on the closure of the surface energy balance in highly complex terrain mathias w. rotach, pierluigi...
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![Page 1: On the Closure of the Surface Energy Balance in Highly Complex Terrain Mathias W. Rotach, Pierluigi Calanca, Andreas Weigel, Marco Andretta Swiss Federal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051614/5519d00f550346695e8b4c51/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
On the Closure of the Surface Energy Balance in
Highly Complex Terrain
Mathias W. Rotach, Pierluigi Calanca, Andreas Weigel, Marco Andretta
Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Atmospheric and Climate Science
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Layout
• Surface energy balance• Data: MAP -Riviera project• Energy balance for a layer• Implications for modeling
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MAP-RivieraValley Floor Slope site
Average 15 fair-weather days
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Surface Energy balance
NR
G
Ho LvEo
NR-G=Ho+LvEo
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Surface Energy balance
• horizontally homogeneous surfaces --> constant turbulent fluxes --> no advection --> closure! [even @ z≠0...]
NR-G=Ho+LvEo
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Surface Energy balance
• horizontally homogeneous surfaces --> constant turbulent fluxes --> no advection --> closure! [even @ z≠0...] --> non-closure: measurement error turbulence time scales
NR-G=Ho+LvEo
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Surface Energy balance
• horizontally homogeneous surfaces --> constant turbulent fluxes --> no advection --> closure! [even @ z≠0...] --> non-closure: measurement error turbulence time scales
complex terrain...
NR-G=Ho+LvEo
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Bellinzona
Biasca Riviera
MAP Riviera project
Lago Maggiore
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MAP Riviera project
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MAP Riviera Project
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MAP-Riviera: Bosco di Sotto
turbulence @ 4 / 16 / 28 m
Local surface: corn, grass
Full radiation comp, precip, profiles,sfc. hydrology
Local slope app. 0.5°
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NR
G
Ho LvEozr
H(zr) LvE(zr)
Near-Surface Energy Balance
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Near-Surface Energy Balance
NR
G
Ho LvEo
NR-G=Storage+horiz.Adv +vert.Adv
Hr LvEr
z=zr
u Jx
o
zr
dz
w r (J r 1zr
J dzo
zr
)
J cp Lvq
S
G
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Corrections
• Sensible Heat flux: --> frequency response (Moore 1986)
--> humidity cross-correlation (Schotanus et al. 1983)• Latent heat flux: --> frequency response (Moore 1986) --> Oxygen (Dijk et al. 2003)
--> WPL-correction (Webb et al. 1980)
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Horizontal Advection
Comprovasco
Magadino
u Jx
o
zr
dz
, q
, q
u
J cp Lvq
Riviera
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Vertical Advection
, q
, q
zr
w
w r (J r 1zr
J dzo
zr
)
J cp Lvq
Mean vertical wind: from planar fit
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Results...
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Energy balance terms
NR
H+LE+G
New sum
LE
GH
Average 7 clear sky days
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Contributing terms
Sum new terms
Storage air / horiz. advection
Storage soilSum corrections
Vertical advection
Average 7 clear sky days
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Vertical advection
ProprtionalDifference in , q....
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Vertical advection
Proprtionalmean vertical wind
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Energy balance terms
NR
H+LE+G
New sum
LE
GH
Average 7 clear sky days
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Conclusions
• Sfc. energy balance in really complex terrain: good to detect processes
• Corrections to turbulent fluxes important• Soil storage term important• Vertical advection!
--> largest--> most uncertain!
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Outlook
• If indeed vertical advection is substantial....--> too large a fraction of NR --> H, LE--> cold / dry bias
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RAMS simulations - August 25 1999
9.15 UTC 12.08 UTC
observations
model
De Wekker et al. 2003
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QuickTime™ and aGraphics decompressorare needed to see this picture. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH294298302306294298302306Mo
del
edObservedBRAMSJMM5HETABBBBBBBBBBBBJJJJJJJJJJJJHHHHHHHHHHHH294298302306294298302306M
od
eled
ObservedBBBBBBBBBBBJJJJJJJJJJJHHHHHHHHHHH294298302306294298302306Mo
del
ed
ObservedBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH294298302306294298302306Mo
del
edObservedGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Wheeler FarmNCARAirport All sitesDay: SolidNight: Open
Salt Lake Valley - VTMX
Different models:RAMSMM5ETA
Zhong and Fast 2002
IOP‘s 6,7,10
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Outlook
• If indeed vertical advection is substantial....--> too large a fraction of NR --> H, LE--> cold / dry bias
• How to parameterize in numerical models?
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Comparisons of observed and simulated sensible heat fluxes
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Hydrological modeling – valley floor
Soi
l mo i
stur
e (.
5 m)
ET
und
LE
[m
m/h
]
Pre
cipi
tatio
n [m
m/h
]E
T u
nd L
E [
W/m
2]
Sept 1 1999 Sept 21 1999
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ET
und
LE
[W/m
2 ]
time
Observation(Bowen Ratio)
Model (Penman-Monteith)
Eddy Correlation
Hydrological modeling – valley floor
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Closed energy balance• Bowen ratio method:
--> if
and
Ho KHz
, LEo Kqq z
KH Kq
Ho
LEoz
q z
Ho NR G11
, LEo NR G1
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Planar fitPlot w as a function of (u,v)....
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Planar fit on a slope
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Common plane vs. local planes
Planar fit vs. Double rotation
(<u
‘w‘>
PF
C -
<u
‘w‘>
DR)/
<u
‘w‘>
DR
(<u
‘w‘>
PF
C -
<u
‘w‘>
PF)/
<u
‘w‘>
PF
C
Andretta et al. (2002)
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Finnigan et al. 2003
Energy Balance closure
Data from a ‚flux site‘ in Manaus, Brazil
R 100(H LvE [NR G])