oled screens
DESCRIPTION
A summary of existing OLEDs technologies and productsTRANSCRIPT
1© Stella Morabito - ECP - MSTM 2008 -March 2008
Summary
• What is an OLED?• How does an OLED create light?• OLEDs types• OLEDs vs LCD• OLEDs vs LCD• The OLEDs global market• OLED TV market• TV prototypes• Other OLEDs uses
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What is an OLED?
An OLED or Organic Light Emitting Diode is a light emitting device basedon the principle of electroluminescence of organic crystals.An OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.
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Source: http://www.hometheatermag.com/gearworks/0704GWoled/
OLEDs Device operation principles
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By courtesy of Homer Antoniadis
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How do OLEDs create light?
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OLEDs structureThe two-layer structure
Polyaniline
Magnesium-silver (10:1)Lithium-Aluminium
Polyfluorene
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Polyaniline
Indium-tin-oxide (90%+10%)
By courtesy of Homer Antoniadis
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By courtesy of Homer Antoniadis
550 nm
The multi-layer structure of OLED consists of several layers of organicmaterials sequentially deposited on glass substrate, each layer having a specificpurpose that serves to enhance device quality and performance.The schematic representation of an ideal/standard OLED device is shownbelow.
OLEDs structureThe multi-layer structure
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Source: http://sanjaykram.blogspot.com/2007/10/organic-semiconductors-small-molecules.html
History of OLEDs development
• In 1979 Chin Tang discovered electroluminescence in the researchdepartment of Kodak. During his work with solar cells he observed a blueglow of organic material.
• The technology of current OLEDs was developed by Eastman Kodakstarting in 1987 (Tang and Van Slyke)starting in 1987 (Tang and Van Slyke)
• The first OLEDs were organic light diodes from small molecules (SM-OLED).
• In 1990 electroluminescence in polymers was discovered.• Cambridge Display Technology developed OLEDs on the basis of polymers
(P-OLED or PLED).
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Two technological optionsSM-OLEDs and P-OLEDs
Small Molecules = SM-OLEDs• Technology developed by Kodak since
1987• Small molecules have to be deposited
onto the glass by vacuum depositionexpensive
Polymer OLEDS = P-OLEDs• Technology developed in 1990 by
Cambridge University in the UK• Spin off into a private company:
Cambridge Display Technology (CDT)• P-OLEDs allow the solution of organicexpensive
• Heating necessary not all thecompounds can stand heating (glass is notan option)
• Moisture and oxygen sensitivity of thecompounds
• Most suitable for small screens• Used in some cell phones made by
Motorola and in car stereos made byPioneer Electronics.
• P-OLEDs allow the solution of organicmaterial in liquidProduction processcan be spin coating or Ink Jet printinginexpensive and easy to industrialize
• Flexible supports (plastic) possiblemore options than glass only
• Still lag behind SM-OLEDs in picturequality
• The technology has been licensed to avariety of companies including Philips,Seiko, Epson and OSRAM.
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Passive Matrix – PM-OLEDS• Strips of of cathode and strips of anode arranged in a perpendicular way• The intersection forms the pixel where light is emitted• External circuitry illuminates any chosen pixel in the array by driving the
appropriate row line and column line• A video image is created by sequentially scanning through all rows and columns,
briefly switching on the pixels needed to display a particular image• The brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of current applied
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Source:http://www.scienceofspectroscopy.info/edit/index.php?title=OLED_(Fr)
Active Matrix - AM-OLEDs• Each pixel is addressed by at least two TFT (thin-film transistor) transistors, which
provide brightness and on-off control by addressing the pixel in a row/columnformat
• The transistor circuits retain the state (on/off) and level (intensity) informationprogrammed by the display electronics.
• Therefore, the light output of every pixel is controlled continuously, rather thanbeing "pulsed" with high currents just once per refresh cycle.
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Which uses forPM-OLEDs & AM-OLEDs?
PM-OLEDs• Suitable for 2-3’’ screens
(cellphones, PDA, MP3)• Consume more, due to the
power needed for external
AM-OLEDs• Suitable for large displays
(computer monitors, TVs)• Consume less, because TFT
array requires less powerpower needed for externalcircuitry
• Easy to produce
array requires less powerthan external circuitry
• Faster refresh ratessuitable for video
• More expensive• Brighter and sharper images
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OLEDs Acronyms….
