on your own now - the children's society | uk children's ... your own n… · looked...

By Richard Crellin and Iryna Pona

On your own now:the risks of unsuitable

accommodation for older teenagers

September 2015

2

On your own nowThe risks of unsuitable accommodation for older teenagers

AppendixAppendix A

Accommodation Typical Provision

Crashpad

■ Temporary emergency accommodation for young people facing homelessness because they have been asked to leave home

■ Usually limited to around 21 days ■ Intensive family mediation and other support offered to repair

family relationships and move the young person back into the family home.

■ Often attached to a foyer or other supported accommodation

Floating Tenancy Support

■ Living independently in the community, often with a tenancy from a housing association

■ Support worker visits regularly to ensure tenancy is stable and helps to signpost to agencies for other needs

Foyer ■ Part of the Foyer Federation ■ Own room and shared facilities ■ Tenancy dependent on engaging in education, employment or

training ■ On-site support

Nightstop ■ Temporary emergency accommodation for young people facing homelessness

■ Live in a spare room with a host family for up to two weeks

Supported Accommodation ■ Own room and shared facilities ■ On-site support

Supported Lodgings ■ Own room in a family home ■ Host supports young person to learn independent living skills ■ Similar to staying out scheme for foster carers

Training Flats ■ Designed for care leavers to experience independent living for a short period before they decided to leave care

■ Regular support to gain independent living skills

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Looked after under section 20 of the Children Act 1989 Accommodated under the Housing Act and/or section 17 of the Children Act 1989

Looked after children will have their pathway plan developed by children’s services, allowing them to think ahead

✔Young people who are not looked after will only get minimal support. There is no requirement for a pathway plan to be put in place

✘

The young people’s accommodation is paid for by children’s services up to the age of 18

✔Young people are responsible for claiming benefits and paying for their accommodation and all other expenses

✘Depending on local policy they may receive pocket money or special allowances for birthdays and other occasions

✔No special allowances for birthdays or other occasions ✘

Pathway plans include education and career planning ✔

There is a duty on young people to participate in education or training but no specific support

✘All looked after children have named health professionals and have improved access to health services, including mental health services

✔Young people do not have any additional entitlements for health support and are not seen as a priority by mental health services

✘

All looked after children are entitled to advocacy support if they want to make a complaint or representation about the services they receive

✔They are not entitled to advocacy support ✘

They are entitled to have an independent visitor ✔

No entitlement to an independent visitor ✘

If a crisis occurs at the accommodation, e.g. as a result of behaviour deteriorating, children’s services continue to support them and will find them a new placement

✔If there is a crisis situation in their accommodation which results in eviction the young person can be seen as intentionally homeless and denied further support

✘

On turning 18 as a care leaver, young people remain a priority for housing support and get increased housing benefit entitlements

✔On turning 18 a young person will no longer be seen as a priority group for housing purposes and can only access lowest level of housing benefit support

✘

They are also entitled to support from children’s services up to the age of 21, or even 25 in some cases.

✔On turning 18 they are not eligible for any further support from children’s services.

✘

Appendix B


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Thank you for agreeing to take our survey - we really appreciate your time. The survey should

take no longer than 15 minutes. The survey is aimed at the managers of supported

accommodation for young people and looks to find out about young people's experiences and

how organisations work together to support them.

Here are some points to keep in mind:

- Unless explicitly stated otherwise, every question in this survey concerns the 16- and 17-year-

olds in your accommodation. You may house other age groups but your answers should only be

made in reference to how 16- and 17-year olds are cared for and NOT what might be your

standard practice for older age groups.

- Please answer on behalf of the units of supported accommodation you directly manage. Your

organisation may provide a number of units across your region or the country but we would like

you to answer only on behalf of the units of accommodation for which you are directly in charge.

- This survey will be analysed and presented anonymously. We are asking some identifying

questions at the beginning in order to verify who you are and quality assure the survey. You can

refuse to answer these questions if you wish. If you do provide details we may contact you to

discuss your answers but we will not identify you in our research and will keep the records of

the survey securely.

- Answer as many questions as you can. You may not be able to answer all the questions - if so

just leave the ones you cannot complete blank. At the bottom of each question there is a free text

box for any additional comments, questions or clarifications you would like to make.

