr. Victor M. Fic, the author ofthe bmk, Keralu: Yenon qflndiu describes this phenomenon as 'Con-

gress Communism''. In h d a , the JAI mdicals dd with h C o m m ~ i c b s remind wi?hin the

Congress Party during the transitory stage and launched a p ~ e of ideologid e d d m of their B

folIowers in Marxism. Tbey Pbo buih up the Keda Congress Socialist Party h u g h mgmkationaI

dnve ammgthe worl6ng class, pmsmts, studen@ youth and mte1lWs They dsomfiltrated into the

a m n a m a l w 2 9

P~astnkrng~oftbe~vitiesof~Comm&mindedMradicalswrthintheCon-

p ~ d ~ t l u s p e n o d r m s ~ ~ ~ r n o ~ s t i d e a . i a ( o ~ r s n l r r o f m d m ~

tiom. ~Cclmmunist~I~~nintothecormnunal~izatiomwasa~fuI m e tosplit upthe

Ch- I'm3' TheCommhst Wny in Kersla has fmd~Iya~ttedthat h ~ u r J l s t i ~ l t r a t i o n

into the comnnrnal arganizations wasa palitid stmtqp employedby biem. "Becaw of the Communist

infiltration mto the dite caste of)iinduisrm, the Namboodiri Community, the ideoJogical dash was avoided

betweexl Hinduism, embocjlmg the hrgh values ofMia andthe way of life of fwlkviofmce, taler- 31

anoe and 8ccomm&on, and the adheistic, militant and western Marxism". T h s argument does not

appear sound on account of tk fkt the Nmdmdm . .

caste WoplldIlOQhaveo~~~mmlltlfsrne~en

i f t h e r e w a s n o ~ d ~ ~ n ~ t h e ~ a m b o o d u i ~ i n t h e g u ~ o f a ~ f ~ m m a v m m t .

The commwuty, from the kgnwun~ of& 1 M c m h q had been vimrally wmk in the Soci+Political life

o ~ & ~ , i t w o d d n e i k h o ~ commmimmrwgean iW~ W e e i t .

hnajpative devices ~nployedby the Conp%vs C,'-irb among the intdigen* teachers

a n l ~ b u i l t u p ~ f l s ~ ~ s e c t i o f l s . ~ r i n @ : t t u s p n o d ( h c C o m m ~ i m p r u v i ~

all thektelemntsandfegtures dhdd tradition a m d c 1 W hentageoftheppk ofKdasucb

as the folk-son@, dame, d m and in as the media of prop@. The Communist popgandists

appsnntry &vested h4im.h ofall its unpalatable fermncsaad propgal4 it vl the garb of a movement

- 1 ~JJq3c;'" md -* 4w d w e ~ a n d s o c j a l reform. The i n t e l ~ s mong the

( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f s w b o t e d l i ~ ~ w r o l e f o I k ~ s l d b i n t h e ~ w h i c h w m

aimed st popllansing Manrim idem. In 1937, h e Congm.~ Comm&s organized a large campaign

~thdi~,'Artfor~'sde'andurgedfor'Anb&peopIe'. Asaisofpb~mitanbyfhe

~ u n k t - r n h k d men of la tm were stnged by dramatic clubs qmtsored by the C0munist.s than- 33 sehes. I ~ t W I S n g ~ ~ p e r i o d t l s t h h m W ~ p k y , P & R r ( R e n b a t ~ ) ~ ~ b y

K ~ a C o m m ~ a d e l l ~ w a s s t l g p d o v e r & ~ a n d ~ ~ ThepIayyW

a very explosive conkan- them- In &istic tenns, it prtmyed the syslem of& uslny and other

e v i ' s o M I e m d w . Ancdmprdetsriaoplay,depl~the~ofhswahngcl~fa~

iqmmmw a f 8 Iiving tmnditiq beainng a M b i e tide, 'Raktbapanam' ( d r i e ofblood) be-

mevery popular.

The C,'onpss ~~ollpmmirts soon d l z e d that their movement d be popPrlarised and made

strong only if they Qew the pe;ltssntry into the movement. As t d y as in 1934, the founmdation ofthe first

jmsmtmovement in ~ndi.hadbeenlaidbythe~ongres~~auli~aandtfu:~.~l.~~~~~~~uedthe

workofmgmizhgthe psmtryfkmgh thecanpis ofthecultraal movement into thecountryside. In

the guise of e$ucattugthe d folk, the CommMists o p e d evening classes arad politicrtl s W y circles in 36

vil~ta~hkpeasants~andwritingandmakethernckrsscorascious. Pmqddetsandleaflets

were pinled in bulk by tk publishing bus of ttce ( . ' O ~ ~ E Y I Tommuri.~ d they were readily suppkd

~ ~ d w ~ ~ d - . 3 7 ~ t r r d s t ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ a u r r d ~ l ~ a g e s d u r i n g

hoM&ys,~ng~messageofCommLmimto~lvral~k.

38 During 1938-39, the peesant movement in Malabar took a militant paw l t started as a

campsign against the heavy levies the pasants bad to pay to land lords. In the winter of 1938-39 the

39 winst the vitlagem to suppaess the agi~*m.

Thc agltllfion, fust organized in North Malabar, won spread to Cochin and Tmvmre. The

40 mwementrspidEyevoW~arnassm0vementofthepe;tsantry. ItsWforreductionofmt,aboli-

tion of feulidism slnd land Zordism d M a ofland to the tillers oftk soil. The landless agricdtufal

Labourers and the tenants who were oqpnmd under the leadership of the C hngmm C ~ ~ i ~ s during

t h i s p e r i d ~ t h e ~ & ~ i n n n a l a r e a s ~ i n 1 9 4 0 , ~ C o m m ~ ~ w a s f o r u a d e d .

T h e o - w l a l ~ ~ o f ~ m a s s ~ f ~ a n d M b y t t K C o r m n ~ w i t h i n

the fold of the C o n p s Party in Kerala came to be proved in 1938. In tbat yew, the Congress Party

~ampaig~~dsznmchgthesetting upof-bleGovmmentin Travamminthe wakeof

Urf~moftbefimtCongmsMinistryinMadrasin 1937.~' TheCmtmunimwithintkfoMofthc

Coqres Party sent a group of 49 v o l ~ r s on a march, fram MaMm to Travammre, to organi;te the

campgn T h r e r t : M v o l ~ m f i a t h e r t r s i n e d d f i v e h ~ v i l l ~ a n d d M c t c o m -

miltees were set up in the area h this movement, the trade unians in Alleppy and Shertmalai played an

important role. In A l l e p ~ the workers staged a general strike, the first. general strike in K d a . The

workers Id by the C o n p ~ . q <i7mmtmi~ts declared that mrk. would not be resumed untit, 'responsible

Government- was set up'. Ttre geraeral strike reactxed its d i m when the demon- clashed with the

police on 24th October, 1938.

m g this p o d , the pmpx3ive Communists secured a strong footing in K d a by gaining

some converts and supporters to the movement h m the Ezhava and Nair communities through their

communal orgamzations, workers won thmugb the trade unions, in&Ilectuals, stu$ents and youth won

~ g h t h e c l u t s o f ~ r i m d a r 6 ~ a n d ~ ~ t t r a r g h t h e k i s a n ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ( f d s ~ t a t i i o n a n d

o-od activity had been carried out by the Communists in the guise of Congressmen warking as

reswfunctiollaries ofth ~~ Party in Kerala.

The founding of the Communist Partv in Kertrla

As a nucleus of tbe Communist Party in Kerala, five JeaQngmembers of the C ~ M Z ~ ~ Z R ~ C hmmu-

n ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ b e e n f t m c b o n m g w i t h t n t b ~ p a r t y s i m e 1937;buttfiefdf~ofthe~toak

place anly in 1 9 4 0 . ~ In that year me Congress Party spLit unb the impsct of the Smrnd world

~ k n t h ~ a z i ~ e s i n v a d a f ~ o ~ r n t b e l s t o f ~ m b m l 9 3 9 ~ a n d ~ d e c ~ r m r @ n s t

Gwnany a few days I-, the Commhsts w r h the Chgms Party wanted to anplay the involvement

47 of England in the war as an opportunity fm striking for the freedom of India. This move accelerated

socialism in the CongressParty ofKerala, which had been in existence within the Congress since the

&&Iishnmt of the K d a CEHlgms Somalist Pasty in 1935. The Communists withro the CMlgress de-

Action' to end the British rule in Indis .48~ut h s drmand was opposed by the Congress leuletship in 49 Delhi arrd the majority of the C~ngn:ss men in Kerala . Hmm, the Communists witttin the Congress

50 India. The natural camquence of this was the immediate mest of many of the C "ungre.~ (hrnnru-

5 1 nafs.

Dwing January - February, 1940 940 thedenhip of those Communists who had been wihn the

wuld WIow a mil it an^ p&cy wholly tndelpendent o f k central Idemhip of kCongress Party in Deb;

butthat policy d d be in tune with the policy of the Indian Comm~st Partye- in its kumc%t, 53

me f 'mfetar~an Park A decision was taken to constitute a branch of the Cornmumst Par& of hdla m

W a However, the assembled agreed not to sepmk thr=mselves from the fold of the Congress 54

Party. This decision was taken ba;ause the Commlmist movement was outlawxi and that the British

~ritiesbddmdy i m p r w d a xurwnber of leading Lefkw..

Taking into -$aation dl these d w e l v t s , the Communist Party in W a Meloped an

To build up M mdeqpd revolutionary a p t u s which could later brmch opn battles

"Operating cm these two levels, the newly founded Communist Party displayed an enormous

m o b i l i s m g e f f d v l e n e s s i n l ~ g t h e ~ ~ p a n d i t r o w n f d l o w i n g , m ~ ~ t h e

British in clear defiance of the policies of the central t e h i p of the Congress Party in elhi hi."^

E.M.S.Namboodiripad himself has admitted in his work The Nutionul Qiwsfirm in Kernlathis double-

iiteted + c d plan of the ~clmmunist party chrntlg his penal "

, -.- UZIWJIIWJ un sep&ember 15 comitweda historic ~n the k- dao~einKwlpltwason~~,,tbefimpditiealactjonin~hichmilitant~istw~ewas~-

~i rad i-pofthe dY ~ouohd ~ommunis -.% TW Ym c-lol~ag ~ b u and

c l l * h a ; l n y , ~ l o a w l i = d ~ h e s h . c a f i g b h a g b h r r m 1 8 e ~ ~ i a d ( b c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ t

Mawha, a police Suhlnsptor was killdowing to the throwing of stones by the Communists in the

c ~ u r ~ e ~ ~ d e x n ~ m t i a ~ 0 1 1 ~ twsinwdan, fom m t m i m msep l t - ! t i ~ o b e b g t d l

7hedwble faceted piicy of tk Communist Psrty during this spaid which found expression in

the atrocities w September 15, 1940 and aftemads has b m demtbcd by E.M. Shankaran

N a m M i i p a d himself in his wok 7hc ~otionai QWJC~Q~ m ~emllu.'~

Cmrnentimg on the militantresiskmx mgwisedbytk CMnmrtnistPw cm Sepmnbex 15 and

comparing the same with the Copnmdst atrocities since 1 957 ie since their fwming the first-

in K d a , Sri h n i k Padmarubha filiai writes, "We a n find many instamSRs of the corssciousiy

organid militant resistance of that day bemg followed prior to olnd alter the Communists wrnjng to

power"

dim mil itant action in k d a against the p o k e on September t 5,1940 w a shock to

the cmtd I-hip ofthe Chgress Yarty in Delbi and it tfae Cmgms J%q7s r e b n s with

theBritish at hall-Indiahel. TheCmgmssHigh Cimmm& dsgwdd with utbzr kbt inffwm in

the Kmla h d m h LEranch ofthe party, at last &xiM to externrime the L~ftid influence from within the

KeraIa branch. On October 15, 1940, the Congress High Command dissolved tht: Kerala Pradesh 63

Congms Committee and all district c w n m in which the ( . ' f ~ n p u C"om~mim had a I'tIaJ~rity.

Later,theHighaddhrtednewcommittePsidserting-enwtotbeW

ship. 'Re diswhrtion ofthe L e f t i s t ~ o n p s e t t m &pi& the CO- - W i s t s of tkiroqp-

niad basis. Tb~bereupols t k y en-bloc joimdthe C o m m d Party ofKera1~4 them an i-OW-

n i ~ t i a n , ' m s the hjgh water mark of unity of aI1 Leftist forces of K d 4 never to he re-

p e a r e s ' . " - r h e c l l c ~ m ~ - ~ ~ l n f i e d w i m m ~ ~ a m m ~ ~ . I3MtheanQ-BdSh

~mandmilitenstruggksoftbe~i~inNafhemWabardrm~therighttod*fall~

~ , o r g a n r a e d b y ~ C o m m ~ ~ ~ p o l ~ ~ f i v ~ l p e o p l e a t K a v t g n b a i e n d K a r i v e 1 1 m r

65 aid in a more severe ban u p all C a m mivitia.

This led to the 1fakship of& party soft pedaling fw the time king all k i d s of overt actions

and the I&IS of the party went un- Drmg this period them mgmmtion was ninfbmd

andcanied out to~~bvmive~iEiesand~ugh1~1C~organizatlons whichappeared less b6

-pcuaus. Tiit July 1 942, the scvm ban on dl activities of the CommurUst hr ty cmntmued

Since the w h k of war in 1939 and until July 1942, the Cmmunist Party in

Kerala was rnm anti - British than theClanlpless. This d for the party in K d a a lot ofcredit

whilethe~ll ~ a ~ ~ ~ o f c h e ~ a r t y w s s m ~ e s r m e t i r n e i n ~ o u s d i ~ d t i e 5 , ~ ~ ~ o f m e i r

were anti - British pwtm, the Communist Party in Keda a p p r d to marmy as a more patriotic and

m - impmalist f m t h a n the Cortgress.

When the Soviet Union entered the war in 3m 1% I , Communrst Prty in India was ina q w -

day. On the entry ofthe Soviet Union in the War, the thebnmdst leaders hsd to submit to the &crates of

~ o n a l C o m m u n r s m g f p d d e c ~ l o l y a k y t o ~ t k !bn& U ~ a n ~ ~ b t h e ~ r o w n c c w n t r y

Thereupcm.theKeralaComm~mistsclxlarPd~theiTpmci~ enemy wasGemaanFascjsmdmmmg

b~kWU~m&~British~ism.~tfKirpastenm@wi&B&himpenaIism,

theCwnmdslPartyinKdaw-to.w~l. Evmyass i s~ to theBnbsh ,~dutg to t .he a

Kerala Communists, then helped h a Soviet Union,the base of the world revdutlm.

E.M. Shankarm Nambooditlpaci explains the reasons for this change in the attitude ofthe Corn- 69

rnunist Party of K d a in his mrk 7he NaiumI Qe~61on m Kerda It was not tzeq for the Commu-

nist Party in Kerala to crunpaign for the giving up ofthe National aspirations ofthe p q l e and forthe

aIigmentando&ghtootl~m with1Refbgn oppressar. %I. AK Gapdm k t s ~~~ in hs work Keruiu: 13mt a d Yresent that the political iine of theparty st that time, 'ran to Ihe anti

- i m m Wrnents ofthemajopity oftk lm&mpqde7 d numy serime lmd ken amnit - 70

ted by its leadership.

Strangely enough, while this and &and stand of the Communist Party in K d a gave a violent

shock ta i% top Iadmhip, it had padidly little e k t upon its local cells. During this period, Lhe party

33

grew into amass orgmhtion. When the ban upon its activitk was withdrawn in July 1942, the party

~1maf~~Mycamefmpub~icoollecfimanddorration,~chmotnrtedtoRs.3 Lakhbwmm 1942 71

and 1 945. 'From July 3 942, the Communast Party began to work in K e d s as the spy of Bri tish

irnpzrialism $nil heme, in spite ofthe I'atimingofmwqmintthe Deshabirnani m s startdchrringthe perid

Themain work ofthe weekly wastomiticistheNationrrl h i m M o v e m e n t o f W a i m d ~ t it

72 as t s n ' . sson'. of t k misum for the growth of the h i c units of the Party, in spite of its anti-national

73 support to the British. The Iocal party units had kenkept away fram those delicate probIm ofhigh

policy. 'f he local leadenhip was imtrwkd to concentme on the immediate and concrete paobiems oon-

hntingthe working class and the pasantry. Another teason G v 4 I e to the growth of the Communist:

Party was created by the w o p a t i v e attitude shown by the i3rh-h auhritim. While tk pah-iob from

theCongra Party andmanyanon -prrrtydonal werrttojail foranti-wandanti-Mtishaghtion, the

Communist leaders in Ken& kl dill the sympathy strmd support of the British authorities as a rewaad for 74 . .

their anti - natiod activitjesdming thep~od. Mr. lhd&am-haPiUai pmbouf: that i t was

during this p o d that the Ccmmmk&crept into the c o m m d ~ o n s in large numbers w split up

t k p o p l l a r u p s ~ w ~ ~ ~ i m ~ i s m . 7 5 l ~ s a l s o ~ f n ~ ~ o f ~ ~ , berurse

somepple horn all t h e m 4 mgmmbons couldbehwn into theparty.

Kmala during the period h c h led the, working ctass into an alliance and class collaboration with the

imperial&power. 'I%e leadm ofother Leftist forces B C C ~ the Cmmistsof Mmyingtk t l f t h f

c a w .

76 They labelled the communfits as paid agents of British tmperialtsrn We have m E.M. S.

NarnMripad's The Nuiioreul Question in KeraIu a reminrscence ofthose by gone days In which he

and his comrades and the to whicfr they helm@ were painted in black by the ~~ of other

~ d t j s t f o r c s m ~ e r a l a . ~ ~ ~ h e k f h t elnncnfsin Kenrla(OUlerhmtheCmununistPsrry))wifiinwd

outside the Congress hrty, the former allies of the (i~ngrnsq ~I'brntmmrsts, determ~ned to launch an

effeciiveoqpnm&onal w c r r k t o d i ~ t k C m m & i h u ~ o v m ~ ~ m&n,kisan or^^^, of

- - ..

. - ~ ~ ~ g c l ~ w l a and youth in order to sdkgmrd all of hem h m the dangm of m - operating with the

national and class enemy To make this task effective, the L& wing of the Congress Pa@ in Kerala

Swered itself and organid the Socialist ~ o ~ a in 1942

'l'k funct10nin.g ofthe h a l i s t Party of Kerah in 1942, under the leadership of late Or K.B.

~monbdafar-h~dkct~thciead~~nfme~ommw6st~rtyin ~ d a ~ ~ ~ h e i m m s d i a t e

of& f o e of* socialist pny ofKerala was Ule defectim from Ur CMnmmst Pslty

of Kerala a number ofmembus who joined the S o c j d ~ Pany When the lxftist cwrtrolled Gongs

c o m r n i t t e a h d b k n ~ s s o I v e d b y k ~ ~ f i @ ComnrsodonOctoba lS.l9#,a),.largermmberof

Congms SociaIlsts hadjodthe Cummutllst Party clsl bloc- MI ofthamnow defix+xi the Cbmmunist

Party and joined hands with t h k ~ former colleagues ofthe Congress fold in the nevvly formed Socialist

Party o f K e d a . nus the unity of& Leftist forces which had been achieved by the Cummurust Party

dunng 1940 - 42, alter a lot of hard work, had now a c c d t e d to the Soc~alist Party of Kmla which

~ k d ~ l f i n b o t h e t a s k o ~ ~ t b e C a w n u n i s t ~ I o v e r ~ p r i m i p a l m a s s ~ l [ l ~ ~ n ~

.state Mng to its marueilm vvwk, it m&1ished rival trade union 0-m of m, in&!- 79

I M s , students and youth, Thus the new q w r e d its own sound basis among the mmin strata of

the poptation, an ir#tispn&Ie thing fithe Pam's activfty as an indepmk:ntpolitical fa

Amrdmg to E. M. Sankaran NamWirim the split in the lRftisl movement ~n Kerala in I942

was dm to theconflict bebeen the kqal&es to tfK Soviet Unim and i n ~ ~ ~ l Clommtmism on theom

hand, and to Indm on the other. This pmx11'ous p i t i o n split the br& Soctzrllst camp in Kerah The W,

C~mmwdmPmy, m k cowxafthisatssle b ided to fotlwv M m w . Efere, n rnustkborne in mmd

~ ~ C a m m ~ ~ h K d a b a d b f & ~ ~ r z d i c a l ~ & t b e ~ m ~ e s s ~ a r t y ~ ~ -

m t e d f m o t h e p a x e n t o ~ o n m l W O a n d t b t t h e ~ ~ ~ m n p e a t e d i n IWZwfrnanotkr

c7~lpofrsdicals spllta-y firm fhepuentamaawn d f i t h e Soc~dtst ~ o f f K ~ Tlns

prows of potmanon of forces wthin the of Kmahdxd not stop with the 1942 evmt in

194849 yet rt~~ther group of Leftists separated itself from the Congress Party end fonned the Indian

SociaiistPuty ofKda,and in 1950,~' ~ n , a m t h e r g r o u p s p l r t a w a y a a d ~ ~ t h e K j m M a n b o r 82

Prqa Party Thus a strikmng feature ofKerala prlmw Mween I947 and 57 had its nmt in this sMt of

Ml(mmus emtqpce and hat sepmtion of the T~ftis2 group hrm main b d y ofthe Cmgnru Party.

35

----*a ~ ~ H l t o a ~ o F ~ & P ~ ' i 2sM-~dtheCongnsgmtheme~

B"d sl~ter Q Y ~ ~ W ofthe Communist Party on the other, the Smalist Parties imbued political

procesJ with fludty though €heir willingness to co - owrate with the Congnss at om rime and the

Co1nrnuni-stsnoi.k~ ?k CoagmsP~pared on mend ofpolltical spktnm and the Cornmist

poam the @her% Wonedss two pds behveen which &po!itical irnpdse in Kmfa mcills(ed

The Socjalist Rwhes had no inhibih in joining hsnds with theCommmisb. to pull down theCrmgms

horn prw any time w k n uccrsion presented Convers~Iy, they did ~ydidmt hitate to mm back and

Aaolourful chapter in the histmyaftkCrnm~oiaParty brKerala&rimtkpre - i n d q m k

f ima was wilten by its campaign for 'mpumiMe Government in Tnwnmrr'. In 1944, rhe &wan of

Travmcare', Sri. C-P ' lXarmsmyhyer, poposed a oonstitubonal =form m the 'Am&am Mdel ' .

'The Trevaneoare State Ccmgnss opposed this r e h but in the end, the psrm smpted it The Cornmu-

84 rdst Party dendedto orgmiiz a campaign against it. it raurdk slogan d-im ~,dd~rclbJ&uuli~'

(American Model in tbe Arabian Sea).

lk Communist leaders submitted 16 point mmwandum to the Govemmerrt, in which the k-

was made ta end the rule of t k Divan and the granting of respibllr: tmrnment to Trzlvancore

% ihekan agreed to 14 pointr ofthe memorandum ex* ke&g of the Divan rule 111 Tmvmswe and 86

the granting of responsible G o v m t to the state. Ttxxeupo" tbe Communist Party dtxided to wga-

nize a mass mpeugn of direct pditiad &onto fmce the issue On September 24,1946, the Cummumst 87

Party organized a general stike in Travancnre. On the 26th of September 1946, a huge Communist

puce~sion marched into Punnapars a c(18staI village ofthe Aflzppy dlsuin, w k r r the dnwnsdaulrs 518

d h n ~ s e l v e s andthenseizedpbiicbtd1&~ hadsm&aha~leesnr le . Thedemomm-

ms were d with cnde weitpons w h as wmden spean, clubs, sltugs and so on and had no sophis-

ticated weaponry with m for a wnfro&orr with armed police Herre, the piice wuld shoot down

many a rebel and disperse lhe & r n m t o ~ s . Howew, thc upn'singmdd not be s#&ly. The

Government declared martial law andor&rd special deployment ofthe Army to suppress the rebel lion.

&fore the amvat of the Army many a nbel escaped to the nearby idand OF Vayalar in Vayalar, the

thcendofthefilslaadthelasl~pldtheCommuni&aravlokns~dpo~inK~utthepre-

iTlclepndent days.

D U n " 9 t h e s a m e p a r o 4 u l e ~ i ~ t P a r t y ~ a a u n h a o f ~ ~ l i o r a i n M .

On kcember 2O,1 W6, at ChiraWoil, the Communist p t s resisted he psddy twmg harvested from

the fields of Chirakkal Rajm, a fkudaJ id 92 The @ice were called upon In the clash betwen the

police nndCummunin -ts, two C o m u n i s t s m kfId At Karivallae, E r i b o r a d Kanunpai,

93 there were similar a g m h rebeIIim in wtuch., the Communist kd pea~wrs were killed

'Bm, though a gradual pmss of evolution, the Communist Party in Kerak emerged ~ntu the

position of e strong social fom and by the time India bawR independmt on August 15,1947 and with

h e integration of T r a m and Cocbin M y after, tbe pany anaxmi n, rnuchofmenghaswcontejt

openly the Cagms Party's right to I d Ke* while since 1947 the Congress hriy in Kerala 4 e p to

decay. A fot of pi i t ica i caprtal was made by the Cummunlst Par@ at the expenses of its own pa=nt

organktjan and the eyesofdacdectorate W l y t u m e d t a &c C m u n i s t PsQ itself

T & e m W m b g . . ~ t h e ~ ~ ~ d 0 f t f i e r u f i a g p P r t y ~ K e r s f n b e e w ~ e n

1947od 199-TkCocniwsatstro~ bcrobathesi8utmP

During tk ten y m bmuwn 1947 - 57, Kernla witnewxi a quick &emmtiun ufthe ps i t l r j t j ol'

the~ongress ~ a r t ~ . ~ ' ~ ~ h e n s t d resu1.t ofthis Qecline was that he hegess Party lost its clout over the

people. The Socialists kft the Congress and formed themselves into a s e p t e m-

(1) ( i m i m r k a b i e s w i t h i n t h e ~ l ~ b .

Many a g r o u p ~ ~ ~ ~ n U l e C o n p s leedaslapvl Kwlsan& t m m ~ h l r u n . , n -

giondisrn, and opportunism ofleac~ers.~~ Communal bans of many leadas also grve In& to frequent

I I ~4 ! - 37 ) the T m m m - Cwhn area of the stare uz$wsd political imabilityof the worst kin& 98

(2) The Process of polarrzatlan.

R wss the ptacas of poiariatiion which proved tu be the secad reason for the deterioration of

UnCon&ress Party This proem firstbmu& into &stewe the Coqms Socialist Party m 1935 endthe 93 Communisf P q m 1939 In 1942 amtkrplsrizttion led totheest&!khrnen# offhe heerala Socialist

Party. A p n in 1950, the Krsan Mazdtmt Ptaja Party (K M P P) rms ~ ~ f a h l i s h e d ' ~

T k x v e d t m d m a e s s u c h a s m h i a l , w , mtmalandr~dbecstmekca~~of

a b m t instability in Keda . The bitterms Mween theCmgess Pety wd fhe Socialist splinrerpups

w a s P o s ~ h a n e ~ ~ ~ k c ~ - o ~ w i t h r h e ~ ~ k & 1 & l e & f m e r fiomp0w.x I01

though combined strike Supported by the rival group fighting for p o w within the C o ~ e s s Parry

itself, the unholy combination of Leftists s W six limes in pulling Awn the G v t . formed by the

Congress Party. However, on dl the &om, the r i d Congress groups faled to tbrm a @vt. of their

own or ofthe opposition putts. tn 19% the LeRist splmter groups kit thenecessity of farming a united

hn t based on c a ~ c t ~ v e piicies to dislodge the Congress Party From power Swba United Front was IM formed and rk Congress Party was befated in the electioils of 1954. However, the at liance of the

I xftists broke as soon as the elections were over and some ofthe Socialist Parties who had mperakd

with the Cwmnunistsduringelrxium several their wrmecbon with them and kgan c x w l p t i n g with t k

Congress P a y .

The poiiticdIkussle andthe riseand faliof&& in quick succession in theTramn- - Cwhin

staeduring 1947 - 57 perid is attributed io the quick &line ofthe C m p s P* and tk gowth ofthe

Cmmunist.Paq in.Keda.

The following is the reoord oflhe rise and fsll ofcabinets in the Travancore Cochin stav in the

past - independence decade.

The First Ministry in Travancore

UaFed on universal adult Franc& the tiec eloct~olls wae tirst kid in lollSra~amxe tiom February

2nd to 16L 1948 to elect 120 rep-e.wntatives lo the State I&gslativc Assembly. The Communist Party

and the newly W1ished Indian Socralist Pay d K e & formed a united Front in Travanmre. These

38

n o parties made an elec(oral r m m d x ' n g with the Tnvvlcore Tmi2 Nadu Congress Pan) in South

Tm-. ThkrmstheGrstimtancedaCongn;\r grarppiacnglmds~hkOommUntstPany 'The

Cmgms Party, m account of its p p M t y f won the elections with a thumping ma~ority. Out of the f 20

in the Leglsla4~ Assembly, the m&ng wmedthe fbllowing number ofsats. lo3

Name of the Party 104 Nnmtter of seats won percentage of votes secured

'l'k Cammumst Patty amcmd 17 seats and the Kerala Saclairst P'arty 8 seats. But m&r prty

gat cven a smgle s a t . 'Y)bviously, the Chmmunist Party was tm mexp-icnced to exploit through the

electoral process, the fbtlowlng ~t had ownmandadat the gmx - root Iml. This shortcommg was m n 105

to be removd"

T b s CO-t ol.Mr Vtcta M.hc rs enched by Kat mkkam Yachnanabha PI IIat iOh'vl'b@ the

United Front in which t?ie Cornmlmisl Party was a p i m x dld noi scure cvm a single ysil in the eIectiun

the efections p r o d a fact pninting to the &ure with d1 grawty Ofthe total of 20 L&bs of votes polled

in the eiections the United Front secured 1 Q% of the toaal votes polled". The Congns members e;lected

Sn. A.J. John as the Chmmmafthe Iiegislative w o n March 2 I , 1948. The MaMjaofTravanm~ 107

made a proclarnntron by which the Legslative body was m d ~ntO tr S e Lqslahve Assembly.

On March 24,1948, the first cabinet of Travancore was formed under the stewa~ds hip of Sri .

Fattam Thanu Pilb. TkGbinet was a d l one mr&tmgaf thePrime h3inst.m a d his twocolIeagues, 10%

Sri . '1'. M. Varghese and Sri. C. Kesavan.

Thc CommtmistsofTmvarmrc, imitating the path of rnilrtan~y l a u n w by the Communist Party 109 110

ol'india in 'Telungana. orgamsed a series of militant actions in rural arm. Owing to thisl the tirst

Congress Ministry in Travw~core also bannod the Iml Communist Party. Duringthis pwrod, h c Union

Govemmerrt had put the Communist P a q under b.

39

The second Ministrv in Tmvancore Duringthe piad under rwiew (1 948) & ConrmuniBParty was not the pnncipl cnnny ofthe

Con- Govermnmt in T M V ~ . The Assumpiion ofoffice by the Travanmre sbtr Congress was

followxiby fact~Qnal struggles withnthptrq k w s s a vimal revnhagainsttbeIeadershipoffattom

Thrmu Pillai.

Thou@ only four months had passed since rhe formation of Go*. by the C m p s Party in

Tmv-, tht: of internal d k d atlacked thc: very haw of the pimy in this cj CChietMmster

Pattom Thanu RHai c m M with a challenge h r n rival lktction which was dso reflected in the three

member cabinet. The Chief Minister, in order to strengthen his pofltion enhged the cabinet on July 13.

1948 by including K.M. KO& A. Achr th , G. iXamcfinnh and P.S. Nabraja Pillai in i t However,

this action on the part of the ChefMmister was severely criticid on the gmund that the other cabinet 1 1 1

members we= not informed or consdtedofthe cabinet expsion. 37.6: change in t k h a l m of pwer

within the Cabinet was senou%ly viewed by bolh SI-. C . Kesavan and T.M Varghw, and mow, ihc

manner in which thr: Chief MSni s t erzcaqhkd tk cabinel expansion evokd their anger I imw, they

threatened to resign. On this issue, there was a serious controversy m o n g leaders and in the Congress

Lqgsla~ure Party. P~attam Thanu Piilai, had to cuncede to k majority demand and one of the new merri- 1 I2

krs, Sn. PS. Nataraja Pillai was dropped &r 48 how since he had k n sworn in.

The Tbird M i n i s t r y in Trnvancorc.

Though a recanciliation afthe conflicting group~Mthin the Conlr~acjs Party w 5 achieved, the chi-

mt thus cons3ituW.i did not last long. A near combiruibrm oF ftlrces acquired enough strength to sage fPesh

assault on the cabinet. The most gowerfi~l group that challe~lged P W m %nu Pi 1Iai was undcr the

leadershipof sri. T. K. N a r q m a Pifbi. This p u p alleged &atMr. Pattm Thanu Pillai was dictatorid and

should nat be allowed to function s i m d ~ 1 t s 1 y as the President ofthe Congress Party and Chid Minis-

ter. On October 17,1848, the anti-Thmu Plllai group in ttK: Assembb prepaxed a list of the members with

their signatures who had agreed ia vote against him. Tkmupon, sure of his defat in the Assembly, on

Ocmber22.1948, ~r l 'hanu plfh resigned. ' l 3

It must be bme in mind that during this period the Congress Party mdld 92.6% of seats in

the kgslative Ammb1y of Travamme and that the Govemmmt wos defwted not over policy issues by

the opposition F e s , but entirely an account of the rivalries within the Congtess hrq. ''The Congress

group r-nsible for pulling down tbc 'I'hanu Plilai M ~ n i m y from pwer consolidated its position by

eidng STi.T.K. Narayana Pillai as its Presrdent and by fbming a cat>& under his Idmship on October

2 2 , 1 ~ 8 . ~ ' ~ Franolus~el~titbsam~1ear~hmsin~hrbrplli~gdomrheThanuRllai

Mi* was wither the dictatorial tempanent of Sri 'b Pih i rmr c u ~ i o n of polihcd power in

his hwb, but a purely persofial one, to be more c i a , an imistxble tm3 for power.

The new Cabinet Id by S*.T.K.Nwdyana Pillai consisted of Sri.A.J.Jahn, K.R. Elangath,

VO.Markose, N, Kunjutfunan and E.K.Madhavn. The consotidation ofthe new cabim was cornpIettd

on December 6.1 948, when Sii.R.VThomas was elected s@er in (he state w ve~ssernbly.

The F o u r t h M i n i s t r y

T h new Cabinet in Tnvmwrerrmained in pow= until Jdy Is& 1949, when the Unicm Govern-

ment integrated the two princely states of Travancore and Cochin into one - the 'Travmore- Cochin

State. The Maharaja of Cochin refiredin favour of Sri. Chithim ?'id, The M a k q a of Tramcore, and

the Union Government proclaimed thrtt the Maharaja of l 'ravmcore would be be Rajapramulrh ofthe 116

new l'ravanwre-Cmhn state and lhat the klaharaja of k h m would be prmoned

slate Legislative Assembly. On July I st, I948 ihe r c x > r p d cabinet of TravancwcSwbin m e into

power. It consisted of Chief Minister T. K . Narayana Pillai, A. J. John, E.K. Madhavan, T. A

A b d u l w m l l y Gwinda Menun, Ikkanda Warria and KAyyappm '%iT.MVargk~ was dectd 117

speaker ofthe new 1 xgislative Assembly. The htegmoon of'rm- and C w h introduced a new

' I ' h e ~ ~ o f a n ~ ~ ~ e b a s d o n ~ s a n w r r s w i ~ w h e m Sn.'Z:K. Nmyana

PilIai WF elected President ofthe Coqrm Party of the %state. The eldm had a profound effect upon thc

formatian of-the new cabinet whu:h c m to k dominated by a gmup h m Tmmcorc-Cochn. The 4 t

~ ~ m d pmchid i l a s p i ~ m s & tbemialv~ q p o t ~ & and hencethe ChefMirriLster hi to

m e of the rivd pups by imkdmg Sri.N.brene. He had to dmp Sn.E.K. ,Madhavn fim rhe

Cabimt.

'i'be F i f th M i n i s t r v

It1 spite of& fwt that Sri.T.K.Narayana Pillar whieved lo a =chin exkrIt 111 bringing dwut a

balance of regional forces, he was unable to maintain dw same Tor long. A major upheaval for cantrollling

the party and the cabinet kwm the Travammeand Cochin groups brought abut an&m Misis. Filing 11%

to uvercclme ths crisis, T. K . N w y w Piiliti resigned in Febntary I95 1.

T h e S i x t h Minis try

A new Ministry ivm formed under the leadership of Mr. C: Kmvan. The new Chief Minister

thought th#L t k Fdctiwl struggle wuld Iw r d u d by reducing thc nuinhr u f d i m t rnzntkrru. He

hmnd a three member cabinet wnsistiry: of, other than the chief Minister, Sri T.K.. %rayam Pillai and

AJ. John. .But Mr. Kesamn appwmdy crwnmiaed a practical blurdm when he thought of elirnin~ting kc-

lional crisis by reducing tk number d a b k t members. In his mwly fomd cabin* . w b v m h d y

gave represmradon to the Cwhin goup. Hmce the Cachin p u p w i h n the rn-slative Assembly be-

wme anmyed and, under the l&rship af Pmampitly Gwindn Menon, threatened to resign from the

Assembly lf the Cwhln p u p was not p e n due r e p ~ w m n . Mr.Kesavan r e b e d to accomodal L i 4

thc Clochn group and rcsigncd fim thc Icadcrship of'tk Congress in prom.

T h e Se,venth, Ministrv

Despite thc k t that tk Congress P ~ Q enjoyed large majority rn the United Assembly, lt was

unable to prnv~de a stable rmvernment. Gradually, detenoratinn WI In The pa* leadership h m e

aware ui'lhe siiuatwir. ,%nslng firtwe Jar tg~~ the wan rrlg groups ti led to ~rntilre wscrrnr: kr nd ufur~ily by

rce1ectingMr.C Kesavtn to the Ieadtrship ??re new cabinet formed under Mr C Kesavan uvnsisted ~f

Sri K M. Kom, Cr Chanrirnsekharan Piliai, L M. Pylee and P K Kuttiknshna Menm Thus hts damant

tvas 12' ~ h r wslry M till tla: formaimn ofa wtv c~met ~owingt lx? mt eIections from December 1 35 1 to January I952

?he never ending s w e for pawer in the Congress Party hwd an adverse eEect qmn the party

42

~tself. h e ofthe Congas smidist p u p s h a d M y back good-bye and fbundedthe K d a Socialist

1- in 1949. hiturn M u Piltm, the Wran Congws ka&r oFTravamre, had joined the new party.

In 1 950. another serious event wok place when A c h y Kflpdini- one ofthe prominerrt leadm of the A1 1

I d a Congress Party resigned a d fo.bun&d the Kism Mazdoor Praja Party ( W P ) . T k split in tbe

Congress Party at the national level affected Kernla atso Veteran Gandhian leaders af Kcrala,

Sr1.K. K e l a p n and K. A. 8.amorSam Mentwi !efi tire Congress and Counded the Kwala brtlnch or [fie

K.M*P.P

The rnomfe vfthe Congms Party was at the iowst ebb during this paid and kwe, in the

general elections of 1951 -51 theK.M.P.P in Keria co-operated with the Communists to ensure the In

defear of the Congvss Pany in Malahar.

The E ighth M i n i s t r x

Yhc first gcncrd dectians in I d a wcrc held bctwccn Dwmbcr 195 1 arrd January 1952. In

Tnvancoxe-Cochin, the elections wereheld fiom Dxember 10.195 I . toJanmy 5.1 952. The 8th Minis-

try of the Congress P W in 'Sra~ancore-C'ochin was sworn in after the electiaax. As a result ofthe

integration of Tramwme and Sochin into one state., the n t m k of mt.s in the state -1ative A m b J y

was L~ur& 10 t 09 irtduding a seat tobe filled by nurnirlation tiwn the h ~ g I c r hiiarls. Thedii'fire~lt

political parks in TravancoMochjn fielded a total of347 cadidata. The Cmgess Party put in P?, the

iJnitedFmnt ofthe I~ftim 73 andothpmt~esand indqmdmcei 77. The total, numberofeligibIevotes

was 4,863,95 1 . Out sf this, 3,398,193. (64.9%) cast their votes.

