On May 23 and 24, 1865, Washington, DC, hosted the Grand Review of the Armies to mark the ending of the Civil War. On May 23, Major General George Meade led an estimated 80,000 men. Infantry units marched twelve men across; they were followed by divisional

and corps artillery units. The cavalry units who participated stretched for over seven miles. The following day, General William Tecumseh Sherman led an additional 65,000 men representing the Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Georgia. (Library of Congress)

Civil War veterans—members of the United Confederate Veterans and Grand Army of the Republic—pose at Gettysburg in 1913. (Library of Congress)

Union and Confederate veterans march together at Gettysburg in 1913 honoring the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. (Library of Congress)

index

a

Aiken party, 2Alexander II, 15Amazon (ship), 251American flag, 145–46, 174,

325–26, 338n58Anderson, Robert, x

Antarctic (ship), 251Antietam, Battle of, 32, 33Antonga, 221Appomattox, xi, 103, 221, 259April 1865: The Month That Saved

America (Winik), 15–16

Army of Northern Virginia, 31Army of the Potomac, 29–30Ashley Bill, 308–9Athena (ship), 247attrition, limited war of, 30

B

Beach, William Leake, 228–29, 231–35

Bear River Massacre, 180n78, 216–20, 227–33, 234n8

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Tou-tant, x, 282n6, 386, 390–93

Becker, Charles W., 13Beckwith, Charles D., 399–403Bee, Barnard E., 11Belle Wood (ship), 258Bennet, James Arlington, 10,

17n9, 71

Bennett, James Gordon, 10Bennett, John C., 10, 63black citizens, rights of, during

Reconstruction, 302–4, 312Black Codes, 303Black Hawk, 221Black Hawk Indian War, 221blockade of Southern ports, 29Bonaparte, Napoleon, 391brevets, 396n1Bridger, Jim, 12Brown, Edwin, 191–92

Browne, Albert G., Jr., 12Browning, Robert L., 7Bryant, William Cullen, 272B. S. Kimball (ship), 251, 258–59Buchanan, James, 3–4, 111, 161Bull Run, Battle of, 29Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,

and Abandoned Lands, 302Burnside, Ambrose, 33Burton, Robert Taylor, 130,

147–48, 152, 285–86

C

Cache Military District, 154–57Camp Douglas

background of, 161–63Charles D. Beckwith and,

399–401construction of, 72establishment of, 163–65following Civil War, 176–77Indian affairs and, 212naming of, 165–69photographs of, 401–3

tensions with, 169–76Camp Floyd, 18–19n28, 111,

162, 163–65, 267Cannon, George Q., 47Cass, Lewis, 87Chlarson, Hans N., 192–93Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-day Saints, position of, on Civil War, 184–85

Civil Rights Act, 305

Civil War. See also Civil War prophecy; interpretations of Civil Warbeginning of, ix–xicauses of, 24–26Church’s position on, 184–85end of, xi, 36–38, 103, 295expectations concerning,

98–99, 114–16fatalities in, 296–97guerrilla warfare in, 35–36

562 index

historical background of, 26–30

impact of, 23–24, 107, 285, 297–99

strategy and tactics in, 30–35understanding, 107–8Utah Territory’s role in, 70–76

Civil War prophecyambiguity in, 124n90change to, 59n42emigration and, 261fulfillment of, 94–96, 108,

114, 116, 239reception and publication of,

41–46, 57–58n7Second Coming and, 117use of, after Civil War, 52–56use of, during Civil War,

46–52Clark, Benjamin Harrison, 11Clark, Joshua, 293n11Clark, George W., 2

Clawson, Hiram B., 9, 18–19n28, 146

Cody, Frederick William “Buffalo Bill,” 13

Colfax, Schuyler, 277–78Collins, William O., 191Colorado River, 14, 386–88,

389communication. See mail

delivery; telegraph linecondemnation, Civil War as,

49–51, 84, 86, 94, 96–100, 108–11

Confederacyinternational acknowledgment

of, 37strategy and advantages of,

26, 27, 30strategy and tactics of, 30–35

Connor, Patrick Edwardarrives in Salt Lake City, 72,

153, 156

Bear River Massacre and, 180n78, 216–18, 227–28

Brigham Young and, 174–75Camp Douglas and, 163–67,

169–70death of, 176Grand Army of the Republic

and, 321–22Indian affairs and, 212,

214–15Mormons and, 171–73press coverage of, 273

conscription, 251–52Cooke, Philip St. George,

178n26, 209–10Cooper, Samuel, 386, 387–88Corn Creek reservation, 209Cragin, Bill, 308Craig, James, 135–36“Crater,” 37Crismon, Charles, 331–33Cullom Bill, 309Cumming, Alfred, 4–5, 90, 210

d

Davis, John Eugene. See Norman, William H.

