ON-ROAD MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS

FROM HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS:

IMPACTS OF FLEET TURNOVER AND

ARB’S DRAYAGE TRUCK REGULATION

Robert Harley (harley@ce.berkeley.edu)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of California, Berkeley

June 18, 2015 California Air Resources Board Seminar

-Acknowledgments

UC Berkeley: Chelsea Preble, Tim Dallmann

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab: Tom Kirchstetter

Aerosol Dynamics: Nathan Kreisberg, Susanne Hering

Research funding:

California Air Resources Board (Contract no. 09-340)

National Science Foundation Fellowship (Chelsea Preble)

Thanks also to ARB staff (esp. Chandan Misra) and BAAQMD

-Introduction

Major efforts underway to reduce diesel emissions:

stringent emission standards for new engines

accelerated retrofit/replacement of California engines:

Widespread PM emission control by 2016

Near universal NOx emission control by 2023

highly accelerated retrofit/replacement of trucks used for

short-haul trips (“drayage”) to/from ports and rail yards

- 1.0 I

C0 C0 a, 0.9 "I"""

0

--- NOx -

- PM -"'C 0.8 cu -

-~ ns 0.7 E -

s.. 0 z 0.6 ~

-

"'C s.. -· ns

"'C 0.5 C:

-

ns - --------------I en

0.4 U) C:

I - I ·------------.

0 I U) 0.3 U)

I - I

I E w 0.2 ns

I ------, - I

I s.. cu

"'C 0.1 cu LL

------, I - I I I I

0.0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Engine Model Year

Heavy-Duty Diesel Emission Standards (For New On-Road Truck Engines by Model Year)

-Diesel

Oxidation Wall-Flow Catalyst Filter

r1-, I

Cummins Particulate Filter

Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) Dosing

/Valve

Decomposition Reactor

SCR Slip Catalyst Catalyst

I _..L_ 117

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SC R) Catalyst

Diesel Particle Filter & Selective Catalytic Reduction

(DPF) (SCR)

Used on 2010 & newer engines

(SCR is difficult to add as a retrofit)

DEF = mixture of urea + water

Urea converted to 2 NH3 + CO2

NH3 reacts with NOx to form N2

Used on 2007 & newer engines

(DPF retrofits possible on older engines)

PM from engine exhaust trapped on filter

NO2 oxidizes trapped carbon particles

(this helps to regenerate the filter)

-California Drayage Truck Regulation

(Based on Engine Model Year)

Deadline Engine

Banned

OK if Retrofit with

Diesel Particle

Filter (DPF)

Engine

OK as is

Jan 2010 1993 & older 1994-2003 2004 & newer

Jan 2012 1993 & older 1994-2004 2005 & newer

Jan 2013 1993 & older 1994-2006 2007 & newer

Jan 2014 2006 & older none 2007 & newer

Present study features measurements of in-use emissions from drayage trucks at

the Port of Oakland in Nov 2011 and Mar 2013 (plus baseline data from Nov 2009)

-Port of Oakland Field Measurements

Sample exhaust plumes of individual port trucks: NOx and NO2 (by difference, NOx – NO, using two analyzers)

Black carbon (BC by aethalometer – light absorption)

Ultrafine particles (UFP by condensation particle counter)

Particle size distribution (FMPS = Fast Mobility Particle Sizer)

CO2 (by infrared absorption)

Emission factors calculated by carbon balance

License plate images used to obtain info about each truck

engine make & model year, retrofit control devices

:z 2

0

200

;;" 100 E =:L 100 ......

,; e:! ::i t::

I -e 'ir"' -

0 3.0

2.0

11.0

10.0

15.00i

- ,1200

i ._ 900 a O 600

3.00 111:40:30

E,F8c= 0,.7 g 1kg .

