Alexander Bychkov

Research Institute of Atomic ReactorsDimitrovgrad, Russia

On Strategy of Nuclear Energy Development in Russia

Development of Nuclear Energy in Russia – current moment

New constructions of VVER ReactorsConstruction of BN-800 reactorNew small-floating NPPs“Reconstruction” and reorganization of Nuclear IndustryDecisions of “old” problems (wastes, contaminated areas, safety) New Programs – Closed Fuel Cycle + New Reactor Development

Energy demands in Russia are expected to increase by 1.5 times by 2016 as compared to those in 2006 and to double by 2020.

The strategy for nuclear power engineering development in the first half of the 21st century is based on the following principles:

nuclear fuel breeding

comprehensive safety

competitiveness

The strategy for nuclear power engineering development is envisaged for implementation as an integral part of the RF energy strategy

Prognosis of electricity demandПрогнозная динамика потребления э/энергии в РФ до 2030 г

1650

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2100

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1 070

935

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2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

млр

д. кВтч

Прогноз потребления (РАО ЕЭС)

Прогноз потребления (РОСАТОМ)

Прогноз потребления (энерго стратегияРФ)

Prospects for Development

The strategy for the Russian nuclear power sector development in 2007-2015 provides for elaboration and implementation of several federal programs, as well as enaction of the law on restructuring of the civil branch of the nuclear power sector. The ROSATOM Corporation is established

The establishment of ATOMENERGOPROM is to be finished in 2008, thus, incorporating all parts of nuclear manufacturing cycle, from uranium mining and enrichment, reactor designing and construction up to NPPs designing, construction and operation.

Prospects for Development Investments

The main prospects for investments in the nuclear power engineering are as follows:maintenance of actual potential of powers with improving effectiveness of their operation:upgrading and extension of the operating power units lifetime;increase of efficiency factor and maximum utilization of capacities (loading factor);design and construction of SNF and RW facilities

Federal Task Program “Development of atomic power complex of Russia on period of 2007 - 2010 and on prospect up to 2015“ (accepted on October 2006)

from 2009 will be trasfered to “Long-term activity program of Rosatom”

Direction 1: Development of Nuclear Power CapacitiesDirection 2:Development and renovation of fuel cycle

capacitiesDirection 3: “Development of capacities on managing with

spent nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes of nuclear power plants and preparation of nuclear reactors for decommissioning“

Direction 4: Transition to innovative nuclear technologies

At present, 31 power units operate at 10 NPPs in Russia.

From 2007, at least two nuclear power units with a total capacity of 2GW are to be founded annually. By 2015, 1 trillion 471,4 billion rubles are to be invested to the design and construction of new NPPs. As a result, by 2015, 10 new power units will be put into operation, total installed capacity of which will make up 9.8 GW. Implementation of a special-purpose program will increase total installed capacity of all NPPs up to 33 GW (at present, it makes up 23,2 GW).It will lead to the increase of NPPs share in the total volume of generated electric power up to 18,6%. After 2015 3-4 power units are planned to be built annually.

Task factors for FTP - 2006

90%90%—Reduction of capital investments, %

80%90%100%Reduction of operation cost, %

18,6%16,0%15,7%NPP Share in electricity, %

224,0166,3150,9Electricity output, TWt*h/year

33,024,223,2Basic capacity NPP, GWt

201520102006

9

NPP construction Road MapNPP construction Road Map

Калининская

БелоярскаяЮжно-УральскаяВолгодонская

Курская

Ново-воронежскаяБалаковская

Ленинградская-2

Приморская

Дальневосточная

КольскаяКалининградская

Северская

Main Task

By 2030, NPPs will generate 25% of the

total volume of electric power, and the problem concerning SNF and RW should get a system solution

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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DRAFT GENERAL PLAN FOR NPP DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTIONAND “TIME FACTOR” OF SNF AND RW MANAGEMENT

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Basic program for NPP commissioning

Supplementary program for NPP commissioningNPP power output

Financial possibilities of FTP DNEIC

Growing of problems concerning SNF and RW management

Some words on Radiation safety

(Old Nuclear program “heritages”)

Затраты федерального бюджет на ЯРБ

131 129 130 134 200 219

2 477

9 989

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

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5 000

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7 000

8 000

9 000

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2001г. 2002г. 2003г. 2004г. 2005г. 2006г. 2007г. 2008г. (проектФЦП)

млн

. руб

First stage measures on 2006-2007

Mayak Plant rehabilitation:Dumb reconstruction,

radioactive savages repairing .)

Muslyumovo problems

Chechnya anti-crisis measures

Development of FTP «Nuclear, Radiation an ecological safety on 2008-2011 and in prospects up to 2015»

Task Program budget: 131,8 billion rubs On 2008-2015

Reprocessing of Spent Fuel (LWR and others)

RT-1 (Mayak) Reprocessing Plant is under operation (up to 100 t annually) – SF of VVER-440, BN-600, transport and test reactorsTest Demonstration Center is under design on MCC (Krasnoyarsk). It will be a small capacity (50-100 t annually) plant for testing of new aqueous technologies of SF reprocessing. Main task: to select technology for new industrial reprocessing plant.National storage of VVER-1000 and RBMK spent fuel is located on Krasnoyarsk site

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2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Strategy of Nuclear Energy in Russia up to 2050 is under development.

