oltc fundamental
DESCRIPTION
electrical engineeringTRANSCRIPT
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On-Load Tap-Changers
EETC Alexandria Zone November 2006
OLTC FundamentalsBy
Mats Carlsson
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12Outline
ABB Components introduction Tap-changers Bushings Life cycle support
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Tap-Changers
Bushings
Power Transformer Components
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12The High Voltage Valley in Ludvika, Sweden
Transformer Tap-changers
HV Circuit Breakers
Transformer
Bushings
HV Instrument
Transformers
HV Shunt Reactors
Power Transformers
Swedish Transmission Research InstituteHigh Power
Laboratory
HV Thyristor
Converters
HV Surge Arresters
High Power
CapacitorsHigh Voltage Laboratory
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12Components Ludvika, Sweden
KEY FIGURES 2005
Revenue ~100
MUSD
External ABB sales ~50%
Employees ~300
No of Bushings
>10000
No of Tap Changers
>2000
Export share
95%
R&D expenditure ~10%
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12Tap-changer historical overview (2) 1910 First tap-changer produced (type
HM) 1927 HA 1953 HF 1963 UCB (in-tank) 1964 UZB (on-tank) 1965 UCC 1978 UCG 1978 UZE 1983 UCL 1987 UZF 1991 UBB
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12ABB is the largest manufacturer of bushings
Resin impregnated (RIP) with composite or porcelaininsulators 36 - 550 kV
Oil impregnated (OIP)with porcelain insulators36 - 800 kV
Conformance: IEC, IEEE & Regional Standard Variants
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Transformer components – in challenging applications!
HVDC transformers
Phase-shifterse.g. 1630 MVA & 400
kV
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12Subjects
Tap-changer types Principles of operation Transition resistor Switching time Contact life Maintenance News! Tie-in resistor Tests Development
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ABB (ASEA) has manufactured tap-changers since 1910.
More than 45 000 units of the modern design are today in operation world-wide.
On-load tap-changers
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Design philosophy: Highest reliability
Easy maintenance
Longest lifetime
On-load tap-changers
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Longest lifetimeby using first class materials and by thorough tests.
Typical contact life is 350 000 through 500 000 operations.
Highest reliabilityby using few parts and making simple designs
Easiest maintenanceby same reasons as above
On-load tap-changers
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12On-load tap-changers
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12ABB Tap-Changer Reliability
Reported unscheduled service interruptions due to the tap-changer
0,00%
0,01%
0,02%
0,03%
0,04%
0,05%
0,06%
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Am
ou
nt
An average of 5000 years between these stops!
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12Failures of Tap Changers from 1996-2005
Failures during service.
Year failure was reported Failures during service, as % of tap changers in service
1996 0,04 % 1997 0,03 % 1998 0,04 % 1999 0,01 % 2000 0,03 % 2001 0,01% 2002 0,02% 2003 0,01% 2004 0,03% 2005 0,02%
The figures include all failures, independent of age and types of tap-changers, which have led
to a service interruption of the transformer, caused by fault in the tap-changer.
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12On-load tap-changers
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WHAT IS AN ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGER?
On-load tap-changers
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A device for changing the tapping connection of a winding while the transformer is on load
On-load tap-changers
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12On-load tap-changers
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12On-load tap-changers
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12On-load tap-changers
Current is interruptedMust not happen!
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12On-load tap-changers
One loop of the regulating winding is short-circuited
Must not happen!
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12On-load tap-changers
Transition Resistors
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12On-load tap-changers
Transition Resistors
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Resistor type Reactance type Electronic types Others
On-load tap-changers
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Reactance typeis mainly used in ANSI-standard countries, most often to regulate on the LV side of the transformer.
On-load tap-changers
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Electronic typesbelongs to the future
On-load tap-changers
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Resistor typesmost common today.
Can be diverter switch type or selector switch type.
On-load tap-changers
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Diverter switch typeconsists of separate diverter switch and tap selector
Selector switch typeconsists of a combined diverter switch andtap selector unit
On-load tap-changers
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12Types of Switching
A. Linear Switching Not very common (~20%) Simple design trafo & oltc Smallest regulating range Smallest losses
B. Plus/Minus Switching Most common (~70%) Additive (+) & subtractive (-) Change Over Selector
C. Coarse/Fine Switching Least common (~10%) Coarse winding insertion Change Over Selector Small losses
10 9 9K K
A B C
Coarse Winding
Selector Switch
Selector Switch
Re
gu
latin
g W
ind
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12Principle Circuits of OLTC Transformers (1)
For two-winding power transformers, the most popular arrangments is the regulation at the neutral end of the winding.
