on a side note... are they related?. us civil rights movement beginnings through the 60s
TRANSCRIPT
On a side note. . .Are they related?
US Civil Rights Movement
Beginnings through the 60s
Abolitionists Frederick Douglas was the editor of an
abolitionist newspaper.
Harriet Tubman Helped slaves escape via the Underground
Railroad.
John Brown He and his sons
brutally murdered 5 slave masters in Kansas. (1858)
Tried to incite a slave revolt
Reconstruction 1865-77 After the Civil War 1861-1865, the
federal government made strides toward equality.
Blacks voted, held many political offices.
The Freedmen’s Bureau was a govt program to help Blacks find land, it established schools and colleges.
Reconstruction The Fourteenth Amendment
guaranteed all citizens with equal protection under the law.
The Fifteenth Amendment said the right to vote shall not be denied on the basis of race.
What is the definition of Race
What is the definition of Race
people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock; "some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings“
subspecies: (biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species
History of Humans The genus Homo were differentiated by about 1%-2%
from their nearest cousins, the chimpanzee about 4 million years ago.
The genus homo had several species: Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and the lone survivor, Homo sapiens.
African people and Asian people became very slightly differentiated some 200,000 years ago
The various Ethnic groups in Europe became differentiated from those in Asia only about 100,000 years ago.
Africans, Asians, and Europeans have only very minor local adaptations and very little genetic diversity
The Family Tree
Huxley's map of racial categories (1870). 1: Bushmen 2: Negroes 3: Negritoes 4: Melanochroi 5: Australoids 6: Xanthochroi 7: Polynesians 8: Mongoloids A 8: Mongoloids B 8: Mongoloids C 9: Esquimaux
White, Black, White Hispanic, Asian FBI classifications
Charles Darwin in “On origin of species Man has been studied more carefully than any
other animal, and yet there is the greatest possible diversity amongst capable judges whether he should be classed as a single species or race, or as two (Virey), as three (Jacquinot), as four (Kant), five (Blumenbach), six (Buffon), seven (Hunter), eight (Agassiz), eleven (Pickering), fifteen (Bory St. Vincent), sixteen (Desmoulins), twenty-two (Morton), sixty (Crawfurd), or as sixty-three, according to Burke.
This diversity of judgment shows that they graduate into each other, and that it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them
Genetic variation distance map-2002
Race is a cultural construct
Conceptions of race, as well as specific ways of grouping races, vary by culture and over time, and are often controversial
Large parts of the academic community take the position that, while racial categories may be marked by sets of common phenotypic or genotypic traits, the popular idea of "race" is a social construct without base in scientific fact
Race is not a real thing!!
Race and ethnicity are social, not biological constructs, referring to social groups, often sharing cultural heritage and ancestry.
Race and ethnicity are not valid biological or genetic categories
However. . . The Supreme Court decided in
Plessy vs. Ferguson that separate institutions are okay if they are equal.
Jim Crow laws required that Blacks have separate facilities.
Dallas Bus Station
Jim Crow Laws
Texas sign
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws
Major Victory
· African Americans continued their struggle for equality, which became known as the civil rights movement.
· In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional.
Challenging the law:
A Sign at the Greyhound Bus Station, Rome, GeorgiaSeptember 1943. (Esther Bubley, photographer)
"The Rex theater for Negro People." Leland, Mississippi, November 1939.Marion Post Wolcott, photographer.
"A cafe near the tobacco market." Durham, North Carolina. May 1940.
" People waiting for a bus at the Greyhound bus terminal." Memphis, Tennessee. September 1943.
Esther Bubley, photographer.
NAACP Founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Dubois Fought for equality
NAACP fought in the courts Thurgood Marshall was hired by
the NAACP to argue in the Supreme Court against school segregation. He won.
He was later the 1st Black Supreme Court Justice.
Many were arrested.
James Meredith, University of Mississippi, escorted to class by U.S. marshals and troops. Oct. 2, 1962.
Ole Miss fought against integration
200 were arrested during riots at Ole Miss
Objective: To examine the importance of the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS.
· With help from the NAACP, the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka reached the Supreme Court, challenging the constitutionality of Plessy v. Ferguson.
· In the case, Oliver Brown challenged that his daughter, Linda, should be allowed to attend an all-white school near her home instead of the distant all-black school she had been assigned to.