- We will use the data you provide to write a report on supported accommodation for 16- and 17-

year-olds with the aim of lobbying central governments and local councils to improve the care

and attention these vulnerable young people receive from statutory bodies. The purpose of the

research is to gather evidence about the extent to which statutory bodies and other government

organisations are properly considering and working with supported accommodation providers

when carrying out their duties.

- If you have any questions, at any time, do get in touch with us by contacting: Richard Crellin,

Policy Officer, [email protected] / 0207 841 4581

Many thanks once again for taking part,

The Children's Society

This first set of questions are to obtain information about your identity. They are purely for

verification purposes. They will not be used for anything else. If you do not wish to answer them

please read and tick the confirmation statement made in question 5.

Appendix C


5

1. What is the name of the accommodation provider you are answering on behalf of?

2. What is your name?

3. What is your job title?

4. Could you please provide an email address or telephone number we could reach you on, should we

need to?

5. I would rather not answer these questions about my identity but can confirm that I am the

manager/supervisor of a supported accommodation unit that provides placements for young people

aged 16 and 17.

Confirmed

This set of questions is about the kind of accommodation you provide - the size, its

characteristics and how it is funded.

6. Do you provide accommodation for young people aged 16 or 17?

Yes

No

7. What local authority/council area is your accommodation based in? (please tick the Local Authority in

which your accommodation is based only.)

Barnsley Council

Bath and North East Somerset

Council

Liverpool City Council

London Borough of Barking and

Dagenham

Oxfordshire County Council

Peterborough City Council


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Bedford Borough Council

Birmingham City Council

Blackburn with Darwen Borough

Council

Blackpool Council

Bolton Council

Bournemouth Borough Council

Bracknell Forest Borough Council

Bradford Metropolitan District Council

Brighton and Hove City Council

Bristol City Council

Buckinghamshire County Council

Bury Metropolitan Borough Council

Calderdale Metropolitan Borough

Council

Cambridgeshire County Council

Central Bedfordshire Council

Cheshire East Council

Cheshire West and Chester Council

Cornwall Council

Coventry City Council

Cumbria County Council

Darlington Borough Council

Derby City Council

Derbyshire County Council

Devon County Council

Doncaster Metropolitan Borough

Council

Dorset County Council

Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council

Durham County Council

East Riding of Yorkshire Council

East Sussex County Council

Essex County Council

Gateshead Council

London Borough of Barnet

London Borough of Bexley

London Borough of Brent

London Borough of Bromley

London Borough of Camden

London Borough of Croydon

London Borough of Ealing

London Borough of Enfield

London Borough of Greenwich

London Borough of Hackney

London Borough of Hammersmith and

Fulham

London Borough of Haringey

London Borough of Harrow

London Borough of Havering

London Borough of Hillingdon

London Borough of Hounslow

London Borough of Islington

London Borough of Kensington and

Chelsea

London Borough of Kingston upon

Thames

London Borough of Lambeth

London Borough of Lewisham

London Borough of Merton

London Borough of Newham

London Borough of Redbridge

London Borough of Richmond upon

Thames

London Borough of Southwark

London Borough of Sutton

London Borough of Tower Hamlets

London Borough of Waltham Forest

London Borough of Wandsworth

London Borough of Westminster

Plymouth City Council

Poole Borough Council

Portsmouth City Council

Reading Borough Council

Redcar and Cleveland Borough

Council

Rochdale Metropolitan Borough

Council

Rotherham Metropolitan Borough

Council

Rutland County Council

Salford City Council

Sandwell Metropolitan Borough

Council

Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council

Sheffield City Council

Shropshire Council

Slough Borough Council

Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council

Somerset County Council

South Gloucestershire Council

South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough

Council

Southampton City Council

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council

St Helens Metropolitan Borough

Council

Staffordshire County Council

Stockport Metropolitan Borough

Council

Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council

Stoke-on-Trent City Council

Suffolk County Council

Sunderland City Council

Surrey County Council

Swindon Borough Council


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Other (please specify)