The Communist Party and &r Lehst P & e such as the Kerala Smialisc pasiy and the Revolu- 1 7 >

tionary Socialist Party ibmd a u n i d h n r in h e Tramcore-Cochin ma In Malabar, he Commu-

nist Ywly formed a Unrted Front with the Kissn Mazdwr Praia Party ( KMPP 1. lZJ Mean while. the

Conpsmcn from South 'l'nvmmn: w410 had cut off f b m tk C o n g ~ s s Party on* qucstron of inm-

pa0011 of the T m l spealang Taluks lnta the Tam11 Nadu contesta! the clectiotls as an mkpcknt puty

nl~l the Mme L ~ . k ~ ~ a v m a m - ~ a m i l ~ a i u ~ n g r e s s ' CLTNC). 'Ii

Thin in the Tmvmco~-C,,or=hin ares and rn the Malabar area, thc Congess Parry stnod done.,

ex@ to the well pIruuleul IJnitwl a W af'its ownoid Cc)-traveIlers. "ln the MaIrzhar area of Kerala,

the Communists patched upa compromise with the KMPP led by Sti.KXelqpm, not simply todiskdge

43

the Congress m AMahh, but with the aim ofoblitaa~ng the mnsses".Dming I 94 8. follmving the C'alc~AIz

Theas, the Cowiunists, says I%dmanabh Ixif la, got an opportunrty to proclurn tr, ttte p p l e , by cw

operating with the KMPP that even a vetman Co- man like K.Keiappan d ~ d not condemn them as i 2b tenonsts and hence tPn: muses had nothu~g to fw h u t b n

The result rti'd~e ejectia~~ came as a iude shtxk t c ~ ihr; Ct11qytss Party It revealed tkrc moial

de?eriomtion of the party In Travamre-Cochin as well as in NhIabr. "he Congress Party's combined

m@ with the 'Tamil Nadu Congms in the 1 qgslatrve Assembiy of Trawmre in the 1948 eldons

was 1 1 1, out of 120 seats with 92.6% ~ f h e t o ~ 1 votes polled. In 1952 elections, the combined strengh

of the Congms Party wth the t'rtm~l Nadu Cmgms rn the T r a v a n c ~ ~ o c h ~ n Assembtv was 52, out of

a total of 109 seats and the ~~e of votes poiled m s 47.9, mean while, the Cwnmurrist PartS. won

29 seats awnst none In 1 9411

'I-k d i m u s f3iit.m of tk ~~s Ptuty was in thc hW&r rcgmn. Out of'& 30 scats in thc

Madras Legslatrve Asmbly from fhs area, Congess Party's tally was only 44; and out ofthe SIX Lok 127

Mha W. it swurxi onfy two. In Mddm, the Cowe.ss 1'arty was totajly routed and cased to he

an eft'e,tivc politid force. The Cangrts in the. 7 egislatiw Assembly of'FravancoreCochin, also was

1- to the psitian uf'a rnhriky party. The Uruutl (bvi., thtsefore,ailowed the C KewvarcIeddi-

net to function bs a caretaker G o v e m n t . After pain stakiag negotjations the Congress Party finally

succeeded to persuade the Tamil Nsadu Congms to ctwperate with it to h e Congress led cabinet in 128

the state. Finally, on rwch 14,1952 the lzew cabinet inclwhg a minister from Tamil N& Congress i 29

Party was swom in.

The new cabinet Wtk support of d y a nimrityof I@= in h kgslalive Assembly, as the

combinel swngtb of the hm Congms groiups was only 52 in the Lqgshve ~ s s e r n b i ~ of l 09. ']'his was

thc ody arrrlngcmLnt through whch a tcsponsibfc Govcrnmcnt in Kuaia cudd br= f m c d in 1952. Aficr

a short white. the pasitionofthe minority Government hxm~became marc secure whcn two PSP mcrnbm of

b e Assembly who had desertad this jmty and two indqmdents, elected on the 'Mil NduCongress

slapport joined the Congress.7hns; with traditional support of the AngleIndian member the Congress

I ruw, forsome ti% ttappredthat the &en& dectiom of 1952 andthe f m m m ofhenew

cabinet bmughr h u t &h% stability in T m v m e h q dl such hopes were proved t~ be lifetess.

Grouprivalfies began to plague the Cmgess WIty onx within and outside the kgsIabve Assem-

bly An attempt was made by the top ranking Congrw leaders in 'lravanare-Cochin to dissdve

tkTravanmre-Tamif Narlu Congmq Party by a merger with rk mothr nrgxnlmtinn They argued that

L h ~ n W ~ S no na;nsiiy orlwo rival goup uFthe Cc~ngress Party in )(nalaad ndh incrrpnaliun of lhe

t3 1 ?'TNC into the main Lny odyW party 14wM do away with all evils.

But the TIWC, fidlya\yare ofits key position in the IxgisMw rematned adamant in its insimce

on the fight to mainta~ni tr~ te~&t i~rmd~ol~ lca l pmcmditv IJZ ( hecabmet ninr vats pacipltatgl

bj' t h ~ demand of thc - F w r o r c - T h i Nadu Congrm Party for tk scccaion oftbc 4 Lamil s w i n g

&fuks of south Travancore fiom the Tmwancore-c'oehn state and their r n q r wth the TamiI spcaklng

Madras state. I "TIIS damxi was opposed by the ~radesk congress ~ommitc8z d.liavmr&Dehin.

M n g to the r;tringmt attitude dthe (3cmgesc PartyIthc. Tamil Nndu Congms wifidrew its awrt to the

A.J.Juitn-led cabinel.. Tipere upm, 4311 23rd ,Sept. 1953, Sri.A.J.Jdm i r ~ t r c ~ a wtItZ&i~: twtion in the

! 3.1 assembly which was defeated by five votes (5 1 for and 56 agijost).

Alker ihe & f ~ c r ~ i h t : w n f i ~ nlolkm pi uplzy the CfiwernmenA, tbtswrnbly waschssrblvtxl

and f ieh midterm election tw declared- However, the cab& continued fmtioningas a c~eLake~om.

'1'Re circumstances which led to the formation of the ainth

Ministry-The P.S,P minority cabinet

The two rival C'ongms groups committed a Himalayan blunder in thinking that the m&em elec-

tions wuuld bring in better results md both would lave compsrarively : l ypd poutirrn than in Ur: dissulved I35

home. The temper of the people by t h ~ s time hadbecome more or lers agdlnl the Congess.

7he rival goup ofhe Congress Par& thougM maf the call for unity of the Mist Partit% was no

better than a slogan and m popular movement determined to depose the Cmgess and form a Govern-

ment of the 1inib.d Frmt c n m m ofall the I eftin Wrtieq nflhestate wni~ld emerge as a material reality

But. in fw~ . all the JAl:nis~ Win oTif*: skate in adekminaidnve b d e w the Cun~~eis patch& upa

. - . ualL ~YIU IBCM the Congress in the election. ?'heres& dihe dntions shocked the Congress

ICZ&TS. '" ~ l n d r a t e d ~ t h a e was adecisiw kkt &ti in the h h c e offbrces withnth state to

177 such an extern that a Government of ihe U.F appeared to be a real poss~bility In the elections of

Ikb. 1954, ihe Lefbst Parries won M tais in the house of 1 18, while tbe Conges Yaitv of l iavmre-

13g Cor,hin and "!TNT together won mly 57 Feats

In the 1954 de~tiuns, che Leftist fwws csmpaigmi vigorously against the C o n p s under Ihe

bawer of the linired Front. OBicially, he ami€ongress iiniaDd Fmnt was known a~ the United Fmni of 136

the Zxfisb and was composed ofthe Communis1 Party, the Kerala Socialist Party, the Rm~oiutitmary

Yocialist Party and pqqessiw in-ts. ['he UmtedFmofUle LefbEb fbmeda separate e k d o d

agccmcnt with thc hnja Socialist Party, thc mw party which appcarcd &cr thc mcrgcr ofthc hdian

Socialist Party with the &sari ~a2;door h j a P ~ . 40

Jnnrhrtnfmea 1 Jnited a ~ j m theCmgres, che ~ a m u n i a party m,de sveral ms- 141

sio11~ Wnlnodale its d~torai af ires. rile C U J ~ ~ W ~ ~ Y p a q nlj- id a j j S I w ~ ; ~ N I c l t e j jab, l d 2 *umber ofseats to its allies lo get them under its banner. In i ts attempt to fom [jniad Iront, (hr

C~mmMi* had shpiy hpl-ntal the g t : d policy Line ofrhe Madurai Cmbms of rhe Communal

P q ~ f I m b s which called far the ~plac-tmmt of the Cungss rule in Kerala hya Ginmrnent r?f !!nite.j

Front at whatever cmt. 'Z'k Comm& leadership In New Ikihr wzls prepared to pay any prrce tbr the

detw* o f ~ e b w s the fm-~re-cxtnn part of Kenla. for such a victori. i d e r s h i ~ be

1 jeved, mutd f i a t h e Communtst rnwemenf in 0th ot-!ndla.

Uncc qpn, thc Travamxc - lamil Nadu Congrcsscontcstcd thc clcctions as an indcp~ndmt

party. Tbelr slogan was the separatlonof the Tamil speahng Muks of South Travancore and their in i43

m w u n m t o the Madm State. in the m & m ~ elcctws m 1 954. the State of ' KnranmreCoclun 14.1

WH reorganid and divided into I06 singk mmhw and I 1 dot& member canstinsnckc The Statc

Legisiative Asswnbly was stllargd to include I 1 8 uaa41f whrch I 17 wen lob elecrad rud unc aornl-

nated from fh AngIuIndiancmdty The total number ofcofiteotm& was 230, The Congrrss of

TramconCochio fidded i 15, the Comrnma Parry, 33, the PSP, 38, the RSP, 8, TTNC, 16, indepen-

dents, 1 7, Jan %in& 1, and RCPI. 2. The pulling nm conducted between 15 and 29th February, 1954.

- -

1 'he mdts the f01fo~ing

----I- ---l-----I-I-IC-I----I-I--I---

Votes won Permt Seats Pemmt dIIC-------.----.-).IIL--F-rI--r1I.I.----.-.-------

Thr: Congress Parry The rxmmunist Party

The PSP independents

TfiPmc The RSF The KSP '1'Re RCYl

rl'tdeJaIuSssn&

N o m i d

-111------1---1-1-111-11-11111--1--1

Total 3qIWS312 1 WLO 118 100-0

The electoral strategy of the Communist Party mid them rich dividendq. As the party had been

very gentmu white ~I~ k e I d agteemm~s and d t d r g the seats to its ail&, the position of

in 1952,023 scats ( 19.89%) in 1954. i45 'ibc pnncipalgarncr in thc United Front was thc PSP, wf~ich 14Ei

in& from 1 1 (20.1 %)to 19 (26.3%). The &r Leftist Parties also had Improved their positions.

?'he wmbmedstrengtb of the United F m t in the Assembt y was sixty. Their men@ out numbered the

mmbind strength of t h lyvo ~ c q r e s s gotips, r e i n f d ky one nominated inilcpzndent which totalld 147

fitly eight. Thus, fbr the m r d tirne,khe Congress Party ttl Tmrmcorc:-C1uci~1ir was 1.4~4 t~ B

miwri~ party incapble of forming its own @ v m n t .

Them was a ~nmal bi Faewe &wen h e dignmenl uTTorces in ik Tmvzitwmdl)r;hrn A k m -

bly of 1952 and the alignment of forces in the Assembly elcct~orn m 1 954. In I 953, though Congress

had been &fatted in the eldons and emerged as a m i m t y party in the Assembly, the mbinsd stxength

cst'the Leftist Panies in :he Assembly was not suIXicietlt enough for the fmatiorr of a non-Congress

Govmmmt. But m i 934, the w o n of the M s t camp m the Assembky was drftermt As the B P had

co-opcmtcd with the C!nitcd E'wnt of t fhc kftists in dx clcctirms, and on aummt of a s ~o-opcmtion h;td

47

ivm. 19 seats in the election. there was the prospects ofceqmmtion k t u t e n the U m t d Front of the

146 Leftist forces arad h e PSP tbr the formahon of a non-Congw Govemcnt Wldr its 19 seats m the

Assembly, the theP held the balance betweetl the United Frorrt of the hfists and the two p u p s of the

Congress in the k i n M y .

Redking the psibitity oftfie formation of a mm-Cangress Ministry: the Congress Party started l4Y

lrxtic ~xgotiatio~ witk tRr: oppiiiuli p l i e s for die setting up of a Cor%ras Govel-iune~~t lt~wlf.

Rut,for a while7 aH the atlempts ofthe C'ongress leadenhip fail&, hecame it could not break the I.Jni td

Frunt of the Ixftists nor wuld win vver tk PSP. TheCunges Puiy of Travmw~€whin and TTNC

stood dome, incapbte of constituting a new cabinet. The Congress leadership codd not recognize the

possibility of formation ofa G o v m of the United Front in which the Cmunist Party would be tbe

leading force k a m e , sucha development ulould bring h t serious developments in India as a ivble .

The Congress h@ command timettore. advrsedthe Kerala brrmch ofthe Man Nahaml C o n p s that

the emergence of the Unit& Front Govemnmt must be ~~ at any cost zutd for realizing this objec-

tive. the hgh command would have no obj-on to the f o M m of-a minority PSP cabinet in the state, 1%

suppod by the Congress members in the Legislative Assembly.

Strangely enough, the PSP showed its pmp&ess to form its own Govcmment if it would be l5l

k k e d by the Congress. T~E F%P hdmlup argued tllat thm4ji1 rt l i d ~r electoral ~ w d i i x n t W I ~ I the

rommunist P a 9 a d the 1 Jnited Frnnt offhe 1 e fiistq, ir waq mt a m e n ~ k r nf the I lnltsd Front a d , henw , 152

was Frtu: (O d e . R d on &is argument, the PSP i&~ship set tfie Cumm unisq Party's call 153

for cc+oprdon to fom a Ljnited Front Guvt. in the swe. The PSP leadership at rlais jwcture hxov-

end that the party's ideology ofdemmtic %xiatism did not coincide with the militant 3ocialism ofthe

Communist Party, and tht: expkncaoF4-te Socialist p e s ofather countries dso taugh~it the danger of 15.9

co-opecctlng wrCh the Communists. Advancing such tl~msy arguments, the PSP leadashtp r e W to

share power with the Communists and d e d out its entry into &c p-opod Government ofthe United 155

Front. At the same time, the PSP could not either support the Congress Yarty in the Assembly or form

aconlitiulr G o v z m n t with rt, kxxaw, Pattam 'fllanu Y r f 4 tke thr=n Chainnanof the YSY in'I'mvamwe-

Clnchin could nnt forset what his own prcnt organization had done to him in the past The ricklle was

wived tn n hmnula suggested by ik Congress high wmmand which favtjured ihe furmaiic>n c~ra PSP

156 cabinet supported tw the combid strength of Congrm-PSP vote.

'he PSP cabinet thus eshblished in 1954 u*m h d d by Sri.Patt;un h u Pilhi, om of the former

presidents ot'the Travmcore State Congress and the first Pnme Mnrster of 'I'ravancore. Besides S n.

l'lllai, the cabinetc,axdd o f ~ r i . ~ ~ . N-, ~ l a i . ~ r i . l ? ' .~~un~uand k . ~ . ~ c h u h n . ' ~ ~ 'Lhs

was the first time when Travanm-Cochin was ruled by a small party commanding only I 9 votes of its

Kerala in favour nfthe PSP in order to prevent lhe Communist Party ascending ttrm~~gh the 1 Jnited Frnnt 1 5tj

to seix it" This remark is a wnvincing une h a u s e ~k only mot~ve & h i d (be Congress Patty

supportrng the minority PSP cabinet in the Assembly was to prevent the United Front of-the Leftists

commanded hy the Communist Party

The Criopting of the Conpress Party in Malabar During

1954 District Board Elections

The fxt h t the Congas h t y in K d n at large uas d e m d i z d and cut oRfmm mass s u m

then forming a part of the lMachs State, elmons vvx~ held to consbtute the M a l a b fistnct hard

'l'he Comrnuntst Party, realizing the heaw costs the party had to pay to ~ t s allies rn the 1954

c i h o n s in TravmrcXochin and fulty awarc of the fact thsst an zkctoral adjustrncnt with tmc WP was

impssible as well as dangcrom, decided tn strike against the Congress i n m b tl y in the District

IM), ., b a r d elwlions. 'I'he only alliance Lht: wily wrlcluilmf w s wiih f 2 ~wogrewivr: i~de~rdenls. I nz

C~bmmrrnist Party ficIded 16 candidates of its own The p r ~ y prtsentrd this elcxtion strate-gy a3 a new

type of U n i t d Front which would h i p to build a united movement of the p p I e for the realization of :51

immediate demands while safegyarding the independent role of Fhe Communisr Party. The put

e n m u s opvational effort through out Malabas In every village in Metlabar, the party set up its own

electronwmmi~s numberingas m y asSO,CKK). I 62

The resdt ofthe elecaans was swmng . 'l'be tabie below ~nhcates the vtctory the party had

toits credit:

...- I I C - - - L C - r - - - . - - - I - C I r - - - . - - - - - . - -

hrtY Votes Oh Seats '?A

The Uommunrstm 446,955 38.3 24 50.0

The Cow= Party

TheMus l imLqw

The PSP The .lam %ngh

T k RTP

In the eimms, the Congms Party in Malabar wa(; vimaily crippled. While tfie Cmpss won

only 3 1.296 of the seats afthe District Board, *e Cornmud P w secured 500/~. Ucce ofthe successfir1

ComunIst &dates. S r i . P ' i . - B b h Paniirkar ms e i e e d President of the bard . 'I 'ha victory af-

fmW the Chmnunist Party cadrcs an oppoI.krmQ to lcarn fund-& of rcsjmmiblc Govanmcnt and

practical senenbout effective administntion.

The M a l h Dstnct Board elmoris taught tk 0 0 ~ Party many lessons and ~ v e a f d to the

masses and 1e;lders of other plit ical parties many o f the under currents of Kerala pliticc in the p s t

irdepetlrlent d u d e .

Fimt. the Malabar Di,aTict Fhmd elections disclased Ihc t~ngxewdented rfetenmtim in the posi-

hen of the Car~grtssa; Party rn bhiahar Secondly, 1k rewits u C k elections rewaled k t , In 8% M a l h

area of Kerala the Communjst Party had very strong foundations While &e defeat of tbe Congress Party

In the electmns for the State Legislative Assembly m Travancore-Cmhin in 1954 had created a vacuum

which couId laot be filled up by my ~ a r l ~ , imkpdefitly, tn hfidah, tht: crippling ofthe Congrts Ptlrty left

no such vacuum. +ram the U~smcr Board demons, the C m m s t Psuty emwed as the rnarcmtyw,

commandmg cxactI:y 50% of w s . in h4dah, tk Congress did nut a b d d . as ism 'l'm~mre-t'whin, 1 67

~t was detkkd. 'ThlrdtY m Mabar. there was no PSP rn thc way of tIaeCommmsts asmmmg power

~n the Drstnct &pards. Standing on irs own t i i t , rheummunm P a r p ~ e d p o ~ z r m the District l 3 d

of Malabar

Perhaps the most irnprtant -1 of the District Tbard elations in Malabar was thi it was the

50

finirrstmceofpeacefd assumpfimofpower bytheCmmmistPminIndiri long befire the formula-

1 h i dm ofthisthmry m the 2WCmges of the Corn- krty of the Soviet Wonin F & m q 1')M

"Hence,. . . . . . the Malabar &strict board eiectians w r e a preview of thngs to came in the new state of ' 165

K d a

The midterm decbims to the Legslative Assembly in Tmvanmre-Cochin and the ciections ta the

District k d in M d h endorsed the fact hat by I954 the Congr-e5s P a y in. Kerala was a spent fore.

Tn realityy tthe leading psition of the Congress Party in Kerafa was terminated not as a wn,:quence of the

second ge:nwdl e1a;tiuns in 1957 w k n the CPI mme 40 puwer; un the wntrary, iil virtmily ended in the

1954 election, six years after tht: Congress had established its pmmountcy in the Travanc~e State Leg-

islative A m b l y by winning92.6%of seats, in 1948.

?'here are few parallels in the history of any formalp dependent country which gained indepen-

dence after the Smnd Warid War exhibrting the fast losing influence of the national ladenhip and the

political prominence it enjoy& during the tibmtian struggle as the Congress l d d p in Kerala. The

Congress Party m Kerala would have mrrtmued to enjov polrtrd p a f m a u ~ In the State Leg~slatrve

Assembly of'~~ravancore-Cahn and in the Malabar area ot'Kem.4 hadits I&rshrp beM modly and

dhidly mairrt;uning high standards. But; through their own actions, the Congress f eaders of K& de-

prived ol.tlwx p l y its pwrous plitical herihgc.

'T'tre Ninth Ministry in 'rravsncore-C:oehin.

ThelWjPMmsttyhddbySn.Pattam ThanuRfia, whicft~asedabfdmdtofilf up~hcplizJ'cal

vacuum created in the state by mi&m electinns of March 1 954, ruled over the state t-nr only 1 1 months

0 1 1 Febi uarg 8,1955, tt ntet wkll an untamely giavc like dl ib p r h s o r s . "'L&G PSP Mtnistry wou!d

have k e n a success had not the Congress, on whose &half it ruled7 indutgod in xherning whch caarsod lbh

i ~ s dowmfall by withdrawng support in the Assembly" it w q nothing but a Congress scheming that

gave hi* lo ae PSP rn~noriiy Cabxmt. T k Same Cabinet which was brn wt ofthe Conga scheming

was bound to k destroyed by the same scheming. Sn.Fattam Thanu Pilleu,the then Charman of the PSP

In K'rdvmmre-Cochrn avho was the Pxes~dent of the Travmcort: Sme Congress and the first Pnme

Mutrster ot'be '1 ravancore stale. had rich expen- of'C'ongms sckrnmg: one such arch-schem~ng~n 5 1

the past Mmultedin the resl&slarion ofhis Cabinet. and h d l y his resipmion frwrt the Congms Party

itself. A politician ofhis stature who had drdy mtd the bitter fnnts ofCongress scheming should have

I ~ ~ E y e x p e c t e d o f s i m i h s c ~ a g a i n s t h i s m r n O r ~ c a b i n e t ~ i c h w a s ~ b u t a n ~ p t o n

the part of tlae Cc#1g~ess lde&pto trottie up the Coinmunist YE@; Moreover, tkmimKi~-YSP cabinet

was cmly a plitical anac,hr(~nism, the fall ofwhich was hmm~ght ahnut by Itq pewruers themelves "It is

mlhingunknown in ihe history o ~ m r ~ d m ~ i t s u f a ~ y having45 w h in an a'i.mhly oft 18

prmitting another pariy having only 1 9 seats to E m its cablnd by affording former's suppi to the Iatttr, 167

w)uleitisodyJ~ti~h?hmajwiry~tnthctrawsitssuppvrttothemhritycahi~~'. hhaf

Sri.PanampilIi hv inda k o n stated was true, a truth which must have escaped d t ~ minds oftbe PSP

leaders thmseis when t h e i r m was asked to form its mtmriPy cabinet.

Many were the E;rctors tM were- responsible far thr: cuIZapse of the Congas-P S.P alignment.

f 'he personal rivalry between Sn.Panamplli~ UovmdaMemrn who was etected to the pres~dency of the

Cmges Par& ofTnv;mcormXachin arad chief Mniw I Z m Thanu Rlh, L a b of thc rSP was mc ihR

ofthe reasons for the rupture ofthe Congms-PSP alignment. In the second place, the campaign of'

agitation i)-ze3 by thr: Travmcore T a d Nadu Congress for the inxqmation of the fw 'I;arnil speak-

ing t a l ~ ~ k s of Travanetrre-C1w,hin into the Mdms State alw cxbntrihute, to end the Congre~-PSP align- I#

meni There w a s an inc~dmi o r i k P n N C agiwron hkmg a vrolenr turn which led to iht. agl tabs 170

c l a s h with Ihe phce I n ik encounter, tk police owned fie and killed some TTNC agddors. This

event w a s enough and more t'o antagorzlze the T. % N. C to such an extenr that the party entered into

corrspimcy with Sri. Pmm~pitli Gcnirada Menm against the k u Pillai-led Ministry. The third factor re-

s p m ~ Me for the fati of the PSI' cabinet w pgmsive, pro-labour palides of &e YSP Government. In

many x-md 4 rrgncdW strtkcs, thc minority PSP Govt suppmcd tbc wusc ofthc ~ w k i n g dass.

Ths pro-labour leanings beganto enhum the popularrty ofthe Mmislry amanm the wod~ngclasses'~ ' . I'lw big estate o w n , land lords and businessmen wbo had crept rnto the C m g a Party of ?'ravrtnco~'+

Cochin in the post-independence d e ~ d e for protecting their pmmI interest, r c ~ n t d the pro-labour

p l i c i ~ .sr,f'tIic: PSP Chvan~neat ad imdgated rht: l a d m ot-the C(nlg= Party to puli dowo It* Ciovttrn- 177 - ,*

men! by withdrawing the Congress supwrt to h. Yet anorher factor Iead~ng 10 end the Cmgress-PSP

friendship was the active opposition qgmmd by mme Congress leaden against the p l a b u r policies

of the PSP Government There were instances of C o n p a labour I d e n orgaming special squads ti? 52

173 break some of the strikes an teaplantrttim. On account of the rendered by the Co- squads

ot'ehe h i s t type in times oi~latmurshkes, numy clashes b e e n the police and stnhng workers took 174 place. All such incidents of police xtrmitqr towards striking workers were held up by the Congress

party as i ~ l s t a n c w o f ~ ~ - ~ ~ u T p ~ i c i e s o f t h e ~ ~ . ~ i R ~ n - u n t o t ~ l e ~ ~ ~ ~ o f

SIX^ incidents on the part of the Congress, in the lahnur front a ccrnsiderslhle clement of unrest wa.5 felt

This u n m i was: used by [he qmmisortht: PSP Cn)vmmenl to charge iL wiih imbiltiy C) mainbin law

and order in the state. When the Congress Ieaders formed Seva Squads or citi-m committees, or@-

nized for the purpose of fi- Iawfessness, h e entire situation was aggravated

At this posture of events, the PSP was in a pw&xicaI state of affairs on account of conflicting

pi Is, mses and strains. The progressive p l a b o u r policies of the PSP Government on the one hand,

and h e employmg of police actions during the phrmionstriks and TINC agmion on the OW, made

two PSP members of the Assembl~ &t&t the parmt organrzauon and lorn the t l o n p s s group m the i 76

Assembtv.

When the two PSP members d e f M Sn.Panampi th Ciov~nda Mmm came to the pol~trcal prc-

tw. I le f d the possr brhry of forming a new atigmerrt oft- wilhn the AwmMy, which would, not

only topple down the PSP cabin6 but dso, would enable hlrn to have the support of 60 members in the

1wusr:0fl18imdtofiri11 aiwwCorgrsstxbhet. Sri.Pamlpll# (i0vir1daILiei~#1ex=~td thisstra?&prr

in a few days First,kmp@~he 12memhrsa fhe '~C in he: axwmhtty who were inimical IO the PSIJ

177 the Iihdms St& armd due to thtt Poll- firing during h i r campagn for secession. I h , Srj.Panermpilti

1n C;nuinda Menon w n m t h e t w r , PSPdektors and the Anda Indian m i n e e in the Assembly. Thuq

he co- a strange cumbination of60 m e m h in tht: hsembi y. On February 8,1955, one of the

members of the '1'1NC grwp m the hsembly moved a no-mnhhm motion m the Assembb q ims l the i 79

PSP Cat,& whch was pilssed wth a majority vote I a d m g t a the d l - ofthe PS.P Govment

When Sri. P m p l l i C;oviruada Menrw~ was carrying on r q o W n s tbr this canbination, 180

the rnmmunist Party made an attempt to save the PSP Government Once again. there appared the 181

pwibilily or tt C m v m m i or the T h k d Front ol'tht: kLlish Id by ihe Gmmurtisl M y and Ihc: PSP.

182 The PSI' at ths juncturet readily r a p d e d to the mil of the Comr~unist P m y . Negu1i;itiors tiwe

afoot for saving the PSP Mini- by votes of the Comrrmunist led United Front in h e assembly. The

Communist Party laid down two conditions for offering its support to the P. S.P-( I ) release ofmprisoners

sentenced as a result ofthe C o m m ~ s t uprising at r u r U v a r a d Valayar in I946,(2) introduction of an

anti-eviction hill in theAwernbly Thc PS.P readily n g r d torhe fir,ctc~ndition and the Gove,mrnent

183 ~~tdemi tie re1weorlheCmrnunis~ primers, bui on Ilk: wwndcit:~natlcl, Ihe Cn~vemmnl w a v e d i 84

~ m w , the negobatim broke down. By this lime, Sri.PanampilLi W n d a Mmon had compietixldl his

preparaflm for dehitingthe €?S P Gavemmnt through his strange combination of fima in the Assem-

bly and instqpted the ITNC lu move he -on fidence mobm against the cabinet. The passage of h e

corhdmcemotion brought abwrthe doom of the Ph.P mmlnority cabinet. whch was themnth M~mstry m

f ~ ~ c b c h m . Undcrthc kbshiipof S ~ ~ ~ i C ; o v m d a ~ ~ c ~ c a b l n c t &llnctra~rc-

Cochrn was Installed m March 1955.The new Conpess M~rustry consisied of Sn.Panmp~llr tiownda 181

Menu% f Chief M i ~ r ) , SUJ.John, Sn,A.A.Ibhlrn Sn.K. Kwh&- and Sri,K-I. Velayudlun.

This was the rmth md the fat Ministry nf h V i i n ~ o > r e - ~ ~ h i n in the pst- indpndencc decade

'rheTenth M i n i s t r y

It was hardly possible for Sri Panampilii Grwinda Mennn, the. new ChiefMinistcr; to oR:r an

ereclive md slabit: admintslraiion Lo Trduaw~r&&chir~ in ibe then srlrn(sphctrt: marked by frlclional

strife, oppur!unism, a series of diarsces and counter d i m e . From within the C a m s Party of the state

a new internal crisis emergd which cuhnatedin tJae defectKHIcrfsjxCmpssmembefioftk ksembiy

who formed a groupam~ denid their sup* to ~anam~p i~~ i ~ a b i n e ~ ISG

'f hc Congress high command intcrfcred with the affairs oftfic Congrcss Party of 'hvamorc-

Cochrn m order to end the suicidd ~ o m l struggle in the p t y which was slowly mmgiiw the party to

death. It was this intervzntion of the Congress 1 ligh Con~mand that precipitated the cnsis. 'Shere took

place a scrio~ls clash for the presidcntship of the Congress Party in Travan.corc-Cncbin in which

Sri .A P fJd~ya B t ~ a ~ u was t t ~ : notnirec of Sri.Panatnpilli Cbvirslba Mermr~, backed by Sri, K.P Midlavan

Nair,General

Secretary of the Ail Xndia Congress Cornmitee. Sri.A.P.kidaya Bhanu had the backing of the Congress 1x7

High Command. In the dash furpresidency, the rival group aspiring to thc: l e d m h ~ p of the p l y led

T k rekt hgremmn demadd ttie resignation ofthe Uongfess &imt led by- M r . P m ~ p tli

Govinda Menon hpmt~e it had failed to prsuade the C o n ~ m s high commancl to give up the suggectilsn

ur lht: sbk Remganiraii~m Cummission's puupu;al [or the incr)qxrraliun oTIk Tamil spking lrrluks uT !W

the Trav~~~:ore€ochm into the Madras state. This goup led a rno\tement called 'Akhmh Kerala'

which c a m p a i d forthe rejection ofthe Swte Reurgmzation Commission's pmpsds for& secession

ofthe Tamil Spahng taluks f rank Trmmmre-Cmhm State and forthe continuation ofthe ssme taluks 191

in the State. 'i'he Congress groups in the Assembly Ithe iUI'NC d Congress Paw of 'fravancore-

Cmhn j was W m from t ~ p to bottum on account of thc ncw i n t m d crisis on thc qucstion of thc S ~ t c 1 97,

Reonpisatron Cornntkkn's prop&. The TFNC ~voured the State Reo-~on C o ~ s s i o n ' s

proposals arid s W fbr the imqmration of the Tamil speaking bI&s into the M a h s State while the

A h & K,eratites o p i n g tfie Sfae Rer,rgmi,~an Chmrnissinn's propnwls demand4 the continua- 193

tia~ o1't.i~ Tamil . s p h r ~ taluks within Tmmm1&wlUti i k l l

'The ['entral Government excrtexl all it< pressure on thc r~val Cnneress ~rcsups to patch up a

compromise t : w n i b n ; l~ui ratrlhing was achieved The $ k n Fmidml oTihe Inrliar, Naliortal Ctm-

g m s , Sri .U.N.DM v i s i t e d T r a v ~ w h n tu @ thi- party and imposed diseipllnary =tion qpmt 194

ik rebeis BUX this action also failed to pacifl the opposing groups

The conflict over the A k b d a Kerala movement taking place within the Congress Par&, soon

made the position of the Congess cabinet pat ious. The six C o n p s rebels s u m ng the Akhanda

Kerala movement declared that they \vould not support the budget pmpsak to be presented by the

cabinet in the Assembly an March 1 5,1956. on the ground that they sddom regadd themselves as 195

manbas of the Congress Parlimentzuy Pvty . such k step taken by the rebel Congress members

wouldreduce the majority of the Cmgms in the Assembly finm 60 to 54 vnks. Sri.hmmpilii Govinda

Menon did lot want to w hs cabinet d e f W by the mzmbers of his own party and resigned on March 196

11,1956 Thuse~eElthefifeofthetenthMinistry~fT~nnvawnr~~w~hintc~\

The downfall of t l ~ Parwlpilli-kd klmstiy mugwaid a period of fa-errsb yolitid activity in ik !%

state. On =count of the intend division ofthe Congrms. the d i e to form the Government. 1 97 "he. possibility of supporting another cabinet of the PSP appeared once agan on the scene. If the

Congess Party and the opposition parties Eailedto form the Government. the on!y solution was central

intervention through tk imptionof preside& rule.

The Communist Party was not in favour of tbic imposition of president ia1 rule because it was

4% leading a ppdar moveinat ciernarldulg h e fbrmnatioj~ ofa witad Kada. 0 1 accxuit of tl~is and al%~

betatae of the forthcoming general ehxiion to k- held in early 1957.) tk prty fear& that the impsition of

the pi&nt ia l rule would hit it hd. WVE, tkCummmist Party app-opdwltht: PSP with a

1 iFl sition of both the parties co-operation to avoid the imposition of presidential rule. The Communists

proposed the formation ofa Government ofthe opposition pelflies without the Communist tqmxntation

in it. The v q fact that the Contmunisk didnot want to have repsmtat~on in the p m p d csbinet mrule ZOQ

the proposition least attractive. Nepbtion %re held for form~ng a PSP &net whch would iml lade

some progessrve independentsagreed upon by the PSPandthe Communim. F o m m ot'sueh a wbi-

net alone appeared to be a practical possibility bemuse such an anangement would amid the PSP sharing

power with the Oot~~munist Party, a mtillgency always u~lilcceptablc to the YSY ladershp. 'l'he co-

opratinn of t k PSP with tk Cornmatnisi Party in the As.wmkly wo~rld he, hcrwevcr, an entirely different

rnal k t '

With these considerations in mind the PSP andtheCon~munisl Party, claiming ID k the leader of 20 1

the U ~ t d Frunt of the LxRis* wnclwic3Jarr a p m m t . The new combination tari the s$rm@ of59 202

votes in the Assembly of 1 t 8, including the votes of 2 rek! Coirgessi~~en w h promised suppork

However, hefore the combination could aqsume power, one member of the I ini~ed From ofthe Idists,

Sri, Nmyanm Potti, tvho represented the Rev01 &omry Socialist Party in chr: Assembly d i u p p ~ d 20;

wthout trace . It was alleged that Sn.Pott1 had been luilnapped by Coripss to &feat the combma-

tion. Thus en&d the precarious majar& ofthe new combinatiun and tkattrwe the a ' r ~ scheme to avoid 2nq

pmidentid ruie had to be p e n up.

205 By that tune the Central Govemmcnt appomkd Mr. 1?S. R m as Abr;<x+r to the IQa I%arnukh.

It was the Raja Pramukh: because nfhis impatiencc over the political crisis in the sta%cl without waiting for

206 rnent stafing h ~ t he was unable to make the political @es of the state to farm 3 new Cabinet. 'I'hus

the Prcsidcn t oi'l-ildia dsd& that November7 IS,] 956, the TravmcomC0l:htn State would be 207

underpidenbal rule.

The a b v e analysis oftbe plitics of Kerala in the p s t ; t - i n d e ~ , n k ~ d w d e clearly reveals the

increasing &kriurdkirm or the G m p s Pafly In Slrtte, paving W way for ihe gradual p wih or lhe

Communist Party -41 the sme time, the politics of M a in the pt-independence dccaile reveals the

utter pnlitkd opportunism ofthe C o m m ~ s t Party.

THE COMMUNIST RULE IN KERALA - 1957 GENERAL ELECTION

The second bleneral ciections were held in January - Fehary t 95 7. T k political situation at this

time was in favour ofthe Communist Party. The Congress Party had proved itselfto be unable to mtablislt

a stable Uavmmerrt. The hsbty of the p l y xn the post. independence years until t 937 demonstrated ths

fm. Thts decline in the m o d and p$~ticaI stitturc ot'the party ledto crosian oi'mas a q m t r h e part^,

had been commandng in the pre - independence years. f ts faif ure in ofiring a solid leadership and

gwdance to the &maid for t l ~ fommatiotl of the united Kerala andthe nbfestatilsn of* w w form of

regionalism shmkthc very foundationsofthe popular supprtofthefingressPa~ Theppularaspi-

raliun to limn a I j n i t d Kera-sla survivd IhedecadeoTpdiitcal reversesand broughi a b u i a plpular

upsurge coznparabie to the struggle against the British. Wile the Congress Party in Kerala remained

indifferent to the people's caU for the fornation of united Kera'ia, the Communist Party exploited the

situation utifjsing the r e g i d fklingg aftheKeraljia.

ihus, ttrc taskof thc Cmm.tnrst Pa%y mthc 1957 gcncml clcct im wx topfrrcc the pmy atthc

helm ofthe new national and cultural upurge and make the masses recogme the part?, as the legtimate

successor of .the Congress Party in Kerala 'I'he th-cal premrses for thrs w-a laid down by the proml-

nent Cammufist idmlogte Sri E M S N a m W i r i p d I1 wac the national and demacmc aspirations of

die people which proved ths: mmi ~.)r>wel+'ul fbrm ul heuda~rd countries aflw Ihe ,&mmd World War

Fmussing his attention u p n the mtionat problem ofKealrg Sri Narnbcdiripad stated that the essence

ofthe mistdm whch had been committed by&e Comunist Party inhe past lay in "&estimation of

the nafinrxal factor in wodag out tbe tactics of the rev01lLtion, in the tPlilurt: to r e a b bi tfu: Communists

57

in 3 colonial country can Mfil h r class task ordy ifthey take proper account of the factthat ?he national

208 aspinbms are the &she palitid factor in a colonial courrtrj".

Applymgths pmcipie tothe comtk pohtrcal sttu&on pmdmf m Kemh m I956, the Commu-

nist Party launched a campaign -to rejuvenate the movement fbr 'AiL3-a Ketdam' . ('T'he United Kerala 1.

This movement put forward the demand that the Mataydam speakrrng district of the Madras Presidewr

iz. Mdattal; Ew united with the Travai~ciu-c: - Cmhiu State. The filessage of tl~e party was tip@ iu a

slogan calling u p m the pmple to struggle r ir a 'united, &,rnwratio and ymprnuq Kerala' which fnllnd

its way into df the irnpurtmt dwumentu of the Cumrnunis? Party. As Mr NmbuudinpPtJ d a l a r d ,

". . . . . .tk p ly , bivever, &d rmot remain Wisfjed with this prac%cal unification of the dwmxratic movement

through out Kerala, but, through a series ofanicles and pamphlets raised the programmatic slogan of

uniting all the burnogemus ~~~ speaking mjmty art=ss ofthe Madras ~ 1 ~ c y and the Staw

of k h i n and 'I'ravmcore mto one Pro* wthout my Mhrajah. 'fhrs, as we shall see subsequentl~,

nas a slogm which caught the i m w - o n ofthe p p l e and created a powerkid mass movement tbr 2m

dm-".

'1'k Co~rununis%~ bowever, were not satisfiad with t& exploitaaon of tk 1-epmd a d linguistic

sentiments ofthe Akhila Kmta Movement Thmthre, tk3 give it a new dimension hy raising the demand

I 1 4 - i t I o m s . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . i L was Ihe Ct,mtnunisl Party alone ihal gave an anti - imprialist, anti-fiedl contexttuthis slogan. fur it was the Cornmhlnisl Party alone thatdecIwed(1) that

the struggle for t i united Keda is an indivisible part of the strug@e of t k paople of India fm ending the

imperialist rule: (2) ha the strqgle for a IrniledKda is alsoa struggle Pmedng prhxJynde md other

remnants of feudalism - a struggle h r the introdurnon oftirli and genmne dernocracy for the people; ( 3 1

that thc boundancs ofthc unit& Kcrata arc to bc so drawn up h t a1 l those cuntiguous amas of Madns,

'Tiavancm and Cmhn whemn the Mahydam s@mg people are m the majority shall be meld the

rest going to nerghhuring natroraai areayrovmces; (4) that In the struggle for the. united Kerala, the am-

mon 1wap1eofKda i n d l i m with ihe$ brethren ~n the neighbaing natioditia- are the k i u w forces

Ii was tRese bi r : prernisizs bsx l u p a h i s t - kninist inteqxetation ofthe national qwaion

that enablcxl the party to carry on an idenlogical qtn ~ g l e against the variol~s disrr rpive shgans advanced

7he Akhila kaala mov-nt hadoriginaliy been stand by the ~on~res s Pimy." Already in

1947,k~P~hK&M&hshedaUnibedKd~Cmi~fo-rttK:~ofdising

the rmsston of& mlted Kerata 'Z'k commtte was compmedot'the Congress Party. the t'raja M a m

o f k h and the 'Tmmwre State Cangtess. In Awl 1947, k UrrrtedKda Ccmm#ee orgmsedthe

fint A11 - Kerafa Convention But, with the integration of Trzn,amme and Cochin, regionaf ism and paro-

ship started an agitation for the separation of the four Tamil s p k i n g taluks From Travanmre, and their

merger with the W h Stale, whi k the other c i m o d fur the furmation of Akhzurd# K d a - a iarge,

rnulti - l u g 4 Kernlet T h s rnul t i lkgd Kmla was to include Tmvamm, Cochq Malabax, C w g wme

areas ofSouth C a m end the Trital a m ofthe ~ i lg ir i s ."~

~ ~ t ~ k i n t e r r r a l ~ i ~ ~ l ~ w i t h i n f h g C ~ P a r t y o C T m v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - C o c h i n a n d ~ ~ ,

the party failed to give the movement a united leadenhip. The movement came to an end with the

integration of Travucofe - Cocbin into one state in Jdy 1949, thanks to the integration policy of the

prrncely states pursued by the Uman Ciwement.