Oliver Brown was a welder for the Santa Fe Railroad and a part-time assistant pastor at St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Linda Brown was in the third grade when her father began his class action lawsuit.
· Brown’s lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, argued that “separate” could never be “equal” and that segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee to provide “equal protection” to all citizens.
Standing outside a Topeka classroom in 1953 are the students represented in Oliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, From left: Vicki Henderson, Donald Henderson, Linda Brown (Oliver's daughter), James Emanuel, Nancy Todd, and Katherine Carper.
* In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Brown family, and schools nationwide were ordered to be desegregated.
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit, following Supreme Court decision ending segregation.
Linda Brown and her new class mates after Court decision.
Thurgood Marshall
Brown vs. Board of Education 1954
School Integration The Supreme Court issued the order that
schools are to be integrated with “All deliberate speed”.
The attitude of many schools after the 1954 Brown decision was like:
Federalism When Federal troops are sent to
make states follow federal laws, this struggle for power is called federalism.
The Civil Rights Movement was mostly getting the federal government to make state governments to follow federal law.
Bottom Row, Left to Right: Thelma Mothershed, Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Gloria Ray; Top Row, Left to Right: Jefferson Thomas, Melba Pattillo, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Daisy Bates(NAACP President), Ernest Green
Integrated schools:
· In Little Rock, Arkansas, Gov. Orval Faubus opposed integration.
Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
· Gov. Faubus was violating federal law.
· In 1957, he called out the National Guard in order to prevent African Americans from attending an all-white high school.
Members of the 101st US-Airborne Division escorting the Little Rock Nine to school
· Therefore, Pres. Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock where, under their protection, the African American students were able to enter Central High School.
African American students arriving at Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, in U.S. Army car, 1957.
The Federal Government sent in the troops
States ignored the ’54 Brown decision, so Feds were sent in.
The Fight Many African Americans and
whites risked their lives and lost their lives to remedy this situation.
Rosa Parks was not the first, but she was the beginning of something special.
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the
segregation laws of Montgomery, Alabama.
In Response. . . For over a year,
Blacks boycotted the buses.
They carpooled and walked through all weather conditions
Objective: To examine the causes and effects of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Top: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Right: E.D. Nixon
Left: Rosa Parks; Below: Rev. Ralph Abernathy
· In December of 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.
The Voices of Montgomery
Rosa Parks is arrested:· As in many southern states, Alabama’s Jim Crow laws required that blacks give up their seats on buses to whites.
· Without black riders, white owned bus companies stood to lose a lot of money.
Dr. King:
· The NAACP, with the help of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a bus boycott in Montgomery.
Listen to Dr. King and Ralph Abernathy discuss the importance of the boycott (1:53)
The Rev. Ralph Abernathy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., from left, at a press conference. (May 26, 1963)
An empty bus passes by during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1956.
While the NAACP fought in the courts, MLK’s organization led the boycott.
http://www.africanaonline.com/Graphic/rosa_parks_bus.gif
Many were arrested for an “illegal boycott” including their leader. . .
· Therefore, the Montgomery bus company agreed to integrate their buses and hire black bus drivers.
A hard-won battle:
· In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.
Dr. King and his wife, Coretta, at the conclusion of the boycott.
Dr. King and Reverend Ralph Abernathy riding a bus on the first day for desegregated buses in Montgomery, AL. (December 21, 1956)
Success!
What to do next?You can’t boycott something that doesn’t want your business anyway!
A new, nonviolent tactic was needed.
Gandhi inspired King to be direct and nonviolent towards Whites.
Civil disobedience the active refusal to obey certain laws, using no form of violence.
Be the change you wish to see in the world
When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love has always won. There have been tyrants and murderers and for a time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall — think of it, always."
"What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy?"
"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind." "There are many causes that I am prepared to die for
but no causes that I am prepared to kill for."
Violence never solves problems. It only creates new and more complicated ones. If we succumb to the temptation of using violence in our struggle for justice, unborn generations will be the recipients of a long and desolate night of bitterness, and our chief legacy to the future will be an endless reign of meaningless chaos.
--Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Facing the Challenge of a New Age"
Sit ins
This was in Greensboro, North Carolina
They were led not by MLK but by college students!
