VOL. 43 NO. il HEAD OFFICE: MONTREAL, DECEMBER 1962

On Having a Sense of ValuesA SENSE OF VALUES is needed in private life as well asin the market place. All our lives we are exercisingchoices, preferring this to that, deciding betweenbetter and worse.

Life would be uninteresting and drab if we did notset for ourselves certain goals and commit ourselvesto some method for keeping score.

The things we want take many forms. ProfessorE. J. Urwick, who was from 1925 to 1937 on the staffof the University of Toronto, wrote about some ofthem in The Values of Life, a book in which hediscussed values related to ideals, friendship, wealth,progress, knowledge, labour, simplicity and otherdesirable things.

As a result of the massive accretion of knowledgein the past hundred years, many men and women,even those who are well-educated, are compelled toadmit: "I don’t know what to think." Living in ademocracy, we cannot ask that a committee ofphilosophers shall meet behind closed doors to decidefor all of us the moral and aesthetic values that are toguide our hopes and dictate our actions. We have toface the questions personally, because what we aredeciding upon is the kind of life we individually wouldlike to live.

We have been relieved of the economic and socialpressures which plagued our forefathers; now weneed to stand on guard against being satisfied withshoddy and sham experiences. Our lives, like history,turn upon small hinges. Our day-to-day decisionsabout the things which we shall allow to matter addup to the value or worthlessness of our existence.

These are years when we are exposed to apathyand cynicism. Some critics are uneasy because theydetect a lack of purpose in the things we do, a trendtoward conformity, passive comfort and unintelligentpursuit of ease. They fear that even young people havelost the fondness for adventure which was once thesymbol of youth.

It was not toward an age of submissive easiness,growing a fatty tissue around values, that menstruggled through the ages, but rather toward broaden-ing horizons. This is a time of exciting achievements,

but its great events and great promise can be seen onlyby those who stand on a level with them.

The things we value today are built upon thewisdom and work of many centuries. There has beenlittle change in us physically w the handle of a BronzeAge sword fits our hand as well as it did the hand ofits original owner. And even though our socialenvironment has altered a great deal, the conservativestructures and functions that were so useful in thepast are the framework around which new socialorder is built.

Everything that exists is in a constant state ofbecoming something else. Human life is like a journeyon which every step brings us to a different view. Weare part of a stream flowing from the first germ to theremote and unknown future. Our sense of values willenable us to make sure that it is a flow from minus toplus, from mediocrity to distinction.

Change of thought or activity or direction is notnaturally acceptable to all people. Those who do notexpect change are frightened by it. Wise people makeallowance for it. Alfred North Whitehead gave soundadvice to newspapermen, advice which is applicableto all of us: "You can append notes at the bottom ofyour leading articles explaining that this is what lookstrue today, but that tomorrow it may be somethingquite different."

A good sense of values does not keep companywith a hardened sense of consistency. Thinking mustbe an active process if it is to keep up with a worldthat is moving, and enable us to cope with the factthat the inconceivable of one age becomes the com-monplace of the next.

Increase in knowledge

Look at the record of the increase in knowledgeduring the past century. A hundred years ago theSmithsonian Institution, probably the world’s largestmuseum, catalogued 46,000 objects; in 1952 it had33,184,494. In 1850 the British Museum added 14,266books; a hundred years later the comparable figurewas 51,419.

Of course, we cannot be as sure as we were oncethat all change is progress. We are quite right tomodify the ideas in our minds, just as we replace thefurniture in our offices and homes, but we ought notto throw out ideas merely because they are old. Ahundred firmly-held concepts about nature were al-tered by the experiments and expeditions of Inter-national Geophysical Year, but when a man fell andbroke his leg near the South Pole the geophysicists didnot try to change the law of gravity.

Every business man knows that change in values isone of the components of commerce. An editorial inthe Harvard Business Review said: "The executivemust be continually and instinctively making orderand relation out of unrelated ideas. Meanings are theexecutive’s stock in trade. The most important aspectof his job is to operate in terms of values."