'I'bugh, the Congress leadership in Kaala hxl p e n up its skvmdstup ofthe movement for the,

formanon ofthe large mdtif wgmi Kerala the movement &d not md in 1952, the Akhi la W a move-

m a t rcccivcd a ncw impchis wtacn the pcoplc of Adha took thc Id in m&anisinga campgn %.f.lich

dem& the fnmaticm of stats m the linguistic principle. For the formation crf VisWa Andhra, one of

This sei a b k a p w f d mtwnid wgc: in M I - a fwci~ig h e Union C;Iwrnrrieiri to r w z c Ble

formation ofVish& ~ n d h r a 2L4. Ilu: movement was led by the Commuoisl Party which clashed with thr

plice resulting in the killing of many people. On the day after the massacre, the Central Crovernrnent

agreed tU appoint a commissim to enquire inlo the question of reorpisation of states on linguistic ba- 215

sis. A three-member States Reorganisation Commission, thus appointed, toured all over fndia to

asaxhinthe nature of the pxobiem and suggstremedy.

59

'fit agti&on fur the Vishala,.\nmw and the appointment o f ~ c m m i s s i a pfolmd

upon Kenla bemuse it abwt s revival of the movement for the cZkhila Kenla, dormant since

1947. But this rime, the leadership ofthe revived movemem was capwed by the Communist Party.

On accaunt of the revolt of the 'Tmvancore - 'lami 1 Nadu Congress, the policy of the Central

Government: and the attitude of the High Command of the Congress. whch all oppwwd the formation of

States on the lil~uistir; &is, the Chiqqess in Kerala stood iim~wbil md the ksue of the i~~uvetxwnl.

The policy of the Communist Party on the national question in Kcrala formulated by Sn.

rnovancnt The pny organiscd many a cmpaigkbfor mobilising the pb1ic opinion in lavcHlruffoming

Ahsmda K d a m . When the Stat= Reorganisation Commission visited K d a , th agitahon for forming

llre U d a l Kerala on linguistic lines rvss iti its zenith2''

On the basis ofthe -of the Commission, the Central <icrmment orderedthe formahon of

a new Stale of Kerala through the incopration oi'hhl23b8r and Kiwergod into the Tmvancorr - Coc hin

State and the separati~n ofthe four Tamil - speakrng taluks h m Travancore and their merger with tk

Madras State. On the 1st of November, 1956, the new State, assuming the proud and ancient name of

'Kerda' , ofticdlv came rnto exlance. On November 27, the t~rmer advrsor to the b j a hamukh. sn . U.R,Kao, was appoint4 Govcmor of Kmala. l'hc Communist Party m Kcrala cclcbmtcd thc 1st of

November a5 a day of victory and rejoicing as August 15 ha5 ever heen celebrated by the All India

Cungexs P-z i y

< )n account of the~r leademhip of the agitat~on for Vishda Kerala, though their rniss~on was nut

rompIekly makdised, the Communists go~anopprimiy tomgage in the g r o w that they formed

the Vanpard of the unification and liberation of the Malaplr fram th national, linguistic and economrc

oppresaon by the neighbowing natidities. The cteverpropgmda ofthe Cornmust Party was able to

hoodwnk the masses In such a wav that the masses, tor the hme bang overlooked the role 01 the Con-

gress ~n the I~kratlonof'Ind~a from th Bntish.

The Communist Pam's Posture as the Builder of New Kerah

The Co4nmunist Party 1-p realmxi W it mustweiidly &pad the newly won hegemony

over the fo- of the Akhila Keralamo~nent .' In order m ~sane that the hegemony over the forces

0ftJme~hKeralrtmvemmtWas m h e l E t e r & a m o f t f i e UnitedKe*thern coi1sl&d

it imprtant to concentrate on the problems which would k created pwi.sety by the ~~nification In order

bgivt: a f ~ s h impeius: lo ihe movmeni immediately anzr Lhe unificalion of Ketrrb, a programme of

cfc'cm~mic anci sacid tl~,onstrudon which ~vould fire the imagnation ofthe peqIe f i reatking fit dream

of the Iegndary em-, Mahabali's time was needed. Thc Communist Party wanted to continue u, gve

I-p 10 this muvanat h u g h the electoral

in a pmvincia) conferem ofthe Camrnunia Party at Trichur form June 22 to 24,1956, the party

adop'd s resolution entitled, Idbr l ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ u l i c m I Yrvs r ; r :m~ Xfcru1u in which the party d d t nith the

probkrn ot conttnuq its hegemony mer the Akhtlla Keda Movement In thls mtutron, the party web

comed the final plans for the f'ormation of the United Keda and petrified thc role of the prty In the

formation of the new state. In the same resolution. the party declared that the final programme for the

formation of the United Ken& was adopted in-spitedfthe &-national a d anti-1mguiSti.c po;llaes ofthe

Cnn8e.m ParQ

Xit the rewlutim, flw Clat~gw Fatly was 01-its V r k&rship which brtd bem ctspu-

qible for the ma!-administration nf ik state in the past The re~01utir)n called fw the pople to unite i n a

pd i tkd s t r u d e Lu form a ncw & v m m t , a ptyrpie's Govcrnrnmt, whch would 8ui fil ih mission of

establishtny a prosperuus Kerala by industrializing thtl. S@te and hyingthe f o b t i a uf Socialism.

The resolution outihed h e fobwing pmpmrne for buil&ng tk mdemocrtltic and ppen,us

Kerala

( 1 1 The people should fightagatmtinjustices, ~prplciioesand mti-&mxatic measures of thePresi&~

td rule.

( 2 ) Peapie should demand f 'ram the Central Government that the State FRg~slat~ve Assembly should be

convened on November Ist, 1; 95 6, when the new Kcrala Satc comes into exlmnce. f he CenM

@vemment should irnrnedbIe1y fom a Cmvemment mpomible to ihe new Assembly. T k presiden-

tial Rule nus st ile Winidlahi 6 1

1 3 ) Cm&t im must be cmt& ta avoid the recurrence of Mnisterid crisis and tioc.emm& instability.

(3 ) Resolve must be madeto form a&e Gcntment m i e ofimplmmting a minimum pr-c

o f building a demwratic and prosprous Kerala.

( 5 ) On the h i s of such a progra~~lmc the p p l e must fa& an e l e ~ o d atlimce which wodd consist of

a!l the 1 eflist Parties, dernncratic a d pmgressive individuals a d the "T%ngresamen wining tn fight

againsl k mlionary plicie or &he Gwgrw." Swh a United Front must nwlve lo ~orm a d i l i u n

G o v ~ ~ I e o f h f l ~ t h e s n i n h r n ~ .

(6 j The Leftist Parties, pmpmive individuals and pmioric Congressmen have to unite in order ro west

the rise in prices, secure increase of wages of workers and the middle ckts, ensure hir prices for

a g n c u l W ~ , ~ l a M i e v i c t r o f l s a n d ~ n t h e f u i ~ o f ~ u t n n e r f i a t e ~ & o f t h e

pcoplc-

In several parts o f K d a people o?dtgerent palib& pmes chscoved in this natronal task a 220

common basis fot ca-qmd~on.

'l'he resot lrt~an lbnher cfeciared that a &led outlm of 'ail the abve proposals would be soan

presenwto all progressive partres, groups andjndsviddsto make than mdmtaml the t&s ah& and

start the work ofbuilding up a new Kerah. To all the: political @es of the state. an appd was made for 221

w-opratron afi t(lse national tasks. A spral a w l was addressed h tlk: Praja kialist P a i q .

4'

. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . the Communist Party wish to d t : its s p i d appeal ta the PSI? T k Communist

Party appeals to the PSP to remember again the great ertthusiasm generated amung the people by the

United FrontoftkC~mrnunist Party and the PSP in Malahardwingthe 1951 elecrim, andbemeenthe

C30mmunist Partyarty the PSP and other Mst Parties during the general elections in Tmvamre-Cmhn in

1954, and the demoralisation of the people when. &r the elmons, t h s United Fmnt broke up''.

Nobody can deny the h i s ~ r i d tnrth that it rxw the mi-CommtmkZ line ofthe PSP's leadership

whch rnadt: ~t unpss~blc In 1954, and even earlier, to umte the dmocrat~c tom of K d a to oppose the

C'ongress i'overnment's uncfemocralx poiicles, and to edlisf i a Cjovtment which would have fol-

lowed policies in the intaed of the people.

62

" Wilf they continue to fa1 towthe m e policy in the. same form or other"' Will tfiqcontinue their

have already earned in the public life ofthe people? Will they try to tomake agaments with other parties

and groups excluding the Cotnmwis& or eve ti o p w to ~ ~ I I I ? . I'he W n iulist Party appeals to the

PSP as a whole tnr~-exarnine its entire policy~nd to answer sz1tisfacICHily all thee% qi~stions. At thc. %me

iirw, h Gmmunisl Patty gets Iht: PSP fie& wht)m rnak inge~u~btor~xmine I ~ T policies in this

m m e r , and lay !he foundatim fur unity. $2

In the ~ t u t i u n , there was aiw an a p l tu tk leadm of the RSP. The Cummuni&s desired to

we the RSP as a lwer to pressurize the PSP ,*in the ~ a i t e d

RICK tothe summhgof the Trichur provincial amfixencx: ufthe -murust Party tfK Commu-

nist leaders who had a sound grasp of the economic problems of KeraZa had done hard work tu prepare

the first comprehensive plan for the mmornic reconstrimion of the new Kernla. TIE party sought to

preserve its hold over the forces of the Nrhta Kerala movement even &er the formation of the t rmtd

Kemla through th~s progmme.'The resolut~on ofthe Tnchur c o n f b c e reterred to the plan of nattunal

I'h~s sort of the idenbticahon of'the ~mmedtate goal of the Cornmumst Party as autiined m the

m i m u m pmgnnmc citd abovc withihc goals o f k Conpss. was vicwcd critically cvcnby a vc-tcran

Communist l&r ofKerala, Sri. K . PR. G q l a n . "When the Chmmun~st Party nf India m q a monolithic

propmmt: of~ts own different from f ha t ofthe Conyrt:ss which woukj bngabout a revolutionary trans-

formation of the mia'i and ammmic life oflkmla. The C:ommunist Party had every h y p e of winning the

1957 g e n d elecrians in KeraIa and of forwing its cabinei, but yet in the 'Trichur provincial conference,

the C m l m i s t Party adopted a resolution h r ~ e national reconstruction h i c h d ~ d not contain any w i a l -

ism in it, on ttfe wxrtri it mas only a duplicate of the economic; prugmme of the Congress Pa&. Thus

the hstw ofthe Cornmumst Yarty o f m a and more particularly ~ t s KeraIa branch shows that ' o p p o ~ -

wrn and political expediency' had always been overshadowing the rmIutionar).. i d d s of hlam ism-

The Communist Pam's Search for Allies

1 Iavingodined the basic e1ectod strategy at the Trichur con thw, the party began w concen-

trate upon the formation of a United Front. But the party had to cunfiont a great obstacle in the decision

of the National Conference of the PSK held in Gaya, in M~nbr:r 1955. it was agawt my alliatlces or

even clectnral adjustments with the Congress, the Communists or r~rnm~~nalist parties In spite of the

Cornmunisi Party's sour exvrimtxs by uwprating with Ihc: PSP in Ihc: mid-bmr elwlionsor'March

1454 in the Trdvmcore-Cuchin State, h e party was now p r e p 4 for anything to secure the co-opera-

tion of the PSP for aJoint attack upon the Congress. At a meeting of the provincial committee of the

Communjst Party held in Ernakulam from Oct. 6, to 9,7 956, this subject {as dealt with jn detail. The

resoiutlon adopted in the meefing declared that the p w d d take df necessary steps and continue

ncgutizttions to unitc dl paticsand indi\idds d y to a g m to a c a m o n programme of forming an ?26

dkmahve Government in order. '"t prevent the Congress fim retwmng to power".

Thc same rcsalutron dedaredlhat the genmt elecaons in f 952 artd 1954, the efe&ons to the

M a b a r Drstrict Board in 1954, and the Municipal elections in Travancore and Cochin in 1954 and 56.

1 4 all tnade it clar that the Congress Pw sldum co11wmcb3 the support of the ~mjority of the people.

The resolution cxprcswd a h o p that the tbrthcorning National Conferenw, of the PSP wnllld make a

hinge in ik &cision which had bcxn arkq>ied by iht: Naiir~rrai Executive in Bombay, lo erutbie Iht: PSP

in Keda to cwperate with the Comunisr Party-

Sri. A.K. C@m, passing his m m r upon t5K:mlution &* in the E d d m meeting of

the pruty, .said on a later occasion that "Yhe E W m meeting of the party had also dedt with the foma-

tion of the ijnitd Front ofthe Leftist forces with the formulation of a cmrnon poiitical and woncrmic

programme to m e as the basis fbr the unionofthekfists. TkCommuniam mintadhit before

concluchg any electoral dhance, df p h e s to the dl tance must fm on such a common poilacal and "227

~ m l c p r o m .

'l'he Cornmumst Party made all ettbrts to have the PSP In rts electoral f bld became the PS P held

d.rc balance --the declining C q p s s Ysucy a n d h ilourishmgC=omm~sts. 'I'k ~ ~ r n ~ n g o f

the Kcrala branch of the Communist Party, held at Alwaye from J a n w 1 to 3, 1957, dealt with the

prt~sprxw ofthis Cc~rrirnurri st- PSP cwpiation. Thc: remiutioa adopted in the pplet~ay in-ling ficst 64

made zthormgh m e w of the pqxmbxy tvwk till then rnderkken forthe fast - xppro;1ctung elections.

Secondly, the resolution proclarmed the main electorid s low whch mild for the formman of a stable

G o v m e n t based on co-operation of the Communists with the LRftist Parties, progmsive individuals -2B

and group.

In theresolution it wassaiddmtthe P S P h a d a l w : agreedtotherninimum programmeas w11

as the ~Idrliotis Ibr cmqer&ion &r dechans. The rwlutian statsd that for 1 1 ~ security ad prqyl=ss

of Kernla, and to terminate h t h the pl itical instability and Presidential ntIr, i t was nnt enough to r d w r

the Congress ro a minority party ur merely tu strengthen the dernwmtic oppusi4iun. In 1952 and 54

electlorn in Travancore-Cmhut, the C o w s Party was disIdg(3d But swh dislodging of the Congress

did not aurmatrcalty result in the fmat ion ofa smble and popular Government or the termination of

p1itiwl i ~ l i t y .

Hence, the mlution mphaskdthztt the oniy solution to such difficulties lay in the mosr deter-

mined efforts at the formation ofa Government of dl the opposition prim. fiirdly, tht: remlution &ti

azdthe PSP tor rts unwtll~rtpes to CO-Opmte w?h the Cornmunwt Party mthe tarmatlon ot'anelectoraf

alliancz as e v i b t m the decisions taken at its Nabond Cmvcntion held in hngdore Erom Nov. 1 6 to 28,

1 956. rdlkning the ~ a y a ~ h e s i s . ~ ~ '

tiowcvcr, minor arncndmmto thc 'I'hcsis p m d rZiifl~~djusbncnts with &r political par-

ties in exceptionally cases. The AI-e Resolution of the Cnrnmunist Pa* nntsd that the PSP had

showt~ tw p q w t z l ~ ~ s JUmpi h e Cornmunisl kxupwd wlutrta Lu end k Chtrgr~wnltil iralalrif iiy ~ I I

Kernla. Tkrwl~rtionsaidfhat tfhePSP Imdershad on!y pramidthat they wotrld hardly wit- intoa any

alliance with the Congress nor help tk Cmgress in any other way io assume power. But the PSP leaders

ivodd not unite with other Leflist: force in order to form a poplar Govefnmat nor wodd they help my

such alliance to win power. The resoiution, further stated that, this stand taken by the PSP must he

c o n d e m d it ignred the d a n d , not only ofthe polit id W e s , but the entire people of Kemlq fur a

stab1 e and popular Ciovemment, h c h would help to bm Id up a prop-ewve Umt& Kerala. 'I'he plenaq

resolution of tfie Communist ]'arty @Bd to the 1'SP zo gvc up such an arm-mtid stand, and to co-

operate w d ~ other prognzsive parties for the rcphxmmt of the Congress G o v m e n t by a Government

65

oftheLeftist Unity.P~l~.theresolrrtimkl~theltttrtudeof~~u~stP~toiardstk fast

~ h i n g e ~ o x l s . A s p e r t h e r a d ~ m ~ C a m r n ~ P ~ f i m t y ~ b y t R e ~ & n g f ~ r t k

tbrmabonof a ppular Government. Ihe resolution declared tha~ theCwnmunlst Party andits allies would

proceed to irnplema~t the slogan, despite the PSY's l u i c 2 ~ amtide tow~ds it. Dut, irl a ml&r tone,

the r m l ~rtion added that the Communist Party would never he unpi?pred to m k any rrfelectoral

understanhng ur dj uslmeni with the PSP. TL was rur~her stalw;l ihai the Crmm m~si Parky was peparcti

to avoid contest between the Communist caddates and he PSP candidates and be! ween the PSP can-

didates and Uri~ted Front candidam, in all those cunsbtuencies where such a contar wouid lead to the

victuq of the Congress c a n d i h s

The decision of the PSP at the National Convention in BaflgaIl~1.e permitted the party leaders only

to make, "Adjustmefils of seats only with tht: very limiied ulyecti\~e of preventing mutual wmptition 230

between the parbe md elements ot'democmc oppos~t~on''.

A decision to initiate the talks with the Communist h t y to make such adjustments of seats had

k e n reached at Kerala State convmt~on of the YYP, held at Puthukkad on Inn 6. t 957. Fallow~ng the

k ~ s i o n t a k e n in the ~mentions, negutiat~m followed Suggesttom mncemgnotody fbrtke formatron

of a United Fmnt but even the k m s for an dtemtive C;ovemment were made. By o h n g c x ~ n g l y

Gvourablr: k~ ins tO h PSF leaders the Co~runwwt negotlatms put up ~ I E poslwr: of kukg vay ge~lerow

tn the PSI? 'This, however, did not satisfy the PSP which made exorbitanr demands for wats, which the

Cummunisi Party felt unwxpt-nblc. A r t p d oCJmuq 8, i 957, imbitm t h l tht: P SF &mdcxt, as the

legitimate price for cwpemtmg with the Communists, 55 out ofthe 77 seats in thtt former Tramcure- 73 1

Coc hin state and 20 out of 49 seats in the former Malabar district.

The Communist Party skongly objected to tkrs and ~n 9thJmq, 1957, the Communist Party

sem a Im to he PSP oMng t 3 seats in Mabar, and s m n g aliocation of seats in the Travancore - Cochin area to be re-negotiated But the PSP put f o m d fiesh and loftier claims, and the negotiabons

broke down once q a m . 'l'k negrbations between the Commmt Lcartv and the ECevolut~o~ Soc&

Party for the electoral adjustment also ended in falure. 1 lence, the Curnmunrst Party had to face the 712

e l ~ r a l contest almost u~supprted+

The party &ed at such a conclusion on account of the emersflce of the Kerala State on No-

v e m k 1 st 1956. T h e K d a State which emerged on & h i s of& %ate h o w ~ ~ CramnisSion's

r e c a m m e ~ n s , ~ ~ t k w h D l e o f t h e t e n ~ d l s t n c t s -theCommunist Parry hada

strongmsssfolhngajldexcludsdtheTatllil s p h g d i t i s t r i c t s , o f t h e T ~ ~ w k r e t h e

Comm~Partyhad~&wnomasssupport. Y e t ~ ~ P a r & v o l u x r t e e r e d t u & t h s u p p r t

of other hfhst Parties to consiitute a United Front against the Congress Party, only to W w n k the

masts by putting up a sincere posture before it. But the strate@ ofthe Communist Party was to make

the wmhtution ofa United Front impossible by its own efforts aradthen acmw &her partieof wrecking

the plans for &Wg4he UnikdFrant Mr. Pillai adds thatttris 5-of tbe Comnmist Party w s a 23 3

complete victory.

* T h e I ~ h i p o f t I r e C o m m u n r s t : P a r t y w a s 8 \ ~ l a r e , ~ e r , t h p l t ~ i f ~ ~ W ~ ~ e

majority of seats in the Assanbly an its o w it would have to invite h e PSP to share prnver in the cabinet

in order to isoiate the Cayyes and v e n t anew- formahnufa hostile PSP- &mation

WhichcouldlwasandevendeposetbeCrwnmunist~. ,7234

Thts m k of Mr. Fic is not without basis *, even afkr tbe tmakdown o f k mqptiatbns

with~~~theComm~stWpstarted~"~fenafter~elections.ifthe~unistParty@

an absoIuk majority, the CommmistParty's declared dbjective is to fbm a Goverrrment ofdemocratic

qqxsition. ,735

B u t i t ~ r w 2 d e m r a c h o f a p o l i t i c a l e ~ thstapartywhichhas wonthemajarityafseatsin

theAssemMyandlegitimate~entitlledtofm~Gov~rrtcaridk~tofwma'Go~errtof

Democratic *tion'. The phase, 'Govmment of Democratic Oppmtion' would have been either

ertoneous1y employed by the Communist theoreticians or used to connote the m n a l status ofthe partly

as an opposition party in many a state Legislature and in the Union Wiamerrt.

The Election Manifesto of the Communist Party in K d a

F~lingtosecmanefectoral~withthc:PSP,ttae~&Party~afielast~of

its ekcbrd campaign In January 1957, the prdy published its election manibto. The rnmi&sto was a

unique document. It cornbinedbeavy punchewgait theCongmswithacmsm&ve programmeof

polibd,ecomanicand&refomrs. 'Ttm(J.ummunist Parcywasdwanlypmlywkichplamd~tk

electorate not only a p h of how to end the agony of political instability in the staL, but also bow to

i m g a o \ n e t h e k x ~ ~ ~ . .F

h ~ c a n b p a t r i a h c t e r m s ~ f i r s t p a r t o f t f i e ~ f e s b o ~ 1 1 e d ~ r d e o f t f w : ~

Party in a&&ing the United K m h a d accused the Cangws of 'an0 --mud and mptmotic poli-

cies'. Perhaps it was inonic that the CMnmlmist Patty, which had .sufI'ered bad& in the 1948 euions on

acoolgltofttsanb-rratid pdiu%sdmingtheww, w a s m w M c t i n g t h e ~ ~ i u s e o f ~ i s m and*

ttsm, whk, the Congress Par@, which was the vangudnf painogsm and modism in the 1948 elm

tim was labelled, anti - &anal and ~ ~ c . The d e s t o , redlingthe rolewimh fhe CMmn&

Partyhadplaydin&dficatimofKdamka,~ofwamingthatthe futur~ofthenewstatewac

not at dl mure wed c o n s ~ i e s against it were uch way.

7he~festoWled&~~plratoridgro~~hmedtmefUtureaf&~:

(a) A&- o f k Southem State or 'Dalsshina !i&m&m1;

(b) A c h d e s o f the we^^ state; and

(c) Amions f o r k ' A k b d a Kerds. '

of these separatist groups was ~ e ( : that tkere must be no stable Government in Kerah If d im

that the new sta€e was anartifwid cmgIr#neratioa t m h k b d e itself Eventually, the way wMddbe

paved for the segre&m ofthe southern pvinces and their formation i-tt segamte siak, claimingW

k ~ ~ t S ; b l C k a M w * ~ b e ~ $ j r t h e ~ & ~ * * m &

festo called u p the m e to d l y behind the Corn- RE@ and its allies, not onty rn defeat these

m ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ r d i s e t f i e c a m n i e s ~ ~ o f a ~ a K d a . Themmihsaidthat

dae p s t record of the Congress Party proved that it could not ruleand that, despite ttK &m&nt natural

~ o f t h e S ~ , & ~ C ~ G w m ~ W ~ I e d t o p r o v i b e m t t r e b o u a t ~ i t i ~ o f

the psople.

~ptesloftheCom&Partyin~electionmanifestoWthepeo~eofK~~todly

bebiladthepartytodef@themachinati~1~ofkconspi~~@nstKeralawasdngbuta

Wxatic fight of he par& against the inzaginmy &WS ofthe Kerala State. "ln its election dfm- the

Co-PartyhasdMupon&mtordlybeM~tin&toMeatthe'AMKedites'

and'DaksZI1JlaSamMs' anddl athers wfw,desirr:to~p~itsvetybLldthene~yformedKeralastate.

Butthe fact is that the 'AsWK&i tes7 and 'Dakshna Fmmthmd are sucha rnrcroscopic minority

of the KeraIa population that they can do d i n g to kill the newly f m e d Keda State. TZK possibility

that, by exerting pressure on the Union Governmmt, they would eventually wipe out K d a from the

p i ~ ~ , i s ~ w h r c h c a r m a t e v e f i b e h ~ o f ~ t h e p r e s e n t c i r r ; ~ . Thusthecallof

t h e m u n i s t Party tothemasses torallybehind it to & h t theenemksoftheKeralaStabe is nothmgbut

p j E c e o f p ~ ~ w i l ~ t e ! ' 238

apolitizdapdkncy on thep&oftheparZy-aG d x k ~ ~ ~

Cmmmlingon&is a s p 3 of& election rnanif&oofthe Camnumist Patty, the HiHindu woe an

&torial which a h v o i d a protest agruast the party's cheap technique hr winning papular support by

c ~ g ~ ~ f e i a s a m o n g s t t h e m s n s s s g a i a ~ m - ~ n g ~ i ~ . ~ 2 3 9

In r d i t y , the d l of the upon tk masses to rally behid it to defeat tfie naachi&ns ofthe

enemies of the Kerala State was nothing but an attemp to appeal to the natianalist sentiments of the

people, thereby winning tk ir support in the e l d m The Manrfato frankly declared that the party was

ready to admit tM the Government of M i a and the All India Congrw Party adopted a number of

progressive measura. It was a matter of satisfaction to the prtyto note that the Congress m, which,

f m y e a r s ~ ~ a t t a c k i n g t h e C o m m ~ b y ~ ~ ~ s 0 c d i s m wouldnotpw i n k s o i l o f 1 6

Sirnilafly the party felt satrsfaction From the f a that the Congrwr Party, which had brarsded the Indian

Aftera smashingdckm ofthe central Co- andthe Ail Em;LiaConge~Party,themani-

festo took up the case oftfie Cofigress Par& in K d a . The manihto & I d that $re K d a P m k s h

Cmgrpss StOOd fix 'not accepmgeventhose progr~~sm. measum which Patadit Nehm and the All M a

Cangms l m i p h a d e " E v e n & ~ m ~ o f C o n g r e s s ~ e , K d a ~ l l remaindaproblm

state and the entire qms ib i l i ty for this pightmrtstbe a&ciiuted to k I d CongFess 1.eadas who €ailed

t o i m p ! ~ t h e p r o ~ e ~ o u t b y t k ~ C ; o v ~ t Chndmb1eswrnsdldbythe

five year-Plan had no? even Been spent. The lml C o w leadas indulged in M o d quarrels, and

bnokethe~ofthepeopIe~ygfortheirdema~&. Tlushad ~~ ~ a n d d i ~ f a c t i o n

even among the w t i c Conpwnaradded the manif-.

Themanifesto made abidatphmgthe l e d e r s h ~ p o f ~ ~ ~ p l e ' s s ~ k a g a i n s t ~ d e c a d e n t

rule of the Congress' in the laands of the Communist Party. The manifesto said*t the w 1 e of Kersl;r

~ b e c o m e M u p w i t h ~ ~ d e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h a ~ ~ t t h q r d n o l ~ t d ~ i t s a n t i ~ e

policies. The peopb af Keda had recorded their verdict against the Congress Party in the 1952 and

1954 g e n e r a l e l ~ m ~ ~ ~ l ) l s S l c t ~ d ~ i n 1954andintheMlraicipI elecbonswtuch

were conducted in the Travancare-Cochin State in 1 955-56. In the 195 7 eIections, the manifesto de-

clared, "the p q i e wddreject the Con- Party totally". The manifesto assertd that the hte of my

'majority party whchdedby bayuniets d ~ t t h e w i ~ o f 4 h e p e o p l . e ' was nuthing buttotal rout in

elections. The manifesto suggatd that the only remedy tothe politid instabilrty in the State was the

popuIar vote of the electmate far thQse political p h e s and f m which stood for implanentixy: pmga-

s i x policies. The C o m d Party was, ' f w t h s e h i o n t o g k a &finite shape tothis h i r e oftk

people'.

In orderto c m e t h r : massesht the Corn& Party would be able to rule, if entrusted with

the mandate by the electorate, the manjfeto cited the ofthe Cornlaxist ruled panchayats and the

!imxesSfil Communist s t e w p ofthe MddxX District Board.

which won awards from Prime M i n i m Nehru for guod aclminismtion are under the leadership of the

uniting the p p I e for conducting agitation, but that it can also take over and nm the administmion suc-

~ y m

The manifem declared dut the only programme ofthe Cammlrnist Party was to trring about the

development of Kerala into a demwratic and prosperous State. The party wauld d d e a l y face the

elecbrate with sucha pmgmmme. %concludingsrxtia~ of ik manif~dinedadetailed prqpmme

of ecc#lomjc, social and racbninhative r e h s which a d d k l below for d c m g an appnusal of tk. xeal

performme of& Commmist Gavemmerrt0f-K- i n k same ch#er. Thefoilowmgaw the@lmJ

items outlined in the rnernifmto in an bridged h.

( 1 ) To provide ample fimds f0rtheNatiom.l Deve1opment-me, thecentral ErYvernment wouldbe

reqWed to increase the capital dlocatbn for Ketala's Secoml Five Year P h from Rs. 870 million

to Rs.2000 million.

(2) With h furids, rmew industries wouM k estahlished to provide new employment apporhmihes.

(3 ) ?'he funds would also b used forthe deveiopmetrt of ampem~ves in small sEate indmtms, such as

coir, hadooms and so on.

(4) Plankdon a d indu6al labwr w d d receive an irnmcd&e vage increase of 25 per oent.

( 5 ) Workers would be given a b n u s upto f 2.5 percenl of their actual wages

(6) Fundamental changes would be made in agriculture by introducing an Agrarian Relations RilI. The

main aim of the bill wouldbe to safeguard the &mstsofthe tenants, put a wilmgm Wholding~,

redistribute suqluslarpd tutheWess,and fm h r e n t s .

(7) An Anti-Eviction Bill would be imdud to bringan immediate relief to the term&, maintain the

present status quo in the tenure and make sure that the tenants would not be evicted before the

a g m relatiom bill is passed

(8) Tea, coffee and ather foreign owned plantations would be nationaid

(9) Special attention W d be p i d to the increase of food pdwtion in d m to convert Kemh from a

food importing state into aself-suE1eient state. To this end, the production of food stuf& would be

inmased by 5Wh. 71

( I I ) The entire e d w a t i d system and the system of Gunnment subsidies to scbools w d d be

m@sed.

( 1 2) ?be mhre odminismtive sbucnue ofhe State wold be reoqpipsd &mu& decentrdi~~tim of

m - M eawm would be- to hcmse efficiencymd eliminate red-

(13) F a r ~ g c b s n ~ i n k p o l i c p p l i c y ~ d b e i n h o d u a d s o f h t & e p l i m m a y m i ~ ~

the class sbrude of workers, agncumual labourers, stwhts and other sections of the working

people fightmg fm their rights. The new police phcy would mak sure that the Iaborar laws were

strictly andvigorously enforced in the interest ofwarkers.

(14) ~aci)~ssfightddbecamedaa~~g~mandh&tisanlin&*prr,n'&

me staoc ~mcw~hesptwtdef f i - -m~. 24'

Once the plitical line was la idhw, the Crwnmlrnist Party& atremenhis organidoIlal

effort to carry the message of the party to every nook d corner of tbe state

The C.P.1 Coming to Power M u & the Ballot Box

The g e d elections of 1957 brought abut a p j d o n of ttme do- pitionof the Commu-

nist Party in the p o l i d sphere which it had been enjoying fbr rn time.

The:mlyformedWaStafewas&videdinto I14 singlembrcunstiQmcksand 12double

membmconstitwmks toelect 126 m e m M ofthe Stak LegwMive Assmbly. ThedifferentpoliW

parties of Kaala contested the election as follows:-

The Cbngmw, 124; The Cmnmmist Party, 100; frala Socialist Parry, 62; R ~ u r i ~ Socialjst

Party> 28; The Muslim League, 63; and I&pden% 74. T k Kerala Socialist Party dd MH mntest the

elections. There were 7.5 146.22 voters of whom 66.65% (5,399,822) cast their votes. The following

table shows the number ofvotes polled and the seats wronby the cantestltlg&a.

.-_I

rn Votes YU Seats ye

TkCongreSsParty

The PSP

The R W

mMuslim-

E i e c t t x I ~ ~ ~ ) p p d I 0.8

Total 5,837,617 1 0 0 126 fOO

I n ~ o f t h e v ~ p d l ~ t f i e C a m m u n i s t ~ e m e r g a d a s t b e s e m n d I ~ i n t h e ~ . The

party won 34.98% afthe votes cast. Securing 47.6% of seats in the Assembly, the pouly became the

rnajwityparty in thelegislahrre. ThgMeChngrssParty wm37.45%oftlrewtescaq it s6cureddy

34 I% of seats. Yet the Congress Party remained tbe largest Farty in the State. polling 2.47% of votes

more than the Communist Party. B~ut, the electoral tactics of the Cmmm~sts enabled them to win the

largest of seats in the Assembly. 'Then the pqk cast h r votes agmw the Gmgms Party

and other arrti-Comrmmist Parties. The peaylle of M a had faith in the Communist FWy- The people

this way the votes secured by the Communists was categorically favowable. For the first time in the

historyofthepartv,the-biI.itg.totllleamwasentrslsteduponit TheCOngnssP8lfYwhwhflew 242

ils hi mlour flag in the nest ofIr& lost iknda7'

The above obimation ofMr. E.M.S. N a m W p s # l is partly true and my mis ldng .

The Congress P w was mpble of retainingthe position ofthe hugst party in the state in terms of votes

polled m the eldm tothe State IJegislative Assembly. f f m , tk Communist Partyestflbli- itself

as the largest party in the state in terns of votes polled try the Congress Party,

1nt.I~ stale Lqphtive Assembly, the Communist P a r t y , . t h u s c o ~ 60 -of itsown. Together

with the 5 indepndents who had been elected through the C'ommumst Party's support, the party con-

!roUcd 65 out of 126 &. ie 5 I .58% ofthe total number of- making the - eligible to form the 73

Ihe following able illushats (he regional dimicmof &e seatp won by eacbcolasbng pnty

Seats % Seats % seats % a& %

TheCommetPaay 32 53.4 9 50.0 19 39.5 60 476

TheCongressParty 23 38.4 7 38.8 13 273 43 34.2

'Ihe PSP 4 6.6 1 5.6 4 8.3 9 7.2

TheMuslim h g w - - - - - - - - 8 16.6 8 6.3

i-b 1 1.6 I 5.6 4 8.3 6 4.7

Out ofthe 60 deputies to the State Legislative Assembly elected h tn the Travancrrre: area of&

newly formed Kerala State, the Cmnmmi& Party won 32; out of the 1 8 deputies fiom Cochin area, the

pu?y won 9; and out of the 48 deputies elected fiom Mdabar, the party won 19. In addition, five

m d e p e n d s a E ~ b y ~ ~ h p t o d t b e ~ m o f ~ e ~ i n ~ ~ ~ e ~ t 0 6 5

An analysis of the distribution of the vates cast by the principal communities of the state is an

important shift m the established ptkm, which was the main &tor reqmnsi ble for the vic20ry of the

Cmmunist k t y 244

The following asprxls of'& sihration are e x w with the help ofatable.

{a) The tatal munkrofnmnbers of swh community in Kerala accorditrgto the 195 1 census.

(b) The p m b g e of seais which each community ddsecure if dl members wtedfor rts candidlrtes.

(c)'Ihenm~and~~ofseats~lyse~uxedbyeachcommrmityinttae 1957eiectim

PopulabMl Seats

M d h Yo rwmed Seortswon %

CHRISTIANS

Syrian Catholic

LatinCatholic

dambits

hhrhmmes

aherchriaans

TOTAL

GRAND TOTAL,

T k table if lustrala that politics in Kerala is largely a communal affair, and W th communities

vabeuncommmallim. Inthe 1957@e~ons.kt-linducomm~,accwntingfor61%afthe

popdation of Kerala elected 88 Hindu deputies, which is 69.8% of the seats ofthe Assembly. The

Chistiancornrnunity af2 I .3%elected26Christian w e s , whichis 20.6%ofthesds inthe House.

7s

245 The Muslim commmity of 1 7.7% elected 12 Muslim deputies, which is 9.6%.

".......W~iticsinKdais~dyacormnunal&dthathComm~ties~on

commwnal lines. In the 1957~eL~~theHinducomm~lty,~~;ourdingf~61%ofthe~h-

tion of Kerala elected 88 Hindu deput~w, which is 69.8% ofthe seats of the Assembly. The CMstian

corninunity of2 1.3%elected 26 ChisGan which is 20.6% ofthe seats m the HomeHwse Tk M d i m

c o n n n ~ n i ~ of 1 7 . 7 . ~ el@ I 2 dim dquhes, w h ~ h is 9 . 6 ~ ~ ' ~

The ahove analysis OM. Fie is d y M y tnre. Perhap, on account ofMr. Fie's lack ufinfimak

knowledge of erala politics, he assumed tfiat the Hindu community of K e d a was a mondithic one 4

~ ~ ~ m r a l f e e ~ Similarfykf&~tfieC~~coamn~9ndtheMdimwmmrmity

were~~byc~mmd~l~arrdahvaysvotedfixcandidatesbel~totheirclwncommdes

irrespective oftheir pruty affilidons. The b v a s , who form the majority of the Hindu Cumrnunity in

K d a have ken predominantly the sympatfiisers of the C o m m ~ s t party, and the Nairs, another major

CBS* ofthe HinducommUrU~ were rmat tiedtoaq pditical party, nor animatedby sheer communal spirit.

The Nair Service Wety , the cornmud mpitatiun of the Nnirs, has k e n active only in theTmanme

-of the b d a State while, in the ather areas of Kerala, Naris b e mt been attached to any communal

& s n t i m . E m i n t h e T ~ ~ ~ a r e a a f l C ~ a ~ ~ ~ a i r s ~ ~ d.KsympIhsers

nor the opponents ofthe Nair Service Society. Similarly, the Sree Narayam Dharma Paripdam Yogam,

acommmd orgimzationofdreEzhavas,tb@ spseadoutthn,~utKeda~y~stedthesymp-

thies of the majority of& membm ofthe E h v a cmmunity. In the same way, tfK sckcided cashes and

backward wmmuniticfs in K& such as the Mayas, Arayas and so on hawe neither rigd caste feelings

norcmmntmaI h l i m g s . 'l%us, tk Hindu community of Keralaconsistingaf several -and &casta

has never ken animated by communal feelings and werr wt voting for their own candidates. On the

cmtmq, lhe Wucommrmity has beeYl very mwh influenced by pty-pditicsand ideologies and harce,

has been casting its votes on political limes. This fact csn be proved in the light of the statement of Sri.

Mamath Pacbnadh, the fodmghttper ofthe Nair Service Society and the mchsputal I& ofthe

L i W m Struggle Committee which was formed in June 1959 to acheve the I i W o n o f k d a from

the Commlrnist rule.

"M.N. Govindm Nair, the Secretary General of the Communist Party o f K d a is a sheer dis-

-The strange thing in K e t a l a k k e n h t the Ezhava h m his very birth has been aComrnmist, the

Astatement by Sri. KR Naraymiq the then Secretmy of S m Narayant lDh Paripaiana

Yo&am, explaining the causes ofhrs failure in the m i d m elactions conducted in K d a on F e h w y 1,

1960,alsoproves~the~ooanmunityhKeralahasnotbeenvotingoncom~lirres. Inthemid-

termelectiq Sri. K.R. N a r a ~ ~ f i o m t h e ~ w c o n s t i t ~ a s t h e C o ~ c a r m d l -

d a t e : s ~ ~ ~ 3 p ~ U m s s d F r o n t ; ~ C m ~ , ~ ~ P ~ t h e M u ~ l i m l ~ . Sri.Nmyatm

was ddeated by Sri. T.K. lbwdrism tlre Communist d i d a t e , whu is also a mm&r ofthe Ezhava

rxrmmunity. The Kanayamw- k i t h e n Whof 'Ezha~ vo4er;ri. If M. Fic'sd~csis iscrnrect

thatpoliticsinKeralais~ctlyacommunalaffairand~the~unUtimvatemc~mm~lines,the

majurity ofthc votes ofthe Kanayarrnur crmstimmcywld h e voted for Shn K.R. Nmymm, promi-

nent hkrofthe S.N.D.F! But the f k t w othenviw which ma& Sn. K.R. Nmyanan fmddy admit that

hls own corn- had defkued turn ink elections: "Wtule mmhxs of the other m d e s rallied

d e r the flags ofthe 3 party United Front in rnyconslituency, hbminghard for my victory in the elm-

tions,myowndtyshatkredme. L n t Z a e ~ ~ t l y E z h a v a ~ y a t ~ l k ~ n n a Q I m e t w i t h

aterribleshock w h i l e i n ~ ~ 6 ~ k ~ ~ a c o m m ~ t y i s a m i n w i ~ ~ i s c o r r d m o ~ ~ 3 t e s

than my rid, Sri. T.K. Ibmakrishnsul.