This solution provides the most economical tap winding arrangement with generally graded insulation combined with a compact three-phase neutral point OLTC.
OLTC in Y or Star Connected Windings
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12Principle Circuits of OLTC Transformers (2)
3-Pole Line-End Arrangment2-Pole + 1-Pole
Line-End Arrangment 3-Pole Mid-Winding Arrangment
OLTC in Delta-Connected Windings
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> 80 80 80 50 60 150 150 300 HVDC 1000
1
2
3
4L (m)
USB 200
UZF650
UZE 650
UBB350
MVA Transformer Ratings
UCG.N/C Short 1050
UCG.N/III 1050
UCG.N/C 1050 UCL.N/III
1050UCD.N/III 1050 UCC.
N 1050
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On-load tap-changers
All are of Jansen type, i.e. spring operated switches and of resistive type.
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12 Transformerregulating winding
6
4
7
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Tap selector
Diverter
Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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12Italy, Terna
400 kV, 1630 MVA Weight 820,000 kg Footprint 13x15x10 m
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12On-load tap-changers
Two-phase UC-typeTap-Changer mounted on special transformer
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12On-load tap-changers
Top section with mounting flange
Shielding rings
Diverter switch
Connectors between diverter switch ant tap selector
Tap selector with pre-selector
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12On-load tap-changers
Switching sequence for Diverter-Switch type Tap-Changer
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6
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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Tap-changers, diverter switch type
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AnimationSwitching sequence for Diverter-Switch type Tap-Changer
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Extensive service experience More than 9000 units in service Excellent service record
Quick and easy maintenance Shaft outside diverter switch housing Open design, no special tools needed
Reliable Few parts Simple and robust design No on-line filtration needed
Features for the UC tap-changer
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Completely clean cover Bevel gear for shaft system
outside cover Lift our diverter switch without
removing shafts! Operate motor-drive and tap
selector when diverter switch is removed
Operate diverter switch as desired!
UC tap-changers
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Diverter switch electrically connected and mechanically coupled without screws
Kept on place by springs on top, pressed by the cover
UC tap-changers
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Easiest possible maintenance
No dismantling of diverter switch needed for inspection & cleaning
UC tap-changers
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No need to bring diverter switch down from transformer for maintenance
Transformer outage less than one day for maintenance
UC tap-changers
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UCG top section
with shaft,
bevelgear &
motor-drive
mechanism
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The cover has been
removed.
(Six minutes passed)
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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Note that the shaft
system is not
dismantled
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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Tube for draining,
guiding and oil
sampling
Springs for fixing
diverter switch
Mounting
information
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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12ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
Hook to lift...
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12ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
Lift...
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Continue to lift...
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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12ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
Dvierter switch
lifted out.
(Ten minutes passed)
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Drive disc with
slot for drive pin
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12UC Tap-changer Maintenance (overhaul)
Driving pin
Notch fordriving pin
Bottom in tap selector cylinder
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12ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
Operate the
diverter switch
from one side...
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...to the other without caring about the position...
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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No harm if you
operate the motor-
drive. You don’t have to
note the tap position
number.
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Put the spare or overhauled diverter switch back...
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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Fork for guiding
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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Switch not
yet in proper
position
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Before operated to correct position
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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Operate the hand crank till you see and hear that...
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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… that it falls
down to it’s
proper position.
Everything is
now mechanically
and electrically
connected.
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When the tap-changer is operated to correct position you can put the cover on.
(Less than 20 minutes passed)
ABB tap-changers in furnace transformers
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Simple, open design with very few parts offers highest reliability and easiest maintenance!
UC tap-changers
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12Diverter Switch
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12Upgrade your old transformer
Interchangeability in old transformers
For all UCGs since 1978
Plug & play concept
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Vacuum bottles, based on 25 years of ABB experience and millions of successfully delivered units provide for an extremely reliable product
Proven experience
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Vacuum more complex Monoploy Humidity – oil samples Normally maintence after 5-7-15 years Failures often happens after maintenance
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Adding / changing of functionality in the field
Self diagnostic and event handling
Reduced number of parts Transmission gear made from
maintenance free elements Shortened delivery time and
increased flexibility in order process
Improved service friendliness and flexibility
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12Modular motor drive
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Summary Extremely high reliability Excellent service records Easiest maintenance Models for all applications available New technology to be introduced during 2007
On-load tap-changers
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GSA bushing
VVAH cooler
UZF tap-changer
On-load tap-changers
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Active part of transformer prepared for UZE type tap changer.
Transformer tank with integrated tap-changer tank.