POLED
FOLED
PhOLED
PLED
SMSM--OLEDOLED
SOLEDSOLED
TOLED
RCOLED
FOLEDPM-OLED
AMAM --OLEDOLEDWOLEDWOLED
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OLEDs for dummies…
AM OLED Active Matrix OLED deviceFOLED Flexible OLEDOLED Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/DisplayPhOLED Phosphorescent OLEDPLED Polymer Light Emitting DiodePM OLED Passive Matrix OLED devicePM OLED Passive Matrix OLED deviceP-OLED Polymer OLED (Cambridge Display Technology)RCOLED Resonant Cavity OLED (provides a purer color in the
forward direction along the viewing axis of the OLED)SM-OLED Small Molecule OLED (Kodak)SOLED Stacked OLEDTOLED Transparent OLEDWOLED White OLED
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OLEDs vs. LCD• Self-emitting light, in contrast to the required backlight for LCD• High brightness and contrast (1.000.000 : 1, against max. 10.000 : 1)• Lightweight and thin (less than 2 mm)• The support can be plastic (instead of glass)• Capable of wide viewing angles(~170°)• Low operating voltage and power consumption• Quick response (~ μsecond level, instead of 8 msec.)No “trailer” effect• Quick response (~ μsecond level, instead of 8 msec.)No “trailer” effect• Wide range of operating temperatures (-40 to 85 )• A simplified manufacturing process compared to LCD
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OLEDs vs. LCDsA simplified manufacturing process
OLEDsOLEDs
LCDs17© Stella Morabito - ECP - MSTM 2008 -
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OLED vs. LCDThinner, lighter, faster, brighter
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OLEDs are already on the market!
Philips- Norelco Sensotec Kodak's EasyShare LS633
This razor has a Polymer-based OLED displayshowing battery life andshave-sensitivity settings.When switched off, it actsas a mirror!
Philips- Norelco Sensotec Kodak's EasyShare LS633zoom digital camera sportsan AM550L 2.2" OLEDactive-matrix display.Kodak boasts that thedisplay is so good that youdon't need a PC to ownone! Photo: Kodak
Cell phones with AMOLEDs
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OLEDs market shows strong growth
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By courtesy of Homer Antoniadis
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OLED Market 2004-2005
Revenues 2005USD 600 mio
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• 2004: 37 mio units Korea = 16 million units Taiwan = 11 million units Japan = 7 million units Others = 3 million units
• 2005: 61 mio units global mkt. growth of 65% Korea = 22 million units Taiwan = 27 million units Japan = 8 million units Others = 4 million units
• Leading makers from Korea, Taiwan and Japan control over 90% of the market• China has reached in 2005 half the production of Japan
Source: DisplayBank
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OLED TV Market 2006 - 2013
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• Sales of the first 11’’ OLED display by Sony began in December2007 in Japan.• The set is sold in the US since January 2008 for USD 2500
Problems OLEDs have to overcome
• Lifetime shorter than other technologies• Moisture and Oxygen cause major damages• Manufacturing processes still expensive
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This requires innovations in materials :chemistry will decide about the future and the success
of the OLED technology.
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LG at CES 2007
The 2.2-inch A220A screens boast QVGAresolution (240 x 320) and 262,000 colors
AM-OLED A220A screens
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Samsung at CES 2007 & 2008
Samsung's prototype 40-inch OLED TVat CES 2007
• Resolution : 1280 x 800• Brightness : 600 cd/m²• Contrast ratio : 5000 : 1
Samsung's 14-inch prototype at CES 2008
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Samsung at CES 2008
TV sets that are a mere 3cm thick, or less
31’’ OLED
• Resolution: 1080p• Contrast : 1.000.000 : 1• Life expectancy : 35.000 hrs.• Planned for 2009/2010
TV sets that are a mere 3cm thick, or less
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Sony at CES 2008XEL-1 - 11’’ OLED 27’’ OLED
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Sony at CES 2008
11’’ XEL-1• Resolution : 960 x 540• Contrast : 1.000.000 : 1• Thickness : 3 mm.• Expected life-time: 30.000 hrs.• Selling price: USD 2500
27’’• Resolution 1920 x 1080• Contrast: 1.000.000 : 1• Thickness : 10 mm.• Brightness: (peaks) 600 cd/m²• On the market by 2009
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OLEDs make light!