Dawson, John W., 74–75, 275deaths, Civil War, 297–98Decoration Day (Memorial Day),

321–22DeHaas, John W., 343Deseret, 88. See also Utah

Territorydisciplinarian approach to

Indian relations, 214–15

Doty, James Duane, 76Douglas, Stephen A.

Brigham Young on, 69Fort Douglas named after,

166–67Mormons and, 62, 64, 77,

167–69popular sovereignty and, 87prophecy on, 63–64, 67–68Utah Territory and, 64–66

Douglass, Frederick, 301–2

Dow, Lorenzo, 200n31Draft Riots, 251–52Drake, Thomas J., 75–76Duncan, Johnson Kelly, 397n18duration of Civil War, predic-

tions on, 98–99, 115duty as motivation for enlist-

ment, 188–92

e

economyas cause of Civil War, 114Civil War’s effects on, 245Fort Douglas’s impact on, 170Indians and, 204, 205Utah War’s impact on, 14

Edmonds, Sarah Emma, 336n14Edmunds Acts (1882), 313

Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887), 313

Emancipation Proclamation, 33emigration

Civil War–era, 260–61decline in, 257–60increased means for, 245–50new routes and outfitting

camp for, 253–57

procedure for, 237and realities of war, 250–53war anxiety and increase in,

238–45Enabling Act (1862), 71–72Enforcement Acts, 304enlistment. See also conscription;

recruitmentBrigham Young on, 70, 174

index 563

enlistment (cont.)Church members advised

against, 184, 286duty as motivation for,

188–92galvanized Yankees and,

196–98

happenstance in, 192–96honor as motivation for, 192Mormon exodus and, 86–87motivation for, 185–86rage militaire as motivation for,

186–88voluntary, 27

Evans, John Davis, 290Evans, Margaret Williams, 290exodus, Mormon, 84–87, 95,

109, 110–11expectations concerning Civil

War, 98–99, 114–16

F

Fango, Gobo, 242Farnsworth, Elon John, 7, 12federal appointees to Utah

Territory, 74–76federal Indian officials, 207–8Ferguson, James, 9, 146Ferguson, Samuel Wragg, 11Ficklin, Benjamin Franklin, 13,

15–16Field, Kate, 328–29Fifteenth Amendment, 305Fillmore, Lemuel, 394

flag(s)American, 145–46, 174,

325–26, 338n58of kingdom of God, 88–89living, 350–51

flagstaff, Fort Crittenden, 165, 178n26

Florence, Missouri, 243–44, 248–49, 256

Floyd, John B., 4, 386–87Foltz, Jonathan M., 3Foote, Robert, 11Forbes, Joseph Barlow, 186–87

Ford, Thomas, 64, 84Fort Bridger, 133–35Fort Crittenden, 18–19n28,

111, 162, 163–65Fort Douglas. See Camp DouglasFort Sumter, viii, ix, x, 26, 186,

240, 243, 268Fourteenth Amendment, 305Franklin (ship), 247, 248Fredericksburg, Battle of, 33Freedmen’s Bureau, 302Fretwell, Mary E., 252Fullmer, Almon L., 148

g

galvanized Yankees, 196–98gambling, 395–96Garfield, James A., 312–13Gately, Thomas B., 399Gates, Jacob, 243Gentles, William, 10–11Gettysburg, Battle of, 7–8, 35gold, 173Grand Army of the Republic. See

also National Encampment (1909)military vocabulary and motifs

in, 319–20

Mormon membership in, 329–33

organization and membership of, 317–19, 320, 339n98

political affiliation of, 319polygamy and, 324–29uniform of, 319in Utah, 321–24women’s participation in,