T'hus, the wurceofthetkmmunistPatty was the Hindu community. The Nair~givingh5.7~! of

their vote to the party, the hhavas 65.6%, and the Scheduled Castes 53.3% The hard core of the

Comurdst Party were, however, tile Ezhavas. According to Sri. K. R. Nm- the Ezh;am m u -

nity had contributed 30,000 of the 60,000 members ofthe Communist Party of Ken& a MI 50% of the

Party's membership. "me Nair community which had v o t d for the Con- in the early post-indepen-

&me &ys, then shifted its loydty to the PSP and in 1957, supported the Cummunist Party. The shfi in

the voting pattern of the Nair community in favow of the Comunists, as had already been said, wrrs

responsible for the victory of their party in 1957. The man who brought &mu$ that shft in the Nair vote

msM.N. G o v k d a n N a i r , ~ G m e r a l oftheCommmistPartyinKda Hestartdhispol~tical

c a m r a s a ~ w o r k e r o f t h e N a i r ~ a e ~ , j o i t l e d t h C o t n m u n k t P a r t y c o m ~ y l a t e ,

and manured the Nair community into the Cmmlrtlist fold *P9

The foregoing ~~s d ? v k Victor M.Fic ex@mmg tk Coanmuxxist victory in the 1957

genenil elections in Kerala is my emmeom on account of his lack of htha te acqua- with K d a

p11tics. Hower , some of his statmm& amain gmns of truth.

The fact is that Sri. M.N. Govir#lan Nair was the least mpnsible for bringry: a b u t the shift of

theN~rvotes infavo~~oftheClomnistP'artyduri~~ 1957eiectionsinWa Ontheotherhand,

on account of a variety of r m n s , the Nair community voted in favour of the Communist Party in the

e1ectiortn Sri. K a i n i b Pstdrnanabha Pillai cites the following mscm mtn'buiingto the Communist

victory in Kaa l s duingthe 1957 gd elections 80

( I ) ThesuspicimoftheWinducommrorityo~atl~thatdmeCon~~.Prtrtyin K d a , q x c d l y

its leaders of'fk Travmmre area were prehristran in their outlook.

(2 ) The burning of the Shabwimalai Temple, a papular Hrndu shrine allegedly by Christians which had

a1 i e n d the sympdwes ofthe Hindus fwm the Congress Party.

( 3 ) T h t : ~ o m m ~ s t a t t i t u d r : ~ w n b y t h e ~ a ~ l y ~ o w m d a m l ~ e d bya

prominent l d r of the Nair Community of Kwttaym and the same attitude taken by the Kerala

~redr,thedarly~per~wnedandmanagedbyaprominentEzhaval&rofTri~.

(4) The general tiustFstion fe1 t by the people of KeraIa generally on account of the quameis amongst

Congress l edem cawing cabinet crisis and utkrtmuhIes.

Amtkrconcilrdon arrived at by Mr.Fic is that 'While the M u s backed the I=ommW P S ,

Christtans voted forthe Congress Z5' Fmm the foliowing t d e , MrFio mncludes that the Chnstlan

wmmunitywas ihc pt;IlaroftkConpcs Pa@, mntnbuting 73.3%of the vok cast to &he- while

the Cornmumst Party d only 15,296 ofthe total ofhe chnstian votes.

Syrian tatin .lacot, a k r s Total

party sets % seats % Seats % Seats O/i k t s %

~ C o m m ~ n i S t 2 13.4 -- -- I 14.3 1 50.0 4 15.2

12 80.0 2 100 5 71.4 - - - - 19 73.3

The PSP t 6.6 - - * - I 14.3 -- d - 2 7.7

~M~~ - - - - - - * - - - - ," ., - - - - - -

-ts - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 50.0 1 3.8

TOTAL I 5 100.0 2 100.00 7 100.00 2 100.0 26 100.0

'This conclusion of Mr. Fic. has m e validity. l'hough, the other mmmunities in M a seldom

voted on purely caninm lines, the Chrkhncommunrty hslqgky bcen an exception. Ekinga mom

likhic M y , stnctiy underthe cosltrol of the church, the C'hrrstian cammunity hi^ i n v m a b I y h influenced

by the political bias of the Bishop. The Bishops were q q m d to comrnutllsrn on account of their

mte fear ofthe methudsand iddqgofthe CommUnrsts. In Spain, the Catholicchurch hid toencounter

the qpposition o f k &murrists and, in tk Spanish Civii War tk c h w h played a crucial role. In Kaala

too, the CahIic church bas evler been playing an important role in politics. The Catholic chwh and the

other Christian chmhes opposed to commlmism, thdixe, have been able to intluence Chsiian votes.

Anather generalimon of Mr-Mctor M. Fic on the of voting in the el&ions of 1 957 alw

sounds true. 'The decline in the numkr of the Clristim votes, as the mu1 t of the fcKmatim of the new

K d a Statr: on Nwmntm I , 1 956, was one uf the fa~20n wnlributing to the decrease in the number of

v o t e s ~ i v e d b y t h e C o ~ h r t y ; . ' I ' h e ~ m o f ~ f o u r ' i 8 m i l ~ ~ u k s t i o n n ' ~ r a ~ ,

which had k g e Christian population and the incorporation of thc Malabar area in to the new State.

79

for the Cwrmmist Party. With the territorial shift in Tmvmme the Christian population in that area

decreawd fiom 3 1 % to 24% while the incqmratian of Malabar increased the percentage of the

~ h ~ m ~ 22rn 2 6 g / 0 ~ ~ ~ ~

The qmxtian ofthe f ~ u r Tamil speaking tal& from the Tmvancore o fKda , where the

C = u ~ P a r t y h # d b e e n b ~ r r l : a ~ m a s s b a s ~ s d ~ i n c a ~ m o f ~ ~ ~ w f t e r e ~

Commmsi Party had been hving a sbpngrnass WIS have h cited as one ofthe rmportant-ns fbr

theCommutlistvkkq~nKeralaintk t957elechm "ln 1 9 5 6 N m k , w h e n t k ! k t e w a s ~

comprising of the Malabar dMct of Miabs and the whole of Travancore-Cochm except the southern

taluks, tlPe Kernla Staie waq formed. The i ncorpration of the southern taluks of Tmwurcore in the Ma-

d m State where the Communist formed to be a minority, rtad the immpratwa of Malabar where the

Communists had a mjolity, with Tmvmme-Cochin ledto increase the strengthofthe Communist Party

mtknewiy fwmbdKeralaState.. . . ,,2%

m e t s had m huld on h e nmm to tbe Madras State and incmpmatingthe N l a t a h dktnct ofthe

hrIadras State which has ever k n a Co-t s t r ~ ~ 1 d of the T r a v ~ r e ~ h i n S ~ Dr K.M

l'mldm, dw fkkr-in-law of Sri . M.N. Govindan Nair, the General SaxAmy ofthe Communist Party in

Dr. Kamaknslrnan Nair, the fwme~ Raider of Poli tics in tfxe trnivasityofK&% hascbelqxd

b own conclusions on k problem ofthe Communist victwy in the 1957elocdmns- in hxda.

' X k h n deveiqmmts chvrng 1953-56 whch ~ndicated thal the Clommunrst Party of i d s had

sWd klieving in mful and & ~ o d means to achieve madism that the party's attitude to the

Nehm Government was profoundly changed fur the km, that the party was prepared to h b o n as

par1 iammtary opposition, thsst the bdeological d~ffmflce kmeen the Indian Nmnal h g r e s and the

Cummlmisl Parly as regards the goal had been cons~derably m W B d down wth the fmer's adopalon

were disgusted with k C r m p q i m c to vote in the 1957 ekctims fnk C8mnmisr Party, the best

T f i i s a x r a - l y s i s d D r . ~ ~ N a i r i s ~ ~ c a n v b 5 q t h a n t b e ~ a n d M .

Victor. M.FkDcveIoping b this on h e Comunist victory in K& the foihingshihagpoints h v e

hexpsessed by&- RamakrishnanNnirtosupporths~lllinm:

f 1 )The change in policy an8 tractics ofCommunist Pmly fmm orthodox revolution and anned smuggle

agamtlhe nal~onsl G o v ~ ~ s a poiicy ofconducting itself ss a parli- opposition

held in April 1956, a few months More the 1957 elections in Kda, climaxed &is change. The

decis~ms taken by the prty rn the Palghat Congress marked the final rmat ofthe Pnrrty from the 257

Calcutta 'Thesis. It daclarad that, '31 rev01ut1onary qswge was in md~on in Mia and that ihe final

wing advenhaism and im6ctionism of the Lndian Comrntrnist Party under B.T. Ranadlve's iader-

ship, producing horror and repulsion among the people and thereby isolating the prfy from the 258

masses.

2. 'The changes necessitated by the nwu role such as changes in the attitude lcnards the Congess Party

Dr. Rarmhshnan Nair, elucidating the hove point, cites the change in the Indian Uommunist

Party's athtuQe to the Rational burgeojsie, affecting its aUiaLde tn the Congnm Party and G w m m t

and other Lehst Parbesrespwlsiblefw hinging h u t a W change in th@ outlodr of Ibe party itst:lf. rlffK

CP1 at fm? dcscrikd the diugc!ass and the d i n g garty as a a p m i t e one, f euda l i s t~wgmis i e

-an unhoIy group eompedto landlords, princes andhurgeaisie. It was agunst the G o m a t o f k

p r ~ l ~ r t y -owning class, thnvhg onhe expiohtion ofthe labotKtng&~n oftk pe@e, d w l U -

ing with irnperiaIists in order to m e and p a t e its interests, against which the CPI, as a duty,

dmiared the crusade in 1948. But since the %lure ofthe ' holywar' agzunstth Govenrment of the prop

erty owning c h s , the C H began to act as ifit bad.r%aJised thar dl bmgeuisie could not be clubbed

~Ethe party stdoptsd in 195 I made rn a w l b the ~ - b w p i s i e a d the middle hurgwisie to co-

CPl adhered to the g a l of socialism, it was not demanding tile inandate estaMlshmeM of w d i s m . By

1 956, the attitude ofthe CPZ fmards the rrational bourgeoisie trecame more accommodative The Cen-

trai ~ommittee qmrt submitled to tbe~al~hat&ngress wfiedthiscfiangeexa

(3) The reversal of the attitude of the CPL towards Jawaharlal N e h earned for the party many more

.pympathisers. In 1949, the CPT branded Nehm as a stooge of the imperialists. In 1 951, the CPT

reduced the intmsity of'its attack on N&u and since f 954, the CPI gave up its anti N&u prapa-

p d a Hencefatth there was a s b d y increase in the CPl's appreciation afNehru. his fwelgn policy

first and part of his domestic policy next. By 1956 Nehru was hailed as a friend of the socialist

cnuntries, an anti-imperialist, a progressive minded democrat. The CP1 wanted to strengthen his

within the countq. 'ihe new trend of the Communist p p q q g d a bpi ied that the Government of

India, the State Govememrrts a d the Conlpess Party do not firrmctim in a way Nehru wardgd them to

function and that his progressive ideas could not be implemented kcause ofthe opposition of the

rwt ionq forces within his m. Instead of cirticising Nehru and his ideas, the Communist Party

kgan to ex- the incompetenceand half-heartednessof local &n&ras leaders rn Fo!lowmg h ~ s

lead Many of the people in K d a who were aware of the sorry record of the smssive Congress

Govemmerrts inkhe state, found& Cwnmunist ~ ~ n c i t l g '"This techniqw help3 to

wean away a &rood number of admirers oMehru h among the non committed towards the Cm-

m d . ,PI

(4)Armthmreacion fi~bComrnunistvimry citrxlby T)t: Kamakrishm Nair i q L % c r m f i ~ o n o f t h e

imprwsion hat the &amx between the Communists and the Cuqpss was im~easingly d n g

dolt. In Kerala moreand more people believed t;hat if socialism was to be the goal prescribed even

hy Nehru, then the Communist Party witb i ts better wganmtion, solidarity, discipline and devotion

82

would bemore cumpacot forth #sk ma0 theCongms with its n c n d ofgmup rivdty, c o ~ o n

w d m i n u inrtabib.P

E Z a b o ~ t h i s p o i ~ Dr Ram~hNauporrrtswtthrrt~word'~dism'feceivedwide

currency and great ppdar i t y in India be- 1954-56. 'This helped, fo a ugh mdkctly,

to enhance the pp ih r i ty ofthe Communist Party. The adoption o f the, 'Socialistic pattern ofsociety' as

its god by the XxKban National Congress in its A& e o n in Decemk 1954 pmhded the Congress

Party a scckhst colour. T k Congas Party itselfbegan to &mae socialism. Jawatnrrial Nehru himself

began to plead efoqwdyfor W s m This freqtmt uttmma agmtlst cmcmmtm of dqw

ity of income between the rich and tbe poor and his a d v m q of the enlargement of tk public sector and

@am& economy did rrat sollnd fudmentally different from the s~~ ofthe Communist if since its

Madurai Congress. It may he noted that the Communists were moving to the Right, having abjured

vi01~arpdsoft-pwlaIadcommu~~~constrmMlal~md~~gtadualism

in,wialism. ,?3

All the above ~ e l ~ e n t s confirmed the impression oftk people that there was virtual& no

unbridgeable gulfbetween the Communist Party and the Cmgess. Tlus impression asmated with the

utter d m ofthe C o r n s leaden in Ke& offered a helping htrnd ta the Communist Party to m e to

power in the 1957elections.

(5) Yet anatmer reawn cited by Dr. Ibmkrishnan Nair for the Communist victory is the impact of certain

internahonat events since: I954 on hdia creating a pditical climate in the country fa&le lo the

growdr in the popIantyaftheComm~.

'I'he steady growth of friendship between India and the socialist amtr ies offered an u n p w -

d a t e d fcsptability lo the Cummunisls in Ida. Lhmng this @&, India's relations with tk M O e m

puwers w e r e M 4 ~ . 'Thesc:ir&maW deveIopmmls, "gmvidedacuqpml clmak tothe I d a n

Communists in the t 957 decticms." "It was the Keralaunit of the CPl that h a d b kmfited most. Yet.

it must k clearly understood that, but far the extraordinary political situation that pwailed in Kerala on

tht: we of the 1957 dmms, tht:Comm~aristParty in K&a might not have scored a mjw vitdory in the

polls, as it did, solely on a~~am of- ~ ~ e n t s . ,,2&

83

i)eta&ng the 'extmrdmmy p i i t i d situation that prevailed m Grala on the eve of the 1957

elations', Dr. Rama K r i s b Nakenumerates tk follounry!fitcttnr; that contributed to bhetmqpmof

swhasit\l;rtioninthState:

(1)'ThemorPilitybehindtheroleaftheCangesshpullnydomttzePSPMirrisbywas~ . . ,265

The enera1 feekng of the people in the State when the Conpw Party under the leadership of Sri.

P;mampllIt ~daMmcanmetapuw&kMl~fhPSPMmsby,couldbe bestdacnkd

intkwrdsafSri. E.MS-N-"Oncethepurpclseofqk PSPt~breaktame

LRrtistdiarPcew~~hi.~~Con~fmitspartplayedib:awn~hemmdebythrowinh:the

PSPoutofoffi~di~li~~~TarmlNaduCongresscoalt~Go~ent 3

(2) The disunity with3 n the Congress Party made the party thoroughly unpapuiar and discredited. Its

failure to secure amqority mthe Assembly of thenewly formed W a state wasafmrregone conclu-

slon H c m x , t h e ~ o u s ~ t ~ , t h r : b i v ~ o E w h a c h ~ ~ ~ , b u t t h e s q p x t ~ f ~

had brought decrmf victory to the Congress so far, h c indifferent in supprting ttK: ~ ~ s s .

"fn short, the- pition ofthe Corns Par& on the eve oftbe eldons was ths it -5 & q s d by

a lw numberofpeopIe ~afisownmissirmsandcomrssaons ... It stQodMmhp&lic

notunty disunitedad discdtcdhtalsu leaderla.. 'llevarious interest pups, mainly comnu-

d. which f o n d the cureofthe Party k a m e hupeIess about thepoqxxl ofhe Congrw wnning

tht=electioTts atad formingaC30-@ Nrxessarily, therefore, ea~hone of than baame ~ndifkmt

tom ~npf i tab1e bur-& election earnwp oftkCmges

On a~cumtof the above a peculiar politid situation was in re in the k m h

on the me ofhe 1957 Elactions, hick accatdingto Dr. Ramaknshnan Nair would have conaibutd to

a land slide victory in the elections ofa United Fmrrt ofdl the L R f W Parties aga~nstthe hgress. Btrt,

owing to the b c e ofunity am~lgthe kftistPzut~es, no such LlnikdFmn; afthekftists was f o d .

Hcncc, w h Party ~~ltCstEdthc c&m i - W I y . Ln such acorrtest, the Communist Party which

was Ear superior to all the political parties in Kerala in strength, unity, &sipline, resourr;es, leadership,

~ ~ d ~ * ~ & & ~ S . 2 6 8

'Ihus, Dr. R a m a h s h Nair amcluh hrs analysis of lhe m n s for the Communist victory in

'~~inttK~icyofdKComurristParty~chbecamecleardrrring~pemxl19~56

andthematid andin~analclevdopnentswhrcfrhave~&sc~~,whenvi~along

with tfae t w m s mentioned ahwe m t d mphn how CoPnmunists were able to -re the majoriiy of

W in the Assembly in the 1957 elections held in K d a against the background af s peculiar political

silu&0ri7'.

When the e lc tod M e of 1957 in Kerala was over in the middle of March, the Communist

Party emerged as the strongest in the Assembly. The new cabinet afthe newly M e d K d a Stale was

swan in on Ap115.1957. &net urar baded by E.M ~hanlurrn ~ a m b o a d i ~ ~ . ~ ~

C a m e n t i n g m t t K ~ ~ P a r t y ' s v i ~ i n ~ e l e c t ! ~ ~ ~ ~ a n d t f i e f ~ o f t h e f i r s t C o m -

mdcabinet in- afthe SWesaftk W m U n h , Mr. Victor M, Fic writcqL"TtrepweII lmsferof

~ ~ ~ p i n K d a r w ~ l y c o ~ ~ c o ~ i n ~ m a i n b K g e n e r a l v s d ~ d i t y o f t h e f i r s t a n d

second m i t i o m of* Themy o f P d 1 Transition to Communism and its mictmbiiity in India Ch

April 5,1957, whenthe fmq Commlodst Govenumnt ever eIe&d~ough a freeMlatass~rmedoffice in

K d s , t h e ~ y w a s o p e n e d f w i m ~ t h g : ~ ~ i t i o n o f W ~ - ,270

T H E K E R A L A E X P E R I M E N T

The LIfe and accom~lisbment of the first Communist

many C o m m ~ s t and nwl-Commmzist kmetwians tha~ the event m d d the kgmringp of the: world

nist base in the I d m s-tinent had won peacefully, it was compared to the Chinese Yenan "At-

repmemkdafocm o f C h m m i s t power from which its id- cauldmdiate A1 it engdfedthe whole -.271

85

In d i t y , this prophecy provedto be unfounded LfLf Y~enan, theComrnmst power spread

wer the a x e mainfmd of China, the 28 m o n t h s C o m m ~ rule in 1c;erttla totally d&ted & party

within the State andmaside. Asacrmsequenoeofthrs, the first Cbmrnunist Ministry which assumed power

inKL.ralaanA~l5,1957~dimi@mJuly3 1st 1 9 5 9 b y t h e ~ ~ a f ~ ~ a s p e r ~ e 356of

t h e ~ ~ ~ o n , w k h ~ ~ ~ i n W a ~ r a s t t t r e C o m m w ~ s t ~ r w b c h e d ~

zenith This action ofthe h s i h t wascritkisedby evgy Cammmst l a c k wthinand o m & K d a .

Y ~ m a n y a C o m m ~ ~ b s d t t r e $ e h l r i f f i a w i e t y a t i t s v ~ ~ ~ o n ~ ~ l h e # m m & E o v -

emment in Kerala thought it wodd enhame the pasti* of the party or nd. In fact, many leaders of the

Communist Party in Kerala would prove to & asetback to the Communist mo-rrt m the state: and

allover Wtrecsuse, l h e m t m i s t Mifiisbym Kerdaddnevmbeatrletoexa;uie $enuineCwnrnu-

n ~ s t policies rn aommt oftk UnimGO-t's towering power over the state. Sri RSugdh, one of

the formdmg-faikrs of the C m d mmmmt in Kerala, wfao waqvery pphforhis frank ~b

has cikd an example of cantdictory statements made by two xesponsible I d r s , one by a. pTlllmnt

leader ofthe Commmst Panty in Ken& Sn.AKGqdan, a d the other by minister for bw inthe Com-

munist cabinet, Sri. V. R.Krishna Iyer m ap&cular isscee.

'lhe Comurrist Minisby o f K d a affo~decl parch to many ofthe political p r i m in the State.

Ttiis incdent w o l d a tat ofcriticism b l h e no-mist and the anti-Unrst press and l&rs

in Kerda. Answering those criticisms, Sri. V.R.Krishna lya, tfie Minister for Law made a statement in

which it was stated W prisoners in K e d a were given pardon as a sign ofjoy felt by the mkrs on account

ofthe installation ofthe first w e ' s Wistry in Kmda in the same statement, Sn'.Ktidm lymdemed the

c h a r g e W k ~ w e r e ~ v e n ~ m ~ 1 f o f ~ ~ n o f p o ~ o f t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y .

But Sri .A.K.hplan, om ofthe prominent I d e n afthe Communist Party in Kernla, declared in his

s~entonthesameissuethatif~wasmdungcontemptuM1s i n k CongressCmwammtaffdng

pardontothose pwlitical prisMaers who were c o n d e m d for imprisomnent on8cc~ud wftbtermrist

activities in cormectian &the 1942 political upsurge in I d a , tk same rule applied tothe actlon of the

C o m u n i s t G o v ~ n t i n K e ~ d h e n c e d s e r c w s s n o t h i n g t o b ~ e d i n ~ ~ C o m m u n i s t

G0-a w-done.

The contrartictians m tbe of the mpnsibIe minister mithe responsible l& ofthe

tween the Communist Party's installation to ~ r a n d t h e g s l n t i n g o f p d m tothepulitical prisoners

nist M i w in eral la was f o d ; '1 have a genuine feeling whethow Ciovemmtml in K d a would

enhancettreptestigeofdiePa~within$aeStateand~dueta~~iar~ofttaedtutim

of lndia' . India being a "Union of ~ u t e s ' ~ ~ in d i c h the central Govnnment can in idere with ~tafe

mttem. The central Cmemment can set up h d e s More the exaution ofevery progxessive measure

d e m k e n by the stak Go-t. If ths h a m , the Corrrrnrmist Gavenrment in Kmds -Id totalky

fmItollfilitsmissjm~chvrowid~ly.ynlmthe~~withinandwFthout~a Hence

, my sincere desire i s hi i t our party must not f m ~ts Governmmt in Kerala. 273

The fear of Sr1.R. Sugathan proved to he we1 bfounded. Within the 28 m o n k of the Communist

rulein Kerda, tmm April 5,1957 toJuly 31 ,1959,amass upsurgeagmsttheCommurptst rutetook

place in the state, which, though partly engineered by ik antiCommunist arad communal forces in the

slate, brought down the prestige 01-W party constdembly and t l l is contributed to the rout of the Commu-

nist Party in the m i & m elections in Keda held on F & m q 1st. 1960.

In the light of the above facts. Mr. Victor.Fic's prophecy that Kerala was cottpmb1e ta Chinese

Y m , 'brxause it representeda fears of Communist p w f i o m which its idwflce could radiate until it

enguIfkd the whole nation' proved to be untimeIy.

Ye4 the esbb1ishment of tke Communist d e in k d a on Apnil5,1957 bad i?s own signifi-.

QnA- 14 ,1957 , speakrngata@l ic~he ld~thenewpdk~um in'I'rimhm,Dr.Rajendra

I'm&, the titen Preskkntofindia *bed t t B e e ~ l i ~ o f t k C a m m ~ s t rule in K d a as a p t

exprnmt . "............ Iamhappj lWthisgreat~t ,~chisbe ingmadeinywrstatebut tothe

c o w as a whole an example of -xistewe, of living and working together, in spite of differemm,

ror the &.ood of. .. . . . . 3 4

The President's observation & s c b h t in the begrmung, dPe Unim Govanmat had no amity

towards the I=ommunist Wvemrnmt m hrala. "......even though the Communists won a majority in

87

K ~ i n t h e g e ~ e l ~ n s i n 1957,dPeCangresspmdemMr.O.N. Debatrandoxher-

Qdfmot~tish~~afaCommur6stGrw~entkanySaateof~~. itwasanlyatrheins~stence

of Nehru to b e hs way in the matter.. . . . ,375

Apart from Nehru, a few leaders of the Cmgess Party were repwtml to have been in favour of

theCamm~m& f b ~ ~ i r G o v e ~ r m m t intheK&state. The real mot~vati~fi~ofbkfiru forpermit-

t i ~ t h e C o m m L m i s t s ~ f o a m ~ C i o ~ i n K d a a r e h w n t o e v ~ ~ a f I ~ h ~ i t i ~ . Of

all the Iders of Uodem Iradia, Sri. Jawahad N e h aIom was responsible fbr the Commu-

nists to agreat extent. R was his notion thal ifcommunism engulfedtk countryI the @us o f h indisur

people for the assimilation and mdfication of foreign idedugie md c u b would asrat i t d f and the

pnscess would mould the above ideology ofmmunism into an rndigemrus om,. It was t h sympdmc

am* of Nehru towards h Indian Chmunists that ma& the C.PI to announce relentkss support to

M e h by 1956. One afthe reasons for the very victory of the Communists in the 1 957 general elections

m Kgakwss, ~ftbesaitudcofckc.p.r. - ~ a ~ a l ~ d n u ' . ~ ' ~

Nehnr, in p e s s z n g h i s c d l ~ in the G o v ~ a n d C m g m s t o allow theCommunist Party

to assume poww tn Kmthi, hapeel h t tfK: placmg of formrdabie ~spansibiiities and burdens into the

all l d h leveLm ~ u t it is doubthi whether the ~ o m r n u m kd sbd~ed the 1-n which ~ehnrwanted

for the putpose of its transformation into a special form ofthe dictatorship ofthe p r ~ I ~ s r t , n "peoples

re$lme.W

Cmmnentingon $le Cammmist Party's u n m intrusion into the administration of justice,

'Pr-dmhatM7, the MattljraIm daily Wwsppr wrde in its e d d l at length:

'?he complaint that Government officials in Keraia have been systematically bmugtrt lmder the

w#n>l ofhe Commurrist Party ~ s i n c r : ttrr: party fbmd rts t3wmmmt i n k i a h , IS very popula. Tk

unhdtfiy practice ofthe Cornmunistrninisters md peti comrades who work with kwrationofthe

mmkters fhmsehies have been- @wide criticism. lhmewho mrrude into theday lo &y administra-

~ u n afthe state andmalre it dii?icuk fur the public officialsto administer j ~ c e M y and *OW bias.

s m @ e h ~ ~ . m ~ y tu and pulluk the pubiic life in the wunw. TIE mimrnum exptzltion of the

p p k s of a demmhc muntrjr is C ; o v e ~ r r t . 'ro establish g d dministmtion, public o&ds

mr~st he pnined tn dis~harge t k i r &tier; impartially and withnut ha%. I Jnnecmwy interfe~atoe in ad-

min&alic)llon lirc:parl ofpolitid pitriiessrul p u p s nus! tx: pmkd TkChmm& G o v t m i m t in

K d s t hsls made no attempt to safeguard this fundamental prmciplc. On the wntrsuy, the Communist

Government in Keraln has ken deIibaakly pursuing a biased piicy in the m w by which a pttemof

j d c x is @icaMeta the Communists, while &is applk&letorwn€mmm~ to marterialisethis

task, public officiais have ;always been brought under the control of the partv. W-kn a Government

& l i ~ t e I y ~ m p t ~ t a e n a p h y itsauthm-ytofosferthe interatsofthe party in power,bPerr. m y k m a q

a pblic ofiicierl incapable of'syaem&dIy resistmg & atkmpls. 'Come whalm;ary be: LeCus atnde by

the orders whatever it may be'. Many st public oBcd may be tempted to think in thee lines But, al the

same time, here may be a few public aficials who will not be p p r e d to dam in hmc with the part~r in

yowzr 4 its Govarunetll w k ~ r thq pursue b justice at the worst form. The Govtxrunent of Kcfala hiis

h e n unmually transferring and dernotrng M public; r?%cials whbelmg to tl-e mtegnry with a spxial

h i t y awards hem Even rnagisimta have k e n -mid . Many in K d a have raised their f i n w

qpns t such disnminatory actions on the part ofMe Government. Even the Prime Mtnistert Pdehru has

& hs commmb on m e instances oC such discriminations. Howver, in sprk of tht: criticism of

many p p l e tang& fromthe: ~esprrzsile Prime Mini* of India ta the layman in K d a , t h d h w m m t

of E. Wt S has not dune an-mine to mtifL its mistakes. His Cicr-t has neither rectified the mistake

sor wme forward to preserve the p e w o f ~ m c y . The disciplinary actions and 0th dkcrimim-

tory measufes resorted to by the Communist Cmvemment against some public oficials show that the

Government b nu noespx3 for de~nwacy and j ustie. 'k Grrvemn~ent m d a t m k everything tu vicljlllizc:

thcvse public officials who did MI s q p r t the Cmlrnist Party dumgtk wgmmd tdsmcvftheparty

in Munnar tea gardens in O c W r 1958. Thc Government deputed the irtsprxtor Gme:ral of Poiice,

Mr.Knshrrsl M e m b &om? the police c&, hFoHo\./jng !he .Munoar incidents.. . . . .

Themarksof another popular MAaydamDrtiiy N-p, the 'Deenabandhu', m the Inch-

trial Kelat~ons Bill m~mduced in the PsemMy by the treasury b h also throws Ii@ on the systematjc

280 m a w e undertaken by tk party to convert the state into a d base in India. The Communist Gorrm-

a partisan onc k r w+ming its political p q m ~ . Such an attempt on* part ofthc C;ovcmmyrt and thc

"No one rtould be tempted to beheve that such an august persod@, Sri. KIZ. Kesata Menon

m,d hrs Presidentshipofthe Kmla Sahitftys A m b y simply m account of tktwsie mydingthe

uf the w e n t uf an vEmr. % Mmrskr f i r duuh011 spkc in lhe k u b I y exphiling thc:

res~gtmon ofSn K PKesam M m n rn such a way to make the Irnpresslon that Mr h v a Mtmn does

m I c n o w t h s t ~ p o w e r o f ~ g , ~ ~ g w w m & s m r ~ a n e x ~ v r : o f f i m o f ~ A ~ y

res t e d ~ w & + J l e ~ r ~ v t % m i n i s t e r ~ r M o n h a ~ k t o & t h e ~ o f k @ ~ c i n ~ i s s u e

b v h u n ; s e l f n o t m ~ ~ ~ c n w ; d issue ~ 1 e M ~ a l o t m ~ n m ~ . htohehr;uhr$ted h s

ten- In India, the democratic tmditinnsendeatnur to encourage library awxirrtim, culhml bodies

d S U 0 T l ~ ~ h ~ ~ c k r w n ~ ~ f f ~ ~ n d ~ d ~ ~ k ~ f ~ r k ~ ~ w r t h d ~ ~ ~ n r f i ~ ~ ~ ~ l n s p ~ f d -

tim to kaf'forddcd by thc Gowrnmcnt. ThE Communists havc a pccullar notion that Icadcrshlp cvcq-

where must he vested w t h them h n c m y does n d and mlld mM envt?agc a ~ 7 m v e ~ m c n t octnpw

skucluring~h knLsu:ll=s inW as much Ieigih & h e y wodd and lo wep jiving kptg which be

%ired . it 1s only uil.dextbe C'mumd regime that stone can tind ~lttercontemfl king showered on such

an august pronnlity as Sri.K.P K a v a Maon. WiI I the Minlsier for educanon consider the appuinc-

men@ ofan txmtive officer in an autowmow body ~wtlmut the consent ofits President and Stmettt~ an 28 1

rnnshu of respechng such an ~nsbtubn's a m y L ?

KainikkaraPadmanabha Pillm. the arztbor of 'The Communist Rule ia K& 'cim many other

t n s m of the C k m m d Prrrty and tts Government g r a k b ~ I W I ~ 10 I k e iRt: mter-

sity, the lihrilrq' awxiation, the 'Ketaia Smgeetha Mtaka Academy' and so on According to him, the

Kmta Un~vmlty Act uf the G u v e m n t wlts the first zrttmpt tu a v e r t an aukmmuus M y ~rrtu me

undcr thc control of thc Covcmmcnt. An&& such attGmpt was f h ~ bt-i-g af dl ths ~ ~ F X L G S HI h-

Kmla stare Lmderttre cmml nftfte Depmmt dFducaahm; tber&y ~ g l ~ n ~ r n ~ thea-mq

hdy, the 'Grmha~Ma Sangham'. Similarly, h e ' Withyn Academy' and the ' K d a KaIaMmctaIam'

were a h brought wider the csntr01 ofthe C;uvemment.

Btd according^ Sri. K a i n i k h P a d m d k Prliai, the worst featureaftk Comrnuntsl nnlle in

Kmda was, "'estabhshment *ou&mi Keralaofa parallel peoplm' jdciaq, d i e d "l*k CeiICourrs-

r~nderthe mereign authority ofthe Communist Party which brought to end are civil am3 criminal jurisdio

m:=

Thc crcation of thc 'Cctlcourts' was intctprctcd as a calculated attcrnpt on tk part ofthc C m -

m u s t Party to qmd tts teniacies river dl walks of hie ofthe @es of K d a " 'l'he fum:bm ofthe cell

courts was 10 w&l> and replate dl progm~es e.ueeuled by the C-st G u v m in different

walks of life, challengingthe: b u q y u k laws which W k n in exisrence m the crate, in othxwgrds, he

cell crrurh were set up for adilllnister ing the Comuflist laws Bxld justice in the .$ate against the conven-

tional laws and justice admintstem! by* state itself. . 'I'he peoples of-Kerala who were terrorised

by thc Communist Party within a shwt timc scI&rn d a d to chdlcxgc t)ac vc~ihctsof dw: dI cams. Thm,

thmughthem theCommunist F'artykgn itstask ofestahlishin~ itssIateithin thestate ""

The foreg~&acoomdisclosesrhe type of the specd o f h d r d p o f h f roIeoriat

Wuphy theCommunist Go~fmnmerrt in Kerah

"The manner in which the Ckmmmris~ regime in kdabegixn f 'don ing i W a a = f y its

installafirm iqmented h attempts at inqdernmtmg the third proposition ofthe 'Theory ofbceful T m -

sltion to tlorntnunistn'. 1-'k thuld p i t l o n trmit t tar led t l~ i f '~Col~ l inutus tPartv .~swwruga h n

prliamcntarq. majority orga~sed a mass movcrnent and led ths into open class struggles, it would be

possiblcto hwk the power oftheoppmtmn parbesand then tranSfm theemre C ' m m e W machin-

eq into an: it~~t.rlunent of p2oy1t3' rule. The trmfon~xihon wodd enable the p u t y to 111trdwe pruiblwl

piitical., w m i c a d m i a l which, utnrnatkly, would m t f t in he mhlishmem nfthe IXctator-

ship oC the Prolt:hnai and secure tk P ~ y ' s ~ t u a l ~ p o ~ orpower. .ZW

The thirdpropsrtwn o f h 'Theory nf ~ ~ 1 ' transition 20 I.'nmmtrn~sm' was wcq?ed

as valid for rhe state by theCurnrnunisi Party it~F;cf.Jia S1i.E.M.S. Nambuudiri@ inwporated the

9 1

Themy in a ledlet, "Communist pmiyqmi pradhana c f d p ~ ~ g f l (The main quem-ar; c o r n - n g tk

C a n m ~ s t Party ) written in 1957, fa the use uf 'k Cwnmwt Party &w. ihe C o m m ~ t Pmy ~n

Km1a ~ ' 8 5 in a position to draw qmn the immense wealth ofmcal expaienw v&ich the Cmmunist

Mes of East C d z d htmpe, Chi~q K w & InduC'iUmt had wxrtmdattxf w h ihq p I d h r

countries on the r d to commlmism* winning P a r l i a m w rnajo&es in various ways.

One ofthe implant elements whch inl:Iuemxd the f'omulatson of'puiicies ot%e Commwust

Gsvcrnmcnt was t k rcatisation on thc pIut of thc that it was in K d a that thc Communist Pm

=dpowerfirsamlndiaandthatk~rtrtymmbelrbiizedf~~ttLeC~fm

in odm pats ofthe wunQ-. The Crnmlmist Party in Rerala fek the need fur estabiishing a r a r d ofclcm

d&&eatlmini&m inthe state, wkhwirt~Mmm that the i . 'mt In is t nrk w~definitety wpe-

rior to Ihr: p t misrules r~fthe Cnngrts guvmemnts and ivouId provt: the C~omllmists were more

anxious a b u t I)'le irnplmentat ion ofthe I)tr&lve hrmciph of lk cmhtution of I d a a h i t smidim.

Thc party b u & t thatthchvouron thcpartoftl#: L'mirnistsm i m p l c m midism d g m c r -

ale a lat of tension and ex- the genuine elw character of the Con- Pa*, k fad. the Communist

reginx in Kernla brought h the fiffCiiun< fk diet between the YSIOR of mal~sm as pturnirwzvvtxi in tftd

banhk and the D k c t i c . ~ Principles of .state poiicy and the p j s i o n s in the msthrtion relating to the

sanchly of private pwperky and the invioability of individual rights and iiberhes. The C o m m ~ s t

sought to ti-~us the attention ofthe people upon t h ~ s conflict in the c~~stitrdion of Indra. The Pall India

Imdefihip ofthe pr ty made the k s t use of this issrw. as a new propaganda dwice

'i'he gcfleral course ofthe Col~mlunist ~ s m t ~ ~ r n t in Kcrala was also influaxed by inkrmlional

mainbin ilwlf in power 4 coexist with the fedma! Goven~menf t.he r ~ p i o q ekment.~ in 1.ndia had

m n c ~ k d edthemsctves not d y to the ad-e ofcommunism m the mxld but also at bme' 285

Thus with the fuIi reatiratiun oftk limitations irnptksed u p the fi&m rbfactitm by the feden1

s ~ t c l u r e uf'the G u v m m e ~ with strong unitmy tdmcirsrS the Crrmmmsl Ciowrnment in K w a i a s W

to function.

"TIK theoretical fomchons af the techques wh~ch the C m m m s t IeadeFs m K d a evolved,

w ~ h ~ s t u d y & ' l b e k a l a ~ ~ P ~ d I r ~ o n b C r # n m ~ ~ ' ~ h I r l l r l d o w n l o n #

hefore their party assumed puer I% main architect F VI S Nambndiri pad started to dl& u p n 'the

~ s ~ w h ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ & s ~ ~ h s ~ ~ ~ P & ~ m h f h H o f I Y 5 6 .

where he attendedthe ~ C * o ~ s s of ths: C m & Partgr ofC%ina. N m W n p a d w a s c q v a k d by

the m m s ud th af mmps and p b c a i expznence which the C7htnw had devekrped during h r

rUorlsal P w T d Trmsilion w Cu~nrnunism aller h e conquai orpuwer. HesummMhis hprewum

m thearticle, which hinted that the hrdcoreofChmelrpenemx would be applmbkzn h d ~ a III spite

ofthevastly different dtions&ttLiningin &e two countries. .w

'The central theme oftk 3 articla of Sn. NamMtripad was the mhmticm that tk first stage of

the prowmi o f m f u l b*dn~itionxakes plac-e thr- tiw: buildmg up of state capitalism and pAvate enter-

pse. During this s@ge no attern@ is tn be made at large scde mtidisation. h second !msa \s h e

awarmw oft& faci thsll in the m m d s@e, the Ciovmnment iWlC ckpdmgmerely upon tht: Euioptlun

of l epslation, wcrutd be hardly able to overcome the resistance ofthe ~1~~~ to he dispmwsed. Hencc,

the Communist Party has thc nwxiity uf-orgtnxsing i! wworklng c l w and the ptsmtry inb militmi

groups. Such goups would leaddirect mass act~ons to matedisc the tegshtive acts. During the open

ciac~stqgIe~ thc highlyhsciplined maw organisation of i k p r r y w n ~ ~ ~ d fhchon a% tl.le main driving f a

makridising Ihepgamrnc: c)rLht: EkrverntnenL

Sn F M S N a m M i r i p d Y s text hook uwd in the p t l q s c b i a1w devehpd the theory hehind

t k Kcrda P&rn o F P ~ f u l Tramition tr, Communism. In h kxt bk, wwwenrg question No. I7 urr

the appl~ahl rty ofthe rl'heoryof Pez1mh1'1 ransitton In Tndla, Sn.Namh~Ki~ n@ stated that although the

20th Cungcss of ttK: Communist Pany of tk Sovie1 Un~on had not spwficd in which evimumtnes the

Peacefid Transitim to Camunim d d k attained, the Indian Communists mdd mskean effort at

implementing it Sn Nmboodiripd IIS& the mat n ktm wh~ch would make the trans~hw~ poss~bte tn

India in t)rc fofnwing manner

I j'l'ht: Conge% Party m power In the majonry of rk states slnd at thecemt: must r e d w e the pollbd

p w r and ammmic pnvlfegcsofthe expfoiting clasm tt.m>u&thc firti use of* existug parhamen-

2) However, h e Legrslative activities of the Govermnmt in mder to dmroythe e;upIoitlng classes wuld

TlUt Be emugh Hence, masseti must be mobihd rund heiror~isationsempluyed as effective mSim

wnts through whrch the Ieg M-ve a m could he turned into mlq.