Makoto Tojiki’s “Archimedes Dream”
OLED illuminated surfaces29© Stella Morabito - ECP - MSTM 2008 -
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OLEDs make light!
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Uses & advantages of lighting OLEDsUSES• Replace conventional light bulbs
OLEDs do not get hot They are flexible so they enable original designsOLEDs can change colours and brightness at the press of a button
• Light emitting wall papers• Lighting windows• Lighting windows• Lighting ceilings
ADVANTAGES• Energy consumption reduction by 50%• OLEDs do not contain mercury• OLEDs can be disposed of like glass
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Customize your keyboard!GAMES• Since each key has an OLED display it is not game dependant.
Below is an image of the Optimus keyboard setup to runQuake.
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LANGUAGES AND ALPHABETS
Roman QWERTY Russian
Optimus OLED keyboard will changekeyboards forever…
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Customize your shortcuts• Keyboard icons can look anything you want• Keyboard is OS independent (open-source keyboard)• Optimus keyboard is still expensive (379 €in the 1 active button
configuration; 1259€with 113 active buttons)
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You said OLED keyboard?OLED keyboard: easier for control towers than for gamers???
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The future
Paper-thin lighting that can beapplied to whole wall surfaces.
Fully flexible displays Eye catching packaging withchanging information content
Customizable touchpads forKorean mobile market
Concept watch
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The future
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Bibliography• ANTONIADIS, Homer, Overview of OLED Display Technology, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors,
http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/cpmt/presentations/cpmt0401a.pdf• BYLUND, Anders, Steve Abramson is OLEDing the way, in The Motley Fool, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/09/26/steve-
abramson-is-oleding-the-way.aspx, September 26, 2006• FELTON, Michael J., Thinner, lighter, better, brighter, in Today’s Chemist at work,
http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/tcaw/10/i11/html/11felton.html, November 2001• FREUDENRICH, Craig, How OLEDs Work, in Howstuffworks, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm• HECKER, Dr. Klaus, Brochure on Organic Electronics, OE-A, Organic Electronics Association, VDMA Verlag, 2006• ISRAELSON, Joshua, Powering OLEDs: the care and feeding of organic displays,
http://www.edn.com/article/CA480492.html?text=OLEDs, November 2004• SMITH, Peter, OLED Displays: Better Than Plasma Or LCD , http://www.siliconchip.com.au/cms/A_30650/printArticle.html• SMITH, Peter, OLED Displays: Better Than Plasma Or LCD , http://www.siliconchip.com.au/cms/A_30650/printArticle.html• TOON, John, Biasing Spin Statistics: Research Explains How to Boost the Efficiency of Polymer Organic Light-emitting Diodes (OLEDs),
Georgia Institute of Technology, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/oleds.htm, April 2, 2004• Kodak’s OLEDs Tutorial, http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=1473&pq-locale=en_US&_requestid=4214• Site Cambridge Display Technology: http://www.cdtltd.co.uk/• Site OLED-Display : http://www.oled-display.net/• Site OLEDomains : http://oledomains.blogspot.com/• Site OLED-Info : http://www.oled-info.com/• Site EDN Asia, Ruling the Roost : http://www.ednasia.com/article-17749-rulingtheroost-Asia.html, 2005• Site IDTechEx : OLED Lighting Has a Bright Future, http://www.idtechex.com/products/en/articles/00000551.asp• Site Practical Home Theater Guide: The Contrast Ratio Game, http://www.practical-home-theater-guide.com/contrast-ratio.html• Site The Science of Spectroscopy : OLED, http://scienceofspectroscopy.info/edit/index.php?title=OLED• Site Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/• European project OLLA, High Brightness OLEDs, site: http://www.hitech-projects.com/euprojects/olla/
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Little reminder of screen resolutions
VGA = Video Graphics Array (originalIBM VGA display technology, which
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IBM VGA display technology, whichbecame a de facto industry standard inthe late 1980sQVGA = Quarter Video Graphics Array