320–21, 333–34, 336n14Grand Staircase-Escalante

National Monument, 15Grant, George, 147

Grant, Ulysses S., 31–32, 35, 36, 309

Great Britain, tension with, 245–46

Great Salt Lake Military District, 147–54

Gruntvig, Jensine Christine Hostmark, 259

guerrilla warfare, 35–36, 386, 393

Gunnison, John W., 205

h

Hancock County, Illinois, 62–63Harding, Stephen S., 75, 273Harney, William S., 6Hart, Charley. See Quantrill,

William ClarkeHarville, Richard, 230Hayes, Rutherford B., 312–13

Henry, Della R., 333–34Heth, Henry, 7Hickman, William Adams (Bill),

5Higginbotham, Elizabeth Letitia,

289

Higginbotham, Nancy Camp-bell, 288

Hoffman, Frank, 343Holladay, Ben, 132honor as motivation for enlist-

ment, 192

564 index

Hooker, Joseph “Fighting Joe,” 33

Hopkins, Thomas S., 332–33

horses, 137, 206Hudson (ship), 254–55Huffaker, Lewis Albert, 191

Hullinger, Harvey C., 331–33Hyde company, 257

I

Iliff, Thomas C., 344immigration. See emigrationIndependence, Missouri, 102–3Independence Day, flags flown at

half-staff on, 325–26Independence Rock, 135–37Indians and Indian affairs.

See also Lot Smith Cavalry Companyapproaches to, 212–15attack wagon train, 259–60Bear River Massacre, 180n78,

216–20, 227–33, 234n8

Civil War and, 209–12federal officials, 207–8George H. Thomas on, 387Nauvoo Legion and, 144, 150,

155, 156–57policies in practice, 215–16post–Civil War, 220–21prior to Civil War, 204–7telegraph line and, 72treaties and reservations,

208–9in Utah Territory, 203–4

Ingalls, Rufus, 385–86, 388–90

interpretations of Civil Waras fulfillment of prophecy,

94–96of John Taylor, 101–2and reclaiming Missouri as

Zion, 102–3as retributive justice, 96–100softened attitude in, 100–101,

119–21Irvine, Jack, 229–31Ives, Joseph C., 14

J

Jackson, Henry Wells, 286–87Jackson County, Missouri,

102–3Jenson, Stena Kemfy, 259–60

John Jay Boyd (ship), 248Johnson, Aaron, 9Johnson, Andrew, 302–3, 305

Johnston, Albert Sidney, 6–7, 14, 98, 112

Jones, Nathaniel V., 240

k

Kane, Thomas L., 86, 119–20Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 65Kearny, Stephen W., 87

Kimball, Heber C., 8, 138kingdom of God, flag of, 88–89Knowlton, John Quincy, 137,

333

Ku Klux Klan, 304Ku Klux Klan Act, 304

L

Lacey, Mary Roby, 352–53Ladies of the Grand Army of the

Republic, 321, 333–34land ownership, Indian relations

and, 208, 220Latham, Milton, 128Lawrence, Kansas, raid on, 386League of Nations, 55–56Lee, Robert E., xi, 30–31, 35Lee, William H. F. (Rooney), 11Lincoln, Abraham

assassination of, 297–99election of, 112–13, 115, 273

Joseph Smith and, 64Lot Smith Cavalry Company

and, 128Mormons and, 61–62, 77–78,

299Nauvoo Saints and, 62–63polygamy and, 119on Reconstruction, 295–96on slavery and Reconstruc-

tion, 299–302Utah Territory and, 64–76

Little, Jesse C., 86–87Little Soldier, 211–12

Litz, Peter Gose, 188Living Flag, 350–51Loring, W. W., 14Lot Smith Cavalry Company

Brigham Young on, 174as demonstration of loyalty,

132–33enlistment in, 191as federalized unit, 285–86Grand Army of the Republic

and, 319, 330–33at Independence Rock,

135–37

index 565

Lot Smith Cavalry Company (cont.)instructions to, 131–32last mission of, 137–38legacy of, 138marches to Fort Bridger,