3 ) The ~ ~ m t ofkgjslativt: ~MWKS mM~ngtr,tht: t n m s f w o n in Uir: miwind a d agncuitd

spheres is not enough Therefore, such legrsI&vc measures mwt be implemented by committees of

wnrkm and k e n through direct actirm. in rrthcr wnrds, the h r m t i c afrparatm of tk Gnvmn-

mml alone could mi be ~i~ Lu carry out h e tramfimliitn.

4) Yet another a s p ~ ~ t oftherpwf'ul tmwitran emphasized by Sri. Nam Wiri@ was tbat the entire impie-

mentation of r e f m s by the oqpnisaions of workers and pusam must be fbIIOwed by the efkaive

prticipation of these organisations oftk toi11ng masses in the work of public administration. H e

argued that such a step would bring a b u t the horwgb dernwratization of tke entire admnistrati vt:

strtlcturP ofthe state

5 ) 'The or@nw&uns ul'wmkers and -Is. Srl. Namt>tKxhnpad declsnml. musi be LT& nrl A1 levels

with the M~unic,ipal and State structures, m p n g from the Pmcfiayats up to tugRcs1 orgins of Strtte

power ie.. dK Parliament and ihhet. The mple's argani~tiommusthe gven elahorate actmmis-

kdtivc4&d executive powers so they could i!~fluenct: the xvock.ki$ of thr: entile aclnuruskatimi.

Sn N a m W ~ n p d argued that the ~mpkmentahnn nf these measures w u i d clear the way tbr 287

PweCul Traition b Chrnmunrsm in Idia even & the Congress rule.

Mr Fic devebp the thmai foundations ofthe Kernla pattern nfcommunism fiibm the pm-

n-m& of leading memkrs of t h ~ Communist P*, a h C~~X?IOIP r ~ i k WGKC CILx1md

"Ik Pnmouncernents aw ~mportant 'To allaythe fear that t k t r lhtwrntnent would be a q t m e of h l ~ x 1

aid tcrrur, h y emphized Ilut it would work within he Crimework orlhe F&ml Cm1itulJnn On-thc

&hand, ihq w a m d h t under themandateof that cmstitwiiq profound social tmmfomwtim ~ m d d

be i n ~ i a t e d . ~

Tf the pronouncements: of the Communist Idm of K e d n rut: Iznalysed carefully, ctflrtin infer-

ence a b u t lhe theorehad I u t w s and tactical mwrs ul'& Lbrm~wusr rule m Km& can be made.

Sn M. N & v h Nxr, the General Seem ofthe Camm~mist l'arty m Kcrala duringthe p d ofhe

C o m m m ~ & ~ n ~ s ~ w a s h f i r s l ~ x m r m t l e z s d e r o f t h e ~ t o dmwtkattmt~moftfie peopie

1. I 7.4

towards thewfc1rndd Fa *% see Czrr.zl;n,is$ C'rcylt 2:: K d z ::cdb k z reg:== efh!,n~d z ~ d r m :

-.... We,ast~ma)on~perrty,expecttobed~ed~formaCjwemnlentdwearc:eunfi~t o f g i v =

the -1e of Kerala a mh!e Gnvmmmt Owe WT fm a Government we are not going to etas an

upheaval the next day. What wt: mtllu tu do ts to fiuwtlcm tn tile srvlcr ofthe w p l e within the four

~mnen ofthe present COaSthLIfEME There wouldbe mhng inthe natu~e ofthe red wdubun. bgey

of revnlmm uinlentiy up.angcv+rnge 1s mt nfnurmkmg h u t o f o l ~ ~ o ~ t s *2u9

F h r , Mr. C i o v d m W m d M the Cmnuai.stPm !dmxt&ed h e e k c W by pp-

larinng i ts own pgmmme which h d rn s m that the party widgo against ;tbem&uh W n g a

~ i m m u f g m p g m & ~ d @ kCslnzmrtnrdP&-k dtz.ticznc;unp~ %I. Gwi&

Na~r ernphastzed that the party would get nd of such fmrsgenerafed amongst the people by the anti- -33

Communist agencies in the saw

Mr. Narr added that even the programme of l a d legslat~on proposed rn the electton mam festc,

wrwld TIO? go bey& t h ~ lirniis XI on thc agrarian w f m by thc j-dmrring mrnwiim of thc Union

G u V m e n t Mlhm the mapaper c r m q x i w x&ed Mr Nmr tvhether the Cornrnunis2 Cmvernment

would stark wth the ~ ~ ~ ~ o l ' t h e tea, r u b h ~ and o~ olwnd prmwff~ In the state, he

declared that such a step wm~l d regtrlre consultations with the U r n G o ~ e m n t and trencc they w0111d

krmp2rnentedonly aftathe msul ta t ims clearing the WV. Cummalting uprm t h x e l d i m s h i p m r r

the cul~rcss Gurerf~f~~nt at th cetktre a& the Um~klutust I ~ L W ul th2 State, Mr. m~i-tadiul ?hk d.

'i once agam repeat that in nur views t h e i s no ~nsumrnuntahle rfrfficuHy rn havtn~ a t7nmmunisr led

Guvmment in one stat^ and a C~ngress Guvcmrnent at t h ~ wntre' and ~undudd 1h.t: inli~rvtcw ?)!

prr~mslcmg,ththat the Chmmum~~Cm~t:mmentwmlddr, lanthng dmstlc

In the a h k t cbf h 'Nav AF' an ,March 2 I , 1957, the C u m m ~ s t Party uf Mk rnade a1otIx:r

emphatrc assurance that the C'omrnunisi M~.nlsw ~nXeraia would work wfhin the Four comers of the 292

Idan ctmksimmm

In hrs article: C %oiicn,q~> ofKc*r~~iu Sri h4 N Gowndm Narr has made some

&mahons on Efit: thwret~cal fiuncblons oftbe Kerala P a m ofC30mun~m. m.Na~r deEtared k t

the Chmmun~st Minrstry an KerzlIswould mkea rnflcereatternpt at applymy: the theory of 'Peaceful

Tmm~trun tuComuri~m'. Mr. Nsura l sok larwl tMtk Commun~st f ;ar tyd~wihtapp~ ,v~rrgthe

Thwq of Peaceful 'Tram~tion to C a m e r n w d d be a m w axperrrnent and the party m Kc& was

w e l l - w e d and thdcally armed to hce aH tliqum winch wid emers after itr; ~ ~ ~ I u I I appi~catron

The Cmmmibt Pafly of Trtdia had a l r d y aihp1ed kk k b y of peaceful Irarlslil~m Ir, twnrnunism in

Ind~a, "as a matter ni'pm~ple, as the new g e m 1 line In the new d i t ~ o n s ' In the 4th C'ongresq of'tk

party, tn Apni l%6. h his astic\e,h&. Nair stslrtsd W the workingofthe Communist iMinisuy would have

a p f i i & u p t h e m t a f l n d i a . B y m a l n l i n n g t I P e f ~ ~ ~ f b r s o c . m f ! m a n d ~ B ~ t h e m

'lo real~se the potency of socralism and, by and bv, creating condr~iom ~oughout India for a peaceful

t m d m tasm~al~m, Mr Nair fmdthe Cmrnunist Minzdry in Kmta influencingthe~clf India At

I J a m c l ~ r n c , Mr. C r u v ~ & N a e m w d WLht-Urrmmtnzrsl~msbv mKtralawddmlmounla

programme of'a very radical social change. l'be election manrfmW ofthe pa* hadclcariy said that w h t

rt w m t d rn?, the alleviation oftbc mixp ofthe working c1a.w and tCr ~mplefnefft such agTanan ~fbrmsas

t w t d ix i-LI wmd with tfie cm1stitutim1 attd dthp r nmures t t ~ dm~wratwe public ad~ntnistmtimr f hw-

ever, such a limited programme did not mean that the party partywould make wattern@ at mhatmg the pravss

of- msitiun

* .the mow imprtant anclbaslc problem wll. ht,wwr, he the advance towards socialism To

this problm there mn k-nn -made cn stereotype mswrs This a a rwwprobIm, a new e@-

men4 mrt fartheCommunist movement In Indiabut frrr tfieentimworld,, But~vM!s trnpnrtant rstha? h e

real~safion shouldgrow that such a problem cxlsts and that as solutiori a as ~mportant d nor more, as

mnning w effic~ent admmtsfmtlon Indeed the &YO things mnnor be sepmted from s z h ohm tn a me-

'.bud w. -?-

Sn NBW, In the wme amcle, artacked thecntrcs nf the t'omrnunim pa* % nppmtstngthem nf

the faLd that tht: party klad iuhw 1Sr+-Ihw>ry trl' Peaceful 'I ransliition as the ycrler.! fluli~y brag Mort: the

wdi assumed power m K ~ a l a .

f fowwcr. he declared t h t f u : adoflion af thrs prlicv line d ~ d not mean that the Communists had

. v f tr

that the Comm~nrst Mmishy m Kmahwuld merely w k for the e i a b l r s k n t ofsoclailsm m tbt: she.

The ultimate arm ofthepny~nuldremaint~,h tk establishment ofcommunism in Indjabya revnluhon.

Mr. Nair made a clean expsihun, of the theur?, ot'Pacxful1 msxtiun fbr tht: grasp ui tht: ewmies of 254

conmuniun.

Cl~~f 'y ing &G pusition of the C ~ ~ ~ l u ? i s t h k b d r y withinhe frammYo~k & ' W m m t i ~ c ) n ,

the Communist ;tadem nfKewladevelo+ a series of piicies in quick ~uccession Sri t.: M Sanbmn

NaxnMripid , C h d Minister of KeraIa, in his policy statr=nlcnt un April 5 , 195 7, offers a &tailed

account of the pctlcal steps the Communist Ministw In Kerala would take At a plenary sesstcrn of the

Cutrlttrunlsl Pany Iwld a1 Trivandtum In h&y 1957, ~ I H : pay evolved anothcu szr uCwncrete policie.

Mr.C .Urn Raja published a &failed report ofthis plenary wssron r&.fi h e titie. ' I .ine or Advance in

Kernla- mNew Age. On July 23, 1457, Sn.E.MSankaran Nambochnpduie hsstatement oudining

thehasic pnciples ofthemlicepolicyof'the Clornmunist~C;nvemrneni

I'k statement of Y n . N a ~ n M n w ra~sed a hue and cry In Kenla fiom the a~~t~-t'ornmun~st

I'wt~mand press 'i'hr: statement came to be ho\vn as the C'ommumst Gowmment T p hcy ofneutmhsafton

ofofpolice. A &tar led account ofthe policies which the Kerala Govmmnmt had actuaily been r q i m b n g

Problems and t'm~ih?iities' 'I'his b M a , &ers a dimiledaccntmt. of'thecomrete plicles adoped hythe

Cimrernrnmt had made so tZir wasaiw pclhfrshed In whtch Re outltnedfhehrther. plans ofthe Commun~st 2%

Crrlvrx~mm

Perhap the mast notewgrthy feature af the Kerata b k m of t'ommtmrsrn was thatit hcRd

om t)K: cx&nbatitm tjf tk c o n f l 1 ~ 2 i&m'nt $TI tk ixrnstitutwn of-thu ir&m RcpkIw, k - ~ x n ik pru*

ofthe ctmstitution md the Dimrive Prrmrpies of State Po11uy On t k one hand h%h the pm~wble and the

w ~ c y tail fix t h e ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 a l 1 m m in& m k W, tiwy guwanbx the mvd&l~fr/ ofpv* 2%

property and the cmt~ty of cl'c-11 rrghts and Itbcrt~es

Y7

ho&erfeatme of the ' K d a Pattern of Communxm' c f s that rt q t r e ~ e d u p n the actual pro-

m s ofu-ansitlon to lx etsiected hinigh direct actloas &*& Cofnmm~st~o~~troIled mass wgmiwtmis.

The Communrst contmtkd mass orgmsafions made attempts to ~mpiement drmtly the I& of the h-

a m M e d the L)u=tive Princtpks uf Stzrtt: Puiiq in orkr tu o w m e the limihtiuns m pnvrta. prr~prty

and civil rights. 'Yflcrc, it must be ernphaskdthat the Cor~mmist regme in Keda W y succeeded in

makmg any significant inmads mto the d m ofpvakprqmty, clvii n@& and I i k h e . thnugh rhe Cnm-

munisl Party had a mqirriry ifok in il. This wason su;u>unf ul'fht: T i privalc:pmpAy, civil ri~hl.smd

l i W e s are guaranteed by the constitution and that my IqsIatlun uf'statc s m b l i e s on hsehingsmust

s u r e the carxurrewe of the Union Pacliasnent. "The sitwioa would have ken entirdy dicfererit ifthe

Comrntmist Party had k n in power on the Federal le.i~e1, and in c-ontrol of' Federal P~rl i srnent In that

case, paceful tt?lmi tion in the entire country would have been t nr tlatcll no1 umler the vague terns ofthi:

1)rmfiIe and the Directive I t ncipics; hut directly under the t m s of the qemtn7e p a t s of the conhtitution

b s a w chm;t: endow & F&rd ParliamtnL wrh powers wh~ch cuuid override provtsiunsxdaUng Lo 297

private propem and civil rjgkts.

I he ssmd danmtul'thedmx% ~ Y S .a,--on, as theorpsatiuml dcmmt, wmkd uft~uildmg

up a vast network ofmas organisations inagriculture, indmny, education, cutzureand In ather walks of

hie. it mmed at unittingthe tmde uninns and other mass rqmisaiim stwrng up new trade rrnrnns, new

kiwn organisaL?cms ar#l u w p r a l i ve ac1.wiations: in agriculture, atwe indudry, fishing, rtwd an3 hrwst:

ccwsiructwn, toddy Qppmg and 0th f ~ b . The Communist C3~wemmt s u b s d i d tht: new C.'ommunid

spo~lsored orgmsa~iar~s. Late[, it was krw wtr that a great deal of state fu~jdr I d k u diverted to wards

such Commur-list. manned organissttions. "i'k Cornmumst Pmy engtpd in avinhent pmpapnda that such

organisations represented and spke fix aii 'progr~ssive p p 4 e 01. Kerala' . on w k betla1 t'he Commu-

nir;t (;overnment opnised q x n c l ~ ~ ~ ~ l e s to grve effkct to the Preamble and the Llirtxtive Wnciplm

oCk Wlan wnslliulwn.

Comnluust u1ntr011d mavy urgmis&ons &ticking pv;& p p ~ x t v , civil nghh and l i k r t k wwld have

brought the police and th? law coum into the picture for preserving law and order in the country 'I'he

<ltmrn~mrst Pam m l ~ w d that rt thi: state pfrce and the law cottris were prmrttcd to play therrumven-

98

t i o d mies in a d m o c ~ t i c regrmt: in K d a . the Co~nnmist Gwemment's inqmsatiun and application

uf the hdam constitution in chis terms wouldnok be fulfllleci -She K e r b Cornmulllsts now in power had

their Gith in the Marxist dtctum &at every mrtstitutrnn and state appntuc function merely as instrumen&

uf class rde. In k a l a , t h y watt& tu make the coastitutiun and state qqxmatus tu prumotea~d p u h t

the 1ntere.m anda~piratims ofthe class and ib party i i r power i n s t a l ofl?in&ringthe direct mass actions

t a pntshing thew pnicipnts. Eha this saaprat~ln ofthe ih-nrnrnst Paxay a s not m i l y mamnlizdm

acwunl urlhe Cczng~ss Ciuvernmetri A ~ h t : centre. I I was alrnosl a foregone mncluion ihsi ihe IJnion

Govenmmt wouM interfere with a d wen rescwt to dqmrcion ifthe Communist Government in K d a

emnpioyad the strrk apctus for the proindon of class ruie. "Ttus greatly limited freedom of action t~nde

inappticabk in Kernla. most of the thretical solutions and practic.81 experience which t k Communist

Parties uf Last Central Lurupe arid C ' b hztd in store. Lquallv inapplicable bras the model of-peaceful

transitinn announced at the tumieth C?onpss nfthe Communist Party clfthe Soviet i lnlon in Fehru-

ary. 1956. 'Thai mur&=b muld mi save as st gu& lo * a c U r ~ S i x Ilw Commutslsi Prarlles uperaling m pruv- ,72'a

ixzs of federar states In order to mmnt the third stage.

Under stdl limitations, the Cwrrmutrist Party in heda w& a new &vice b employ the +sit&

appratur. !Jut, the pa* in #erala was CO~SC~OUS, to maid QI r a t confrontation ~ i t b central Govern-

mna in prewing mtr, acbm the .state appar8tuq as a tkml fiw transibnn. The srrluhon. the priy In K~rala

Jevisrr3, [he neulridirlAic~ri rirthcpoliw. This innuva~tcrn mean1 Ihal durrng iinm oSdirwl aulions hy

the party amm!M mass orgmkmm, fk m e police s M refi-ain t?m giumg cwer asG9mce and also

deny protarion to those attacked. The jmltce would remain neutral. The controversial issues w~uld'h

s&ted in an intmeclaqs struggle of the 'prqyessix againsf re;rctmmry e l m m s ' in which the stste

apparatus: wodd not be direct1 y ~nvo lvd . Only in extreme rnstani-e of v i o l m e and Llisorckr should the

po!im thee stq, in

I he & r a t of the j h c ~ a l organs, the magistrates axid vmous arb~trabon W b d s lor the

tranchrmaf~on of the society nf Kmk acadtng to the desrgned the C'omunrst was

another strfihg f iure of the K.ezxh pttern of wnmun~srn m 0pt:rdtron. 1 Iw emutrve hmwh uf ttae

Kerala Covemtnent wa=i repockd to Itmc pressurisedthe judiciarg- rn thrs directron 'Itw judicial orgins

wme r q m t e d to have heen promoted to bandk the cases ans-mg nut nf the direct inass a c m s In such a

99

way z s to Iegdise every action ofthe Cornmumst spoiaured groups The cnurt.5 bad tn ~ i q w n d crirnrm!

and ciul prwxednq+ agunst hm whu had ken wrested dunng the malent chbatt la and r e b them

h m tkjali

'Of thr: I. \ 9 cnmrnftl cases wihdmwn by the Kerala tiuvmn~ent within the first, two months

cince the C:omunis t i';uty's assumption of power in ApriI 1957, iO6 rases had Comm~rnists as tht:

accused There were 176 ptsons ; u ; c u . - in thost. 106 cases.. .... .. . ... ... . . In those cases. in which Cum-

~r~unists were the accused, 2 were mmurdet.c~s and the rest werc criminal cases crf serious i~xlgtlitudes.

The paternai atritude taken by the Communist t>overnmem mwdrd?; cnrninals accuwd ofmurder and

serluirs crimm; cant: under .the scvert: crilicisin ofthe press and lhc public.

R t ~ t the (_brnm~m~r;ts fiRd syrtrmaticall y piand n prntre srrch a Imicns p11c.y rowrrls&mI s

In order tu please the pubtic, the Comrmt~llst Government was not prepared ti] gave up it.. welt pl*mcd

policy. 1 heI:ornmunist t iovemmnt ordered the releaseof all the ! 2 convicts who WR m m k m ofthe

Vayaraad Esratc L W r l l n l u n ad whu wcw ~mtcnccd n, ribwous trnprist~nmlmt rmging frum 6 mrmths

to 3 yeati fC)r the s a m e 'and tenorism orgm~sed by them rn the Vengdkut~ Eswte, when t k r r app:aI 2cr,

was pend~ng ~n the legal murl

Yet another feature of the Kerrtla Pattern oi'Cummunism was the Iink~ng of the statc apparatus

and thc bdics of Mun~clpd adlm1strafion to thc L~~nrnunlst Party to make sure that tht' mmmands of lk

party w m tmnm-ttcd and cxcmikd In o~dcrf~ link t k t'ommunrst Psdy with thc Mmn~stnca tbc Pohx ,

the Courts. Magstrates and Panchayats. 1200 specral ha~son W l e s were q m d to haw beat filmed

Thcre WLTC tnskulces of'demohng lird tr-ansfmit~g tu remote ptaces the cr flicers relitsmg to execute the

corn&$ of the 11aicrrn got~ps At the In- level of adadmimr;tralion, m the villages and smaH tom%. the

Cornrnun~st Party 15 reported tu have estabIisM ce1:ll cr,urts Such courts \\ere comprmxl of~nmnbcrs 01.

the party and functrimed as agencteq Q ~ ~ C ~ E L S S mJe ~n r11ra1 areas I'asec ~tmvnlv~nz pr& memkrs were

a$ u d ~ d by ~ h c cc1 I c;uurt\. Somctr mcs t h y advixd thc p ~ h a y i i ~ s a> tc) how jaitlcc shuuld k cam&

out trr safeguard the t mere,% of the pafly

---The cell w~utshmedtobethe paidle4 "jxiylies in judiciary wid1 civil arxt criminai j\iridiction

under he auspictu: of the C'ommkst Party and functioning under sole avehorjty uf the party t h u g h u t the

..2: . . >. ..

state. The ceI1 colrrts bad the prkipaI &tion of sqmisiilg sysimticdly h e exwlttrtm afthose phc le i

oftfie CwnmUnist P i in dll spheres of' life in the sute whch were chilerent iiom and even hostile lo lhe

h u r g a i s laws existing in the sbte, Inothcr words, thecell courts had the principal hction ofadminister-

i y r the 'Curnmunist party's Iaw" and - 'Cwnm~st jm-tice-' whch s t a d qaimct ttK: st& law and j ustic'e.

ll-re party- leadership reaIi~dthat,to kepi11 goodhealdt the agitation o r ~ n i s d ~ ~ r ~ p a q with all i t 5

striking pnwer and &wide ~t toward,% the ultimate aim of the party: the qgtahm I tsel f mlbst be brought under

[he conlrtd u f p r l y cadets who were ihoruughly inslrwkd uT 1 he ul timatt: goals of rht! my. 'Ihe mosl

efYmve measure to w ~ n tfils olywtive vlvas tk mncti1thm of a netw~rk of'wll courts. The atmosphere for

ttls funclioning of such cell courts was created by the awchy prevailing in the swe, the pet chid of the

C'crmmuni* rule: 'I'he masses in Kernla under the spell ofthe Communist terrorism tvould not have the

courage to mjwi tht: verdicts ofthe cell caurts. ~i'h~ns, wirh the eslablishnt of wil c o w oker thc iengh

and breadth o f the state, the CommuniFt Party stnrttd its programme: of estahl i x h ~ n g a state of i t s n1.n

wllfun ht: slalc.

l'herc was no appeal to the verdrcts ofthe cell courts. Parlure to comply w ~ t h the verd~cts of thc

courts was followed by extremely .mow$ pmlshrnent. If anybody fs~lsd to appear kttm the cell courts as

pt;r ndicc, t I lewe 111 whch be was m d v d wodd be trsj?used~f%y a1 e ~ - ~ ~ v c r d I ~ t - which 1rIUhi k

cornpl!ed wth. Kanybctdy f'ailed zocomp1v with the %me. the ag~lators would come to the plcturc and

tackle kitn. 'I'he resdt would be serious-sometimes bating blackaid blue, sutntrlrncs murder. Most **3(:4>

probably stwh p ~ * s wodd be in public >-tree*

The net result of the drxect a~qions of the rws organidom mfitrolled by fie Corrrtnunist Paiq

\ms a sharp i n c r a w ofcrime. The leading newspapersofthe Sme have a1.w empha~ixdthis p i n t in their 3ul

dtonais many a time.

The K d a State Police Administration Report firrr 1 957 s h o ~ r d the foHowing increme of.crimt:

during I957

Clc%rniaa&f-fe crimes

%LC>U\ uiYelm

Mrrrder

Rioh and assulu

'I'hc C'rimc dctcctrtm ctficrmcy of tfrc plicc dr11p~r.d tiom 4 1 1 %to ?7 5% dunne thc pcriud

13uring the same pcnd, 236 crtmrnaf cases were withdrawn from the courls upon the request ofthe

C;ovcmltmt, rtlust of h e accused bere tl~e memkrs of the Conm~mst P q

Lhngrhe same ~~d,asacon~uenceufihedireclactiomofthe nurnerou.5 rnassmgmimons~

c~ga~iscd arld manncd by tk ComrnunidPi@ against ktny and planmtim iwncrs, st tu l l ci&r:pcncurs

and landlords, the nurrikr of strikes and labokir disputes rn fhr? state ~ncreascd corrsikrabIy. As wr a

rtW>rt of minister fi7X l,at#)u~, 20,2 1 ,W man days had k e n lost in Ke~ata due k strikes during Ihe 20

months period tiom 1 956 Aprd 5 to the end of 1 Y 58 CH'the 1,00285 fkctun, hands 3n Kcrala. each of

hem was absent from work fix abom 20 days in 20 months, one day pr munth.

-lhus, while at the time of the instattationofthe C m m m regme in the state in .4pnI 1957, Kenkt

I& onf y 4W penditig labour eases; during I yar ofthe Cormnunlst :tie i l k the state tltl k c h 3 1. I 958.

thc n m k r nfncw ~mscttlrd drsputcs msc to 635

During the more than rwo years lhae the Nat~boodrnpad Miiltstry has k r l rrl power. it I ~ a s dis-

mayed responsible elements within the state by the manner in which it has exploited and abused i ts so

called conmutimal a WhrrTyto buiid up a Communist .structure that wouid ujbmatelv strangle and sufb

caic to c.utinciinr~ ihc dctnr~ratic mrttcnt. and spiril of thc constjtutiun so far as Kci-ala is ci~nocrncd. 11

p t h ~ l l v bl~nd adherence to kn~cwmfic h r m s was tk undorng ofthe late lamented S ~ n ~ s h Republic.

which rn the name oflrberiy prm~itcdtk menlies of 11- kt undertnrne den~wmcy and ulurnakly to .7?0:

b u q ~ t . I krc is a wanung for Kerda.

' it is smatter of record th;u the Communist f arty, under b e leadership ofE.M.S.NmnWiripd,

The d~sastrous trend tms touched off, ccuouly etlaugh. by a vxton ofa C'r~mmuntst: candidate xn nn

i i n ~ r t a r ~ t by clectior~ &Id ul kL3evkulan cor~!,tifuer~cy O I I ~ V 16.19515, by Iflai tti~e, the iniquritv of

vtms vvhrch the Communist Partycontrnl!ed In the qctate assembly had dwndledcn mtah that if that hy 103

e i ~ u o n were lost Govmfmed wudd fkll"

'I'hr: Lkvikutm by-election was reatty a conteq ;ti) <ett!ethc: quedion of the survival crf the ('om-

rnmist regme. C l n zicmmt of the major significance of the DtvIkulmhv-clatim, the Cummunisi Panv

and the parties ofthe opposition II& dl cffts at securing the victuiy oftheir cmaJr&tes. Fighting for ik

s ~ ~ r v i v a l of its resi me it w a y decidttdtfirrtt~~ommunisi Party m m k m h m the neighhoming mna~tuencies

, or: the Jay of voting, rvoul J come ovc; ad cast their vutcs in Bruur ol'its c;rndidal c.

I he party dlsrributed a Jarge sum of momy from the Govemen:nt corTm on the eve of the elanon 3i.4

3rd t b t thmughevcq ava:&le agkitor and orgmrscr lnlo the a m p p When the elec:t!on rtsulfs

were ammunoed, the t:hn?munt.stcand~date. ,Snmathr Kosamma I'wnnnnse won hv a margin of 700t!

\otus dcfmting Sri. n. li Nair, rhu 1'N'TUC Icadcr who wa.5 ~ i ~ p ~ > r t ~ d by ail thu main an~i-Cornmuni~

P;tfties in the state T h e Victnry t f t h r Ci~mrnllrrist c:ind?d;tle ttw ct~nsidered 1)ythr pr ty ILS ~1 itpprt~~~:tI

ptlq

. . . . the Cmmunist leaders felt th& now thew pariy cmld milv an ever rncrcs1n.g popular

r q ~ m thcr~ \WE nr, danger Ishe teabcrslnp w a s alw aw;l,rc: t h t such a ckvetopmmr rnrast IH: prwmtcd a4

.This a s s m c n t is htd. ChidhIiniscr T,.M .S.N.~mbwfi-ii=jd himxif in aqxxch a Ci,irnl~urc

on June 3 195 8 cfwlarnj that !he ron~rnunist P~artv's victory it! the Ikvi krrlarn by-elefion symhddiwd a

iituh maldaris o i k ~twplerlt I& wholcof Lerdla it) Utc t'ornn~un~st PWIY icj c;o~lunw l l ~ c *me +xtiicy st)

f3.r puntled fn the same spmh Sn Nambeodiripd hottfly w 6 m d ths: xFthe opposrtron ptlrtlec p~ravrd

unruly and p a their needs mgether q p n s l the Comrnun~st =@me In Kerda 11 wtmld lead lo a civil war as .-. . : '22

Ln China. 'his threat ofSr.Namboodiripad sparked off a cornmat ion within and outside of Keraia. "I 11 T

C'oimlxhiore Staten~e~t hllr a bubjecr otLIkeaied debate in tlx sute asse~nbiy ofl July 4, t 958, with the

.,3u6 result that the nppsrtron p r t i ~ ~ k a n m find fhe~r~vayto each other

Sut, it *-as ROT rhc C:oimbatort: s p c h of Mr.NanuWripad &at contributed to b c cornmon

~ ~ ~ f i t - ~ d e hy the omsition prties. When the K: ~ h u r struggle in 1heSm~harclrn Will a Trichur k p n on

the L 2ti1 oi junz, ji)Sg, all the prtia 111 ker-da upposing i l ~ Ctmmuuist leylmc s u ~ h as tkt: iilci)*m

Wrtticmal V O R ~ C T ~ . fhc Raja Socialist Party, tk 9.5 P and Tin on had b c ~ m rnaktng n common crrtlsr

against the Communrst regme. ir was the Ind~an Pfat~c~nal 'i'mde Iimon ConLmss iiN'17bC I under the

awpiczs of thc Coc~grcss Pmrg,- t l ~ t cme o) thc Porefio~~f first ! t was ibUowcd by Ihc laham wlilj; of the

Praja Sncialist Par@ Sri C'.['i Janardhanan. a PSP leader in the I richnr I >isrrict who h d won the 1957

gc:~~~a~e~~=t:ti~~~s ~ ~ U I I ? ?l~: Q M y wmtitucncy 011 PSP iicke~ :l+itb t'txlm~~rist piuty's suppi.1, fJitefi

owhis fi,>rne~ spy-!aihrecw~b IheI ~nmm~mist Parhfand started a w m m h - - in tiwnf ~ f ' t h e ~ t h a r r r m Mil1

as a ptxcsl ti) Ihc C tn-nrnunkt Party's iah>ur policy. Again, ~ V C : find a11 thc oppilsitiim prlic: , puttingthcir

hcds trggzthcirqainst tk Communist ~s i rne on alt the rn?jor anti rnimlr isstis on \tfhich thqct~uld i l ~ k

the C'ontmurj~hL rcgjnt~. Srt.NrunldrnpaJ's i'ui1~baiort: stdicmrrlt, i~owever wiis ~'tttployd bv ihc'

~>rxitimprt-rm :s pmpgmd,l de\.rce. 'T"ney cmployed Ymbcrtw.*ripcid's '-threat o f~ i \ i ! ux-' to pprlariw

among the peoples ihat the Communists 01' tnd~a stood ibr temkrisrn and m e d sinqgle even ~n the 50 s

and &at d-19 had nr>t relirrquishcdtheir tenorisa poiicics of' i'r4X-50. Xu duubr, zht. KerAa Srate I 'rai~

Stwiafist Party c a l l d upon the jwople on Jrjly 9, 1358 to view the speech ot'NamhrKdiriptd with ail .ii / 7

xriousrrcss, ~ d k yrtywrd to f:w tk c i ~ i l tvu r;udiitiuns #tit \nghiix: ~ i d d b? the Cu111inmish.

I 'hc < o n p s s Pa'arlv also ~taned 10 rnhiltre Sn P i I h&a, he leader oitke wrw In ~ h c ctate

ast;ci~tbt dcdared rn Jub Ii)4X I~M! his party was ~)iep'~il ii, &wept the cliallenge thir>~r;n bj

N~mhrwrd~npd at ( 'nrmba~orr: Mr C 'hack0 dwlared 'We fire de tmned to tudate and then avmhltate ..>re

thi unpit~lcjthc Cornmunlst Party tfirc~ugh di;;in~wraljc: mean5 11 cc as In xhl s bacbgr~tmd NAGTI I ~ I L

o p s r t l t ~ n p r t m had k n mak~ngfuR pmpagwdac3prtal trf Sn NambtxKl?npxl'\ Co~rnhlore q p ~ h

tllar crrn~wr c; lnsl~kxtw~y:~~ d#;.cs&'9us ancl el# Cir~vernl~w~unuslluni~cs srr lrd But Uje clash WL-, tmqg~rli-

can1 nut Ihc < 'omrnirntcf I ;o\~crn&nt strr,pe~-t~d that the t t w f ~ ~ ~ ; ~vme ~nspred hl the O ~ ~ S I ~ I C ~ V n e s

and #@oved the p l a ibm to w-s them. Aness ot stud en^ and nilhies .wppresstm idlow&.

I iow rvrr, he Y tudma did ntx y wid and (;&fad ro o r g m x a suicwde egmrm agmst he G?vmen:nl

? he Gouerm~ent pursued the fmlrc y of suppression more vigorauslv SOOH, Ke! aIa was plunged l111o

d~aorderand ~ t n k ~ ~vaq almost rewmblrng Sn Nambdtnpd'q I'hmt of Vivll Wzr'

7 hc er~iptovtrnmr ol'pilicc lore [or' ilrc supl)ressron d'lhe slucktlt 12uts r~tarkda Cransirion art Iht-

('ornrnrmist ;tijo~rmrnent'': policy of the ne;imlization ot'the pofjw. 'I'hc trrlnsition in the policy of thy

neutmlizal~un ol'the @ice pursued by the C;ornmunisiikwemmenr wer l on F e b m 24,1958. when

o m ticket eminer on a state mvneci ferry h l in Ih&dtlam imttlred a student. Thr: s l u m prescid or1

the s p t nss;lulted the ticket examiner. The n n s p r t workers awnc@ 6v attackins s _ p u p of sudena on

I't%l-w3 27. ' t ' i is ~11wunt21 rcsdkd in ii L idwd cI&h in whchthc p i ~ i x cu- oiserixtd with thr: batsporI

workers a d heat up the +%dents In the wake ofthese ; e k v ~ l ~ e n ~ the stt~&nt cotnrnun~ty nfT;'rnakularn

and 131m of ~ h c m t z aL large kaarnc: ficrsiile lo ~hr: Eiob-crnmeni Tfitwgh &is agiratrirn s u ) l s i M stwm Ihc

slucjttnls d~roughoui ihe slate became reslivr and unliiendly lowards lhe Cl~>mmmist C;ovttmmt.nl. The

sfs:4~id wab e crt'student urtrest was cam~dzrably #rake arid it wa5 G1t: one w?\ich UZ&& t!w oppo~ i l i o ~~

parties helicvt thaI the st~dent commr~nify in K crala cndd he cfecrively ernptoyedn~~rn-it the C.'nmmuniss

trr l~ririg ih uor\mfaIl. 1 he c a u ~ of the second wave ~i~siUCtcnf wrest w s an n l c w t : trr h a t fwe. horn 6

pix to 13 pisc by thc stat-* cmtroltcd natcr transport corporation ia: thi aftcr math of-thc nationa!imiiar.

nf water mnsprm T ' C regme. This ~nrsrme rn hre afi-ated k he smdmt cornmum5 of Alleppty where

1t3oslol-ihe iw;;tt.5 hi% ixxr-r, j361>?~ k, nrllro??a!iAwr,. &.in& 11) pr,rxkiilz ltdl v t d a d s ivhu hd $markd ciM~r:j-

slrlnsto the whwi gwng nkldents The st~rdcntsol'thcl Allrppey area pntesrcd fhc ~nc~easc in b a t lare. i{,W

T f k r c wen; ywliric;;1Z ~wtics, espciaIIy d~:Congrc,%s P a y uispiririg the stu&rlis to powst . TIP 11111csi

5pmd fi-stn Quilon LO Ert~akulnm. ntldhy July i 2. I458. about 20 s W t ~ t s wee arrested fbr picketif~g the 3ic

water frmsp~t i:urporatioil's uffiix at Ailzppey and al3str uctiftg the passage t.of bats .

The V i v e m ~ n i re Cued to negotiate with rRcl st&n!s. 11' haul negoiiattrd wilh the ~ i d e ~ ~ t s h e

eltt~ic probiem wmdd have k j i solved a d the ~ > o l l t i a i p m e s tnspinmg h e stuuei*t% to itru~1e would

)lave b fmld Hut ~nstead ot7@ng to pi%& up rtq dtsptle ~ l t h the student cornrnuniQ; I he f.hvcmment

ernploved high hided methods: to ded tmhthern I h s mwght into ~hr: pramhe In&p:& hturlent's

Chp~satinn, 3 p a w d t ant;-C'ommunist st&t orgmrabcm In KmIa f hc organ~srtlmn iaucd a call 10

its attll~arai irrg~nlwlian aliijver Kernla tt? h>\tcott the rt~~ernrnertt tr;msp~rt facri~tlcs andqa~w a state

\ \ trk 51udent sin'kr The \trike spread to rhe 5rbt)uIs and ctdlegrx ofthe rrlrrrr >i;l\r 7 he pt)Ilcefi~~ rsted

i >.I s~udeats by 5 uTy 1 4. I9 58 (her 2b ,W srudenbs boycotted class&. Hy J ulv t 1 tl lore smderirs w6ie

nmsted and r n m ctuderrfrjorntd the hyccrfi nf clasces I here Iwrc Frequen~ c h s k ktiVeen the stu-

den& cferrromtralug apmt the Governlent and the p h w . Hun&& r)f stukrlts ia/t're r c p u d to fnvc

ksr! Eicatcn in thc streets md tnaq who ucrc imprisoned ivzx subjcctcd to thc thrrd k g c c

it mu%t bt: wmemhedtfiat rhe xncs of m~oluunnq exp~os~ons which shook the Sov~et bloc In

956 h d beer! ~ n t i m e d bl studen1 unreg and that in TZudapesz the ~Eudcnts had hinded the Uclober

Kevc)lntion whrctl overthrew Kakasr 'c Keg~me 1 he Student 'qrtslt~cln tn Keralo m o v l rn the d~rwncln

Kerala and the revolutionary~ftiiicnt up urge^ of V'asf I?41tra11 (urope 5tarted niirtunnytheptan nf rnn-

Sbic , and acllve Ieadcr oClk C'cmgress Pwly 113 Kemia, decl'hrcd~n a public rnczl.ung 'dl; :rnakuiam, vn

J~riy 7 ! , iQ58. &:IT, In sll Commrrn~st countrres st~rdentc and tntetlec~rrflk rizcrc" the tint to lum q p n q t

h1~1111ari>. spcahng rn a publl; qthenng spo~surcd 1;.i the ~iudcnts ol Qu~lan 511 t< Shitrtkar.

ano~hcrleader d'the CC'onges P W - the mes~dent nt t k keraia P d a h I 'on7mss ( 'ornmrrteed~tnnp the

&)s uf thc"Vihiiw1)dlil Sml r l l ~ ' ' . decIill~d that ltlc a i l g ~ ) sldents ~fKr:~ata svlll tuch rht. Ci~nl~llur~i:ii

I ! - reyirne rv the slate a Iescw

Ntntli ~htt some blutlk law trecitmr ;I rvhilt: law in the h:tntk r!f tht- rcwnrnunist regjrne fcs its

s w ~ v a l I'k u k r &maon laken by the party was io nwvz iwli'rnit) ik ptccwc ~ i j avowiiheCiu>vern~u~ln\'s

:rt\.olremctnt m the sirppress.rar, uf the t:tudeni nut% ~1'ttt:~nrml stxrctay ofthe{'ommunist Pnny In

keraia Sn.M N.bowndan Natr, on Julv20. i 458 issutxiacail to -'ail those 1ntt7-t;swd in the progress ol'

-i lie opputioi~ part i s ?;in the std~e, the Coi~gres~ Party, the PSV, Sw ~al~st lJar(y, iMusIsltt31 i agut :

2nd oiher opposition g-oupr, took t ~ p thr ~3!! o f Sr i . 24 ?! iiovindan Nair thst the i'r~mmtlnist {'arty and.

rts svrnpthsers mwt rally behind the kt:mla C;ovemnt.nt co prortrt r t from bcnty toppleddown bv the

prcrmsurc grcups arad rntcn-st groups rn thc statc ni th at! scrrousncss. On duly 2 5 . t 0 3 8 thc oppositiot:

pmes released a mnt declarabim In I ~ C tfeciarat~on I: was stared that the rovernrnent had let i i m e

Cbmt1tui~rsl110rL21~ I ~ T O U ~ ! I O U I !he srarc ti) i)pj~iess sludcrli agqiatlon and 1 1 should ilot he ?+,it:n2~185 onl

a dr~dcnt s aplanon, or anaptatnon ap~ast thc 1cre;lw In h a t fkrr

'i'hc wnd~t~ons ucrc: such i ~ s lo rlrakc i t a p ~ a thiit t l i ~ t'ormluirust Iud alrmj s ta td ii c l v ~ I

!an-r4esltng agalrnl rhe t'ommrrajst P i x ~ h r crr~dny ci vri war ~ t ? \he sca!e St~ch rcs~)lrtiion~ were lo bt.