On-load tap-changers
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12Benefits of using the on-tank UZ
No oil filter is needed Less cleats and leads
(conductors), whichcan easily be made inparallel
No drive-shafts or bevel gears
The UZ is needed later in the production process
Short delivery time
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Three-phase fully insulated phases or neutral point design
Tap-changer, motor-drive and shaft system integrated
Extremely simple - excellent maintenance properties
On-load tap-changers
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UZF tap-changer
Three phase boards
Integrated motor-drive mechanism
On-load tap-changers
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12Benefits of using the on-tank UZ
BIL 650kV / 600A fully insulated Up to 100 MVA transformers No drive-shafts or bevel gears The UZ require a smaller tfo
less oil less sheet metal less beams less welding less work
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12Benefits of using the on-tank UZ
The UZ require a smaller transformer tank
less oil less sheet metal less beams less welding less work
Smaller oil conservator The UZ does not determine the
height of the transformer
In-tank
On-tank
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Mobile transformer by Porter, USA, equipped with UZE type tap-changer
On-load tap-changers
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I
Tap-changers, selector switch type
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7
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Tap-changers, selector switch type
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- 10
3C
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s20
03-0
5-12
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
I
Tap-changers, selector switch type
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- 10
4C
ompo
nent
s20
03-0
5-12
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
I
Tap-changers, selector switch type
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- 10
5C
ompo
nent
s20
03-0
5-12
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
I
Tap-changers, selector switch type
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- 10
6C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12
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- 10
7C
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s20
03-0
5-12On-Load Tap-Changer Type UB
UBB type tap-changer
Selector switch type
Introduced in 1992
More than 5000 units in service
Uses the contact system from UZ-type tap-changer
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- 10
8C
ompo
nent
s20
03-0
5-12On-Load Tap-Changer Type UB
Fibreglass cylinder
Fixed contacts mounted through cylinder wall with excellent tightening system
Fixed and moving contacts replaceable from inside the tap-changer
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- 10
9C
ompo
nent
s20
03-0
5-12On-Load Tap-Changer Type UB
Pre-selector switch
Three fully insulated phases
Moving contacts
Current collectors
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- 11
0C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12On-Load Tap-Changer Type UB
Central shaft
Shield
Current collectors
Neutral connection between phases
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- 11
1C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12On-Load Tap-Changer Type UB
Moving contact system consisting of:
Transition resistor contacts
Main arcing contacts
Current contacts
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- 11
2C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12On-Load Tap-Changer Type UB
Main arcing contacts by copper-wolfram alloy
Current carrying contacts by silver-plated brass
Contact tips by solid silver
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- 11
3C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12On-Load Tap-Changer Type UB
Pre-selector contacts with four contact fingers
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- 11
4C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12
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- 11
5C
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s20
03-0
5-12
TIE-IN RESISTOR
Only for plus/minus and coarse/fine connections.
Used when the recovery voltage over the change-over selector exceed the max. value (between 25-40kV dependent on OLTC)
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- 11
6C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12
TIE-IN RESISTOR
Switch (only connected during change-over operations)
Tap Winding
Main Winding Change-Over Selector
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- 11
7C
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s20
03-0
5-12
Switch (only connected during change-over operations)
Tap Winding
Main Winding Change-Over Selector
TIE-IN RESISTOR
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- 11
8C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12
Switch (only connected during change-over operations)
Tap Winding
Main Winding Change-Over Selector
TIE-IN RESISTOR
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- 11
9C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12
Switch (only connected during change-over operations)
Tap Winding
Main Winding Change-Over Selector
TIE-IN RESISTOR
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- 12
0C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12TIE-IN RESISTOR CONNECTION
Switch (only connected during change-over operations)
Tap Winding
Tie-in Resistor
Main Winding Change-Over Selector
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- 12
1C
ompo
nent
s20
03-0
5-12TIE-IN RESISTOR CONNECTION
Tap Winding
Tie-in Resistor
Main Winding Change-Over Selector
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- 12
2C
ompo
nent
s20
03-0
5-12TIE-IN RESISTOR CONNECTION
Switch (only connected during change-over operations)
Tap Winding
Tie-in Resistor
Main Winding Change-Over Selector
Switch (only connected during change-over operations)
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- 12
3C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12Calculation of Tie-In ResistorNeeded to calculate the Tie-In Resistor value are: Capacitance from the regulating winding to adjacent windings or earth. (Included
influence from leads)
Voltage on the adjacent windings and the voltage over the regulating winding.
Transformer connection data and frequency.
H1
Tank
HV U RW
C1 C2
+ -
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- 12
4C
ompo
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s20
03-0
5-12
Recommendation Letter