Every business decision requires judgment basedupon a deliberate choice between values. For example,if a man doesn’t know the relative strength of varyingvalues he cannot compute the process and effects ofadvertising and selling.

There are two sorts of value in economics: valuein use, which is utility, and value in exchange, whichis what one gets for what one has to dispose of.Commodities such as bread, air, and water, whichhave the greatest value in use, have often the lowestvalue in exchange. Commodities which have thehighest value in exchange, such as diamonds, curio-sities and pictures, appear to have the lowest utility.

Most of the science of economics seems to be madeup of attempts to reach a satisfactory balance betweendesirable ends and the price to be paid for them. Inall other regions of life, too, men show their order ofvalues by what they are willing to pay for what theyconsider the greater good. To many men, for example,wealth is not worth the price, because sometimes finethings must be sacrificed in getting rich.

What are values ?

Our individual values have been formed little bylittle, like a coral reef. In childhood our values aredictated by our parents; in youth we learn whatteachers and leaders think is good for us; in ouradult lives we are subject to the pressure of publicpeople, the writers of newspapers and magazines, theselectors of the "best" books. Without tests of valueof our own we are at the mercy of every wind thatblows.

We need the courage to ask and answer the question:"What are my values ?" An anthropologist has saidthat the two most productive areas for investigation ofthe history of man are his garbage dumps and hisburials: in the first we find what our ancestors dis-c/~rded as useless, in the other their choicest and mostcharacteristic offerings.

A poll revealed that these are among the principalthings believed to be of value today: new experiences,

recognition, security, health, something to do, a senseof gladness, peace of mind, a centre of gravity, friends,satisfaction in work done, zest. A writer put some ofthese together and suggested four essential values: tofeel happy and at peace with the world; to feel worthyand noble; to feel effective and equal to events; to feelsignificant as a co-worker in the great ongoing pro-cesses of life.

It is essential that the values we adopt and holdshould allow for expansion. What matters in thehistory of the human race is essentially a progress tohigher values. It is by this standard that we judge ourforefathers, and, when the time comes, that our ageshall be judged.

We need, then, to keep asking questions about ourvalues until we arrive at rock bottom. Building a setof values demands that we go behind the slogans andthe easy phrases of quack reformers and look at our-selves as we are and not as we wish we were. Learningthe truth will not destroy or impair values that areworth investigating.

If the task of developing our sense of values appearsto be at times tiresome or irksome, we may remindourselves that we are in quest of something mo-mentous, something beside which all other questsseem small, but something which, when found, willmake all other quests significant.

Not absolutesThis is not to say that we should become intense

about the task. Look at the paintings of the Masters,who often found themselves under the necessity to puta window or an open doorway in the background oftheir pictures. A true sense of values will give itspossessor the ability to avoid imprisoning his lifewithin blank walls.

Our search for values is not a search for absolutes,which are unattainable. Nobody should expect to beperfect, or unduly troubled by the fact that he is not.It is true that our tradition calls upon us to measureourselves by a standard which far exceeds our powersto fulfil in life, but perfection would be a completion,without possibility of growth.

Vague people sprinkle their conversations withabsolutes: "I want 100 per cent of the best; I am a100 per cent Canadian." But as Sidney Hook wrotein his survey of The Hero in History: "There is nosuch thing as absolute health, absolute wisdom,absolute democracy, an absolutely honest man -- oran absolutely fat one."

This does not mean that our values should not beset high, but that our ideals must be adjusted to thecapacities of our human nature. It is a dangerousardour which, urging us to the absolute heights ofperfection, carries us also to the brink of precipices.There was a saying in ancient Rome: "It is not farfrom the Capitoline Hill (where consuls took theirvows) to the Tarpeian Rock (from which criminalswere thrown to their death.)"

We should not neglect a value because we despairof attaining its highest degree. After all, we do notplay a sonata in order to reach the final chord, butto enjoy the music along the way.

Harmonious balance enters into every sense ofvalues: balance of thought and spontaneity, balanceof the aspirations and qualities that constitute anall-round man.

The value in happinessDoes good value consist of happiness ? The answer

must be that happiness is a real value only when it ismade up of things indisputably good.