Sit-in Tactics Dress in you Sunday best. Be respectful to employees and
police. Do not resist arrest! Do not fight back! Remember, journalists are
everywhere!
Students were ready to take your place if you had a class to attend.
Not only were there sit-ins. .Swim ins (beaches, pools)Kneel ins (churches)Drive ins (at motels)Study-ins (universities)
· King insisted that his followers follow civil disobedience, or nonviolent protests against unjust laws.
· King was arrested, his house was bombed, yet the boycott continued.
Martin Luther King, Jr., arrested, Montgomery, Alabama, 1958.
(Photograph by Charles Moore)
King’s sacrifice King was arrested
thirty times in his 38 year life.
His house was bombed or nearly bombed several times
Death threats constantly
"Martin Luther King Jr. was
photographed by Alabama cops
following his February 1956
arrest during the Montgomery
bus boycott. The historic mug
shot, taken when King was 27,
was discovered in July 2004 by
a deputy cleaning out a
Montgomery County Sheriff's
Department storage room. It is
unclear when the notations
'DEAD' and '4-4-68' were
written on the picture.”
Police started harassing the car pool, threatening to arrest
drivers, revoke their licenses, and cancel their insurance
policies. On January 26, King was arrested for speeding and
taken to jail (for driving 30 in a 25 mph zone). A few days
later his house was bombed. Soon King was receiving
dozens of hate letters and threatening phone calls every day.
In February an all-white grand jury indicted 89 people,
including twenty-four ministers and all drivers in the car
pool, for violating an obscure state anti-labor law that
prohibited boycotts. King was the first to be tried. The judge
found him guilty and sentenced him a year of hard labor or
a fine of $500 plus court costs.
Selma to Montgomery Part 2
Part 2
Why march and risk personal injury?
Headlines! People around
world will convert to your cause if they see you on TV or on the front page of the newspaper.
Birmingham, Alabama 1963
Police use dogs to quell civil unrest in Birmingham, Ala. in May of 1963. Birmingham's police commissioner "Bull" Connor also allowed fire hoses to be turned on young civil rights demonstrators.
Birmingham
Thousands marched to the Courthouse in Montgomery to protest rough treatment given voting rights demonstrators. The Alabama Capitol is in the background. March 18,1965
High Schoolers jailed for marching
Oh Wallace, you never can jail us all,Oh Wallace, segregation's bound to fall
Bloody Sunday In Selma,
pro-vote marchers face Alabama cops.
Selma to Montgomery, Alabama
Tending the wounded
Marchers cross bridge
Police set up a rope barricade.
Marchers stayed there for days.
We're gonna stand here 'till it falls,‘Till it falls,‘Till it falls,We're gonna stand here 'till it fallsIn Selma, Alabama.
Birmingham
White America saw 500 kids get arrested and attacked with dogs.
There was much support now for civil rights legislation.
Voter Registration
CORE volunteers came to Mississippi to register Blacks to vote.
These volunteers risked arrest, violence and death every day.
The Fight
This man spent 5 days in jail for “carrying a placard.”
Sign says “Voter registration worker”
Crime Scene
This woman was killed by the KKK while on her way to join voter activists in Mississippi
"Your work is just beginning. If you go back home and sit down and take what these white men in Mississippi are doing to us. ...if you take it and don't do something about it. ...then *%# damn your souls."
Voter Registration If Blacks
registered to vote, the local banks could call the loan on their farm.
Freedom RidersNow it is time to test the
small-town bus stops and highways!
Freedom Riders CORE volunteers, White and
Black, got on buses and sat inter-racially on the bus.
They went into bus station lunch counters
Freedom Riders attacked!
Mobs also attacked them at the bus stations.
Highways
The highways were obviously not safe.
James Meredith, right, pulled himself to cover against a parked car after he was shot by a sniper. Meredith had been leading a march to encourage African Americans to vote. He recovered from the wound, and later completed the march. June 7, 1966
March on Washington 1963 President Kennedy was pushing
for a civil rights bill. To show support, 500,000
African Americans went to Washington D.C.
The Supreme Court ruled that protesters had 1st Amendment right to march.
March on Washington 1963
The event was highlighted by King's "I Have a Dream" speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial. August 28, 1963.