EFuFP = 0.7 x 1015 particles kg-1

1C-O12 Reference for Fuel Consumption

n:411:30 111:42:00 11:42:30

Emission Factor Calculation

NOx & BC Emission Factor Repeatability (Repeat Sampling of Emissions from 207 Trucks)

-120 .,,'l 12 , , , , , , , , ,

• , •

, - , - , ,.. 100 , ';- 10

, b, • , a, , , ,

.:.::: , .:.::: , I , ,

a, • , a, , , , - , - , , ,

)( 80 8 0 , • u + ., • , Ill

, z , , , , , .... , - ,

0 , ,

0 , , ,

60 , vi 6

, t/) , ... , - , C:

, C: •• , , (I) ,,. C1) • ,

• E , ,

E • , • , , .

f • , , , (I) 40 4 • I.. • :::::, , :::::, • • ,

vi • , • t/) , ca • ' n,

" ,

• C1) ,

(I) •• ,

:E ,

:E 20 • 2 ,. • ... - n, • ca • R2 = 0.78 C1) • R2 = 0.72 (I)

Q. • C. I (I) 0

C1) 0 •

0:: , 0:: , , , , , , , , , ~,'

, , -20

, -2

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Truck Average NOx (g kg·1) TruckAverage BC (g kg·1)

R2 values not as high for NO2 (0.60) and UFP (0.52)

-80 ~----,-------,----------,---~---,71,

, , , ,

, ,

, , , ,

- ,, ... ,, b, 60 L------1----+---+---~, ::....__ __ ~ . / , ti) ,,'

~ / (.) ,,

, ~ 40 J_ ___ _J ____ -+----~,~i--:-'-' - .- ~ 4-----~ /

I() ... 0

••

. , , . ,, . , , , , • •

•

• U 20 L-------+- --- ~ ..--7~-----t-------7•.----------1---, ~ . u 0 C: ca -:::::s en

0

, , , , , ,

, , , , , ,

• •

Butanol = 0.68(Water)+ 0.24 R2 = 0.86

, -20 _J,-,,:__ __ -+-----+---+----------t----------j

-20 20 40 60 80 Water CPC (1015 particles kg·1)

80 ~-------.--------,---,-------~--~,,

• , , , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

-, ,

60 +----+----+---t----,71,~-~ . , ... , I ,

m • / ~ ,, • ,

ti) ,,

~ 40 ---l----+ - ----.-.---+-·~•~ ,--- ,~,f,,_'---., •- ---j- ~r-1 :.e •• ,,,,, ,.

CO A a. • • ,, II) • • , ... ~ 20 -en ~ ~ LL

0

• • • • •

•

•

• • •

•

•

•

, , , , ,

, , ,

, , , , FMPS = 0.55(Water) + 0.19

R2 = 0.49 , -20 ~,:__ __ 1----+----+---------t-----,

-20 0 20 40 60 80 Water CPC (1015 particles kg·1)

PN Emission Factor Repeatability (Particle Number Emissions via Different Methods)

- 0.30 2008 Fleet (2% DPF, 0% SCR)

-0.25 -- □ 2011 Fleet (54% DPF, 2% SCR) -

□ 2013 Fleet (99% DPF, 9% SCR) ti) ~ 0.20 (J -:::J ... I- -II--0 0.15 C: 0 -·-.... -(J ca 0.10 ... -

--LL -- - --0.05 -- -- -- - -- .. ~ -0.00 r-rfll I -- - -- -I -

I I I I I I I I I I I I

Engine Model Year

Port Truck Engine Age Distribution

- 1.6

1.4

1.2

_ 1.0 ....

I

C) ~

c, 0.8 -0 m

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1 l

' 1 1 l -

2009 2011 2013 Retrofit No OEM Fleet Fleet Fleet DPF DPF DPF

(n = 169) (n = 368) (n = 973) (n = 394) (n = 183) (n = 671)

1

I .I I OEM

DPF + SCR (n = 93)

Black Carbon Emission Factors Decreased by 76 ± 22% between 2009 and 2013

-1.4

1.2

1.0

......

.. bi 0.8 .lll:

Cl --(.) 0.6 cc

0.4

0.2

0.0

Installer of Retrofit DPF for Older Trucks

-

-

Cleaire (n = 28)

-

(1994 - 2006 Engines)

Donaldson (n = 129)

-

Engine Control System

(n = 92)

I I I

I

Johnson Matthey (n = 144)

1 1

Caterpiller (n = 82)

I

Engine Manufacturer for Trucks with OEM DPF

I I

Cummins (n= 151 )

(2007+ Engines)

Detroit Diesel

(n = 284)

~

Volvo (n = 71)

-

Other (n = 83)

I r I

OEM DPF + SCR

(n = 93)