S1.t li4.N. irovrndai~ N a ~ r s pian o<achun appzarcd w IN ~ n p l e anJ~xrr'&tly worhahte io ~ h c

i'ornmr~nivt Party and its sincere c:rdrs But the party ic:rdmhrp cnrnmttted :I c~noi~s m~stnke rn hopng

bat the party mr Ir t~a could suppress the student *tahon kfm rt spread rkr and t m k . t he prtv lehr-

t w ;

4~lp rtr~ciere~~imnitcd the capacliy ofthe ahdent ccmmt~nitv id tlppxlitrmpm-ire\ and ako I he pres-

sure group a1d mniersi group h the state til oigmise kmseivts mio a siir~ilar n~iiitia. Father V m l

the H oman Cathnlic pest [Yhn had a f m d y mganised the '~ntr4'r~rnrnunist fmnt' made a call for nrpni<ing

dcclaratian in :vhich it n a i s k d that thc suppmsion ofthr: studcnt wtation hj. thc Cortr~-t~w~istG'ol;sm-

mmt fim the h r a example of the +ape nt thmg3 in ccrne. rhat~s. clwl war in the d~iarahcln he calted

uplr~l the p p i t : lu orgmt,x Ih t - ln s lwb into it ~olunlz~r 1Ur~2 all oicr Kcmlalu t::;hc izlucind prupriy 7 1 6

Wclm

t:iithi;r V & h l kncw thal Corru~xurust militia wradd k u sunsidc~rioty wlhtitutd by

Fdrthful cad~sr*t'thc p r t v vnemkrsof the trade unwrnscc>ntrolled hv the paw k ~ n nrgan~~t~ons and ul

t ) ~ . TCF inakr:ilx ui r i l i z ~ ~ ~ n i i 4 : o n ) m m i . ~ nliljliaa 111emi11giL1 UIUIWT lime> Fiidur VUakLatl realifid 11%

ntxrts.;ir~ ol'mking ir tcn>nurnt.ricdl!y strung. On ht:g~tsr 12, 1058, F:r~kt;r VaJakkitn cJttcIard 1hx1 !hr

lulticot~~~-n~mist civilimi 11liIiria shuuld have at least 1Af a iuilllur~ nienllwrs in its rakir.

vz I lagc vSF;eiale shuuld have a brar~ Ir OK tlw Shmlhi knd. W k n our r;unsiitui~ol~a\ nghis sir Ihreaitixd

hy the 'ommumstits, nit cih~ens 4muld rAe I ~p amc. hl! r.rf or sho~ r id ~rrengthcn the hnd o t our n:ittlonn!

Iwders to safeguard demmav. I bel~eve that the i omrnunrsts \w f i endwvuur EO mdermrnc the consbhr-

i he call ot bather Vadak kan r c c e ~ v d a w de response d I over iierda '1 he S h t h Sena unlrs

iverr: urgai~sed ~c evcr) tillage m d t01211. Ai Iirst the CRr~stlarr c~mmunrW \\3s the most ac1n.e rme ~n

orpmslflg the Shmh Sena I a& the Narrctimrm~w Asojo~ncsd the endeavclrr I k votimnrem r>quwd

by tllc: Cht 4 ~ t ~ ; u l col~m~unrQ wae mild "Ulu rstr>p!xr-5."

' 1 hc mcmorandurn prcparcd by thc ~ d l r x dcpanrncn~ In Mat. 1959 stat& that thi: total mcmkr-

xi~rpi,f-Lhu Slinnlhr Fkna was c ) b c r . I iilkh. 'I'hr strc~lglh ortf7c: Slunih~ Sena ln Ihc '1'1 tbandrum Dixir.1~1 bas

9 O(X 1 f:makularn 2X,S;51) In .l'r~chta l 5 . W J. !n ( 'ananore 1 %.,I? Korhiknrk 1 7%) and in PaIghaI 25

318 i he rcrtal ateknhershy, of ihz hiu was 10i ,041 ofwhich 85,14i weie t'a~ho(r~ ,~t tC I5,Qilil N a i r ~

I OR

I'kexxt numencat m g t h ofthe (_'cnwn~mr<t !'am m? lma 15 not hm\r/n - 1 he hrrr lepolanwt~orl

t r f f o t c c h rn Kcraja hcgan to muhc it% c%cl mdrhcd ou thu vcrk day, J u i j 25, ~ h c t r rathcr VadabLdn

r+;illt.tl firr the fi>rmfit$on t j f the Shant t ~ t On f r I!\, 7 5 s 3oupcrFthr C'c3rnrrnmrst rn~!rtla aatnc*krci thr

rd1 ice ul'iht: l ~nrwd F r o n ~ L'onimilitt' 'That cmn~muw wab compoxil ol IIW reprat;nraiives r>L'ail ihc

opprlnon pmes dir~mng a two md half month old striRr: m the{ ~ovmment managed Stxttzamrn Mill in

I nchur. I he stnke turned a,m~nst rht:Communa& Ijvcr I .LIM wrkm t#;irngtng lo theanh40mmun~st

trade. urtio~f; lud beenarrested dtrrir~tht. strike pes~ud. The Communist ParIy wanted to er~pplci the

cml'tf.~u L'nrt4l'~unt Cu~nm~tlccilnd Jlspcrbc tIrc ~ u ~ n n ~ a n b u g st~16c cormnrttcc: lhisattach rcsdtd In 7 f'i

~rrons !npr!cs to X r ~ t the mcmkf i ofthe s i kc cmrnmtt-ter

Ttrc nliI~t;lru;y of the Coiuuuunist Party-uuiditii t~ tx nlaxded& in 2 trdgis; incidcuts 'cvI1ic;h

t ~ k place on July 39 Ch th~tday~ a group of t k ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ m u n ~ s t militia attac,ked the C'ati~ms t'arty's r?f%ce

1 1 1 Vaianclilr~~y~illi, il f~taL.cah-x,ui 15 r n i l u s ~ ~ i t y f i t )~n 7iichur. + 3 ~ : i t ~ ~ n a t x . x ~ ~ri i i i t i i i wcrcarlr~bd with

1cth:d t\,eitpr?.: 1~ the r:rtsrl :tl.tatk 5 perutlns tltt.cl o n the spi t anrl nl:!nq' tvrrr t rr~r l t th lq . trtjurrrt i n f h r

doun st&e ar the C'fimdanlh,~ cdshewntrr fac tq on thc~ame Jay wifh the of hxakmgthr s ~ k c 320

Heme, the police. oyx:nty suprted the assaiian~ result-rng m the b t h c ~ f two Clommunrsl workers.

A t this juncture. p~cssud by thc cl~xurnstanccs, thu \x.rt?~kcfi r~fthu non C'r~mrnrmisr trzjdc unicm::

appeared on the sct%c. Workers beiongng to the Indlizn Narona t 1 rade I 1 won ~onqress. ( W Tlh: 1 the

Ct*& c r w n rwrhng under 61o Congxss I5w, \vent un smkc in rs\mpaths 1r;rt.h thc studrtris mifproteshrlg '12 1

agamst rhe repmslve measuzq of the t'nmmunm ( imrnment on Julv 2 1 ln ~ r n p ~ h wahthe vxct~m

izf'ttlc pli4.x f i r ~xlg 117 Calld;~l;lthojx a38 of'the atlack 01'th.e I~iillul~iml5t ~lllkiicr at %mudMapiili, 30.WC ; >-> --

%vorketrs affiliated with the i N'1 'I!C conducted s it>k~,n strike (I? C'curnlwtore PP .iulv ?X. Ten nor:efitl

aliernpt 011 Ilw t.?ariof ~hc.Con~munisi h v c r n n ~ e r ~ ~ ~oai~tnhrktt: thc: crmx>srlrcrt? rorces irk thc s ~ e e i s b y tiic

Pany rmhlr:~ and the pjrcc Thutrsmds ofpecvIe all o\r r the ~tfitetnok pan in the ptrbttc dcrnmstrat~onr

bun p ~ r l s tugerlwr aalld Lard die fou~dahorn for h e i r wqxratiuttaagmsi i le rejqi3rr: 1 he civil w a ~ GIV of

Namboodi;ipad, and the suhcequent excesses of police and mi11 tia, heated the anitnwi ty Fettvcen the

h l thrr;~ unaurt:, rcai i~irgth~t Kcmla mas diffcrmt fmtn the t'nmm~rwst cormntntc of'the \~orlrf

w h ~ r e the monoirth~c tornmumst Pam.cwuld& cveqth~rt~ theCommuarrst I- ot Kmia shotvd a

rzadinc~s to do\+ 11. S L T . N ~ L T M L ~ L submitted tir all the &MU& ofthe ~stucterlts and itrs rr illirii; ;-!<

to ~ns%Mefull ~nvmgmon intnthe p k c e f nnr,.

I'he iwlrce n a ~nstrwtcd noi tu c~e ld ru the dirccbaes ol'thc to& gar% leaders m h d l r n g ths

n g t a t m ofs1;tudenrs md labur stnke I hen: were asked to wck to the lctler of law 1 h~s dep was taken to

i~;.'"'fi fvtl?~* O ~ I ~ S A ~ I O ~ I pfiesof Kerd;i LV~IO had lPeeii ~Jdnourir~g oat f l ~ ~~lerfkrerx- of lh l o d pi*-

leaders Into the entirrce.ment ~ t * law hy the polrce was a serious defect w ~ t h the I'rrmrnuntf;t rule

M;lr .V.R.Krisin~a iycr, Minisicr fur I aw d~ctarcd at a wtiifcr~ncc of ~;irllcc:ti>r s art3 xuy~~inr~nd~r-tcs t r f

yxdic:r that r\rJ pa)lific~! irrterferera;~ shiwlrl tw folc-r;ltttrl h~ r$ficew H e xisir wnrntxl thr trl'lrlv~w that ni,

a~flic~tr would escape Itabrljty Ivr ~ b ~ l r ~ i g lodo ha duly ht I rtvu&~ng yc+lrlfcai tnilwnt'r:vr Itsir of daplc&urc

In le'cliily, the ceii wjtl~ts opratlng 1x1 the rural aleas welt: rlul dtsbanded fuiiowmy d ~ e party s

rcnlintlon o f rhr sw,ging anb C~mrnunrst fkciing as a conscqucncc ofthc st;tud~~E a ~ m h n n nf' l s5.q In

c e m n rum1 areas, thev cornlrutcd to exm and t'unc21on.

'-t'~mmmstParr)mt.o m placed In charge ~~ndm:n~~mrt~cln The parf~ cells m d! p31~mh1 No

rttiicerotany department can p a n t elretuntess i t IS ,supprred hthe ceit secretarv All ~nvest~gatwn and

irlspzctton 15 don.: bb ofliiccrrs lmth thcir a d t . ~ c n Ga~cmnicnt~onkL.tt\orh gik211 ~ ~ C O I T I ~ L I P L I ~ ~ ,t~ll!~n!,

I< E I I W ~ V I U : ~ by thc I)~~II\. W ~ ~ L C F F and rt an\ crtnwcvtrora\ nttlcxr vrnturrx 10 t~nd mull w ~ t h it hr I \

prirmpll~ I r i ~ s F i r r d bcr L o&m 00 t~lephrxlc: bWesbirn by iht. cell wGr~larri;s *"-' ,:gd*n, w c Ila~e .siiilc-

l?lcnl of Sn M t ~ ~ h r regarci~ngtk ( 'om~nmst Partly. $ mtl;'.rh~we iv%fh the j idicw I c ~ r g g q

cli?;tricl a leading criminal lawyer rrporrecI 10 me that !f n c t , ~ f i h l e r>Kmcc 3.; ~ . c r n ~ i ~ t w l agrnsl :I non-

Il'rtmrxkmfA. tm k.1.K. is to k o r t iile. An ofticid M y c i m i i ~ d t u ine k hw mstwttow W ~ I 10 lalie

cognimnce ofctng such offence, eucept in the case of death In the carny dtcaricr ;1 I'ommuniqt Pany

~ \ / l h e s s pving cv~denct. k ~wurt stated to the ~RLTI. bider OUT ,m ~nsuuchorm. ri-mv of knee 1s corrl-

rnittcdqgit~st a Com!nunist, ~ v c imtncdiatcly zontnct thc L>SPdir~tlyard r?ot thc s ~ t i a n ofiicr. I'hc L?SP

~ 1 1 then mntacr the ~hmrnunrsr cell .secr&q., hbflth ofthem mil ~fim pu1 rhar heads tn,mtheranrf prep~e

Ll>L- F.! '

t 'rmmuntstq gwlp of cn_~mble offences 20 unfurnrshed. If hy .wme chance, thev are med, the

prvsuutrun is oficri withdra~t-n. If untcncd ;dy thc C'uurt, it la I ~nlr tkd bj fhc GO$ c1mx1~91t UIX ~1

waq ctabkci rns~de the IJtstr\ct L'ourl prcrnii;e h! a t 'i-rrnrnrrnrst worker 'f'hr I'omrnunrst worker ~5

r e i a d b y rhc J X ~ I C ~ under higher i+r&rs

j 2% , , , , , , ; I , ;I , ; r i , + K M M u n ~ h ~ has citccl .; ii~stanccs vftl.1~

iinwever, fir~lmg that pp~iai fwiiiq+ bere sutgiiigagau~sr ifieC~in~k15iFlsi i'am and irsCiok-

I ~ K : LCdn~ttli~wdtlvrl ut'thr: SWG 1 hi5 halfhearted altcrr~yt or1 eiw purr irf thziutt~mtuust i&rs to slxkeil dft"

ti ~ & f ho!d oft hc pirq on administrariun IS n.f!cctcd in Sri V M Kfistanzz iycr's dcrlamion 8 thc confcrcncc

Rut errrtrs 11:we moving rzprdty and the bid of thc Commtmist Pa*, to sale ?he srtuatron t3iled

1 he central ( rovernrnenr wa.7 urged to dlsmrss the Cnrnrnums~C~ovemrnent In herala on account of 11s

: n I s u O ~ I ~ L ' C;~).\crn~n~llfp)ivcr~ fi)r fhcprfi~nirtion i r f t h par ' ~a~nzs , IL\ 1nti.1-k: c n o ~ rz11h thcjudlclar)

ilmt its T L X ~ ) I I S I ~ I ~ I ~ V tiw viot~-tlc.c' k t Itxlw hv tkc rnawoq-wnrsatronl; arlrf thr rc.sutt~nyddr.;nrfrrton o t p~ihllr

drashc qtep aplnst the r'ommutuc;tl iovenul~cnt kkndlng t t r p l l c~ r s , the[ invesnrncnt of Kerala pub

lisllcxitcvu ~mr~(>Wct.s at tttisjiv~cr~rre ~irder d ~ e t~prj*oi>, i hc: Tirrt:l'iich~rz~~ftbc S~juatioir ulK~rala' awl

the ~~thrr.~~Mvllrinfnmd .xtC'riticism 4g1tmt The 'nmmu~irt f ?rn~rmmt.rrt R e f t d d * 771eI'rwywss Party in ill

klrr:~ia chafImgtx1 the Commtrtri5r Pxrty's sttmnenrs ~ktnrgh apamphk!. -'The Trte Piur~rre ofthe Sitltii-

tiok~ HI kel.&.

'I'hr teprxts :ahout t h r ~eriolis Jevvelopmmt\ tak tns plilce in K W ~ I : ~ wrrr B~\O r n ~ d r known to

Prnnc M i n ~ s ~ e r bi.ieh~.u. thcn m C'alcuila. Uulrr g h ~ , hc Jisregdrded h e c t v d war ihr~ai prirtwunccd hu

NarnhoMlinpc! m C'o~mbat~re md tmk h o s t a p ro t rc t~~~c anitr~de :wmd thr: ('ommuni.;t CIoutmmr 7 T 1 > i

t iealsa drsrn~sd oumght the ~dcaol'central m m r r o n

Ch, .Z:~g~c;t 7, 1958, Vr Nchru hcld n prcss confcri*ncc in ikl h~ Ry thm. hc bad morc cvidcnrc

w~vlth hun on the c~vt l urns? In kmkandtht. rhmmurtrst ~ i v e m m m Wktnuver Neb dealt w~xh corn-

cme tn 1 Mhl rm, he d~sm~ssed themt~reprobtem of kemfa with a m l x ~ ~ ~ r e O~CIIIICISIX) O ~ C C ) ~ I I ~ ~ C I ~ IJI

-o-- 1.) 9

dm:l:,lmf that the indivdua! iikrties ofthe ~ropic clRe~j:.rl:z \w~!l<l l~ave tr* tw jxidrt:t~I Rift on f i t [gust

cxptxnan~t~cmc of the ~ncrdenb :and oftfie generat srrrlat ion ~r! K~mln ~vmc l~ngttlsthctcrry, a& rnd~cared thr ;;4

hc ivould r'avour an ~rnprt~ai rnvemgal~on ~ntc~the p rh l cn 01 kerda Mr Nehru s halt- heatedatt~nide

iol; xJs tl?c AorJcr md tack of prscxr1;13 s e ~ u r i f ~ I 11 K trala &sappornled the p~vpf z ~ 1 ' ~ e stale s*qgllng

the I h~nm 1 !n 1st Ieaciers them xl~rtrs clearlv placed the wrpms rhl I& for the c !vtl stntc u p n the sMuldcrs ( ~ t

Ihcir

The Kerala I,iberation Strusgle and the downfall of the

t_:om~nunist Government

Thrrorn:rtrmist P~grt?, Ittttdrr~ thrt~ughout ind!:~ wert* prtdirurrdly concrrnrtl hy t hri ~ n q ~ i l n r !rp-

!n the Curnrntmist P ~ n y ; o spIil regarding the tsvoltttiun of pdjcim st? !hr ptrst~ed :mcI he rtjt tjrtx

cuursc toh rake~lby the piup etnergd a s a mmai wici~mne ofthe developli~el~tb irk the kernla shtz, l ' h i

ne\vcrisis within I he party was azWmwted bs the emet-gr ns Sincr-Snvie! idec~logical schism. 'I'hc 'Crea!

k b a t c ' In tht:C;ummunist w u r l d u ~ ~ r ~ t t w d o c , - t n e .and ~ i r n i q u e u f ~ i s a r - L a m u r n fur chL. f i t

tint c a m into the open at thc tncding ofthc C'ommunib Patics hcld in Mosco~i: in Novctnbcr 1957 Lo

celehratcrhe 4i)thann?vmrv nt'the successful Holshevlk Kcvoluhm. " . nne of'the Lev proh-

icltls crl'lht! cvnlrow-s) w i ~ ; pre~isel) rhe rltsagree~ncni ut cr !he I'ka.jlhjlr1~ r>l-pceibl road lu coinmu-

m m . WhIe Ihc ICr rss im in their e-nthusmsm. &VIM 1s1y dmwng upon the expmence o !'the a_p%ficantmd

ju&ifd guw& o f l h C o i ~ ~ ~ u i s l i ~ ~ ~ v e i ~ ~ w ~ & ~ J I I ~ K I ~ ~ hxhwi+ aid p t i ~ w i y L ~ K d&~bszil v icloq

in Kerala, presented a &a# p m ~ m ~ l oFa joint ajcrintl~laratrcrn which 3j.mke: nnlv 3 h u t the peacefir1 trar~sition

' l ' k C . ' h l m rcjwttki rhc and dtxnitnchlcl substantial a ~ r w d n e ~ ~ t s afd dw Ci?i riest: &it.gatjcm Ir-d by

Van'l-.qc-nmg himvlf insistcxi that the finnf dp;tttnfihrdmln~ttion chnuld ~pc.;lk only nh11rt the desimhility

ul wiceiuf translfiun. Lhak h e aure rmphiws Aodd be placed upvn ht: nwh dler stxurmpz a tm

mjijorit)' in I'arliament, to 'Launch sn cxtra I%rliamenrarq *n85s stmggle, smash the resistances ofthe

m c t l o w forces and create the msssary cnndttrons tbr wacefiri real~sahon of the sm~dist revoiurron.

lzu C'1 LUK! \<#IS this '31d i)a1t:1 ~#luL< aid the !khsctsw k h t i o l l !,t'Lk 'Iiveh-c Ci)u ~ ~ ~ ~ i t u s t ad worker's 136

l'ames pthliskdrn Novemkt 1Vs ' l '

T k i e , i\c frrt~c: t) c u m ~ n t ihc Scancg ni-rhr= e'l~intze bhnd on ihr, ~ t r c s ~ r ( ? v h t x r l l n rc\uIuL~un

e\ah~mta! In the Moscow ~ ~ ~ c e t m g ~ t 1957 on the keraka srtuatron

:h Wr t h ~ ~ > ; t ot'thc O~karatrur;. t l i ~ Con~riurl~stj III KGI& ~huuLJ h c rr~uur~twla ficrcl; ckiia

prlramentaw mas.. c;tny,g!~ notonlv tclopcn the road tothepi-acctid 'I ranr;lt~on to C'r+rnm~nisrn hut to

rlurcnd ihc~z" icglmc whlch amte rmr~dzr rhc w ~ i ' r r : itli%h t A'd?c r e a ~ l w ~ ~ a l j l i ~ r ~ e b T17dfc ~111crgc1I

w ~ t hrn I he ccr~lral Imdrr*sh~pol'~hc Ct~mtjntrf Party cri'lnd~n a\ jvell a3 {he Itttldersh~p rif'the par!!, in

ke~aia a a ~ o u g ~ u p w h c h upl~ ld ths ~i~terpiefa~l~~i vi [kt ~'TOSEOW hclaratiurl, and demaded tlhd tilt.

C'nmrnmrrt wpmc In Kcral;~ tr~uqt ccmhnue iri purr 2nd t t r n w trc: ciefendedby the ~ u o f irbnnap nctrnn

oi buth the irovernmeni and rht: party Later on. thrs yuupwne to be hutw~rr as ths: pru-Pek~ng factlort of

thc C'oi-t?mun~st I W J of India How\ cr, thc rnatoriq of th: tcakts of thc part! ncrc strongly oppossd to

wlmcanv rnil~mrrcnm 1 her legmatelv ~MTNJ t h m1irt;mt m o n would ~nvlte theci .ml L ~nvmrnmt

113

. . ::n ihr a:F,cr ic :=.hicfi :he Cc~mr;r;is: F~r.:ces ;:u::!dh;!efsrt& Tfir rn;~_i~~z:~ :rf the !tm;lmk~ a!:;;? 5;:

timi such a developnlenr would. ilor only re111o\iz the Corllmunist regline tio~n tile polm.xil picrure ol

f.;enla, hut .rvnu!d alarm an3 dtrlndge Nehm fmrn hispr.ircr-Sm-iet foreip plicy i ~ h i c h ;mq very cs.;ential

tor the victory ot'hreml~n s global strategy. 'i his marori@ guup in thu C.1'. 1. I~aciershp cane to be de-

sct iik'd as t l i ~ pi.il-Sol tct \~irlg ortiai- C.F. i .

')u~th a v ~ w h soivtngthc ~deatogcal schlsm ~nrfiei~ornmm~s~ stanvnf lnd~a the sent a 5

nhci~rbw rlclegdio~~ iu lMu,cu~$ 1 ~ ) fl~u 1:1iddl: uJYJdb 111 Ilir dr:Ic#tiuii, Sr:.S .i.3mgr rigsruei~ird ulr

mrlderarec. Srt A k ( ropdan. the rod~cnlqand %rr %nvknmariihn.rh the then (leneml Srcrettp ntthe

i'u:rumiunrst Pit) uf &. Qu ccnmsh, iln ~ctwnfian\ hlo~l;ilb,tI~; 111aju11~ 3f LIW &ic@ionuphcId t h ~

inork.mte pwtlfrn Srr A I )ah ye on h s return trom M ~ , C O ~ V made the tirqt anrx\:incerns?~t $9 the e f k t

s h q p w r wid1 the sc~iajist prbm In ck stare, the Uutnrnunrbts wadd tx able 11) bruzldm the papular

i : a < i r f tlic ~.cg;olz aid thc~i t \ ~ s k c n t h i oppxiitioi: f i , ~ ~ c s . %41:t?,jog kunnal-i;iiasIi 11iild~ a ciitcgai.ical : :7

ri~iamncm that t k c ~ l . r>~~ld knodev~anrrn ticm the Amt%~t~rhor ; l s of thcp?rtv

i'lir; Ucitllal F...S~LULI\C C'curuililee ~B'ltlc CU~ILLI~UL~L'JL Pdt i ui Iiidw It~icl ILL iiru &lt\ i'tuilr n u -

-,2 3filll &hate tn the nex? sf:santI t(? ,k .kid In 'lklwndrum

ijii August 11.1953, a rcsdutiorl w-a7 adopled il l rk 'Tr i~ i ; ldTu~~ =~sjo~l oftlx I'ei~a;J Extxuri~c

(.'nrnm?t!ee rkt'the ?art! !!'I whrch the oppsdlon prttes were htan~ed fnr thetr st!crnpt ?to lq?p!e down the

hiri;;~ rtm:rrk:, 49:: fht.I'r!:nrrr:tnist C;crvcmn;ent F~lrthtlr the wtrl~biur: ttt.ci&d that by strirtly :rdherigg tc?

--

F;;Frher u J i . . , - . . c . o ; . J L ~ : J . > ~ ~ J ~ . T -.. t>E !heJ<?&2 !+i!i~;iIi<>fi ~ ~ ? r e x s & i ~ !he $:ii?it:r;i;l r<>;;E<i! crl/le {TLP! -,vsc$

lilei in lWasfF0111 h 1 0 k r 8 13, I9 58. 'rlzrt d f f C l ~ k ( ~ 1 of-* 'Trrvmdrwn msmfi &,tlc LenuJ L X ~ D -

;ir.~<'ommitter werr exp1ainc.d in &hi! in the rrsoiu:iov adopted is Ma3r;lf. in thc M a h ~ meetins, Bp

nuhon vt'thr rahcal mr~g ofthe C-Pi. that thc hrrila exclt:rrrnent id ckarlv proved tirat tht: 1 h m ~ n of

[ ' ~ i i ~c t ' u l t r.&siti<3ri 1i.a b~I i l l ly .~~wocj;SI~ ~ I I Iri& a;d!~crlcr: $icCir[r!inunist Fa$ off,,j;,h~s pa-sw

a m lnan~ pnl~cv hvas relected. The reso!~-fiton 8doptt~i m the Madras sesslnn nr'the Kanrmal C-olmcrl

&inned h i ths ' b ~ ~ , r ? . oII'eaceiiri li'msifioo de~,clopJ m Lhc i2mnW 'Yn& ui.illtt L:om~msl

nt'!ndia ELI?? cmfin!!~ To ~ r n s i g as the genera t plicv lrm C)t'tfhf C 'omrni!nrst ,hr!y of!nha I lo~vevrr &e

rcsojution d i d for orwising a ~uLiur~-~i& wnqaign to CkfeiKL ti= t : ~ r ~ l l u i ~ i ~ t ~ ~ O V C T I U I ~ ~ I I i3fli;c:rilSil

and !~;wprlsriw it-; achizr~r!!~erlt?l.

Ti~eCTutnrnun+ai P ~ ~ L L in I<crala ha9 Lo unlidrgt,rr i&tlii):rcai r i i i t r u e r ijk: UUIZC~IILS:, o i~hr .

p)i:c~e% p3rcnt.d b~ [he Kernla (';r~termneni ti!! tht.rl~mJ ttt er C ' C ) ~ I ~ ~ C IO bC ttijopieil b! !he pan! zn ~ h r

tuture A spmd wnlere~~e ot lhe L O ~ I I ~ U U ~ U S E Part). tn Acrala was held ut A1 wave f r w ~ tuclwtakt 10 to

!(I58 7't;rcc mqorgotrpngamnir~zt the leaders nI-'thc r;nrt:; ;n Kt-rala :ame t n h canhliqhed r l t%c

course oiinr: idw,lqlc.i clr:hkrmuns at thc ALwdye pltmurn.

T Z + , ~ l c I e $ rgation nfthe C'i_?mmtim~ rizgme nt thzmo? C;tioin;rhIc r>~~~,ri~i?liil in e~i in> t ~ i c in such

a ~yav a\ ~ r o thrmw the blame on tk opps~t~tw~ pfl les WA~ advrmkd bv rrnegrnupd leaders. I hts p u p

q u e l l illdl LC;&I ilir: tl1c11 c,xisilng ~ufidihura i i~e C'cui~inurrisi ic3r11c ill Kc!& \+ udd ~lu!t)t. ilblc id

rnIwlm;lln rwlt'tn plwwh?ra inn? flme 1 he gwrtpaIc;omtecl rhnf rtltte c . ~ l I rnr~rnmcnr drcm~tr;l fhe

i'omnlurubi i;oi c r n ~ ~ l ~ d ot'h~ldi& &G pa!&) . v ~ ~ d d S&GI dl cIW1711UiW b10i\ W I& pti;Stlg~

The member5 clt'this soiip contended tk7t S r i .N ; rmbudi r ip kid failed to npp: j cor re~ t l~~ tk

timnulrtt~ms ofthe M n s m Ueciwdtion m the Peaceful I~ ra~~i t i tm tr) b m u n i s m Accordinp to them.

dlt:M~b~oh% & L ~ U ~ ~ U I I ~i3udil.cd C)IkNXSS ~ f u & i b i l h ~ l i3 bc C U H I P ~ ~ C ~ ~u!dfjr) i ls i)i'&&-p ~:d>s

and revnl~djnnary~~ggje , 1 he dmiamti~n ah-rcni!ed tiw iaunchingsn mtens~ve m m prlrarnenlwy maw

X E U ~ T'w cr i G u of M r . N a n h d u i p i rxliuiItulnwia i~lrii;iK~c)~rgcJ to KIU cakguij d S u h in iiic:I~

tktmns!tton tncomm!~nrsm ts tnhe camed OLI? In a rn!I~tmt m~nnernn ~ccgnnt ofthe enornous plrcr

spparuius prescrvixi by liw rw~ionar). i o m rulingobcr tlx c;uc~~ut.

4t th-1qjvncturc. 'I4t N a r n M ! n p a d hrmscl!?'kgan to realve. that ?he Kerala ewpenment \vzC, 2

i'aiiutiatld tihat witliii\ ihc fcc5c1-ai s~rilr;turc: oiindia il~cr.~ was 11i1 si;oj; fit3 a transfornbatioir fhtuugl-3

p:t1?et:tri3r: zvo!t~?ion of the Russian or C'h~wse hp ,A1 n ptrh!Ic meding held in K3~;r;rm31c. OR Tnn~c?::,.

i 3. 1959. ik1 r. Piambowfrnpddwisinxi ihai . .... hcruarr: C ~ ~ U I I I I~tnf W ~ I I ) ~ ~ S V I I (IN 01 the ir0vcn1-

mrnr (7%~ Com~unis: Cox?. ri!'Kr,ml;~) which o b ~ n ~ c t rhr reudj tirt fiIlment o:fk~ tcgorrn! i l e ~ d ~ I h e

execut~ve wouid meet w~th d~f'ficul ties unless a ami rmolulr on similar tcl tnat wh~ch had (~currmi rn the - ,>A,

S u l i ~ i Clri~il a i d Chi~iit i ~ ~ h p f d ~ c iii Glib ~tiu~&ij iiiw

,in M hi (h,vrntlan hatr (eneral Secretam at the ( 'nrnrnun~s? P a m rn hernia also hegn to

rcdlsc: Liui iimc Iltdlan 1cdeld 5Lrw1ue ~r r~puxc i ii?~m&ldc: i~l-il~iaiwlrs un ihc C ' V ~ I L ~ ~ I W ~ L ~ ~ ~egir:lc i111

W v 7 11158. Sn M N tinvltdwn Naxr, s p k t n ~ at the knr?~vcvan: pi !he _h~nnzlppn-Vavelsr mxrtvtr a!

-. \;ayah Jcclxcd h t t i l t ; i'olrullruusl Giovdrsune~~r ia Kui~i.i it& nlerzi? rmnounei~:rl: oi'ciass ruie. i Ir.

fir!TherdeclaredlhaI rf'the K m f a ffp-ne f>?!ed !r? gxe $b!I e!Twlti,lk ~nfereqtq ofthe proletanat ~ n d f k 332

~ x i i % n ~ ~ y h t ~ p f ~ x i \ k d , ht h i i b ~ t t ) i d s i ~ t ~

i' oilgrcss <>I' the t::ojrun~rillsr I'arw of'tht. .%-wit?( i 1ni011 J-lis visjr ai.w aincil at soilzitrilg wivlw oo rile

;~?lit;,r,: r ~ f the ('r.,mmun+jt ;y~ime. in F;rxfrr. ?It: s%ltqic inferc,'~?.; r~l'Kremiin dcrn;indrd that India 7::-

! 8 A

'T'hest:;rtt.gic irt!rrr:$s ofKrttmiir! iridrrcerl it tr: rrc\uext the C'<lmrr:tini:;t resirrre In Krtr:!!;: !r) he

i44 caubous in 11s approach wwards Nehfu.

ttL.,s a ctm.;cqumce nf Y:1mhoodiripnd1c r n v s t l i tat inn< w...?:% the wwld leaden o f comm tarlr-in nt

M u w w , h ~ s rerune st'fwtda part~ul retreat smce h13 ~etturn hum Muxuw. L krc state appatatltus was

t i r~hcr i I ~ ~ ~ c l 3 ~ c r i h n ? tkz contra I nffific Ciwlm uni9 Pa@ ti;l rnmlrlir sb: 1%; dnng~-r c~f'c~nm l rrttcrr.cntriln

A t ihc same rrmc the i ornmrmrst fJanv lsuncherf an eiabtlmre mohr ltqatron dnve among rhe mass

cjkgalrhdLnuin Lu prepiirc dicrrr I'ur ti^ &Ccn~z ol [he: C'ulitxnuusl rcginlc Uu1,111;Iip~ii i1?59 i i h t l < b ui

Xahk a d Lllctnct pnnv cont'erences were kid 311 nvcr k ~ m t a w ~ t b the a m nt r n o h h w ~ the p n v ranlrq

a i d jeiior atriig the tvIhoit:orgaii.sau011;1i strucruru oi'ibey;u~j 3 1 1 ~ I I ~ U ~ I I I M I I I > I I ~rl~nwig~ of 1f1c j k l ~ ~ ~

re~vea fed chat there were 6.4 I alxt: cfi~~m!Hee,s tilhrch had 4h !!! If1 fill! pTf~ *-?er7Pers I ~ C ! 1 5 OOII ran&- iJi. -

i hc cdirrp;arwl w i ~ \ ~ ~ n ~ i u J ~ d b y a r C H \ I U ~ I ~ ) I I aciolstcci h~ tk C7cn;n11 d;r ~,X&U~ILI: Ctibil~li~liit~ in

Trrl (mt!r:!rn from h l ; ~ ? Q tv 11) 19'9 '!'h~, rr~;o[xt;:,r: - \ : i s . er~t!t/urt "tht. li~rt-t. h r h d !he r:trn:~!rl.,~

14h Panr s cor~l~drni caii u~deiwt rmctrut,s oihilcL

Hy this tlmc. :he oppmitinn p r t i c ~ eel-rr;dinoted theira~.ti-%.itic and r:%m:red ~3;x pnvcfitl coLln:c~-

d a . g t ~ h u ~ i q r ~ s t dlt: C.urnfnmst rnll~tlir 1 he Idrshup rmhd ut a trrmiy wd~sia~on dlzll thc vifen-

s i i < L'rtTIi]MjgJl ofthi. partj afid mnjs organisations ci~u'd rtr?i dc!3rq thc fipy+.;~tion zrzd \?a:; Ihl: ppular

cmslnrrrc: I kncu 11 mi& an attempt tor neptlated settlement Ln a cratemt:nt on jlme )8 I US!, 5

.v*, 1l1 Xirnbuod~up! 1.bucJ Ins tail 1 i ~ uugullallt)~a.

tii~rvever, the npps~rion partrel; reti~sea tn neFrr:~re and tncrsteri rqmn the res~?nstinn qjt the

sc-ff!en~enl. thr resign2t~c?~~ nf-thc ~. :+br~f l on ?he rssi lo ?x::?:~lc! pInce tkc t.n?irt: ht;tr,?t. :rpn !he np~.rt~,t!~cbl,

-148 pall lrs liir=nl~ivzs

'!'he Imal !esdent?ip of the! hmrt?tmrr;t !'arty irr Ket-ala could not. hv !\:t. rrg,trfl tr?itiatrtre- bectde tev

t l r ~ ~SSUC oKrcsignation ofilrr: illornnrunist rc'girnu. TTrc c~rjtrai i~:ucicrh of the tjy i~aCj 16) taic t h ~ : final

tlecisio:: :-l,hrther?heromm~:~is: Grn~t;.~;rnenr rhi;trult!. rer;ign :r;ici :fsr: iinikr ivhut cr~nciitionh ,4 ';rriei.-- ijr

d t ~ u r n m l s were I S S U ~ dunng .\urn andJuiv 1359 kv I ~ C ~ ~ T I V whrch reewi ihab the wstval leadershlu ol

.:-i+ fhr Commti~s t I':I~I> of h i f i : ~ i.,as nrrt it7 f 2 i . o ~ ~ of i,~Irii?t:irq t cs&m~ i i i r ;

I r 1 3 ~u~nbir~erl szssior! oi tiw Natronal C'ounuri ui the cumitruntst P~nv of Ir~d~a and tile state

cfitxniitt iz o f t h ~ Cornn~unis~ ['artj- in Kzrala h d d in 7 ' ~ i i a n ; f ~ g l an JuP) 17,: "5!: it t v ~ ; r~~oh.cdtl>atthc

thx~nrm nitkc: l&m ol'rhec ' t m m t s ~ Pam1 m kmia that the( ;nmmimrsii~iovmm~ In Ladla qhnntd

prekcablew~t-~~=. Tilt: parry ~~ouici'beabtt. to u x rlUs rt,xuxioiw) XI of rile cxliual ticla. cur u r p ~ i s i o y :5:'

2 cavtp!:r! all ovfl !ndw agzfrtlst !he utrrierr?ncractlr rn~rhncif ot'the I 'nnye~c: I'a.tv

3 4 thrs t i i ~ ~ e c ~ c n ~ c In L m i a mt>rt?ci l-apdij 10 ~ j k : r ; l ~ ~ ~ ~ i t ~ he oflmit~~ln pnirls crfhcmlaorgiinl.&

the I~b.:ri+~:?frn~trr:~g!~ to p!!l ( j n ~ t l ~ the C'i>rauntrlu.;t M:nrcpr

.-. " 1 klc:li~i;l1iuiiwlrl>aiglhad'brriui~iilt~5> tilzXaii &IL.~w: k i ~ t y L I I Apii i;j!53, ;~ilcnriir:

L. .( --a ., . ;- .t\~~~!tldre\v ~ t s s!:pjmrt tnthe('t~rnrn~!ni~t:t'M~nrstp lt !r?:qp IJP ri-c:4l!txd that rtr.,qs the shrft !n tI7evot~ny

pall~:nl r > i titi: half u i r r ? ~ n u r l ~ l y whrch r ~ c i lwct~ iiic nla.lrrl lachbr F C S ~ H I S ~ bjd IIW !he eii~;t(iraI v 1~1013 t>i I ilt: - 7 ,

,,-? . f 'c.;nm:tri.: ir; J ?57 Now thc PNsirs !iinc-f rrgam:;: :hc c'ommiinict.-,

in 3tme iV5Y. ali lhtt oplxvslt~ur~ pn1e5 lu~irArke irbeaauoi~ stru@1c w:u*rrnitrec. i he?

Ixr~nc.t~:-d t h y ijr;:~! eiki , : upn thc C'orntr;uni-;f G ~ ~ m i i l i . r ; t b y dzmnnc?i;ls its -\.oluntxq-ri~ignatirrii i)i.di?

~n.lrwil bv ihe (Jn~on(n>ven~menl. jum i 2 was declared tile tLem1a Lkftvelant'e khy. in the etllrrt. h~slon,

~-,f-Iiitdia t11crc \I & izt) campigzi of l;u k maggtude a1d ii~icnsity a the tilxratiori hb-&r ii-0111 its iiiccqtiu~ t

nn .rum I ? 1rn1d the dismiss7u.11 oftire rv l rrz l s t~ on ! ulv :i i Thmnn? the 5( ! davx oi'the l'vebnm iiph.. the polrrc

i1rt-J ~ i i 7 iodihcs causlkrg tilt. ricath ai' i 7 peopie. '!'hcrc ncre iaihl ciwgcj: 111 ! 39 pl i l~es U J J M I I I ~ 33;

v p l e wnnwly ! hr ~:'i,mmul~?i~fmitib8~i?mm!~&? ! ~ I ! f i c i ! l r n ! ~ r d ~ duing~thls p n r d I .lO.CYkI p y d c

3 . . . . , ; ;2 * v c r ~ iLilc~\id, un^w!w>u\ 4u.W) w u ~ H U L I I C ~ . -

11P

'!'he tjm detem~nabon d?hr oppsition partie$ at?d the ~ntcresl ~,rorrps rodefat thef.'omr??rmis!