133–35organization of, 128–31,

150–51, 162–63, 210–11press coverage on, 272–73

service of, 323Lot Smith Circle No. 5, 333–34loyalty of Mormons

Brigham Young and, 171–72, 174

George Q. Cannon on, 281Grand Army of the Republic

and, 322–23, 325–26, 327–28

Lot Smith Cavalry Company and, 132–33

polygamy and, 278press coverage on, 269–74reasons for challenging, 176

Luce, Jason R., 152Lyon, Nellie L., 333

m

Madsen, Brigham D., 229–31mail delivery, 134–35, 210–11Marcy, Randolph B., 10Martin, Henry, 270–71Martyrdom, 98, 109–10Mason, James, 245–46McAllister, John D. T., 240McClellan, George, 29–30,

397n18McGarry, Edward, 156, 232, 235McKean, James B., 309, 323McNicol, Daniel, 138millennialism, 54, 116–17Miller, Reuben Parley, 191

mining, 173missionary work

Civil War prophecy and, 47, 51–52

Civil War’s effects on, 118in Southern states, 310

MissouriCivil War’s effects on, 242–43,

248Order No. 11 and, 394reclaiming of, as Zion, 102–3

Monarch (ship), 254Monticello, 15Moonlight, Thomas, 12

Morehead, Charlie, 12Mormon Battalion, 87Mormon exodus, 84–87, 95,

109, 110–11Morrill Anti-Polygamy Act

(1862), 73–74, 119, 276–77, 311

Morris, Emma Ramsey, 343Morris, Joseph, 151–52Mountain Meadows Massacre, 2Moylan, Myles, 11Murphy, Emmanuel, 116

N

National Association of Nurses, 352

National Encampment (1909)accommodations and hospi-

tality at, 345–46arrival of attendees, 343–44bid for, 334–35, 341–43business conducted at,

351–53decorations for, 344–45events during, 346–47parade, 348–51souvenirs from, 347–48

Nauvoo, Illinois, political affilia-tions in, 62–64

Nauvoo LegionCache Military District,

154–57end of, 157Great Salt Lake Military

District, 147–54members of, 8–10organization of, 144–47role of, 143–44

neutrality of Utah Territory, 99–100, 111–12, 117–18, 184–85

Nevada Territory, 69Nevius, Henry M., 342Newell, Robert “Doc,” 396n9newspapers. See pressNew York City Draft Riots,

251–521909 National Encampment. See

National Encampment (1909)Norman, Saul, 192Norman, William H., 196–98Northwest Ordinance (1787),

89Nullification Crisis (1832–33),

42

o

Oehler, R., 331–32“Order No. 11,” 394

Ordinance of Nullification, 42Our Country’s Call (Bryant), 272

Overland Trail, 128. See also Lot Smith Cavalry Company

566 index

P

Pacific Coast, routes to Utah Territory from, 388–90

patriotism as motivation for enlistment, 185, 186–88. See also loyalty of Mormons

Pearl of Great Price, 45–46Peery, David Harold, 188–89,

256, 288–89Peery, Elizabeth Letitia Higgin-

botham, 289Peery, Nancy Campbell Higgin-

botham, 288persecution

Camp Douglas and, 171Civil War as condemnation

for, 49–51, 84, 86, 94, 96–100, 108–11

pioneers. See emigrationPoland Bill, 311

politicsMormon interest in, 112–14Mormons’ impact on, 62–63Utah War and, 14–15

Polk, James K., 85, 86–87polygamy

Brigham Young and, 280Grand Army of the Republic

and, 324–29legal campaign against,

118–19Lincoln and, 66–67, 73–74press coverage on, 276–78Reconstruction and, 308–13

Poole, David, 393popular sovereignty, 87–88, 90Pratt, Orson

Civil War prophecy and, 45, 46–47, 49

emigration and, 240

pressBrigham Young in, 278–81polygamy in, 276–78sources and standards for,

268–69Utah’s loyalty questioned in,

269–74Utah’s statehood in, 274–76Utah Territory in, 267–68,

281prison camps, 198Pritchett, William D., 256Proclamation 157, xiProclamation of Amnesty and

Reconstruction, 300prophecy concerning Stephen A.