I

Black Carbon Emission Factors By DPF Retrofit Installer (Blue) or Engine Manufacturer (Red)

-

-"""" I

C) ~

C) -(.) ca

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

■ Retrofit DPF

• No DPF

1-------------------------------------

1 Four r · 16.9 I : :, extreme • 14.4 : Q 10.4 I

: values o 9.4 : l------------------------------------J

(a)

♦ ♦

• DPF

• DPF + SCR ♦ D 0

♦

♦

D

--------, 1 0 Outlier 1 I 90th Percentile 1

0 I

♦ 75th Percentile

0 • Mean

D D ◊ D 0 50th Percentile

D D t ♦

0 25th Percentile

♦

• I 8 I 0 Minimum I 0 ------ld------------□-----~~--•-~-♦-----0---------------1

◊ : O O e

L ________

D D

D D D •

□ -------<-- -t-----<-<-----<r-----------

•

__.,.._..,.._,__.,.._=-----t

N ~ c.o co 0 N ~ 0) 0) 0) 0) 0 0 0 0) 0) 0) 0) 0 0 0 ...-- ...-- ...-- ...-- N N N

♦ 0 • 0

§ el • -- --w-- ~ - t---.~------<

•

c.o co 0 N ~ 0 0 ...-- ...-- ...--0 0 0 0 0 N N N N N

Engine Model Year

Black Carbon Emission Factors Box-Whisker Plots by Engine Model Year

-6

5 -

-..... ,, en ~

4 tA -

G) -CJ ·-t: cu 3 C.

-l,t) ..... 0 T"" - 2 z -

0..

1 -

0 Retrofit D PF 1994-.2003 (n = 382)

11

No DPF 2004-2006 (n = 178)

I

DPF 2007-.2009 (n = 657)

I

(b)

DPF + SCR 2010-.2013

(n = 94)

Particle Number Emission Factors

--.... I

C') ~

10 ~--------,----------=~====--=--=--=--=--=_.::Ii..=--=--=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=;1 WCPC-weighted

I

~ 8 -+-----------.--i--~ Cl)

--- Retrofit DPF (n = 379)

=No DPF (n = 176)

- OEM DPF (n = 635) -CJ ~ cu C.

- · OEM DPF + SCR (n = 92)

~ 6 L----------ll--+-------,------7 0

""""" --a. "C

c, 4 1-____ _____j,_--l+-\-----7f-- 7 ~------o --"C --z ~ 2 L-----H ~ ¥-- _::::__ ___ 1_\-____ 7 w -"C

(b) \ o L___:___,------,--------,-----,---,---,,--,~:.___________:_--~-_,,,~ -----,---,--,------.--,+--,--------=~ ~ ---,--,-,---j

1 10 100 1000

Particle Diameter, dP (nm)

Particle Number Size Distributions Measured Using FMPS

-40

35

30

- 25 ..... I

C') ~

c, 20 ->< 0 z 15

10

5

0 2009 Fleet

(n = 172)

' I .

1 J

1 ,I

2011 2013 Retrofit Fleet Fleet DPF

(n = 378) (n = 1005) (n = 402)

No DPF

(n = 187)

,-

f-

' I

OEM DPF

(n = 695)

' 1

OEM DPF + SCR

(n = 99)

NOx Emission Factors Decreased by 53 ± 8% between 2009 and 2013

-

-.,... b, .:.:: C) -N

0 z

5....-------------------,

4 --l----- --+-----------------------1

3 -H-------t--------::-------1

2

1

0 .........__ ___ _.,.....__ ___ ..,....... ___ -,. ___ __,

Retrofit DPF 1994-2006 (n = 402)

No DPF 2004-2006 (n = 187)

DPF 2007-2009 (n = 695)

DPF + SCR 2010-2013

(n = 99)

0.35

0.30

0 :;: ~ 0.25

C: 0 ·-,,, 0.20 ,,, ·-E w

)( 0.15 0 z -0 0.10 z

0.05

0.00

-

I 1

Retrofit DPF 1994-2006 (n = 402)

'

·,-1

No DPF 2004-2006 (n = 187)

I '

DPF 2007-2009 (n = 695)

..