Gloucestershire County Council

Halton Borough Council

Hampshire County Council

Hartlepool Borough Council

Herefordshire Council

Hertfordshire County Council

Hull City Council

Isle of Wight Council

Kent County Council

Kirklees Metropolitan Council

Knowsley Metropolitan Borough

Council

Lancashire County Council

Leeds City Council

Leicester City Council

Leicestershire County Council

Lincolnshire County Council

Luton Borough Council

Manchester City Council

Medway Council

Middlesbrough Borough Council

Milton Keynes Council

Newcastle Upon Tyne City Council

Norfolk County Council

North East Lincolnshire Council

North Lincolnshire Council

North Somerset Council

North Tyneside Council

North Yorkshire County Council

Northamptonshire County Council

Northumberland County Council

Nottingham City Council

Nottinghamshire County Council

Oldham Council

Tameside Metropolitan Borough

Council

Telford and Wrekin Borough Council

Thurrock Council

Torbay Council

Trafford Metropolitan Borough

Council

Wakefield Metropolitan District

Council

Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council

Warrington Borough Council

Warwickshire County Council

West Berkshire Council

West Sussex County Council

Wigan Council

Wiltshire Council

Windsor and Maidenhead Borough

Council

Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council

Wokingham Borough Council

Wolverhampton City Council

Worcestershire County Council

York City Council

8. What are the age ranges of the people staying in your accommodation? (Please choose the option

that fits your accommodation most closely)

Ages 16 and 17 only

Ages 16-21

Ages 16-25

Ages 16-26+

9. How many people can you accommodate at any one time?


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10. what is the maximum number of 16- and 17-year-olds you can accommodate at any one time?

11. How many 16- and 17-year-olds did you accommodate in 2014? (This does not need to be the exact

number but if you are providing an estimate please clearly indicate that it is an estimate)


12. What kind of accommodation does your unit provide for 16- and 17-year-olds?

(tick as many as apply)

Emergency (up to 5 nights)

Short Term (up to one month)

Long Term

Moving on accommodation (time limited to prepare young people for independence)

Floating accommodation support (through key workers)


13. What style of accommodation does your unit provide for 16- and 17-year-olds?

(tick as many as apply)

Hostel

Foyer

Training flats

Supported Accommodation

Semi-Supported Accommodation

Floating support in private or registered provider accommodation


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14. What kind of organisation is your accommodation unit part of?

(Please give one answer that most closely matches)

Charity

Social Enterprise

Housing Association

Private Company

None About one-quarter About half

About three-

quarters All

Charitable offer made

by your organisation

Commissioned by

housing services

Commissioned by

children's social care

services

Commissioned by the

local authority in a joint

manner (for example by

both children's and

housing services)


15. Your accommodation might be funded through multiple grants and streams.

Please give an estimated percentage of the different sources of your funding for your 16 and 17 year

olds.


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16. How are 16- and 17-year-olds referred into your accommodation?

(Please tick all that apply)

By children's social care services

By housing services

By local schools or colleges

By the local Youth Offending Team

Self-referral

From other parts of your organisation

Don't know

This third set of questions are about the 16- and 17-year olds that you accommodate and care

for. Its about their needs and other agencies that support them.

All More than half About half Less than half None

A named social worker

provided by their local

authority?

A named support

worker provided by their

local authority?


17. What proportion of the 16- and 17-year olds in your care have:


18. Do you ever accommodate 16- and 17-year-olds from other Local Authorities? (ie. from Local

Authorities other than the Local Authority in whose geographical boundary your unit resides)

The majority of our 16- and 17-year-olds are from other Local Authorities

We occasionally take 16- and 17-year-olds from other Local Authorities

We do not take 16- and 17-year-olds from other Local Authorities

The next three questions are about the level of support the 16- and 17-year-olds you


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accommodate require in terms of contact time with a support worker or similar. The first

question looks at what you believe their support needs actually are, whilst the following

questions looks at how much actual support they receive.

24 hours a day

Up to 8 hours a

day One hour a day

Four hours a

week

two hours a

fortnight

Half a day every

month

Those with the most

intensive support needs

Those with considerable

support needs

Those with moderate

support needs

Those with low level

support needs


19. Thinking about the 16- and 17-year-olds you support could you use the below grid to outline what

kind of support needs, in terms of contact time with a support worker, they require? (Choose the options

that most closely fit)

24 hours a

day

Up to 8 hours

a day

One hour a

day

Four hours a

week

two hours a

fortnight

Half a day

every month None

Those with the most

intensive support needs

Those with considerable

support needs

Those with moderate

support needs

Those with low level

support needs


20. Thinking about the 16- and 17-year-olds you support could you use the below grid to outline what

kind of support needs, in terms of contact time with a support worker, they receive. (Choose the options

that most closely fit)


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21. What kind of support workers does your organisation provide for the 16- and 17-year-olds you

accommodate?