Douglas, 63–64, 67–68, 168. See also Civil War prophecy

Pugmire, Jonathan, Jr., 148Pulver, Gilbert H., 343

q

Quantrill, William Clarke, 12, 35, 386, 393–96

r

Radical Reconstructionists, 302–6, 308–10

rage militaire, 185, 186–88railroad, 72–73, 245, 248, 307“Rallying Song of the Grand

Army of the Republic,” 324Ramsey, Amanda Ross, 343Reconstruction

goals of, 295–96Latter-day Saints and, 306–8,

312–13Lincoln and, 299–302polygamy and, 308–12Radical Reconstructionists

and, 305–6

rights of black citizens during, 302–4

successes and failures of, 312Reconstruction Acts, 305–6recruitment, 251–52. See also

enlistmentreligion

Lincoln and, 62understanding Civil War

through, 108Reno, Jesse Lee, 11repentance, 100reservations, Indian, 208–9,

218–19, 221Rex, William, 287–88

Reynolds, George, 311Reynolds, John F., 7Rich, Charles C., 9Richards, Franklin D., 147righteousness, safety through,

56road systems, 14Roberts, B. H., 59n42Robinson, DeLos, 343–44Robinson, John Cleveland, 7Rockwell, Orrin Porter, 6–7Ross, David J., 144, 148Rozsa, John, 193–96, 290–92Russ, Joseph, 230

index 567

s

safety through righteousness, 56Salt Lake Theater, funding for,

18–19n28salvation, 100–101San Pete reservation, 209Schettler, Bernhard, 240School of the Prophets, 307Scovil, Lucius, 240Secession. See also loyalty of

MormonsBrigham Young on, 69–70,

113–14Buchanan and, 3as cause of Civil War, 24–25as process, 27of South Carolina, ixUtah Territory and, 83–90,

111–12, 269–74Second Coming, 54, 116–17“Second Reconstruction,”

310–12self-reliance of Mormons, 307–8Seven Days Battles, 30Shaffer, John Wilson, 309Sheppard, George, 12, 393Sheridan, Phil, 37Sherman, William Tecumseh,

36, 37Shiloh, Battle of, 31–32, 190

Shoshone. See Bear River Massacre

slaveryabolishment of, 33, 36Brigham Young on, 100,

123n46as cause of Civil War, 24Civil War prophecy and,

54–55Lincoln and Reconstruction

and, 299–302as political issue, 112–14polygamy and, 67, 276, 278,

324in territories, 65

Slidell, John, 245–46, 391–93Smith, George A., 8Smith, Gustavus Woodson,

397n18Smith, Joseph. See also Civil War

prophecyLincoln and, 64martyrdom of, 98Mormon exodus and, 84–85Stephen A. Douglas and,

63–64, 67–68, 168tribute to, 109–10

Smith, Joseph F., 8–9Smith, Lot, 9–10, 130. See also

Lot Smith Cavalry Company

Smoot, Reed, 55–56Snow, Eliza R., 272Snow, Erastus, 240Snow, Lorenzo, 8Snow company, 257Sons of Veterans of the United

States of America, 339n104sorrow over Civil War, 100–101South Carolina

in Civil War prophecy, 46–47, 56

secession of, ixSouthern States Mission, 310Spanish Fork reservation, 209Spanish Fork Treaty, 220Squires, George B., 334Stanton, Edwin M., 210–11Star of the West (ship), viii, x, xii,

268, 269, 405statehood, Utah, 77, 269–70,

274–76, 308states’ rights, 24–25, 42, 66, 67Stenhouse, Thomas B. H., 61,

149–50Stewart, James “Jock,” 8Stuart, David Crockett, 187–88Swords, Thomas, 388–90sympathy over Civil War,

100–101

t

Tanner, James, 342, 353Tariff of Abominations, 42Taylor, John, 8, 101–2technological advancements, 24,

29, 32–33, 128telegraph line

communication through, 253emigration and, 249–50impact of, 128Indian relations and, 210interruptions in, 127, 132Lincoln and, 71–72press and, 268

Temple Square, 153–54

temple work for Confederate soldiers, 104n29

territorial system, government under, 89

Texas, insurrection in, xitheology, understanding Civil

War through, 108Thirteenth Amendment, 300Thomas, George Henry, 385,

386–88Thomas, Lorenzo, 128–29Thompson, Franklin, 336n14Timpanogos War, 205Tindup, 217