,-

' DPF + SCR 2010-2013

(n = 99)

NO2 Emfacs and NO2/NOx Ratio

-en ~ CJ ::::s

j!:: 0.8 ,, I

I

<( / >-, ,' .c ,'

I

-c O. 6 +----+'--1'-+~ ---+----+-------+-----------i Cl) ....

:!::: E w ~ 0.4 +----<--+-----t----+----+-------+-----------1 -0 C: 0 ~ 0.2 ---,-.-,---------,-___, - · 2009: 2% of fleet DPF-equipped

J: / - 2011 : 54% of fleet □PF-equipped ----2013: 99% of fleet DPF-equipped

0.0 +-------+-----+-----j----------i-------------i

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fraction of Trucks (Dirtiest to Cleanest)

1.0 --,----------,--------,-----,----------,-= ....--i

,,' en ~ CJ ::::s ... t- 0.8 +------+----+-,,-----:_,-,'--~"7-----,--------t----

c::C ,,' >-, ,' .c ,,,

I

~ 0.6 +------+-,-:'-, '--/-j----;--'--------t-----i--------------1

~ ,,, E ,, w

>< 0 0.4 +----------:, "------+,- ----+-----j----------i-------------i z I -0 C: 0 ~ 0.2 ~

LL

-~ - ---,.--, - · 2009: 0% of fleet SCR-equipped

- 2011 : 2% of fleet SCR-equipped

----2013: 9% of fleet SCR-equipped 0.0 +-------+-----+-----i-----------i-----~

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fraction of Trucks (Dirtiest to Cleanest)

High-Emitter Contributions to BC & NOx

-Summary of Key Findings

Between Nov 2009 and Mar 2013, fleet-avg emission factors

for Port trucks changed as follows:

BC decreased by 76 ± 22%

NOx decreased by 53 ± 8%

NO2 increased from 3 to 18% of total NOx emissions

These emission changes were rapid compared to what would

have been achieved based on natural fleet turnover alone

Use of DPF led to decreases in particle number emissions

Some trucks measured in 2011 (2004-06 engines) had no DPF

Higher PN emission factors compared to DPF-equipped trucks

-Discussion

Further Plans for Measuring Diesel Truck Emissions

Caldecott Tunnel: summers 2014, 2015, 2017 (contract 12-315)

Port of Oakland: summer 2015

Mitigating DPF-Related Increase in NO2 Emissions

SCR for NOx control helpful in reducing primary NO2 emissions

Pros and Cons of DPF Retrofits vs. Truck Replacement

How Will Truck Owners Comply with Truck & Bus Rule?

Insights based on what we saw at Port of Oakland

-Pros and Cons of DPF Retrofits

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Cost effectiveness in DPF does not help to

achieving primary PM control NOx emissions

emission reductions Retrofits of older trucks

Old truck is fixed rather with higher baseline NOx

than exported, leading to emissions lead to larger

global as well as local & undesired increases in

AQ improvement primary NO2 emissions

Port of Los Angeles/Long Beach did wholesale replacement of drayage truck fleet

(paid for by container fee imposed on shippers)

Port of Oakland saw a significant number of DPF retrofits on 1994-2003 engines

- 0.30 2008 Fleet (2% DPF, 0% SCR)

-0.25 -- □ 2011 Fleet (54% DPF, 2% SCR) -

□ 2013 Fleet (99% DPF, 9% SCR) ti) ~ 0.20 (J -:::J ... I- -II--0 0.15 C: 0 -·-.... -(J ca 0.10 ... -

--LL -- - --0.05 -- -- -- - -- .. ~ -0.00 r-rfll I -- - -- -I -

I I I I I I I I I I I I

Engine Model Year

Truck and Bus Rule Compliance Strategy:

Purchase Used Trucks, 2007-2009 Engines

-Summary of Key Findings

Between Nov 2009 and Mar 2013, fleet-avg emission factors

for Port trucks changed as follows:

BC decreased by 76 ± 22%

NOx decreased by 53 ± 8%

NO2 increased from 3 to 18% of total NOx emissions

These emission changes were rapid compared to what would

have been achieved based on natural fleet turnover alone

Use of DPF led to decreases in particle number emissions

Some trucks measured in 2011 (2004-06 engines) had no DPF

Higher PN emission factors compared to DPF-equipped trucks