People who live on the surface place their happinessin things external to them, in property, rank, societyand the like. Their centre of gravity is not in them-selves, but is constantly changing its place with everywhim and desire.

The ancient Greeks found happiness to be whatthey could put into life and not what they could lootout of it. Socrates exclaimed, when he saw articles ofluxury laid out for sale: "How much there is in theworld that I do not want!"

Those who base their happiness on work, interests,friendships, the pursuit of an ideal, and health, arein position to anticipate the simplest pleasures withpassionate expectation. They have an honest purposein life, a just estimate of themselves and others, andthey obey rules they know to be right.

Such men and women have learned the art ofrenouncing some things in order to possess moresecurely and fully the things they value. They knowtheir powers and limitations, and find satisfactionin a line of activity which they can do well. Theyknow that values are not in things, but in theirthoughts about things. When life seems to have lostits meaning it is because something has happenedin the valuer, because values result from valuing.

Ambition can be treacherous to the man pursuinghappiness. It may demand some deviation from thebasic standards of value; it may cause sorrow, if hehas not realized that some achievements bring withthem a load of care. If his ambitions are too em-bracing, he will suffer confusion, as if someone hadgot into a department store and mixed up the pricetags.

It is easy to be led aside after trifles. The ambitionof a man with true values is not satisfied by grantingaudiences, being invited to receptions, or being electedto boards. Many novels remain unwritten and manybusiness deals fall through while men make the roundof visits designed to curry favour with critics andexecutives.

Trifles are relative. An Einstein could pass an entirelifetime without bending his powerful mind to theproblem of making his bank book balance againsthis cheque stubs, because in his world, where E =mc2,a personal budget =0, but a man contemplating

business expansion or the buying of a house mustpay attention to the figures in his bank account.

What is needed?These things are needed by the person seeking a

good sense of values: health, education, some idealism,a set of principles, to think things over, and patience.

It is with good reason that we ask after his healthwhen we meet a friend, for good health is funda-mental to the enjoyment of life. When you are suffer-ing from a toothache or seasickness a profit on thestock-market is no more important than getting aseat on a bus.

Education should instil in us an active faith in thevital values which make our lives worth living. Choiceof values is narrowed by ignorance and closed mind-edness.

There is today a mountain of knowledge which didnot exist when our grandparents sat at school desks.Out of all this knowledge we must extract the valuesthat have most relevance to our lives. It is the task ofeducation to improve our judgment about values, sothat we keep the useful ore and throw away the slag.

Education tells us how human and social problemswere solved in other ages. Upon this knowledge wemay base our working out of the solution of personaland social problems which are new only in themodern costumes they wear. It is saddening to seehow many persons, mature in age, lay aside theirbooks just at a time when they are best qualified toread them with alert judgment and polished taste.

When one becomes able to deal with facts andideas thoughtfully and reasonably, then one becomesgreater than one was before. This may be thought ofas being idealistic, but we must have values that aresomewhat idealistic or our thoughts tend to becomeearthbound, caught up and entangled in materialthings. Materialism leads a person to try to explainone of Tchaikovsky’s symphonies by tracing thepedigree of the catgut in the violins.

It is true that imagination and idealism serve nouseful purpose unless they are bridled and guided bycommon sense. But we cannot establish values forourselves unless we look outside the mundane prac-ticalities of life.

Values are like a compassA sense of values enters into, or becomes, a life

philosophy, something that gives stature, somethinggreatly needed in these days, when many people havethrown over the old standards without acquiring newones. They come up against crises new to their ex-perience and have no set of values and no habits ofthought suited to the new situations. Instead ofgetting what they like, they are compelled to likewhat they get.

That is one great virtue in having a sense of values:you have a compass you can trust. When Francis

Chichester crossed the Atlantic in mid-1962 he wasalone in his 28-foot sailboat, and all around him thesea met the sky in an unmarked horizon. But he wasnot lost. He had a compass; his course was charted;the stars were overhead.

No two days start alike or are exact counterparts,but with a compass of values one knows in whichdirection to sail in order to reach the desired port.The compass is a principle, made up of underlyingideas and controlling concepts. As Sophocles put it:"Not of today nor yesterday, but from all eternity,these truths endure."

