oncology nursing overview

8/6/2019 Oncology Nursing Overview

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ONCOLOGY NURSING(AN OVERVIEW)


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ONCOLOGY NURSING

It is a branch of medicine that deals

with the study, detection, treatment

and management of cancer


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CANCER

abnormal growth that is characterized by acontinuing, purposeless, unwanted,

uncontrolled and damaging growth of cells

that differ structurally and functionally from

the normal cells from which they developed.


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TERMINOLOGIES

Neoplasia-uncontrolled cell growth that

follows no physiologic demand

Anaplasia-cells that lack normal cellularcharacteristics and differ in shape and

organization

Metaplasia-conversion of one type of maturecell into another; reversible


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Dysplasia-bizarre cell growth resulting in cells

that differ in size, shape or arrangement fromother cells of the same type.

Hypoplasia-incomplete or underdevelopment

w/ decreased number of cellsHyperplasia-Increase in the number of cells

Hypotrophy-decrease in the organ size

/functionHypertrophy-increase in the size


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PREFIX/SUFFIX

Neo- new Plasia- growth Plasm- substance

Trophy- size +Oma- tumor Statis- location A- none

Ana- lack Hyper- excessive Meta- change Dys- bad


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TYPES OF NEOPLASIA BENIGN

- cells grow at the wrong rate, time and location

MALIGNANT

CARCINOMA

-lining cells of skin, the alimentary tract,respiratory tract,bladder or glands such as pancreas, thyroid or salivaryglands

SARCOMA

-bone, cartilage,muscle, fat, fascia, nerve or blood vessel

BORDERLINE/ IN SITU

- in its place

- a tumor that grows only in a specific area (e.g. Bowensdisease)


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EPIDEMIOLOGY

AGE IS THEMOSTOUTSTANDING RISK

FACTOR FORCANCER.

Cancer incidence increases progressively with

age.

Approximately 77% of people diagnosed with

cancer are over age 55.


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LIFE STYLE HABITS and

ENVIRONMENT

AL CARCINOGENS

Tobacco Smoking

Alcohol Betel Nut

Sunshine

Industrial irritants and carcinogen

Diet


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INFECTIONS AND VIRUSES ARE

ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED

RISK OF CERTAIN FORMS OF

CANCER

Human papilloma virus -cervical cancer

Epstein-Barr virus -lymphoma

Hepatitis B and C -hepatocellular cancer

Helicobacter pylori -may be linked to gastric

cancer


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HEREDITY AND GENETIC FACTORS

Tumour Suppressors, Proto-Oncogenes and

Cancer-Oncogenes Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes

Inherited Cancer Genes: Inherited and

FamilialC

ancers


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IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS

Failure of the immune system to respond to and

eradicate cancer cells

Immunosuppressed individuals are more

susceptible to cancer


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PAT

HOP

HYSIOLOGY


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THE CELL

the structural and functional unit of allknown living organisms

the smallest unit of an organism that is

classified as living, and is sometimes called thebuilding block of life


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COMPONENTS

Cell membrane- separate and protect a cellfrom its surrounding environment

Cytoskeleton - acts to organize and maintain

the cell's shape

Genetic material

DNA - for their long-term information storage

RN

A - used for information transport


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CELL CYCLE

Cell Proliferation process by which the cells

divide and reproduce

regulated

Cell differentiation transformation of cell

into specialized cells


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CELL CYCLE

Gap 1 or G1 phase cell enlarges, synthesizes

protein for DNA replication

Synthesis or S phase DNA is replicated,

chromosomes are duplicated

Gap 2 or G2 phase prepares for mitosis

Mitosos or M phase cell division, parent cell

produces identical daughter cells with the

same genetic material


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EVOLUTION OF CANCER CELLS

all cells constantly change through growth,

degeneration, repair and adaptation

neoplasm refers to both benign andmalignant cells

growth control mechanism of normal cells is

not entirely understood


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CARCINOGENS

Are agents that are

known to cause cancer

KNOWNCARCINOGENS:

Viruses

Drugs

Hormones

Chemical and Physical

agents


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TWO GROUPS OF CARCINOGENS

1 GENOTOXIC

CARCINOGENS

- Directly alter DNA and

cause mutations

2 PROMOTER

SUBSTANCES

- Cause other adverse

biologic effects such ascytotoxicity, hormonal

imbalances, altered

immunity or chronic

tissue damage


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CARCINOGENESIS


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(1) INITIATION

Non reversible event that occurs when a

carcinogen invades and damages the DNA of

the cell causing a change in the DNA

structure.

ONCOGENE gene that normally directs cell

growth, if altered, allows growth of cancer

TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE blocks the

development of cancer


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(2) PROMOTION

Follows initiation

Reversible

Repeated exposure stimulates cellularproliferation of the initiated cell

PROMOTER potentiates the effects of the

initiator


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(3) PROGRESSION

Malignant tumor grows in size, becomes

anaplastic and less differentiated

AN

GIOGEN

ESIS blood supply is establishedthrough the formation of new blood vessels


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(4) METASTASIS

Spread of malignant tumor to other location by

penetrating into the lymph vessels circulating

throughout the body

Considered 2nd cancer


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IMMUNE SYSTEM & CANCER

All cancer is the result of an

immune system that didnt

destroy mutant cells

Immune system destroys 10,000mutated (cancer) cells every day.

When defense ceases cancer

multiplies becomes cancer.


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Cause of the distress to the immune system:

FOOD => ENZYMES destroyed by COOKING =>

PANCREAS doubles its size in trying to keep up

with the demand => EXHAUSTION =>compromised immune system => vulnerable

climate to the formation ofCANCER


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GENETICS & CANCER

AUTOSOMAL

DOMINANT

CONDITION

50% chance of having a

child (male or female)

who will also have the

condition


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GENETICS & CANCER

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE

CONDITION

one gene in the pair

changed, not expectedto have signs or

symptoms (CARRIER)

25% chances of having a

child with the condition


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X-LINKED RECESSIVE

Female = carrier

Since a male has only one X

chromosome, he has only

one copy of each gene on

that chromosome.

Therefore, if one of the

genes on his X

chromosome has a

mutation, he will have

whatever condition is

associated with that

mistake


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BENIGN VS. MALIGNANT

BENIGN

Usually encapsulated

Cells similar in structure to cells from which they

originate

Well-defined borders

Slow growing and limited to one area

Possible growth displacement (but not invasion)to adjacent tissue


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BENIGN TUMORS


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MALIGNANT

Not encapsulated; not cohesive, and irregularpattern of growth

No resemblance to cell of origin

No well-defined borders

Growth into adjacent cells rather than displacingor pushing them aside

Rapid growth through rapid cell division andmultiplication


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MALIGNANTTUMORS


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