Dedicated, paid support-worker for every young person

On-duty, paid support-worker at all times

Paid support-worker available at certain times

Volunteer support-worker for every young person

Volunteer support-workers at all times

Volunteer support-workers available at certain times

None

Don't know None

About one-

quarter About half

About three-

quarters All/nearly all

Are in debt

Are in receipt of state

benefits

Are in rent arrears to

your organisation

Are in poverty (less than

£139 a week after

housing costs)


22. From a financial perspective how many of the 16- and 17-year olds accommodated with you:


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You Local Authority

Government

agency Local charity

No help typically

recieved

Opening a bank

account

Signing up for state

benefits

Learning to cook

Help with household

budgeting

Help paying and

understanding bills

Learning how to do

basic household tasks

Writing a CV and help

finding work

Help to pay off debts

Registering with a GP

or dentist

Support to get a sexual

health check

Relationship advice

Drug and alcohol

support

Help accessing

education or training


23. Please tick which of the following kinds of support you, or others, provide for your 16- and 17-year-

olds:


24. Do the 16- and 17-year-olds you accommodate have to leave your accommodation when they turn

18 years of age?

Yes

No


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25. How do you think the support homeless young people receive changes upon turning 18?

It increases significantly

It increases a little bit

It stays about the same

It decreases a little bit

It decreases significantly


26. Does the way a young person's placement is paid for change when they turn 18?

No

Occasionally

Normally


27. Does the young person's weekly income (including benefits, wages, stipends etc) change upon

turning 18 years of age?

Significant improvement

Slight improvement

No change

Slight deterioration

Significant deterioration

28. As a 17-year-old approaches their 18th birthday are there any typical concerns you have about how

their situation might change as they become an adult or trends that often occur?

This set of questions all focus on how 16- and 17-year-olds in accommodation are safeguarded

by risk and harm.


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No risk Small risk Medium risk Significant risk Very high risk

Illegal drugs

Legal highs

alcohol

sexual exploitation

involvement in crime

involvement in gangs

bullying

poor mental health


29. Considering each of the following issues, please indicate the level of risk they pose to the 16- and

17-year-olds you accommodate?

Almost always More than half the time Occasionally Almost never/Never

Other people living in

your accommodation

Friends outside your

accommodation

Family

Strangers outside your

accommodation

Strangers met online


30. Thinking about the risks identified in the question above, in general where do these risk factors

come from?

31. In 2014 how many violent incidents were there in your accommodation?

(1. You may or may not have called the police)

(2. Please clearly indicate if the number is an estimate)


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Yes No Don't know

a safeguarding lead in

your accommodation

unit

a written safeguarding

procedure statement

a safety plan exploring

the local risks in your

area


32. Do you have


33. Do you make safeguarding referrals to your local children's services or MASH (Multi-agency

safeguarding hub)?

Yes

No

Don't know


34. If you make a safeguarding referral to your local authority how do you normally follow it up?

(Tick as many as apply)

Phone call to safeguarding team

Email to safeguarding team

Written letter to safeguarding team

In person with the safeguarding team

Directly with the named social worker

Don't follow up

Don't know


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35. For a routine referral how responsive is your local safeguarding team or multi-agency safeguarding

hub?

Response within less than 8 hours

Response within 24 hours

Response within 2-3 working days

Response within 5 working days

Rarely responds

Don't know


36. Are you regularly invited to Common Assessment Framework (CAF, or similar) meetings to

contribute your knowledge and experience of an individual you are working with?

Always

Mostly

Occasionally

Never


37. Please indiciate what level of involvement your accommodation has had with your local

safeguarding children board (LSCB) (Please tick all that apply):

A member of staff sits on the board or a sub-group of the board

We have been asked to contribute to the boards long term planning/strategy

We have offered information about a specific case that has been under review

We receive updates and information from our LSCB

No involvement with our LSCB

This page asks a couple of questions about what your organisation does to care for 16- and 17-

year-olds who go missing or runaway from your accommodation.