Ministry atany WAI tinailv drcu thcicntr;al Clokrrnincns i r~i t i tk tiiid. (.)~l.ruly.? I , Ii&5V, tic I i n i r~n I''&-

-. -, -7 .-.\

crnrrrr;;t:ii::rrr::ise;! Shi: Camml;ni:;t P,liinistrq. in K c r ~ t a ar:d imposi!rl Prc.si:{~~t;~l :irte l'frt::; rnCjerf

iitbt rxwnmmk ol'lhe iomtnunrst Parlv ul'lndia to eilkci 'a Pcacetbl7 ~'ansti~on to Ct~n?mut~isrn rll the

::iiljiliq The I.'i~n~rntmis! ?an> iif India a i d Kremlin ha& hghb~pes inthe Iicr;~la el;prim~n;. 1 reri., L I , ~

have r;rjme commcmts upon th is mcrdcnl

"'l'hi: izrmirraiioil o' i 'P~~ccfut Trznsifinn to Caii3ri?~nis-ii; in Kcrab in i.jcL ! W 8 . artif ;t?c j i s -

m ~ s d of the < 'ornrnlrn~sl repme ~n . \ t h i95?, had a ?rat deal ot ~ntluence u1pw-i the thmkmp of the

cunf~al idcrslnp 10 ?.it.\\ &Ih. 'Thc ultusuai 4egrt.c etf~lmiy. \\ hlul-I iuJ bcm aihtrrcd anlung iilc: : % !

r,xr!n!rs t'a.ct~nns 81 the Arnrtts~rerCfn! orcf~nary(.'ongrcsc 1n ! V i X <+as dcslrnyeci.

thc h m ~ n olfhr world tlornrtar~nv,! rnwcrnc-nt that ;1 c'c-rcnm trnr ..t Pttrhr tlati a!rn.cd to tom! a rM~nrcml

\ < C

ecr~nomrc ?>*.z1er m the hands of a hand ti!! fev:

iiui Sri.N;uniwoliiripd. HA play~d il ~ i : wid ~ u ' I c iu tilt L;c)niirfuLi~t Pan> '$ asc:mCj;U~y IU

,rn:%.v-er rn .Apr!I 1057 n:;~dr s gmss mrsc3ke !n hcs I."o::n!-?;lt~1~ s j ~ c ~ h 1\+1e:1 ?le dclnrr-tcl that K r ~ l n ~rilulrl

k piui~gd f~?loc#i,li war ~i-111s h v e ~ n n ~ ~ # \ i were io 4% $?I%\ e?tied irof~? I u ~ ~ I I I ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ wtih j i ,s Io~l):-ratlge

pInr5. citing t 'hna nr ;IE cxsn;p!c. Thi. s[ihscqi;rnt c i m h iz F:c;;b~ ~ ~ 1 i ' ~ d lh33 t k !?i>ii;ll5af~ri: I;I;CCC~ o f

Nir .har id1r lpac i was based onhs rtwxwate gasaspt)fihe kiml exlain? correlation d forces .sin iierala.

\ n - t i~ir.h;u~\~~otsifii<pad n - r ~ i l g l r j beliili7t.d illat the oppc7slri~1l :;1icc3 l i ~ Kei'al~: \\.ere ~ ~ f i c i i c d ~uid that 11;~

~nvemrnentw~~ld tnitrate? h h assatiltcm them trl amclcnte rhe p r m w nt mnsrtinn A+nrn he ewrt~ny I!,

bclr~~dti~rriihzilonrrnunisi i"itrQ in Lcraili srrongly a u p p i i d b) thc !dig< 1riAJrkitty uf \xoplr: and

hrwr: thc p n v cot ttd ~ar11y fivcrrornc an!, oqym~tinr? ti+on, thc ant~-i'(~rnm!n!r;t !'W!IF'S and yrc'ujle

I k should ltavr: thorougldy u p a d ths lesson a r ~ l ~ v o ~ M iht: i'c1~~111ng ot It5 mil C~O\ trlulleil~ {,I

a C;~l-?mmcnt in ;\*I& ~t shared rfllitical p?\ver \\3;lfh other ~a-tre.; Hiit, ;he did not 1 2 3 n the !fi.;cm

irr 1967. thc C,c~mrnunlst Partvul irlcha rMar.wst I forrrled a irn~ltd brunt rn keraja. !jen&d. and In manv

hracied the t.'c~rnmr ~nwt Panv ; ~ t India r Marxlsl w3r tr~mrcl wrth hn Nnrnbcm11ny;rd h~rnwlf :F the

to co!!r? dt1nn2 ! ~ 7 - lQqQ when !I ibmcd !t: cabmet IF K%la State 1 he nt-! rcsirl! @t'!hc' I $ n?mfhc: P!'

i .r)ilunuuSt F U ~ ui Keraiit tiioril April I, '157 to Jui) 3 t , ;!I59 %;is r h cripyiiilg fiiiluie of d ~ e Coiwrwilisr

!'art;: i!\ the rr,icf-wn! tllectioos ir! Ktraia. hddot: Febmar; !st. ! WLl Sitnilarly i t ? ~!?c:nld-term elw!io:,-,

heir own irovttmmt-nts in anv 01 t i e sukes ui hnd~aor sharedw,wer wtlh o~htr rnl~licd parlies

h a t e s and Hrfere~l tes

r i a ~ n ~ k k : ~ r ~ Pxd!r!~nahhx I r i l ? 8 ! - - 7 'clrr?rn!~n!ct lr.l!!e !r! !<..trdl?'' - pay.- - 1 4 1

'.-i-he C:or~g~-e- So~iiaiisra bi Let;ila 1 1 d IO pet.fo~.ilt .: ~ f u - w fbid tiutl~tiou, i'uiriicjiij, lii+ w t ~ t ltlc r 'on~rcss~nen. w~lh !~ t h ~ I'Q~YCSS S O C I ~ I I S ~ Pam!, they f;?n~ed ;! I e f rvjnp radzcal g~otrp. Bet m

ti-udi, ~ I C ~ I ~ o i ~ ~ c i - i u i ~ i111a ~ i - m i ~ ~ ~ u i i w ~ 15 u u~mpicr~, iiiq imi i ~ : abide by ri~c T O ~ I I U U U ~ S ~ i,~gld:i- tior,.;. as t 1 1 ~ f'nnrmoni<t Pmv nf ltldta was &un rlicpa! r)iv had trr w114 u~.c.rqb!y' - "f 'r~ninrt~lllr!

rLtur cllltmi :n i;cr:xaia. Otip~n;md rjci-eiap11rc1i1" E.\I.S.:<a~~pciodirrpid p~4gr:-G6-67. ,115~ KC:- 'The N.a$rr\nd qtwqfi;\n In Kmale'' psgtt- 140: I:.M S N;tmbfir~rtinpi\~i i ' icl~>r. :%,i. 1 : j ~ : .'Kei.ala: 'icr~ai or iodia-' p+,e 1 ij

" I-he Cnngreqs P n e rn Keraln" MoFr,?fh S.?nkaran - iT);l~p- 1 I - i Tiid Victor k4 FIG ,- "h ernla . Ycnan nf' lndrn,' !>ape - 1 I ,. " 1<.*\I.S. Y\;inrrtot~d:~lpad. "('~111rrnu111~i rrlo\clnc;ir i n krriiid . i l r ig ln a ~ i d U r : c i u p ~ ~ ~ t . ~ ~ i " p q ~ - -->.

,h Srerxihsrrl hlmtm . -' PniiticnJ Histo? ni mndm km+j~"- n ~ p c - l I - \ ? x -. 75'~cLd.~i :\I. L ic, -bkc~da . ' i c u u 0: h:&a'' page i - -

lbrci 5>1d K.Stighan: "'t'he treplnr~~nlrs oi the trade lmon mnvemtwr m kcrala - t ~ s w n ketalam: Annual :.>sue, : ?7E 1, &J%Z.E. T H

Sankam Moyvamth: " Ihe i:cmpress I'm In kerata ' owe - ?U c1.: a I t.111. ,

Ihd. Page-42. n . .I , ! l f r r

t ~clor !\I. i-rc: 'Aerda . k-carn~ v i ' h b a wagp 1.7 -.

!;anli:lr;{ \ l i :>yarzth, C7~~fig ,r{~<: ~ I p ~ C E I C n i :Z ?* i:iii!:iq.- i ~ i i ~ t ~ < - ~ r ~ - L

Victor. M. Fit: "Kerala: Yemu of ZndW me- 13 I ; ~ n k ~ m Mowarath. "T'hc C ' c m ~ ~ c s c ~n(tv~mcnt 173 K zraln: payc-h

l'i~xoi- XI. F ~ L - ' Kciaia. Y c n a ui' T ~ d i i i ' Pet- i :- P Nnrslvenan nair ' V ~ s w a kerslsm' Annual ! ~ ~ : r e - )O? i

.l'ile Seg$uirtgs di'Coumuuisr hlo\lwn~ml iri f i r r d ~ ~

Rnan r'hmdrn Apnm!n. ^The C'm5trh.1fron~j FIlstotynt'f~aClln .&~d NnnniraI Mnr.mnmt"Pny,c? - 72 ?

E.;\i.S. :<anboohr~pai: ''i'ol~tl~lzIllist Aior~iua;n:ir: K u d a - Osigi~l rtc~d D~~rc l i )po~~ l i~ ' - P + c - ~ i ~ - ~ " P litichn:+ Pillpr - Tht: firs? ( f i ;~r@am, nf the i'myrer;~ Sociab~d P a m was ;1 Wnik-rnp t 'nmmittee irrcn~l!cr ulL 1l1ePr ui ~ n ~ i ; l ! i'oltgrcss. I:.M.S. Sa?nbuu&t yruj i?nu of thc juiat Se~r dlu ;us uf thc .4ii Indi;+ ( 'on.mss Sl~cw~l~st PA* ww the k PC'( Sccretsry tijr srllne ttme

K.'<J .S. Yfi~~buodi~lpiid. +'C ' U M I J S U I I ~ L Y~JVCILICII~ LI i<c~da. Chigiii did iki d ~ p ~ l ~ t i l l ' ~ p - i g ~ 2:. Ihnuph trwm decided rn estaht~sh a C:onpress Snc~al~sl Party In 1934. I r came rntn mtrslirence onlv In :3.;1;

"it IS qutet n d that those v o w people who have stztted as Lett Congressmen and wtlrnen saw ( 7 ~ > ~ ~ g ~ c \ ~ R t r ~ ) ~ i ~ l f iih TIIC I I ~ ~ I ~ I pliii~k o!.T~;~:II ; 3 L - ~ i i I ~ I K -31: :>ICII~ ~ < : I I ~ ~ c : - s Socidt5t %I$

r l d ~ i s c d the ~mbibed that it was prudent to work by remaimnp within the C'onpess Party -"E.M.S. 'i ;j~:b+x~tiirip;~d ' .~ , -*&ll i l~\ iiilst h.1 ~:~\~i?ijltjit k Kti-;dt: - O~igil'i .lti<I ~ > C L ek~~~~l>?llt' ' , i>A&C- 2 Thc comnorr behei'that Cnrnmurusrrr has a vmtaMe h a d tor < onmmahsn bas Ireen belled by tht.

. . r ~ , ~ ~ i i i u n i s t ~ ~ i ~ i - ~ l i i ~ i ~ f in KcI.~J;I I - r f i ~ l i l ~ ~ I,::>- t:~g~nllillg fif'tha: lil<*n\-CIliCTItr i h ~ f ~l i?n~l i i~ j S! ! C S ~ C T S

%Tarred lnfiltrxtinp into the wmmund urpm~r:;ltlvns. I heir am was to dxaw thr rrlmribt~s of such ,-;r'ganizntisns ifitfi the C'iimnnnii;t Part;. Thi;: r 2: S ~+rg:inised rhe Yanbr.c,diii ~nclvrrncnt T .:kc- w1s- P. <hllgadhata~t. a tr~ilitarti leader ot 111e < ort~rrtunrst I'artv r r t Ionner. I-'ochtr* suit bwa11e the ! ~ 2 d ~ i ' Gf 7 h<, I>.;', ;E < < > ~ h i P h a u u b a Padr~~anabha P dim: 'She i'o~nu1~1us1 Kitle i l k Lei-aia - Paw- i 3

Yic,tnr M.T2i;: "Kflnlz. Ymwn r;!'Tndix" p;rg:- !'

-b~~io~- .h l . i . tc . 'hcrda. \'arm u f h b n ' pag~-ili I' .I 'niomn;;. "I :l,:nnrrrna Pn-.st?iksq' - p x r , ~ - . ? S - ~ !

5r;e. \~swahwalrttrh-. Montlrlv iswe. 1431 1.6 (vd~t:-S.? 51;;iil S m - "Pezsmt Ma;.mm:s XI:! :he e ~ d of cr:l:,niillisr;l" - Egdqendcnre g:l!den J1:blIee Ske l ; At?: I?IC ( c?lxll~tlrrlrst h~r~vcrtrer~r r i i Jl;iml~ L1a1ai~t- - Ifow it all Iwgaj~" - 'The Mwxisr' ulvrithlv *.--F1;-ltio:: rTb. ! oF? PP 5 ! , c? {M;;!w;;!;~:rr! p i 1 , ('.%

Ihrri

S:;TI~:K:W \,lc)y:~r:tth .'FI~ C.' : : t r~m~:n,k;! 4 , h ~ v t : q t ~ ~ t i~ Kr!-::!:tl' ~:: :~r-W - V 1 t 4 : a : I I 1 I'agc i i2 A l w *. ( ~ q ~ l a r ) i J k -kmahlh#le k i i r . d r ~ k ~

P:-xs!l~s~~n::c:ilt~ilr rhora Ptrr3t:da 3!3luha!" "l?ae \.l:uxj.t'. I:aFe- .FR. !:;rl::or:; !qC7 i tld

!!, I T n . :! ;)nli!/cd cnnfcrcr?cc WR:: l,eld. ?t 'T; iv~r , f i ! - !~r?? 111 lder the st~y?icyi .;?f rhr Toc8l cc!nri?i trey cf'

i . , ' \ . ~ with i)r. Pattabhi 5itai-mzliuh m mh~ i h a i - s. &ctc:dihar.a ?r.lcnuji. f i . '1rrsio~;i. of MuJwn fr-ei-dl" - ;>a;ve-7!'

I. icw~ hI. k i z ' kei.da: 'I c1\il11 of Irldiia Pagc-4i The Prcspcu'fi~-e !'c>mrn~ml~a were R V W ! ~ V rlf'\h.,!>~ke?'!: and fh ! ! r?w~s d!!nng !he C ~ ( ! ~ I R ? ye:-Irs of-

did i i l i i ~ ~ s la ti~c M d h - part of kci-As hcj ssolt ovc:i- LIO dlc I ~ ~ U V C I J I L : I I ~ ill^ ~ ~ P J ~ Z J C ~ L X vaic~y 0.f

\>,qrl.pn F ; U C ~ as P!? Narrrhim. 1 : P. ! I r ? y l ~ n . I\larayati;in Yqm?>inr and EO orB. RI? c ~ m i n y f r ~ r r !

ilxx iui iu~iwitj uf t~u;lte~ s ui ~rli9ctic ~ ; i a , b k t c l i u t d s . In ti^ z,u d d d z Eci i i l ' r i~ &LC. Pcwpit: Iiici:

K !(. Wsrr~er P I'r~nv.adhsrar! and k: v K u'slrrit.r wery ~ n l i s t ~ r i t o the movement thmcph the ru!-

~ I H ' J ~ . 1 1 . d ~ ~iii~il ~ ~ ~ l i ~ l i u f ~ a i 01 g3nihiio1i.

K.Srrgafkx!, '*Tht: first hbrrlrr ~tnkc !t? KLT~~v' ' ' ~ t ~ w + % e r 4 a n - - .Am!!al ~;vrppltmmtt. ! Qfr L-page-rx - 8 - l u d i1'Ugr;- 5 ' 2

Wm<t(rn Y I 'hrlrcln fl- -TIu.- Sr:r:i.~nrf Wc?,rid War - ~ p c c t a l ~uiltlcln tirr v(l!-mu rcadcr~ - paw?')

11. I;.:<. KanbouJir i p d . "c"w-nn-lunisr I~lo~-er-rrenr in K c i ~ f a . 01-igin 6;: t]e\eiuyrlrc1i1" ?ii@ I ( i A s h ~ k ~ r l . '"I hr 'nnlrnrrnict w- ant! Indrrr'r: Rnad 'Inwards !hc~a!~s!r?". pa~t~- ' l f ) - ' j 1 I Mclalavdarn

Fiii i ioz~j ; ' , , * .<

mucftm Moyyand: "The Cmgmss Patty ixl li;&= -1 5 1 'Jic!'". kq. fir: ''Kcrnla. Ycl~ara n f trdia" p ~ p - - . ? ( ~ Faid th~ri

Ciopdatl. Lads. P a t R P S ~ ~ ; ' , V J C ~ O ~ M hc' --kma!n - v ~ 1 1 ~ n n!'lrl<lia" pncc-,l Fixhtmti&ikit J'dla~, X a h k k a i ~ . < :LURIPIUF!~.V 17~1;~ j); K c ~ L , i L ~ :VI&Y~U,, c~ fioll- pwc 1 1 . Llctor M Pic- " k m l n - Y ~ ; ~ T I of tndr;l, ?nee-? I F.fi,i.:i. 'i'?'r~, .?'c~iiort:.,/ jhrc.jirr>n .?I ~ ; c r ~ l / ~ - 17%~ - i 51;

\.~c:tr~r M Fit. -'kanl3 - Lc=nnn of' l.nrji8'' paye-? 1

i'ddl~wublia i'dk, k i i ~ j ~ i i & a a . Y/w ( ~ ' ~ w ~ j t r ~ ~ i j ~ , , > / f i t j i ~ , K r j . : , j ~ kl&l&jl ~ d : i ~ t , q ~ . pdgc i j . bid

U!iL

Ihe anti-oppression procession or:anrzed on t 5th Sept. t 940 udmmafeti In ciashes and poiicc f i n n ~ . '- x-!! ' U ~ I ~ I ~ I L I ~ I ~ 3 t i <~ : t i~ is ts a i d a fcx p,di~c*31e5> wc!isdi~,~. aid iti$k)e~r~~~ L L ~ : < c kJ1cJ - 5 ~ . l! 'x? 5 hatnhoodiripad : t nmmunlsl motlmcnr rtz h'pr11Ict: (?rt.m cmd i.k\v/o>pnlenl: page-js !bid, "'f14c rt>~lgt.s> f lid] Ct~rzmanil trsd this iitiident 25 a i t t i~ain et; iiissi+l~ t :-,I dct~iliutlr~tii;j!i~

clecred Prcrvin~~aI Congress C':ommrtfee'' ~ ~ ~ C I C ~ T 'v?, 'i<' Kt.r,7ft7, !'t.;;i~;7 a;i ? i j t j j , ; page-?? .PmMm P.K.Rm&n Pjlltll. .'The s t m n d ~hilpter In t t ~ pzautlni rnuvtmmt in hcraii~ &.T ;is%-alitrainri-r' 4nnua4 iuppkment ! '152 pgc-ti l

l iclvr,. hi. FIG k r*r~ritr. jenrin d l~td/rr: I)agc3-2.3 When Fxcism grew I ~p in Cennaq pc~sing a S Q ~ < > \ ~ S rke;;t to intmatiana! ii>mmr~nisn. :ire r'omintm~ I~ne ~tude~wc~~t B i~~qor diatlge ar its i 71h C'onpms la 143 5 ?'LI~. new bae f ok coiuaiai wuaum was put th~ t ' a rd by '1k'~ng %fins ntq<'hin3 ?I? cr i t i c i~c~ j -ii;!t? !ndian !.'cm;n~misi:: qc;.crcl!. ibr thcir cctnr- raw cixurs mtd prr>crikd .wft Ilne trrwm-ds [he C_'cap.e.s P:tr iv.

I,:;~~,.~ 7,,? l . j r . K ( . W ! ~ ~ ~ !L3r7cln ( ! f ' ! r i i h p:lgc-?.? . . k\ea~whiic. Iruweva. it= r;l,al.;lctzl t r r d\e WAY tllangtx. crtt June - 2 2. 104 i, thy wur-

ctn!;cd 12 h:: on attmpr of ratngonistic inrperin!i-;t grr:;ip8; tn re-partitior; the xv:sld nrnong then- S~:ICZS. b~if a war ii) decide the tiiturt: of tile Sovrzt lirj~on an) tlwoagir ~t ~it 'worid 5mralrnn.. .

' '

;?'3rnhoodiripnd. E.M.S. xL.~r:o~ro/ Ch,r.:.t:::n r:: J7:'r::!i: ;age, ! $!

tru\~nlar> $1 L . hrdrtlb~ ! ) t n r on11 :'vt..rarrf pn~o-70

! :.?~>.?YJ A'<,?-;:!<l,T: , X T I E : ; ~ ~ ! s ~ l p p ~ e l ~ l ~ n t ! 05? p;lp-L,!$

'- 1 I ~ I ~ , ~ i t i > i ~ # .id? i 94.2; wit!> 1 1 8 ~ I>lihiii>ga *PI ihe L h ' 1 1 1 ~ i i ki?i ihe t . i > ~ i l l ~ h t ~ ~ i ~ ~ i 4 ' x l y ti1 k&ah kgaii Lt3 ,b-.,<Jr), :k; :j l::: p;&y, -! f ltue ty2s c e rzii~~:ilp; !he : i ~ ~ ; s ~ Y ~ I I ! !he !-'OX:XII! 11: ! t : ~ ! 11:)

dlt'hcuity t c ~ swc a uhydml ~-;cUy. i i ic Ucsahluiua~~. 1k1c malri task 0% r t wa5 10 rurl ilowii OLrc

fbs&?!t! strqg!e snd fa represe!!! i ! as 11 is11 t~.ex%i?!! i 1~tu1; hi. F rc: l;t,iuiu. j-r*r;utr 4 J d i d page-25 ? I ~ t h z i ~ , l s n i ~ o r ~ ' ! ~ E ~ M J f!y [*t)!l?ln~~isr PB!.~? Krrda wrxked the %3fkm,?! ki!?rr3frcrn \?i>?'"-

~ner\t', 'hwafa i ' rahati~' , ~~diioi-i J. Feb: 26. L5?j.3. K;linrhkarz P a & m h h a P!!IR~. Th? ' n ~ ! p u , n ! ~ ! R ? r ! : p in Kvr-.rlrr p g e - I" !61ny:?lm:5 b j h i ,Um-ioorai. ! j ~ b i 1 L o n j ~ ~ j > ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ F , I ~ F ~ 2 , A-ij~~i67 Jf+i:t,k4!d TIW i i 6 i r t ~ ) t i d l d ~ i ) ~ ~ r l ~ ~ i o ~ i ~~~i~~~~ O?Y ??t k:t~v(r)nprfli-fl chflp? f.'d!?r~?r:in! 2f. I?/ 5 u

.. - c.hj.s. .i<ai<iw&~ipa& 7-jrc ivuiitj>~i G&L.>~J<IIK ,*I iicd,iaid. ? i d g ~ - i ~ L .

\fl;rthai q ~ y c w r a n . : tf ir . .\'crr,i/r!i~t /'prn: In krrrrrl{! a ? ? ~ f r r x r ~ r r , p c v / c i ! ? ' ~ ~ ~ ) ? n w l ? * ~ v r K P T ~ R f3~kashsrr! - - ,=,.. :v.>, .> /

11~4~1 -7-3 - - ' . . , . . < ' - ' - . . . I - ;& li[i i?GL, L L ~ , - sciv,~q7 && - c i > i l j L l i ~ i , = ~' i51~3~ i ~ ~ b . x ~ L . i a ~ > i 5hiOiLiT~Lik h

thankp to thi: 5n)IIInc S n ~ ! a h ~ f {'nnvic!!rln~ g j i l l y tin! gm~~at ton of'~nciZ1iist.f~ rn K c m l ~ 'r*hi? i~ whu 4ik , i ailiGiG j-ticiii~jLl tli'iic xt,Lizi;si ?AT)- I<Gld jd &>>&iii& ;%:i~i i i i<? ~-ii~%r~pi'iii i ih~i i"

~ n t o the {-'ornmunic;t P a p in 1')40 Hut the apparent oonflu:! in !!a43 hetween IrrvaBy t o ow :!nti -

-- movement created a new p e n d m of Socldisrx in W a who were as mti - Soviet md

ash - ~'nmmurli<t 3~ ~ h c Masatlis and Mchraq,. . qcl ~:ntnpl;c~cd a politic;r/ sitllntlc>tl 8s thrs rr:auircd

4 iii&h h i & c h , f i ~ k # i i i , d i ~i-~dui i l ) uai i h pd17 uf.iiiL ~,~i i ia~iul j~h~ Fa>:-,., yL,, ii bla q u ~ a i i L j l , <,r linkin? up t b national anti - imperialist task c 4 t i - e Indim ~roletarisr w ~ t h itc ~ntmatinnal taqku It wac

-. . +&i ; qi.ia-a",r ;I;' C$;i&g +,;." i A&-,<i ai;;l.iaik, ,5yuk, kg dyi<;iiF ;;i;;-ii;ii.2;'1&Jii -Ld, kr .;lrch mv drat whir i t btkctrvdv expnwd tile cmscmrrs iiisc~st A~mrs rr umn oter tllc rtln!nnty nt' ;iijij-jj;;";iiAj;-; ,,....A- ;: i-";ij. sbi,i-c &', ;..+i;;,;;;ii Lj:' ijzcxi -,.;; ;:iiii;&tg&5i iii;iF> *E;

union< k r m .sq*lhh;ts. m~dent organ~r;mnn?. mc In such a wm thrlt the d;w-tn-dm, dempnd.: nf the i;;k,", i;f' tiic jiiLrij:L ..;"CLL .iiiiii;d -ir;thjG-i i?i,,;;;;;K ti, ,.<k '.-. ' ... .. ... 7 - ,,

I U ~ L I L , ';r .zitlrt;tjrc, .i>iiiiiJ hi!/> ;:it. const:rnils kascisr A g m s

:iiLiL ;, ;;" ;L"iib; ih; :iii :qijiii;iiii-&; :IG;; S i l i d ;;, :,ij i;,;v -,;;i, ;i iG& u;-jj"i;:;cc;i manxntv. ii3rrous m~stakeswere nn doubt comm~tred In a nursulnc the anti-rmnenahb cnntenr ot'the 5' ,?- :> G+-'.iiii;i -.,- ,. 7:;< cr;,;k<< ;f iiii3:&L<d L3;;;ijt<;?, ;;e Joi;L;- ,;; G;i<2;c!li;;;;;:,;jii ,:';CL k3ttond f m c ~ r m working om he tacucs ot~rmtofutlnrt tn the thil~~re tn rcalrse that rfie C 'mnmunists - 3 . ,-. - - I ,..> : .- .I . - - . ,> .a +," >,-, -. r,x?c8! +l.-'r ? .-:! - . . ; ; I j . -.-r , . , I . . ,. : I , rz k h . , a - ; ~ = s i . l ~ L . ~ J ~ C B L J r ~ h r e ~ l l ~ t f i , L I I C . ~ , +AU.T.T 1~1~.11.1 .. ..cj ,<,.. 2 ,, ,,i>yl ;;ic;;;;;:: ;:f' :f;? fz,:: :!;i i:

nafronnl mrahons are the decrs~ve pol~ltcal iactm m a caiorrlal countrv. -7.1 *-. rA:7 . 7%.>;!71 17.-.,,,*, 3 7 - . "..>+ *I..-.* . % c > , ; > t .. ,,..-% ....* >.:*.>.4 rz<., *I! .,$ +&:, Ib-"-L. ' I - h r r l l a + L r k p ~ U A L . I I L . 7 1 F C L , ::; ~ 1 1 . ~ L L I ~ G <IIU..C ~ ~ L ~ . T I ~ G L > C I .,-iY ~ O I I U I I I I ~ ~ I ~ l.nt,..a ~ A * ~ L ~ lixb 1 1.1 I ;:;

currseuuence eat tanpmmlv tswlatml from die nun pmiy rrlass of r n ~ w mmalrsts. I ite nlarr~ and . .

A,---:.-:-. IS . , . . . ! . I. .p:::::: :: ::; ++; z;;?:.T: *>-.?i.:2; ;<:::f.j;~ ,>.Gr!: !LL ::::: -i;?.-::,-; f<:dzr<k;" .:f *.!z:i<- !::7,:

nwvwnarit. tbr: C ummunlsl f q lvok !ts mtm&un.al .and cl'dss rdSk BS tht: 1 r 1 m bask. I h s was ~ , ~ - t i ~ . 7 . ' ~ ~ 1 7 ~ ,"..?",""a," :.,.> ., 7 % ~ ".' +h:. "'. y.-.m*-=*;~*~- '.",,""".,", .-C%'s*v+,!.7 -" ',."I,L' ,*L:. ".'. cr:a,7: ?'z:-,idc fhF h!: :cE2:: ; :: ?,?,T ;L+F~cE? zx.-J <.:;?

cd~nccl w~i l r rtlttlr! rnnurrmwle tmrti~cutls o i buurpwjts ~~attcntatisrir aird ye1 hey tycirrd out illis !)art .?f :fi.:i? t2d.; ::r 2 ye; , . ZTT? "-en. ?:.::-- ;h&~!:~d b.: !he !wp<\@.-.f$ :-.f the ;z+;, $1 wtwicl etUlet t*: lurcmi tu plue up ~ t s slogari ob reopie s ibar 131 woukd d ~ - ~ p ~ w i , were das~ied *P. I%. :\?.-,-PC . ..-., +-!.> k.!, 5 X1:~52>3f+?,d: a,?:?+c,P:~' f ??::,$-?j<,:: *;: !.- ?"<:!.- -0 TT- 1 <.f

=. i'i

? I I h t / f i f - g - b :I.!?? ,?2<.-. b; !I !',b:. !>JV?fi? !v' +<- Lt<!:,.<?:!l! ,4 'f,~?..fi,,.,.7 !:?

a . . . . ,. . I? . ! : : : I?::.2n3b::nr!h.: 8 'i i pace- j

1 :i.ctor ?:! Fil-. r:?i.,? - !i.:r:?,~ ..r I??:r'l,: ~ t p , - . 2 9 .J - . ' L .-C- ---,

I aor~gij rile i ravaiclor'e stare c'oagr-ess: pur t!p a ~ u f t ' o p ~ s ~ n ~ ~ i ro rite jlr.~?(lc>sw iIzfi.uxn (?I' irevat1 !', P Pjiv>I!~:~~,:!?~t~,, b..yr fire?. !:?trr. thy ym?~ , ::?t~:- t ? ~ -:lc:~*. y r r ~ - r r v ? l TI!,>+ ~>.e!..,?r?vnl.:g,, 1 > 1 ~ ! -:;=:n - . 4 ' .

~ \ t i n J 4\11 p~-~~t(;iipi~:, ii. ~nn'car. knle ni'rhr: ieuit;ls ur'hta~c < INI#IC~S, rrr*mit ~lne ibiiomtr\g MttTG11LMIT (HI

f j 3 y y?r31:f~q:!1 *'py:+Il\~ TI*,- rt-G-.rq:?v - ? 7 , w 7 , : ~ . ~ ~ ! h s j q;- c7 V F-:qx.r(* r ~ ~ a r l ~ , , :+,!~:t~:!-c:T:r l~!~ :--:if,- !x!=t! ih?.: I I

cilil~ioi LW ~ j e w m k ~ i i i hu.i;plCic)ji i)y i trrigress wi)~-Lt :~b .we. tias ,'kiawyari ..2! i i i i 944 (up2 - -1

A%. 5re*!b3?.4 34+>!!?! I'<.,li!!,+l? -Via,/!+*+, ,.!'!14<b!!~+! J! ' t~f / l I , . p:*:,? '< . .

LiChUi I - U , ~ kc. k~rt7jtj. It!f4t%bl +f itdl~J - rwiL - i b

v c 7 G , ~ ~ , ! - ~ ~ > - L>!,T,P?,?~~F.O ~, ;Y I~ ,T /~V 17-w.

iutii {' t-+c,nrpp Lm~.pr~?s?*?.=q 14y~): ? / < r a - ?<p-?R

\it'd - +$-.jn

!ht?igm+ ~qtim~tec; ha..? h m ~l?.sdr hv ~,t!frra! w,c! n!?v c>l'fii.~s! crrlvcec r?n rhr t:w,rnlfier .?t rhr

p d i ~ iii i,.S.F. 'ti"ya Y%aiiiii iyyii, +\~IL) hati d i ~ ~ ~ i d d i ~ ~ p ~ > i i i i 4 ? i i 3 U*Z d i ~ b p ~ i + G M ~ I ~ I ~ S L G U i i 1 6 i i

5 541 r ~ e - o ~ ! p ~ q w p kt!!pr! nn t?lr yet ;?ni! wsnv *a1?r.t3 rvn~~ndrd n~r! thr vt'tirla! ecCi!nr+tth 1-9 t!!a! rrq!..; . -, i - 1 : * i ~ u pcuprc t * ~ h , l \ ; t.i~it;u.

See:. ? !&?hnr /'t.n.rrrnf~ nwrh~ f(!.s!(m; IJsnda!arv 1' (2 hr?adh2v?r? I'~!!RI ~'IC:YP.~+-?!?I~ IW ? . . :> ,bi ,Zi baa. IhdgG- . It>

1 bt*? . . , , . . . . . . . . . , , - .. ,. - .

,'i. F , ~ L L & L ~ A ~ : $ ~ . L L U ~ I . i c ~ i i i i ~ c i ~ i i i .biti8;. <!; ~ b i $ > ~ i < t-;; ;-, L I L ~ W p ~ g L u::. ~'d:~> %LC i ,.?<;.:> - L * , tddr twi i i .? i

I : I i 1 7 J / P I ria~rc-X ' -.-- -.. m 6 <. ,.-. , i i i i L \ h i J i i ; ~ L ~~iip,i-cs> i:nL ;jii~gi>i,i>~i i;i.i:j~ ? ~ ~ J J L G ; + ai*C:+ ui < u ~ i i i u did Ti-'>+ , i i i ~ v i ~

had h e n o n e of ~ P - ~ F I R ? yrotig r~vrrtne.: Sn PA IT^^ A I h~vla Piliar thr hrd f I'hwt Minrqter r v t

1 rwnrrcorc: had to r(:siy!~r ~ n d 1r:~vt: th~: 'nt~prcs- Party !!self d!zc t~ f;tct~clrli!F vi#w ,-. . , . * . . i I L L c7ui-tg,=hh L~~%-&LIA l i t 'i& y i a ~ d i ~ t ~ i ~ - < G L ~ L ~ :iia:~ iu~t ib iu i u"* II uiLL ,U?GA GIG t ~ ~ l i ~ a ; i z ~ L L I L ~

crlr:r'~raion tlrw fn t J ~ r rrrvrr cndlny wrw h w c * e n cn!nrn?!naI ti>rr:t-s within the I 'cwerr.~.: Pam" Xrr.. - . I . .?. . : , .. r-..:. ....... I ' j j j j ;, , i U J j j , i . ? j 2 The defeat nnf'hc contidencemr?taon prewnferl hy Sn A I ,10h nn Septmber 2-ird 195%

yUl 9 ........ ? < I + ? , ,,* , . C* , 'nii %;ii.Li.ijii - f Gc& L-LL 'i;iiak -YI;LI; iii-&ir :>li;li&iii r& Uiiii: iiii J ;!iii,

ehnv I I V ~ sshlnerr. wgrc Wme grid vgne Thculgh n rtacgsriln to nmsni.;e the ( 'nrrqres~ Socinlrqi RIW <i; .,,& ;$,k L.i; L> Lhi!y L; ;;; ,?.,;+ ;<;;; i;>&.{(; :jib yL-;-v .;vs ; z.;3b, Iibd L,ii!j ;iy ;!,?;;--

t * rvl 5 Nmnhoodlnpad ( ommzrnist h.fovcmipnl In k rmli~: t fr iy in and I k*rtplnpntcnr paye-33 1 ' . i . - . < I , ' , 4 L L L L J , ..'. L 'L

yL.i,c.;L' 7 , ( jtLi[! )/ :,iL/;': $j<+<. :. : .

4 i !n r td Front was tbrmed heween the KMPP .mti the t'ommuntsr Pmv m Malahat. Sn k ....... .. .. :+..; iii, sic i<ii&w i;f K,A3.p,TI .[z:iiizd L.:!,G;v;i;l ;.T:iiG.ii ;silll j,L -,,. 1 , - .A,,. ! . . I : . !. .-!.;. 'I' . ~ ~ 1 ! 2 I ~ L ~ x a ~ ~ a U A p 6 J &t- U l J a U \ d & L

the C. onwess isvm Ma&w I,cyislaii\~e Assembl~~. - ' . - 1 - >,,,..- -. -; n171a t , . .- :.. , . . , h , $ C . - A .,-

z , * < .. v,,t," , . I C,. 1 ) 1 1 1 1 > L L 4 . 4 L,, - 1 'I, C 1 , I I ,,&La< > !?LC -3' :::<. ! ? K .?c&i: ; ,,;j;i:c:,:c~~ i t 3 d ~ ? , i e d . i j i ; ; ; -

40..4% ot votes. I'he C'ommunra ,tkaw won Ili. seats hf secunng lo.?% oi the lutes /'he PSI' was a < ) . :.,e 41.: ' T V Y ' C " ! 7 $ > V p G !KC I? 7. ; ~ , , - l ~ - . ~ ~ : . , - . ~ ~ ~ ? . 5- . ,A ........ ..'?-!-,,:. L'2.,2?I,,. \. i- ,: l ! ! I * ; ? : * L 4 , , a c 1 , L ' , , , . , I , , . . r w r . * a - r . c r s , . . r " 1 1 1 1 1 1 I - . Dace-!, \:; .,,;.. ".? ! " 1 - . '-..,:...:! .... ! ' . ; 7 , - , - . ;i I , , ,+ ...; ,. ? ? .- , . - > . <. ,~ ,,.,., -'J """" 1' '

Vf the total ut LO lakhs ot vutcs polid. the Uortcd P r n t ~ P sm'urrrl IW?.n 0 1 tilt: trrM voh-s periled. ::;:.+ ,..- 1.r r: .- p- :-..... ! ? . L:.:..:: ,?:, , , : ? ' ~ ~ ~ , f ,,,, nl,7 1- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <_, ......:. i '"b'

hat#kkdra iJattrnmiabba Plllat: t. f~rnMttrr~PI K?flcl 6n h rmtu m e - 8 . I Tanslaled Irolll lilt ~la la~aiarn 1-2:+; ** ::ftk* &.-:,!- ..... L L L L L LLA- .. L A.