Titus, John, 71“total” war, 24, 26–27, 29, 30,

37trade between Mormons and

non-Mormons, 307–8transcontinental railroad, 307transportation

railroads, 71–73, 245, 248, 307

road systems, 14treaties, Indian, 208, 218–19,

220trench warfare, 37Trent Affair, 245–46

568 index

U

Uintah reservation, 221, 225n117

Uintah Valley, 218, 220Union

strategy and advantages of, 26–27, 29–30

strategy and tactics of, 30–35Union Pacific, 72–73United Confederate Veterans,

336–37n18Utah Cavalry. See Lot Smith

Cavalry CompanyUtah Expedition. See Utah WarUtah Territorial Indian Agency,

207Utah Territorial Militia. See

Nauvoo LegionUtah Territory

during Civil War, 70–76Indians and Indian relations

in, 203–5Lincoln and, 64–70

mourns Lincoln’s assassina-tion, 298–99

neutrality of, 99–100, 111–12, 117–18, 184–85

Patrick Connor on, 173press coverage on, 267–68,

276–78, 281Reconstruction’s effects on,

306–8routes from Pacific Coast to,

388–90secession rumors surround-

ing, 83–90, 269–74statehood for, 77, 269–70,

274–76, Utah War’s impact on, 14–15views on Civil War, 127–28

Utah Valley, 205Utah War

camp followers in, 12–13cause of, 207civilian leaders during, 3–6

Civil War as condemnation for, 111, 112

Civil War enlistment and, 183–84

fatalities in, 2generals in, 385–86

geographical consequences of, 14–15George H. Thomas’s strategy

in, 386–88impact of, 2–3P. G. T. Beauregard’s strategy

in, 390–93Rufus Ingalls’ strategy in,

388–90societal forces set in motion

by, 13–15soldiers in, 6–12press coverage of, 267–68William C. Quantrill and,

393–96

v

Van Buren, Martin, 97–98, 109Van Cott, John, 239

Van Der Voort, Paul, 323–26Vicksburg, Battle of, 35

voluntary enlistment, 27

W

wagon trains, 239, 243–45, 252–53, 257, 259–61

Waite, Charles B., 75–76Walker company, 260war and warfare

among Indian tribes, 205–6Brigham Young on, 108in Europe, 254evolutions in, 8, 24, 29, 31,

32–33guerrilla, 35–36, 386, 393John Taylor on, 101–2prophecy on, 52reinterpretation of prophecy

on, 54–56Washakie, 137Watie, Stand, xi

Watson, John, 190, 200n33Watson, Lorenzo Dow “Low,”

189–90weaponry

advancements in, 24, 32–33Utah War and, 8

Weber Military District, 154welfare approach to Indian

relations, 213–14Wells, Daniel H.

Lot Smith Cavalry Company and, 130, 131

Nauvoo Legion and, 146press coverage on, 273and revival of Nauvoo Legion,

143Utah War and, 8

West, Chauncey W., 154“When We Were Boys in Blue,”

335Whig Party, 38n5, 62, 64Wilcken, Charles H., 11–12Williams, Margaret, 290Willis company, 260Windemere (ship), 247Woman’s Relief Corps, Auxiliary

to the Grand Army of the Republic, 320–21

Woodruff, Wilford, 8, 112Wright, George, 166, 175–76,

214Wyoming, Nebraska, 256–57

index 569

y

Yankees, galvanized, 196–98Yates, Richard E., 2Young, Ann Eliza, 53–54Young, Brigham

advises emigrants, 257–58anticipates Civil War, 115arrest of, 180n73on Civil War, 5, 119–21, 302communication and transpor-

tation advancements and, 72flagpole of, 178n26Indian relations and, 213–16legacy of, 5–6

Lot Smith Cavalry Company and, 128–31, 133–34, 150–51

Nauvoo Legion and, 153Patrick Connor and, 171–72,

174–75polygamy and, 277–78, 309press coverage on, 278–81replaced as Utah’s governor,

161–62resumes governance of Utah,

4Rufus Ingalls on, 390

secession rumors surround-ing, 87–90, 111

on slavery, 113, 123n46Stephen A. Douglas and, 168treason indictment against,

17n12Young, Brigham, Jr., 120Young, Joseph W., 249, 257Young, Richard Whitehead, 5Young, Seymour B., 330Young, Willard, 5–6

Z

Zion, reclaiming Missouri as, 102–3

Zouaves, 397n18