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Yes No Don't know

you have a written

procedure detailing the

steps your staff will take

is a young person goes

missing?

the police treat a 16- or

17-year-old from your

accommodation who

goes missing as high

risk?


38. If a 16- or 17- year old goes missing or runs away from your accommodation do:

These questions are about other organisations you might work with.


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On a regular basis Intermittent contact No previous contact Don't know

Your named

safeguarding contact at

your Local Authority

A safeguarding contact

at the Local Authority

Your named police

contact for your

accommodation

contact with the local

police

A contact from each of

the relevant Local

Safeguarding Children

Boards

A contact from each of

the relevant Youth

Offending Teams

A contact in local

Adolescent Mental

Health Services

A contact at the local

JobCentre Plus

A contact at local

schools and colleges


39. How often do you have contact with:

The following questions are all about what happens if you have to evict a 16- or 17-year old from

your accommodation.

40. In 2014 how many 16- and 17-year olds did you have to evict from your accommodation?


41. Under what circumstances have you evicted a young person aged 16 or 17 from your

accommodation?

Rent arrears

Serious damage to accommodation or facilities

Illegal drug use

Use of legal highs

Alcohol consumption

Violence

Loud or antisocial behaviour

Bullying

Failure to engage in education, employment or training

Spending too many nights away from the provided accommodation

Letting people from outside the accommodation into the building and/or their rooms

We never evict young people aged 16 or 17

Yes No Don't know

Do you clearly and

simply explain your

eviction procedure

when a young person is

first placed with you?

When you serve notice

of eviction to a 16- or

17-year-old do you

notify children's

services/their named

social worker?


42. Regarding evictions from your accommodation:

43. When a 16- or 17-year-old is evicted from your accommodation where are they most likely to be

placed? (tick all that apply)

Residential Children's Home

In a hostel

With another supported accommodation provider

In a bed and breakfast that is solely used by the Local Authority for emergency accommodation

In a bed and breakfast open to the general public

In accommodation owned by the Local Authority

In accommodation owned by a housing association


This final set of questions considers the training needs of your staff


44. What is the minimum level of qualifications you require from those you employ as support workers?

(Tick all that apply)

Experience only

In job training

NVQ Level 1

NVQ Level 2

NVQ Level 3

Bachelor's Degree

Master's or Postgraduate degree


45. Is your safeguarding lead a fully trained social worker?

Yes

No

Don't know


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46. What safeguarding requirements do you have in place for your volunteers? (Tick all that apply)

Basic DBS check

Enhanced + DBS check

In-house safeguarding training

Accredited safeguarding training

Local authority provided safeguarding training

47. Can you briefly describe the safeguarding duties placed on you by your Local authority? (Include

reporting, training requirements, etc)

48. Have you ever received specific training from your local authority on: (please tick all that apply)

Child sexual exploitation

Local missing/runaway protocol and procedures

Safeguarding referrals

Safeguarding children from gang involvement

Safeguarding young people from drugs and alcohol misuse


Thank you for completing this survey. If you have any questions or concerns please get in touch

with us:

Richard Crellin

Policy Officer

[email protected]

0207 841 4581

We will be analysing the results of this survey over the coming months and will publish our

findings over the summer on our website: www.childrenssociety.org.uk

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Benefit/Payment Detail

Income Support (IS) ■ Means-tested benefit for those on low income ■ Cannot claim if in full-time employment (more

than 16 hours a week) ■ Administered and paid by the Department of

Work and Pensions ■ Eligible from 16 and whilst in relevant education

but only if you live apart from your parents ■ Personal allowance of £57.90for 16 and 17 year-

olds contributes to the applicable amount which also includes any premiums (for example, carer’s allowance) and housing costs.

Universal Credit (UC) ■ Means-tested benefit for people on a low income or who are out of work

■ Administered and paid by the Department of Work and Pensions

■ 16 and 17 year-olds may be able to apply if Universal Credit is available in their area and if they are estranged from their parents

■ Payment calculated from the maximum amount of UC an individual is eligible for and how much income you have over each month.

■ Standard allowance for someone under 25 is £249.28

Job Seekers Allowance (JSA) ■ Contribution or means-tested benefit for those seeking employment


■ 16 and 17 year-olds likely to be on means-tested income-based JSA

■ Can qualify at 16, but not whilst in relevant education

■ If you qualify for IS and also meet the conditions for JSA you can choose between IS or JSA

■ Personal allowance of £57.90for 16 and 17 year-olds contributes to the applicable amount which also includes any premiums (for example, carer’s allowance) and housing costs.