M r . t:tc ~n Itra work* ACV-LIICI: i~lmt~ o/ i ~ t ~ l l r r ~,efers to uus even4 wrrntgtv He . w s . litc !LIatlaralaL~ nf-7rr:lrqfl.:r.rC -. T*?c!:in ?'!?* n!:,d~ 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ f . r - ,!-r*.;2fli5c c " . ' +hi. h~.+: + i:?!:. y!.?t: 1 !~j:!~!:-:: n:.- -- sc~iibiy. nut ths inttwattulr ut I'lavmwrc d c w , h i n look piwu on J st July i qlW. st~. A srd! i tua ? ?:+~rr: ""?!i~M~~l ?!jcfFrr- :?f h..l!?rlrm V:II.:!:!'' P:?!*T-J!? -,

A , i ~ , d h k ~ t i h ~kle!~~>tj- i . o / f i i t t j f t f l . % d t w ) j r~j ' ,bi t~dei~tt ~ + ~ t ~ i k t t?igc-.;(j

.I??? f p??,. c>rkcji:! F~!.!t<&wl ~2 m-f::: :.,jr>!mc- i? ~j~,~~4~q+ j? !Q4h, T?T!!-- f n ~ y 5 r y ~ :

ibij i y zai x f ie si n i ~ i e i i'ira~eri 1nt31 t: fklan ?Oi ni v \ iiages 47 FAFF,?!:-, :, fiy? ~ p i l ~ ~ s p ~ ~ ? k ?++ rcyhi- thy f ' r ~ ~ ~ t x : > ~ ~ , > i,:t~: : , i ! : ? ~ L . y i !I:? r w ~ l ! ~ ? ct7cnn !?"<! G i l l ~ d

i i ~ i ~ w j ~o i j~e i l i e r~ . ti~cgi ail11 WHS io I-CSLHC: i'dlnlraiie ; Y i, Xiaiinavai~ wirdj wii* t r r ~ ~ J r ~ c z t r s k ~ i ~ K!-*- .!%!# i'!!,,.pt!<!&lt,<,.": 1 5 . 7 1 -!*<!?, 7 , - L--

5zz I i r t . I durdiiwubrr ih.7 i P i i i . page - 'i

A Q,lpml~:ql :+ h.rfp!><~p~, P ~ ! l t ~ ~ : ~ ~ , ~ H;<:!,-b-! - :.,{ h,f!?!!!,r~a F+P r!, r > I W - P - ~ O -4 lv? s+-ia- ' ' I T * r D!~~t~ , ;a t : l l> \ \ , .~ t+t ' . .( r - c

2.h f u, i Y4b paiJc - i .? <rm++.rfl*nm h A p l ? r ~ ~ ? . P,?!?rr!..~! N i r ~ ~ ? p r b , >? A f , , . f i ~ w ! k ' , > r , y f ! ~ P:+~y-?fi

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,*L. si ~<d'hi i a ?,:ciiuLi ?i:;;;:iL>i! .Y~:,:~.,<,* c,.f :4 l L L , 1 deb - ' - In I95 1-52. rhe trrst ceneral elecuons baed on the mmlv adopted mnstrnrtron nt the Itldtan K'..:-.::!.I~ L,,pul.,lL x L ., c: L:Jz!;!. ~:c<';:::;:j::;:lis~ ,,;;;:c,,:i.:j :Iii- Clt,.:i;.;; i ; . yt < 'c;?:i:; ;;;;;? ';!;!;;!;;;;, anan ot the M a c h s state But they did not itace rhc eiecnons ~ndepenilentiv anvwhere. I he veteran ':lr;4h;.ip. i- L - . 3 1 . x 1 . . 1 . 1 r . Lr.4 -.?l-fl. LJ<...L.*...,.,, 2 , ,,,.,.,,.,, ,,,.,, .L,,c, d j f,:;;:.,ni~.;? :h; :;I!!'!' 1; ?.!;d;b,::. rhi,, :;A<! :.3;;2:dcr>5!L, popular suppon. l lle C olmnvtnsrs vv-optmtcxl wrctt the AlMPt' und rnl dlo b a ~ u ot a rnullrrlum r3.-.-r,T.9....+9.. E,,,h ,..+ * % , .= I- .77,:t,-> " a , ,L. ,, 1 . -:-:.~>t *, , a. 7=-r ,v . . -,,. P,~,,.-*:F,I+,.~ , ,,....l,, ,-,,- ;,., -r;, -.I--v. ,- ,, 7 u 7 , q * , .-.- ::-,T~.-.?-%: .- - yT,;i!. *t-,- .TI *I>!> 4, - [-:-!-:?e:;;;-,f7;6, J , < . * - .. >-,. . . '..% r. ..:, ,..%

srlvwccl a rcirtlness to tK: v m Itqlwf m the ~ l i b ~ l b i ~ l v n uk wdIs md ln utha de~-trvn probtfmlnes. 3, <':~!7xr~::r.~.+.-, f5;:nd $5;:: r+.y;r .::: -Ts:r-!snz ?:.ift +h;. Y *~:~ :~!~ i rn::h!ip :+c:r! t:-. xc:-?;r- tF;? v o ( e tli a Isgr rrlqoniy oi(wopb w h o wm'e l t t t st1~poiYer8 of ttle krVlPP bul !it rri, wav Il.~mrllv iu !>;; [~;t~y2z;;Ej L+>;, !..!<-rc ,2r;c7- ?ht ~ ~ ~ z - . ~ t > m i 7 r G~ iek C.' *Jd>n-.>" +ha (*2m,~3 :-: r*:. bnlA .*.!!!:? nr,-,~. 2 ::. P'" 'd'A. . . " " L . ..l..l. -., Ail.... , I < - . ^ :'*,-

k the zxcei'llarlt meals maiiatde to wipe uui t r t m p p i e s i~und Uleil auucitltss ot lij4lj anti lip+&. .+I 4 k : c ; < ~ $ ~ 3 <: -.i:n;?irj 2ppczr +:: ih; <*cmF,?t:?i7:.:, -- ~7. : l2~4?fi!-.: !.-*>ie-:! + ~ Y ? T . C ~ C tb-. br\.h!>!) L.+ :- " -" '-"a . . . , .L - > . - . , . - ....,. . rwlih: at thfena Mr. k l a p p w tile hiLiP~.' w a r I.i~t: iosws In tlw gatirs , h;m&~arila ~adl11artab11;l P;11?:, , . . . . . i * , ~ : r r ~ l - , : r u ~ r . r , . , , . , . . . , . ,::{*a . . , . ir: &',,,r~rl::. r r ~ i r r . . ! O (:r:??c!.~~flfr:?-- t?: 2!:2!,v,.,!:17* +L;t;:>?.? 3' -z-'

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jiw /)r,~ohnnr!hr~ 2 J r - i ~ 1954 pnse-,) ,L;<&< ;;!'L. ;,: &.., 'j!;L;j;C;:l;i' ::.,;,'j,;, F.+i-:, fiji :'arc;;;;; id ti's jiiGLjiiilr; i i j& tillk: ;:ii ;':;;'

was P.w)~ c n - t r p d v e with the C'omm~rnir;f% s.rthev barf nn fajth m t~emncrmhc 5ocinlir;tn r'. ... !. . . - 5 .>LG> A :EL i , ' L > L i : ' i i r i d : i < < I ?:?!'?,(, P&L 2 See: /-he Imahundh~~ 3 2i31.54 page-? E l . . ' ! f . . 1 , . . . ! ... r! ... ! 7 , y 9 ( 4 ..... r ,-!L'-. d , ,L 1 ' t .>u< :<,:L,,,&, L \,, - - , p'*&L.- , Mr. iClc.. In ha. K e r ~ I i ~ . renun of inura rnennans ' herala mead nt' ' I rrtvmco)re - C och~rl was - 1 1 - - f 2 . - . . Kt.,* ;%. '('!*..I r i 7 , , . . ;. ... ...-. V x . . . I - . Vt-+-\ E;c *,,i%"U 1 l J *, . J " > ' y l I I * I b V I P C I I I I L I I . ~ W L U * L I ~ V I I1 , 1 , . 1 . --. %,*Lib r . L i . , i, . L l . l k , ' < ' "111111.

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%ew Apt? VoI 4 No 4; ?:? '1 !I)% Al91 ';tu 7hr. h'/~~,,~rpi~rvrn 711 7 I c l i t r nil.@ - I :m. Ale, r- u ........ lL l i a ;ki. bU;:il;+ :daGii-d;liii prGapc i.vuj ;-;li.drj- - iiijGpii-d di iiiG 'ri.;i;iui. c~nlkcmcp: nn .Ime 22-24 cet thehjew A* Vo) i Nn. 41 1 lr~lv ? 2 !C)S(7 b

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i'he Marhmhhumi DalV newspmer dated (.k-ober 29. IVb9 jti. lj. R. (iondm stated hese wnrds tr: <I . .% !.dl..,.l;l;;.,; , . ......, ; .....,. l , , - , r ,.- 1. . . ? , , . A ,:;+A,. ,.. -., I 1 ......- ( 7 - t...1..-.. ! !:9,c? krnP%+ ,. .<, ,37, u , , s m . A . m . 4 ht,, ,L~,~>\..#ZVb,'. V..." #,'%,A . . i , . , , A.. \"..,,A . c > a 7 , k , , . <,<L%,,!,&, .>>,. . See. ' Lerala C'ommlttee of the C:vmmun~a Pam1 c~t ind~a: unrh un programme and the ?ormatron 01 < I . * ,114 -,,-,-,, f;" .3 c ... &:..,,,.,.> :-<' \ ' A > > 4 ,,G $.I;..! ? h,;;...! <,. . v e j-. >.4 ?'-?,.+-.I ..,., . -P! . . .... Lli. . L , , W J > U I I I L * ::. . C 1 1 1 1 A L L i l b . - 1% " 7 - I*&, ,..,*, .:, ;?,:'I,,, ;,.,.. ,I , 0 , !OiC->

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i , 01 negc_rliations ul' the L oia~nwnsis wlttr the: PW. see " n ha1 tt~eLpf UI btdrdr In iht. Nnv uf Eietqoi-ai 4rrr:-rm.-nt') ~I~;!!j"PCP'y -Irrr?c.r!;lf!!! :4?.i.j.r. ! r ~ r ~ ~ : e v ~ n . ~ h ! z .I!l-:C2flrj9' thl. h:y-: ..... 4:":. I::-! r!

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{,~aituar+ X i 1. i 9.5 i j Vi\ges it, i t ) a i d ; 7 ~ I M a iw tile .,oivrrvtXr,n/ r~r;t~ayai;+nl i i s t i y iheruspapa c~aitt~i

l ~ n : ~ , ~ ~ : ~ 9. :n57 :??nd j>~-::w~\. ? 05- . . - - ... - i-i~e ( olrullliaia Parry ima the stipjw)n or' mnbc Illclapibaelr cai~fi~daies

. . I!: h?y,byp!?~ t Q!t im 7Ti:y~r/l;oLy e s ?$? 5t?fk-t. R y r ~ ~ t ~ m y ~ : ~ 7 ~ t : , > : ~ A::!, !:?r?!: $!:!fy =su,7c %*~y>,:~! h-., !I-?

L - rrtargrl 0 8 ' lire I ~ i a i n h ~ r tirsn I G ~ t rr ILiwir8a :.ir;irc. wrrh rnu ~ I I G ~ i rilvni~cibrc:-t ' c ~ h a n .?Tare (euciulilllg gl+v 'r;?!u!if , ~ I P ~ : I I < ~ ~ ~ ; - t:,!:+L-*A tl,g~a., J I L V ~ T V ~ !i: t13:. i r !c - ,~ t !?<?1 !+~ i : .>1~ t t f t l ~ ? ~ . . ? ~ : f ! t ~ v ! ~ /l;~:fri!+t ~ .v?t+*r , . lhc- .. \ ~ o ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ I s ~ h'.arky I& a slct>ihs\l\&<> hash ~ I I U iht! hfiiLcixhufi <>i'\i\d I alikii iiiiukk ,.)I itbntiCX \ \ .&~\~COCC

r<>!+i?! 1,) ~-{F?<!T'.?L:, *.vftff? !!he pd-., I!<?(? *p * ~.!!,<+7!<: :!:?:.L I>:)+:<.: i?. !!he ~~v-.?,l*., C::d?t!+iI Ker:?l:> <8?!t-

L oulrzruiusrs quuc?ci a siroug pssiuon. iitua zi~c part) i-&~zoci drat ~t ~ o u i i i i ~ ' anic ro OUMI iiih

d ! ~ ! i e ! ~ vi!!~!? ? I X I ~ ? J l?!!t ? ? 3 ~ P?riyr rp~qott!$ tl*gr t ~ c r i p ~ 4 1 \ ~ :x.~c!~id :? l>l?!f?do-~. I X I ~ i tq !??!? i f it

Gbd uiil Ia% & hioga~ ~ O I a c~likd i'tonr l i l l ~ t h l i ~ iih i k hbij + t i &I t ~ l l l l ~ ~ ~i~bxionb ~ k i i ~ ~ k k i l b J ibi ~ i l ~

< 'q1~<tih1ti~3q i>f:i ! 1 1 7 i i p t i Cr<-nt I~PI*!:P thr P~I?: res!?!+~d fn ~F!YJ i ~ ~ t ( - ~ l i - ~ c w f ~ t r ~ t ~ m c of7r13!??~vtri~~#*

d i,31iicd I ~ L ~ I I ~ . Ulgil,g I ~ J C & l ~ i v d i i l ~ > it> iK ii#&' i ~ W i 4 1 h l 5 < 3 i k i l ~ .311i<ti ; . I U I ~ ~ .

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~ b ~ 1 4 L ~ L U I ~ h i i ~ B ~ > L L ~ crut ~ I I i l~; i~)~tia~u \\ LLL ili< ; LJLULLLULL~~L b&t4 h uCril-"iJLU;ji& piiiii. ?t!pr S n v ? ? t ! ~ ~ n t i ? f i ! l t ~ ~ the PSP s!i!~p~s! of?. P!wmg hefhre f ~ I P RS P !~ncom?mtr?tqin~* rfr!nnr?& fbr s w i s i u r r j iis at..~.o~d i~ i iw G~CL~AL~U :viilluc~rcsiu. ai ih~; last iltuiiiCili ihi: p i ) iuu bras L L L ) ~ ~ ~ . Zrc ! 'ilrtlqu*.ist !'a&. duriny a\\ this tins: was nmrredinu with i t s ~ l f j c t ! ~ ~ c ~ I ~ P E I ! ~ ~ ! ~vblle parties \ikcthc i 7 2 ' I) . .

uiid &L: 2Si' l i d du;ut: L I L ~ c ; ~ d i i \ L +,,A. i ; ~ i i ~ L i u , i:,ai 4 L, ,-II~c, ;-,wi,, 9; ,;i;~i~ iiitj ruu

WOI!!~? hc pzirtnerc wnc!d hc cclnatutrri. At !asf when !hey Irmhc~JIy ! !wed rntn the a r s a ?I?

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~ i ~ ~ f ~ i ~ t i b GAL rudu~i~~iiiki Fdiq hi; i d i ~ d j ~ L J U L h i g ~ ~ ~ G j ~ b i ii.5 L ~ L G ~ ~ L J I J U > p u p i . c UL L uhiui~u-

lrlyt P,rlv hat! alw 111adc rhc ~:lc~W?m.rrtc h d i w i that thc nth- j~art?Tfi~~ WCT r c . \ ~ ~ ~ r w i b k for w~cckirl? .. ,. .. i i i ~ \ t i t . , ' ; ~ h d Ti -~ i i i . uitb~l pu i ;~> , u i i ~ , ~ ~ ~ - ~ d j : ~ g 4 i1b i i l fwdy . bt,aiG Au abuith;isg &

thp: f ~ ~ d t ~ had (:rri!c.r drC ti~lm]~ial hackyro~md ~ r r the r t t . u ~ t ! ~ ~ ~ t i r i r ~ ~ i (;cr 119 0 1 - t l ~ c wi~tl-nr(:r~~rixi - . . - 7

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? '-77 { I'mnclatrd from Mniayalamh t ,: .: : I,-&,,;,; l , . . L' ... i ~ktui ' Lc,~u~j L ; / ' i j i d , i i P+L-"+~ R arpdcl~. K P ~ Q ! I I . Ftlr m ~ I / I P ~ ~ ! T L . ~ J ( .lo~*umrncpr %\jpw .4pp, 'Vn\ 4 N o I I . y > . e 4 t 7 ? s7 . . ' . -a ulLLui. * f l-', ! r ,... ' , , -'..

. \ l . i Ab j i L t i d : L , L ~ ~ G G c L i;; i i i L : i L i L'GL C ? l-lrr: hew ,.lee i3nr?l 4 h10 20 I;ehnlnw 1 0 1 3 5 7 pn9e X Y :in0 I I I

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I hr~ h':ndtl .. pave 4 harm4 X ?. 195-j "'l'ht: t-'nmln~msir Pam, m hmnl:t nn ikouhr a tnmcrr ntlllhcnl . - ' r

i;z;j iii glL ;L&2 i;Gh;;diLd ;La LILcLijii i2i;Gi;:L>;G, ;ul >s;;,.iL3;iic& ;&&< G: i i idki i< . , i~ ;-, 2-i r t calls rrpnn the ntassea lo wilv trehlnd rhc p m against the rhme vrmnoal conwrmtmal croups *ig;ii;-,; ;;;< j ; L.vT j j I<;ii;;dcd j;Li;dz s;s;L. c;L.. idi L,;'j;b.J ;: &<. 2"ii;:,<ii; <,;;t;b,4 ;:,, :,- ;d;<.<'i:y., <,;::ii

wesmn coas-tal state. and &e. awot(>rs for the Akhanda Kem3.a. I'he p- declares In the clecnon il:r;;;..fciif;, :hi;. 2 .., .,"'. . ....", .'..1' rf ; l ; . ,,. x . . . ;'. r ..>. j , : t : .. .?ST ' .. . -. ! 1 1 . ,7-.:7

b,ut,~,., ,.uu<; ,,,, Lf,..., .,L,: <,,, GXrnLrn ,. , C . t , L h , U',k ?,.,,G :" ..,\< b 6 L. j:!:i::L p<;,3:,i!;:c i<?

exert pressure un the mton <ruvenrmem rn crrder to k ~ t i the vounp kmafa State. Hut. the tact rs that <I? ;.,--; ? ,,*- . , vs 4 ,:: 1 7 . .I. !,-. >,-1>;a7 3 -,,*. +k;;*.: , > ,s:+ ,,.,4 ;.:! f e - , +!- ;,- $;.Y!-.* :$;--. ~ ! , - , ~ - = 1 : . - 7 : ? , ~ ~ n ~ c ~ . - + . . *,' "')'.. ' Yb I \ . . . I PC. I. C, ... I .C; I L U I I I I , L WIJ L I I & I L C :.,*,._..lA.',,l.l 1 1 1 I \ I , 1 .l,yll, : 1 1 - I I...".%, L. . * I I I I L L I C _ I I .

o f the pam; tnes to cmte ttl~lounded tearv -&nr>ng tkc masses against -non-ernstmjz ~w.~rmrke~ In -.,.A-.- t .. .7-;*., -..,P.:"I-,*. - . , I .: . . \ r c 1, - . ... L"'L"'"" "8 'C

( c~irrmrmt.v/ 2rztfu., trr fc?r a stable bvt~nnmtrn. pwsperuus kcrula. ?feu Apc. Vut- 4. 1'~1:1. r ebru- .>:7- ! !\ ! {?<T 1: "'; i . . -L *

Jlletlclra Xlrlgh. i. r.rlPrmtrntsm In ht'rrrirr - ~ a ~ c b ii to L+ ! ' .U$ , h ~ : z y . l ? 2 < ~ f i ~ j ~ ~ , 4 . <-',-,7:j?::!;~::; ? ! ~ ~ I - ; * , T L ~ ! ~ ~ !,: !r',~<:jj:r,. ,' lr-;:r:<, 1 ,' :;.t,,..!::!~?>:;->!! P->,:* 2117'

f"." ..L :.. , . , ~ . . ,.. ' 'E,' ' " '

in tilt rlmtlons lo tlle Luli hahila wh~l'il WW s ~ l ~ ~ l r n ~ e u t l ~ l y ilelu ik1011$! WIWI Ute d&rior1s to tile :!+-!n!i~,~l: 4~ccrv~4-!.... ! hr <'?m":r:El-t n?+.r;. ...;,-~.~~y) 77 In,:. * f r .fi+-r ?!*nj-.r! ?c; I I> / , 3f'7.n!Cc n-ll.-ra - , , <- 4- " < ..

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htmr.aiat>t~ t ei.,~,tta~.! I . \you puihtrwikxinr i i a t r ~~e t i * t t>urk i i i ~c wa~iy fi\wq>~)alh=~, ,ill t t ~ ~ u a ~ y i , pap$ ii. the s:r!e~ ~ : t ? t r n w n ~ r~srhtich~rt tffe 46.*t!hnrhh???vi V ~ r : , l ! 1 kf!,rrcn**?:/! r r v ! r l i ~ w ! ~ - ~ : ~ ? , n ~ r ~ ~ ~ r t?~i?r , !y*"t,c

s - . - . . - -, papi s 013 i zir. :i. t ~ o u . \ f r , tp , \# F;!,. f i + i ~ ~ ! : ~ - w 1 ~ , 3 ~ 1 , v f 7q14f17 ???.?+- 77 .

i kt: q ~ l e i s t l l ~ ~ n g ~ i u~tgrcss i d c r s c;c)ntrib~i~t;u IO U ~ G a t i i i ~ h s t + G iiui o i &incth. kwpic of C:ml? ~ ? P S ~ T F ~ hmpr 7 ~ B F I P 4 4 i n i q m . n r t i - r l n-:rr fhr C**r +Q-r r - ? ~ c t r l r f i r h ~ r t the ~r?l;yi.-ar,*r

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j,*wt?,y "M *hr I'r\ll?tng!niql !'xty ;y?e~+l $1- +he 4cmr 1~1th t b ~ clo!r:m nt'rrr *+kmgtrv~ !:n? rm-

LL~LIU, i~ v . ~ ALL < ' U L L ~ L ~ I ~ ~ < L ~ L FUL) i h l k ~ ~ ~ I A L ~-IULLL ~ L L G < . U L L ~ A G : , ~ . L K ~ L - * I I G L ~ ~ &c h u r i ~ k ~ i i r??!rr?hpr r ? t ' < ~ f r to f ' m 3 W~nicm.~ 7 % ~ ( '~?~l!?r!!rni~f P ~ r t v h ~ d ~ 1 2 n ~ t p ! ? ~ !IZ ??;1k~ TISP nf r ' ~ m t ! - - ira;;,uu. Y i u ~ ~ i i d i ~ i uiJ p ~ j * ~ ; l j l i j buii L ~ J 1% 111 ~ I C L &IJ> J U I U I ~ i;:~: t iL i ic lh i3 . 1 ~ J C V i ~ C k l g ~ i & wulh

nfdai!y ! P W ~ ~ ~ T F !!kc the K e r a ! ~ iizfi!nud! and the Irechhandhr! helprd thr ! ' rm~m~~nrcts t-cns!r(- < . 7 - l < . . . . ,

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e m t w 1.X' the f 'on~ess mvmp therr tiHlrrrr !c, Pecttre y m a ! gmxl.* dvrrt?~ !be f l n n ~ e s ? : nde - . . . * . - . , i t r d w l i j i i h%iZi i j i c ;~~ , i i t i i LIIIUIIIUI;:*I r i ~ iL 'h i , \ t i i i v l&~~*u? L+&AL;I~ i l i I 1111 i i i i ~iiiit~id i;iiitlhugi

flifltdt=tj tht;m !cr wirl filch a v!ctg-f ii? the d ~ ( * c w w Which q l v i s d $14 i9rrtv thg 11!1!?~1~iti(\n n8rflm h!t - .. - ? -

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tictor. M. $ 1 ~ : A I ~ J ~ - kemr~ q) i m u - ppe Yi !??rp&;r!i.>n nf Tz&rc v r pt' Fi.r.5 F:eyf+. y:?:~,: .ef ryi9i,+ . I h n ? p+

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i at: eiiikurir~ a1 r.vsiwi&i~wWh kaiavLiimn I J ~ I W hewspapei h w i 5Li1 he~$t,rugry i r5i) R , R ~ m a h n g h n ~ : .vn~!. < ~ ' n ~ ? , p i : ! y ~ ~ : r :,:?,??:, j , , Fr,?r,!nr m jkf-rl.:.. r h r m t ~ r ! 'r: n:.ln~-+R

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r r \ ! r r tnt?ni - t PrrrI-; c f In?;:! !!p!(! nt !lzjp!~!:, fi:~ I; f m ~ F~lph. 23. 1919 T r y t ? ! y , q, lode, I?

h i i t r ~ i i n a ~ , - -a I G W G U I I ~ ~ I ~ ~ T ~ up~irg,e W;IS In IIWWI~MI inii~a at\d hi Cnc x i ~ u i aagc o ~ ' f n e . ~ e k ~ i i u - t i r w dlit ~t:nit. r!T':lmr_.rl r.I!rc.h+-~:' h-tcl !?rr;v-?

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~ ,vc ; i~ rilough h c iuciiaii ~1, auuriai i:oiq,i zhs I?; a poituciii parry. 03 d1i; buy~cotsic ~vav~ug ra Irs ioici rnm7 ! R ! > ! ~ I . ~ s ! I I : Y E i v ? l ? ~ c : ~ IHIIVFPV ~ f ' d ~ ~ ~ f i c r ? ! 4 j s ' i t 1 4 !!rrc: fi f l t f ~~ :#>rvnd / * % g!?C1 . ~ ! ? t i - i ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ r / . ? l i S !

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i i i O l t ~ { ~ > i i s l ~ c u & h ~ 1ea~iiu11aic5 ~ I K I iti~c1~1pi.e4 ~ 4 ) iigik~cu diet^ iwi i -.nt iii~ < ' U \ \ ~ G ~ ~ . iu I ~ ~ ~ K C I

h k p !he ~mylmmtntir!q d,!'.ymw-im r~fo!mc .tn4 the r~er. ! ! f jnn rst'l~\*:c. ,???npc! qt the ~r!?ci(! i ! ~

puuplc. ui- midust I G ~ L I W L Lii~: IIIGII~LW s viulb: CuiiW~:,b 10 j t ~ t i t uh ;II 111gi~ig u i ~ GOLL:IIUIIWI~ i~ L A ~ C -

ihtr hbr? m!lct R ! S ~ mr t c r n ~ k ~ Cnnv-wt? rwrse t't? r,~l!r?! O S C . ! ~ ~ ~ rwft? f ' n f l ~ r ~ v ~~om~rlrtlee~" - Thr ."-- - . I G ~ L J L ~ U[&LC CGLILLLL~ <ufimb~itx ui'iLc . i . i . j m i y i : > 3 < ~ i :~idi i~,dmuj page i i; - L i c i . I h I<~rnakrirhnprr Nair Yov. f 'r~srnrr,ni\!* ci?m~, ,nu )WP?. 1 ~ 7 k'~rir lrr y y r - 5 0

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l hrd . f I ' . - 1 ! . . . , . ? '. !. . .-.. --. .ti.,. , tL,.,,. . % * , < 8 L , , i L < L d ' L d ,L>.,Ld,J t!, l , d W , L , p++ : 7 : !hi<l - nw&?"7 ,,-! . ?~i?-~~i ., Cr:' :irdtki iiliiiik&;i"ii isc- [hi iii-iii ;:iiic;i: :i;r?Liii ;~;:i;i;id i r ri&i riLivi i .

l'hr sneech delrvered hv .'in K Sc~p~than nn thc l'irs~ .;tnl'Aprif f g$ i' ,lt ir ( 'r>rnri~tlnial mnss mliv in Xj ! ;pp; , ;;i;,,;~i~ ii; 2;< ,..;'iiijii..ji .!v,Lj!ii:.i!..ii~;iiii dLiilL ,iii.",jj**jLj &,;i;d Xjlji12? : t ? t q .

See k'crola on rhu Martch - clrhlished kw the Zkpartmenr nf PuMlc Kelalinns. iiovemmeni 01' fli'ii;lL : i'he I)ecc.w Hcdd Aogusr 4. Ii)5i( :-y;;:z. ::ii;id:;;q I.,:K :;::L;?;:;;i ?.$c;:<:;; :;;;,; F: p -y,?:d:i-,>,i, r;;,>i;i;;\:d ;:*< ;,je,; blctor. kl, b ~ c : ki!mla - rcnun of indra m e - ' 1 8

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r i 1 arlslaia irt>tl\ Malay atare l L.,-,im:k . L , ..,. L..z...A.. I . . - 7 ~ , x ~ * - ~ . A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h h ~ > .~ . . ,sLA,z-L~.L- -L .~ . !%l l? ; - -.~... !!., 6 ',+:2???!+!??;b : .*! ,!, ::: tk'..:.,:!.; e - c r ~ l f ! f ! ! i ~ ~ - : m r l ~ $ c , 4 *;.-$- y. hi.- ". >,.*..,, ,. c . .

!~,laIavaal t !

. . bamkka hdmmabb elhi: The ~.'um?nunisl &k in K e ~ f f I a mes 200-201 Victor- M. Fic : Kern{&: Ycmon of lndm - -79 lbi pqp8 1 ibi4 -82 EMS Ngmbdiriw Tke Main < k * ~ t i o m A h u i the (."ommnisf Po@ - qtestion No 17 V~ctDr M.Fic: KemIa: Yenon oj'lndia - page g3&

T h e K d r t CPJ wodd work within the canstirnth in pmples mberests" neport of the e- ence of M . N . G o v h h Nair, New age, vol4, No:26; 24th M 1957 "At places during the dection campaign found that tt p p i e had beem told that if the C m - munists came to PweT &ty would dem0kh temples and c h b . Tbey would dip off the head.4 of over 40 years old. N s t u d y , with such a p r o m a .mrt of F d a s t e i n was &out the prospgctive Commuaist- Mi-. That is why we have to make i t perfectly dear thaC we do not inkid to scrap the m&on nor go against it" %id, page 8-9 bid. The dXlitOritl1 reds: "........thee is no duubt, a f d n g af misgivings *st the Commrmis&, once in power will upw the Wed state of a- by sametbiug dmuc; something 6ighteung. T k C o m r m m i s a : P ~ ~ ~ ~ W r h e r e i s a b s o l l ~ n o W f m s a c h a s c a r e . a t s ~ has made i t quite dear that the Communists, in running the Government, shall work within the f r m e w a k a f t t P e ~ . . . . . l t i s a dcomesi~thaPthe~in&colmtryhaveov~eim- hgly m e out in ~ecommnding Lat the Communi- W d be called upon to fom a Ministry in K d a .... A I ~ I ~ ~ o a s ~ t h e C ~ s c i r c l e s d s o s o farpktotttton redhstoacccpta Comunist-led Government in Ken&. These ere to be ragnised as the mmmging signs of sounrd heal& of the b~dian Dmmmcy-Ajoy Klrmar Ghostr: Kerah New J h n 'The New Age. Vd.4, N0:26, page 1- 16 M.N. Govindm Nair: CAalImp qfKemla New Age, M&!y. W:6, No: 4, pages 9-1 2, Apnl 1957. The following is the relevant part af Mr. Nir's inkrpraation ofthe theory:

"The l k m y ofPeacehI Transition was not somehikg the C- are after the Kerala eldon-&& were announced. This is something which was stated almost a year agoat-kPd@ai. A U l m r d i a ~ ~ o f ~ P a r t y a s a ~ o f p i ~ p k , 8 s ~ m ~ I i w irr the new conditions. Not hmvbg this the same people now try to make uut tbat the Indian Corn- m i s t s have gone '&' - * b e given uptevofutian fix refmnisns Mandm far GalPdhim. Ihe pity is that these gdemcn will bave to be disqpomted ag ah......... It has not barn and will never be the aim of the Communists to samehow grab the minisrend chairs a d t k n M a v e as ' g d boys' courting favours of the Centrai authoritieses The Conrmrmists look upon the w h k g of Governmental power as a great responsibility and an momow wamily.

With zest and mbriety.rhe Communist Paiy wmts also to xnake the fullest use of the oppor- tunaythat hasopenedout. 1 twrmtstose izR~changetog lvea~and gat imgetustothertsass movement for democracy and sacidism to grater victories. The masses tbrougb M r stmggk and many wcrificesi d e tbrs demd victory passible. Now the victory itself mest be put at their mice. , ,. It is the orgamed &m@b of the toilers which .can bring sociahi to India There is no other social force, no other brilliant individlurls wha can do it. Sizlce the C a m & are trpe to their socidist profeons, Cbey will do their utmost as before to bring aut the latent powa of these toiling sections and make them an invincible f m . . ..-.." Ihid E. M.S. Namboodinpetd: Kernlo on the Marrh (Govt. of K d a Publidon) Right to property was made an andinmy right in 1976. Prior to he 44th amendment of the consritu- tion it was a fundamental rim. VI~W: M.Fjc: Kernla: F e r n of i& page-91 Vietor. M.Fic: Kemku: Yenun ofl& page-93 Kainikkm Padmanabha Pitlai : The C,'omwnist n i i ~ ~n Kerala page f80- 18 1 (Translated fiom the Mdqalam Editioa).

Ibid page20 1 The frrst yesr ofthe Communist rule in Kerala was an year oftbe geutraliaatim oftbe @ice forw in the Sfate. Keeping th Kerala hlice force, having a strqgh of 12000 under its tlturnb, the Cimvrmment of K m h gave liceace to the goon& of every ranlr, tk gomtdas of the Comm* Pmty 8nd rhe Cell courts to perfom m y h i a l p . The D i n m i , a Mdayalm daily in its aditmid of I 6th Fefi. J 959, gives a W e d at^ of pof ce. See ?%e /ndian E~WEY.S Edimrial, 30th July 1 959. V i r M. Eic : KemIu: Yemm r f I & - page-% See fnwrion r$sleclt,ral fiblea in Keralu the weekly 'Kmla' dated July 5 , 1958, page 2 dm Influlron o fhe elt.cruvol m/es repcJrt of the Chief Elecfian Commissimm - tbe weekly 'Kerale' datea%ptf3,1958 Victor.M.Fk: Kerola: Yenan oflnrliu - page-97. Victor. M.Fic - K w h : P e m uf ldia - page98 Kory~la PSP F'umwurrp People: Be Prepred ru Ftwe CSvil War Cudition. TRe I3wc.m Herald dated July 1 1, 1958, page-3 'Reds will be Isalrrted and Annihilated' The Indim k h p . r s , July 10, 1958, piage5 See tfic editorial of The Deenabandhu, a daily newspaper h m Emahlam the once mot& piece of CocRin Praja Mandalm, dated 7.7- 1958 and also the editorial of The Ikepirka. Cathoiic aewspapa, definitely anti-ConmumiFt, datd 12.7.58. 'Students Picket Ferry Service' 7;he Deocaa 13eraId dated July 1 4. 1 958. Victor.M.Fic : Kerala: Y e w o j ld iu - page 100 See the r q m t of Panampilly Govinda Menon's Enaakulm speech in The 1)trenabadu dated

22nd June 1958.f~aee I . &e tbe exbad of S r i . R . S ~ ~ ' s s p c h speech Q~Quilan in T h r Ijinamapl~ dated 23 June L958 (trans- lated from Waydarn} 'Communist party defends K& Govi.'s action'. The lndian fipmss, July 22. 1958 Also see, 'Bid to overthrow C i m m d Govmemnt ' - par^ boss analyws students' agmion 7'fie Ueccan Herald July, 22 1958. 'CommImists have begun ctvil war: h m l a wpositian call to the people', 7he Stofesman Juky 26, 1958 Itnd. 'Father Vdakkan explains mission: en&ng of Cammlmist rule in Kerala', The State.~mn, A s . 23. 1158 See 'A Note w Chshqtha and Other Oqqmsarion' annexure No. VITI, in ' K d a ' s .4nswer to the KPCC Cb;arges'; full text of the K d a Govt, reply tothe memomdurn sllb- by the KPCC to the President of the lndraa Union- a Communist Par@ publication, pages 106 - 1 14. 'Non Communist Party's office in Trichur stwed: 8 mjrrred' The lnrlian hkpms, July 26, 1958. 'Reds clash with non-Reds of Iiichur : 5 d d : Police fm on C)uilon workers: 2 killed' 7k Ytme.~ of' Idza hly 27, 1958. 'Workers &smh~ io Camamre' 'I he kdim I:x;c7wIPr.r July 22, 1958.

'Workers strike iTt C o i m ~ ' Tke Hindw July 29, 1 958 'Cochin POIT Workers Protest Against Kerala Repression' The ficcnn l k d d July 30, 1958 Vict.M.Fic: Kemla ; Yrmn of I d j u - page 104 ' P m has usurped Govt.'s fimcticms: Panampi111 attscks reds: Antj Repression Day' P'hp Id tan Exp~ssJuly30,1958 page-l ' E. M .S. reedy for fuli prohe into K d a incidents' Thr Ind~an Expmss July 29, 1958, page I . Also 'Mr. Plmbodiripd's dramatic offer: Impartial probe into shdmfs' Agitation', The 'limes crfIdia July 29" 1958.

'Earning to Police in K d a ' , l'ht. Times c$'lMira Sept. 10, 1958 K.M Munshi: hrot~.v on the K d a siruafion included in Ind~an Nrw:.cpqwr~ orr tht C'c~mmtnirt Rule m KcruIt~ edited by tfaji K.C.M. M e t k Page-345. %id (a) ln Yath.-hm a body of 18 Communists wro# ro the Mwii ' f to the effect that he b u d decide a case before him in favow of the party who was a Communist'. The Munsiff reported to the High Court which tmk action in contempt against hem. Thq. bdered &@a whch were accepted. jb) in Attingal, there was a case crf seiious natwe against m - i a i m C ~ m i s i s which canw up before the city Magime , Sxi. Paraman, with First r fms powm. The public psttcutor, unda insmdons Krom C f i v m ~ t moved for widdrawal of the tax against tht: accused. The Magis- trate, however, committed the case to the sessions t o u d which while convicting the accused, im- pd mm&d fim in s p h ofthe Yefious nature ofthe o f f . . At rhe in&emx oftbe amgbmant, not of the Ciovt the matter is pending before the High Court for e n h a n m t of the sentence. (c) Sri. V. V Raghavan, a Communist and broth-in-law of Sri. C . Ahuths Menm. Uame Ministet, approached the First Clars Magis&& at Trichur, Sri. Komthu, and asked him to drop a case g a i n s t a CmnmW. He refused the prayer and told him that hc should not ir~twfwy: with the courses of justice.

lie was told on the spot by Sri. V.V. Raghavan that he would be tmnsfmod if he did not accede to the wishes o f the &vt. Next morning Sri . Korathu was deprivad of his magisterial powers and transferred as a revenue official in some 0th town telegrapphidly. ,Vows on rhr Krrala siiuntion by K.M. Mvnsb included in Indim Newspapers up! t h ~ C'nmmtmisr Rule m Keruiu edited by Haji K.C.M. M&, page 348-349. ' F m g to police in Kerala' The Time5 vfhdia Sept. 10, 1958 ' Ker& conflict only local: Nehru r~jects Civil war k x y . no case for central iokwentiun' The fndirrn Exp=.v.r July 28, 193g ' Nehru. ~ ~ i t i c a f af KerJa' The Slulen~ut? 4ug& 8. 1 958 'Individual l ibties in Kerala to he protected'. N&ru's address in rhandigarh, The SluYesm?? W t 10,1958 'Nehm favours impamd probe into Kerala situation : complaints fbrm mid wwces'. The Dcccun Ilc.ruld A w . 11. 1958 See *i:ommunist Party dew K d a Gavt.'s action' i kt' Indun Expms.~ July 22. 1958 Also see 'Bid to overthrow Communist Ciov~. Party boss analyses students' @tation' 7fi.e 1)eccan Hemld Juiy 22,1958 Victor,M.Fjc: Kerala: Yenun i?f-lndra - page-1 QO I tn i t Also see, 'No dewaim from Amrttsar &xieon: asserts Ajoy Oh&' ?'he I d a n Expres.~ Aug.3, 1958. "f ie C'PI grieved over police h n g in K d ' 7'h trYme.7 oflndra July 31, 1958. A h see. 'Keraia - W s t s y not on ils way out ...........' 1 % ~ P T r n ~ . r uf'lndiff Aug?, 1958. See, 'Speed conhmw of of K d a Communist Party' The Mew K m h z Nov. 30, 1958. pages 3 to 4. See 'Kersla Reds W e grave crisis' the weekly K e m h Nov. 1,1958 page I . Alsa see, 'New bid fur power in the C m u n i s t Party: E.M. S. Namboochipad should quit, says ministerial group' Tfic weekky Kemh Nov. 8, 1958, page I and I I . Also see, 'Factionalism in Cmmlmisk Party: Sm&e for power takes New Form', the weekly K~raln Jan. 24. 1959. page 1-2. k'emltr Mud J a n . 1 9, i 959, page 7-8 See the weekly Kerulu Nov. 8, 1958, pags-6 See ' P l m w p n r d ' s mission to Moscow' f i e Malabar Herald Jm . 1 9. 1958, page I . See 'Namhoodiripad's mission to Moscow: wifi Khrushcheve fomulaf.~ a new policy for the Indian Reds'?' The w d y Kerc~Ict J a n 10 1959, page1

See 'Pilw-e to the Fatherland' The weekly Kevala Jan. 10, 1959, pa@ 'Tduk, District conferences of ;the Comunist F%y in K d a ' The New K m I q A w l 26,1959, w e 6-7, Also see, ' Forces b e h d Communist Party's contident cali to &f&t r e ~ ~ h u o s ' attrrck' Resolution of the Kerala st;Jte crmmrittce of the Cammunisi ;t- l).@ at a m h g held in liivandxum from May 9 to IU, 1959, 'lhe New Kerultr 17.5.195Y The New KemIa May 17, 1959,pqe 2-3 'The K s l a Govt. paves he way for settlement', Ihe New Kernlo June 29, 1959, pages 1,10 'The Communist Party line: Secret &ision to resign if not dismissed'. The Kernla Mail July 5, 1959, page7 For the policy of the central leadership of the rommunist Party of lt~dia towards the Merala isi is, w the foUowing documents. I ) Ajoyhmar Crhosh, 'Real nature of the rtgitation againsf Communist led Gittrt. in K d a ' (The Cwurunist Party of India pubiicatimj, June 1959 2 ) Resolation of the Central Executive Committee of the Commrmist Party of hbi4 June 30.1959 3 j Statement issued by- Ajoykumr Ghash, Sscraq of the Coulmunist Party of Zndia, July 9,1959 4) Ajoyhnm Ghosh's call for the deface of the Go* io Kerala issued m July 6,1959 For the report on ;this joint session ofthe National Council of the C.P.I. and the State Committee o f the Communist P m in K& see the New Kerulu July IQ,l95Q, pages 1.12. Victor M-Fic: h ' e ~ I a : Yenan of India - page-112 '@Day Smaggle: began in K d a : charge sheet against the Red Govt.' The Kerala Madul, June 14, I959.pageI The I Inion Go~iovt. acted upon a report of the Ciovernor of K m l a a d a memorandum srbhmitted to thc Presdent of lndia by the Ii& Cmgms Party in Iie& For the text of he rnarmrandm see

'Memorimdurn mbmitterl to the Prmdent of the Indian Republic on M a l f of the Kerata M e s h tongress Committee' Victor M Fic: Kemfa: Yenan /& gagp 113

B.T. Randive: Lessons ~,j'Keraia New Age, MonlhIy Vd. 8, No. 9 Sept: I959, page 1-22