Prognosis for structure of Nuclear capacities in Russia up to 2050

I поколение с продлением

II поколение с продлением на 15 лет

III поколение ВВЭР

IV поколение (БН) - рост поспросу после 2020 года

ГВт

БН-800

БН-1800

2012

13 ГВт

За 5 лет19 ГВт

За 10 лет

14,4 ГВт

За 10 лет

(1+7 блоков)

34,2ГВт

41 ГВт 50 ГВт

Application of the technology of fast reactors with closed fuel cycle extends resource potential of NPP fuel supply. Future nuclear power engineering can develop based on the fast reactor technology.

Russia has a unique experience of development and operation of NPP power units with fast neutron reactors (20-year successful operation of the BN-350 power unit and operating BN-600 unit 3 at Beloyarsk NPP)

NPP with the BN-800 Reactor

Start of BN Closed fuel Cycle

2011 - start of MOX-fuel production for BN-8002012 – start of BN-800 operation2016…2018 – semi-industrial implementation of BN-800 closed fuel cycle technologies2018…2020 – new fast industrial reactor with closed fuel cycle

Key decisions:MOX-fuel production by pyroelectrochemical and vibropacking

(RIAR Technologies).Trend to closing of fuel cycle by compact dry technologiesDevelopment and testing of new fuel and new technologies

MOX-fuel production for BN-800 with testing of Closed fuel cycle

Изготовление ТВС

Изготовление твэлов с МОКС- топливом

U (обедненный) и Pu(энергетический иоружейный)

РеакторБН-800

ТВС БН-800

гранулят (U, Pu)O2

RIAR (Dimitrovgrad)

MCC (Krasnoyarsk)

Производство гранулированногоМОКС-топлива

ОТВС

Переработка и производство МОКС-топлива

ТВС БН-600 и БН-800 изрегенерированноготоплива

Реактор БН-600

ОТВС

ТВС БН-600 изрегенерированноготоплива

Beloyarskaia NPP

Long-term tasks of new Closed cycle with BN

Creation and construction of BN-type reactors with MOX-fuel Closed Fuel Cycle of the Fast reactors based on compact recycling methods for SNF and simplified technologies of fuel pins manufacture.Based principles of this Closed Fuel Cycle:

Minimization of expenses for Spent fuel recycling, fuel pins refabrication and waste treatmentMinimization of radioactive waste volume and complete recycle of minor-actinides for transmutation in the same systemExcluding of pure fissile materials (Pu) from recycling technologies and arrangement all procedures in remote systems.

New program for future Nuclear industry

Prime-Minister V.Putin support to development of New Federal Task Program which will start from 2009: “Nuclear Energy technologies of new generation”.The program is under preparation now. Main task – development of new commercial fast reactor with closed fuel cycleMain directions: design of fast reactors with Na and Pb (Pb-Bi) coolant, MOX-fuel production on industrial level, improvement of dry technologies, development of new fuel, construction of test facilities (+ fusion activity)

New Facilities and activities related to Fuel cycle:- Design and construction of New (Multi-

Functional) Fast Test Reactor – sodium cooled with autonomic loops – for testing of fuels, materials and technologies (Dimitrovgrad)

- Creation of pilot and industrial facilities for fuel production (Including MOX) and investigations of fuel cycle processes: Test-demonstration centers for aqueous (MCC) and dry processes (RIAR), incl. molten salt and fluoride volatility processes.

- Demo-reactors of Generation IV systems

50 (60) yearDesign lifetime9 (2008 – 2016)RR creation time (no more than, years)

~ 1,2·1023 (~55 dpa)Maximum fluence in one year, n/cm2

up to 10Number of horizontal and tangential neutron beams and a heat column

up to 7Number of vertical experimental channels 100-200 mm in diameter

1100Maximum heat rate, kW/l400-500Core height, mmPuO2+UO2, (PuN+UN)Fuel

3 (+1 behind reactor vessel)

Number of independent experimental loops (~1 MWth, sodium, heavy metal and gas coolant + water coolants)

~ 40Electric power, MWe~ 100Thermal power, MWth~ 6.0·10+15Maximum flux Фmax, n/cm2·s

ValueCharacteristic

Required characteristics of the new Russian fast research reactor

International cooperation

On 2006 S.Kirienko (Head of Rosatom) announced five types of International Centers:Uranium enrichment;Spent fuel reprocessing (treatment);Education and training of nuclear personal;Licensing and development of standards for nuclear industry;Development and testing of new techniques, equipment and technologies.

Conclusion

ROSATOM strategy includes closed fuel cycle strategy:

Reprocessing of LWR spent fuel on large scale plant from 2025. Utilization of Pu for start of fast reactorsClosed fuel cycle for fast reactors including transmutation problems decisionOptimization of reactor and fuel cycle system by all technologies (reactor, fuel, reprocessing)

ROSATOM is open for international cooperation