Appendix D

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Housing Benefit (HB) ■ Means-tested benefit paid to people on a low income who pay rent

■ Administered and paid by local authorities ■ Must be liable to pay rent. 16 and 17 year-olds

do apply if there is an intention to create legal relations over rent payments

■ Applicable amount (personal allowance and premiums) and maximum HB based on age, dependants and local area are used to calculate rate

■ Those under the age of 35 are only eligible for the shared accommodation rate unless they have dependants or other exemptions apply (for example being a care leaver under the age of 21)

Disability Living Allowance (DLA) for children and Personal Independence Payments (PIP)

■ A benefit for people living with disabilities who need help getting around or with supervision or attention needs

■ Single payment made up of mobility and daily living components

■ Non-means-tested benefit ■ Administered and paid by the Department of

Work and Pensions ■ Those under 16 receive DLA for children and

upon turning 16 should be transferred to PIP (rollout in progress)

■ Children will continue to receive DLA for children until PIP claim is assessed and completed.

■ 16 and 17 year-olds can have the payment made to them directly

■ The mobility allowance is either £21.80 or £57.45

■ The care allowance is either £55.10 or £82.30

[continued] Appendix D

25



Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) ■ Contribution or means-tested benefit for those with limited capability for work but who are not entitled to statutory sick pay

■ Entitlement assessed through work capability assessment


■ Can claim if you are over 16 but not if you are in full-time education unless you receive DLA or IS

■ Amount determined by outcome of assessment after the applicable amount (personal allowance, premiums and housing costs) is taken from income.

■ Personal allowance of £57.90

Child Benefit ■ Child benefit is non-means-tested benefit for those responsible for a child (they do not need to be their parent)

■ Administered by HM Revenue and Customs ■ Applies to people looking after a child up to the

age of 16 and to some 16 or 17 year-olds if they are living at home and in education

■ For the first child a carer receives £20.70 a week and then £13.70 for subsequent children

Tax Credits ■ 16 and 17 year-olds can only apply for Working Tax Credits if they are disabled or responsible for a child whilst in full time employment

■ 16 and 17 year-olds are eligible for child tax credits if they have dependent children and their income is sufficiently low

■ Maximum child tax credit made up of four potential elements of which most people will receive the family allowance of £545 a year and the child allowance of £2,780 a year.


26



Council Tax ■ A 16 or 17 year-old is not eligible for Council Tax although if they are living in shared accommodation with people who are eligible the dwelling would be subject to some council tax.

Loans and Tenancies ■ 16 and 17 year-olds are not eligible for loans or tenancies unless they have a guarantor. Whilst it is extremely unlikely anyone would extend credit to a 16 or 17 year-old the law is flexible with regards to tenancies – anything that resembles a legal relationship over payments in respect of housing could be interpreted as a tenancy.


PCR052m/0915

The Children’s SocietyIt is a painful fact that many children and young people in Britain today are still suffering extreme hardship, abuse and neglect. Too often their problems are ignored and their voices unheard.

About our work with 16 and 17 year-oldsLast year The Children’s Society worked with over 34,000 children and young people across England. 1,600 of these young people were aged 16 and 17.

We worked with these young people in many different ways. Some were homeless and needed our help to rebuild their relationships with their families or to settle in a new home, living alone. Others were care leavers who we helped to navigate the difficult transition between a childhood in care and an independent adult life. Young people at risk of sexual exploitation, those who required an advocate to ensure their voice could be heard by those making decisions about their lives and many who had run away from home or care all received help from us. We also helped this age-group through projects providing counselling, or those providing help and support to young migrants who arrived in England alone.

We know these young people are vulnerable and need more help and support. Where they live is often of central importance to whether or not they will succeed. It is for this reason that we present their stories in this report and that we campaign publically for them, through our ‘Seriously Awkward’ to make sure their lives can continue to improve.

For more information on this report, please contact:Richard CrellinPolicy Officere. [email protected]. 0207 841 4581

© The Children’s Society June 2015.

Names used in this report have been changed to maintain anonymity. All photographs posed by models. Charity Registration No. 221124

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