Civil Rights Act of 1964Banned segregation in public places such as restaurants, buses
Lyndon B. Johnson ’63-’68 Pushed Civil
Rights Act through Congress
Passed more pro-civil rights laws than any other president
Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ)
Civil Rights Act of ’64
Civil Rights Act of ’68
Voting Rights Act of ’65
24th Amendment banning poll taxes
Left to right: Hosea Williams, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr., Rev. Ralph David Abernathy on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel Memphis hotel, a day before King's assassination.April 3,1968
Aides of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King point out to police the path of the assassin's bullet. Joseph Louw, photographer for the Public Broadcast Laboratory, rushed from his nearby motel room in Memphis to record the scene moments after the shot. Life magazine, which obtained exclusive rights to the photograph, made it public. April 4, 1968.
Malcolm X and MLK
Affirmative Action –
Policies that take into account historically disadvantaged ethnic groups who were historically denied access to employment, education and other life aspects and giving them an advantage in future consideration to promote equal opportunity and diversity
Bakke v. California
Quotas Reverse Discrimination
Civil Rights legal achievements Harry Truman
ordered the armed forces AND the government to be desegregated.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Sent 101st airborne to Little Rock, Arkansas to maintain order.
The Killing of Georgie-by Rod Stewart
In these days of changing ways so called liberated daysa story comes to mind of a friend of mine
Georgie boy was gay I guess nothin' more or nothin' lessthe kindest guy I ever knew
His mother's tears fell in vain the afternoon George tried to explain that he needed love like all the rest
Pa said there must be a mistakehow can my son not be straight after all I've said and done for him
Leavin' home on a Greyhound buscast out by the ones he love A victim of these gay days it seems
Georgie went to New York town where he quickly settled downand soon became the toast of the great white way
Accepted by Manhattan's elite in all the places that were chic
No party was complete without George
Along the boulevards he'd cruise and all the old queens blew a fuse Everybody loved Georgie boy
The last time I saw George alive was in the summer of seventy-five he said he was in love I said I'm pleased
George attended the opening night of another Broadway hype but split before the final curtain fell
Deciding to take a short cut homearm in arm they meant no wrongA gentle breeze blew down Fifth Avenue
Out of a darkened side street camea New Jersey gang with just one aimto roll some innocent passer-byThere ensued a fearful fightscreams rang out in the nightGeorgie's head hit a sidewalk cornerstone
A leather kid, a switchblade knifeHe did not intend to take his lifeHe just pushed his luck a little too far that night
The sight of blood dispersed the gangA crowd gathered, the police cameAn ambulance screamed to a halt on Fifty-third and Third
Georgie's life ended therebut I ask who really caresGeorge once said to me and I quote
He said "Never wait or hesitateGet in kid, before it's too lateYou may never get another chance'Cos youth a mask but it don't lastlive it long and live it fast"Georgie was a friend of mine
Oh Georgie stay, don't go awayGeorgie please stay you take our breath awayOh Georgie stay, don't go awayGeorgie please stay you take our breath awayOh Georgie stay, don't go awayGeorgie, Georgie please stay you take our breath awayOh Georgie stay
John F. Kennedy
Called Coretta Scott King to pledge support while MLK was in jail.
Eventually sent federal protection of freedom riders
Proposed need for civil rights legislation
Some Major African American OrganizationsOrganization Date of Founding Background National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 1909 Founded by black and white progressives; W. E. B. Du Bois a well-known leader; used the courts to attack segregation policies. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1942 Founded by the Fellowship of Reconciliation, an international pacifist group; practiced nonviolent direct action such as sit-ins; 1960s “freedom rides” helped desegregate interstate public transportation. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957 Founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to unite African American churches in the use of nonviolent passive resistance to achieve civil rights goals. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 1960 Founded by young people dedicated to nonviolent methods such as sit-ins; became more militant in the mid-1960s embracing Stokely Carmichael’s idea of “black power.”
Get ready for your quiz!
6 questions
Quiz 1. Name 2 abolitionists from the
1800s. 2. Whose arrest sparked the
Montgomery Bus Boycott? 3. Who founded the NAACP in
1909?
4. Who inspired MLK’s nonviolent strategies?
5. Which laws required segregation?
6. Which Supreme Court case integrated schools?
This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com
http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.