Principles are not gathered from the thin air, norare they wrought out by the sweat of daily chores. Avalue-seeking person must allow himself time forspells of solitude in which to mull over in personalreflection what his mind has gathered. Prince Philipput it this way: "I have had the opportunity ofwandering over the hills and also of doing somefishing. These pursuits, with the moments of solitudeand reflection which they give, are invaluable to anyman who is trying to keep a balanced outlook in themidst of the furious activity of modern life."

It is probably necessary for everyone, prince orworkman, to spend a little time once in a while re-assessing his life and the values by which he lives it.We should not forget that a photograph plate, passivein itself, can find -- with its face turned in the rightdirection -- stars which no telescope can see.

Meditation may be a re-energizer, too. When wewithdraw into ourselves to think things over we oftengather our energies into a tight coil, ready to be un-

leashed in self-expression.

The person who takes time to meditate may notcomprehend everything fully, but he will enjoy thethrill of reaching the point where there seems to beonly a thin veil between him and the reality he isseeking. His choice of values made on the mountainwill serve him well when he returns to the valley.

This state is not reached overnight. Besides courageto face the issues there is needed patience to work outthe answers. Patience is a very great word, because itincludes maturity of thought, mental health, and therefinement of judgment which takes account of theconsequences of actions.

In a world in which there are so many good peopleand institutions and nations fighting not for somethingbut against something there is great need for thedignity of being positive. To take up simply the atti-tude of defending something holds out no hope ofimprovement, but if wel make a habit of seeing thepositive possibilities in every situation we shall gainzest for doing significant things.

There is room within this positiveness for the opi-nions of other people. While we must commit our-selves, believing strongly in our values and judgment,our sense of chivalry should lead us toward open-mindedness. This will give us moderation in our

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thoughts and actions. We will recognize the undoubtedfact that no opinion is completely right and none iscompletely wrong. Our world is full of middle roads.

Living effectivelyHow effectively we live is the expression of our

sense of values. Every man is worth just so much asthe things are worth with which he busies himself.

We should expose ourselves to a context of values inwhich high performance is encouraged. It was saidsadly in the report of a special study by the RockefellerBrothers Fund Inc.: "If we ask what our societyinspires in the way of high performance we are led tothe conclusion that we may have, to a startling degree,lost the gift for demanding high performance of our-selves. It is a point worth exploring."

This carries our thoughts back to the inscription onthe temple wall at Delphi: "Know Thyself."

The cultivation of excellence, the pursuit of achieve-ment for its own sake, is a latent force in nearly every-one. Bringing his sense of values out into the openpart of his mind is one way to make the latent urgeeffective in action.

Test tubes and text books have not yet made lifesomething to be taken like a doctor’s prescription, amere following of instructions. Everyone has indi-vidual talent, but he can give expression to it onlythrough initiative, enterprise, energy, and invincibleoptimism. He must come out of his emotional shell ifhe is to satisfy the something within him which isunappeased, if he is to be himself and not a palereflection of other people.

This self-fulfilment is not selfishness. To say that weshould seek within ourselves for the values that willgive us happiness is not to say that we should descendto self-centredness in an animal sort of way. Part ofour sense of values must express itself in making ourcontribution to society. We cannot realize high valuesif we are content to exist as nonparticipating spectators.

Values are lived, not talked about. A good actordoes not pause in the middle of a scene to describethe mental agony of Hamlet or the jealousy of Othello,but simply conveys it.

This brings us to a crucial point in the discussion ofa sense of values. There is a time for meditation, butthere is also a time for action. We must attend to thejob in hand and work at it calmly, vigorously, with-out distraction.

We may be affronted by the reception given oursense of values, or disappointed by our failure torealize our values immediately, but these worries andburned fingers and disappointments are trivial in viewof our goal. Our real business in life is to find some-thing that is true for us, and to live by it. Our scale ofvalues provides us with a bench mark from which tomeasure our progress, and a point to which we canreturn for fresh starts.

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