oldest chess clubs
TRANSCRIPT
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==== ====Which are the Oldest Chess Clubs?
I have been prompted to write on the topic of early British chess clubs by a
recent thread posted at the English Chess Forum's history section. Towards
the end of August, Ray Collett launched a new thread on the subject and there
were many quick responses. I have monitored the replies up to 9 September
and more may well have been added since. I noted that there have been some
contributions with interesting new information, but also several that either
gave inaccurate information or asked questions to which nobody had (yet)
given the correct answers. Rather than deal those points piecemeal on the
Forum, I thought it better to write a Kibitzer about it.
In the first part of this article, I look briefly at the theoretical justification for
studying chess clubs; i.e., why people who are not specially interested in
chess might nevertheless consider the subject important. In the second part, I
look at some specific cases of early chess clubs and address points raised in
the Forum debate. In the final section, I present a few games played in early
chess clubs.
Why study chess clubs?
Historians, in the past twenty years or so, have taken a great interest in the
origins and early growth of middle-class clubs and societies as part of the
development of civil society in western Europe from the seventeenth to the
nineteenth centuries. The classic work on this subject, focusing on the earlier
part of that period, is Professor Peter Clark's book British Clubs and Societies
1580-1800: The Origins of an Associational World (Oxford 2000). Clark has
been, since 2000, Professor of European Urban History at the University of
Helsinki.
Chess clubs, with a couple of exceptions noted below, hardly emerged in the
period covered by Clark's book. Nor is chess mentioned in J. Barry's 1985
doctoral thesis for Oxford University, "The Cultural Life of Bristol 1640-
1775" which I read while preparing my own dissertation. I doubt that this was
due to any deficiency in the author's research. He noted that card tables and
backgammon sets proliferated in wealthy homes after 1700 but that later in
the century there was a crackdown on gambling games. This certainly
continued up to the early Victorian period, when there was new legislation,
and this would also have contributed to chess gaining a hold.
As yet, chess clubs have probably not received the degree of attention that
they deserve in the social history of the early and mid-nineteenth century,
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compared with the attention that has been given to sports clubs such as the
Marylebone Cricket Club, Wimbledon, and the early association football and
rugby football clubs. An exception here is H. J. G. M. Scholten's 1999
doctoral thesis on the social-cultural background of chess clubs in the
Netherlands in the nineteenth century. Scholten analysed different types of
clubs: the social background of their membership, their rules, their frequency
of meeting and so on. Some of what he found was probably peculiar to thecircumstances in the Netherlands and not directly comparable to England, one
main difference being that the Dutch had no big city clubs with professional
players.
Chess is inherently meritocratic; Jack can be as good as his master. The chess
club, in the United Kingdom at least, was essentially a creation of the
development of associational culture in the nineteenth century in the context
of the industrial revolution and gradual opening up of society on the basis of
talents instead of inherited privilege.
Early chess clubs possibly arose from people finding they had the game in
common when they met in other sociable contexts. Clubs meeting in public
venues were, like their private precursors, at first inward-looking and
convivial, but soon became predominantly concerned with the game itself, as
an 1849 article in the Quarterly Review noted: 'Now there is a club in almost
every considerable provincial town.' Later, clubs became interested in
competing with each other.
Primary source evidence for a chess club having existed in a particular townat a particular date is not that hard to find, especially nowadays when so many
local newspapers have been digitised permitting word-searches for terms such
as "chess club." What this will generally not tell you is what kind of club it
was (formal or informal), its membership, how long it had existed or whether
it was ephemeral. So it is easier to find an earliest date for a chess club having
existed in particular towns than it is to trace subsequent collapses and reestablishments,
splits and mergers between, say, the 1830s and 1840s when
clubs started to multiply, and the 1880s and 1890s when they first begin to
compete with one another in cups and leagues.
An important type of primary source, highly valued by historians when they
can get it, is actual physical evidence that a chess club existed. This is most
likely to take the form of the printed rules of a club, since these would have
been circulated around towns and copies may yet survive in public libraries or
private hands. Printing the rules was a good way of showing that a club
formally existed and then of publicising it; also they sometimes list the
officers and members of the club. Not many rule-books of this type seem to
survive. Those of the Manchester Chess Club (1817) and Edinburgh Chess
Club (1822) are the earliest.
John Townsend pointed out on the Forum that subscription lists for books can
provide evidence that a club existed, in particular citing the 1836 book of
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Alexander McDonnell's games to which several clubs and club members
subscribed. The following are mentioned there: Belfast, Bristol, Cambridge,
Doncaster, Dublin Library and Dublin Philidorean, Edinburgh, Exeter,
Greenwich, Hambro' [where was that?], London, Manchester, Newcastle,
Norwich, Nottingham, Pentonville, Taunton, Yarmouth, and York; also St
Petersburg, Circle des Panoramas (Paris), and Caf de la Regence (Paris).
Manuscripts, such as minute books, also provide valuable evidence.
Sometimes these were compiled by a club secretary subsequent to the time of
a club's formation, but they are still very useful nonetheless. The London
Chess Club which was founded in 1807 and expired in 1870 but some
documents can be seen in the London Metropolitan Archive; these were
probably compiled by George Perigal between 1830 and 1850. Also many of
the letters London sent to Edinburgh during their correspondence match of
1824-8 survive. At one time Edinburgh was said to have a full set of these but
when I visited in 2007 it was clear that several had gone missing over the
years.
A third type of evidence about early clubs consists of the various directories
that were compiled at various times in the nineteenth century. In some years,
first in 1856, the covers of The Chess Player's Chronicle had lists of clubs
with addresses, names of secretaries and other details. Unfortunately, when
volumes were bound, the binders often discarded the covers and these are lost,
and reprints of those magazines generally lack these lists, but some original
copies survive with this information.
The first person to compile a club directory was W. R. Bland of Derby in
1880, although it omits Scottish and Irish clubs, and he compiled a second
edition in 1882. After a gap of some years, Frideswide and Thomas Rowland
carried on this work for a while. It is noticeable that in many cases, clubs told
Bland a year of foundation that was later than the earliest year known from
the Chronicle lists or other sources, thus indicating discontinuity or at least a
loss of records and lack of surviving members from earlier times.
Secondary source evidence for early clubs also exists in the form of clubswriting their own histories, either as books or, more common nowadays, as
websites. In some cases the authors of these rediscover and include earlier
records, as was the case with the work edited by Adrian Thorpe, The Bury and
West Suffolk Chess Club 1867-1997, which incorporates the 'Proceedings of
the Bury and West Suffolk Chess Club 1867-83'. There is a real need now for
somebody to compile a bibliography/web-ography of all the different club
histories and history websites that are available, and then as a second step to
start putting all this information into a database. The Ken Whyld Association
has already published a bibliography of the centenary books of numerous
German chess clubs but I doubt if this has been done for other countries.
The oldest clubs: some questions and answers
In this section I deal with some of the points raised in the English Chess
Forum thread and make reference to an outstanding recent discovery (not by
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me) that was revealed there. As one contributor wrote, Bill Wall has put a
potted history of early chess clubs and chess cafes online. In my opinion,
some of this is accurate but the lack of sources makes it of little value. As
usual with Wall, there are some glaring errors and even contradictions within
the document itself. For example, he has confused the old London Chess Club
(founded 1807) with William Lewis's chess rooms in St. Martin's Lane.
There are occasional references to British chess clubs in the eighteenth
century but none of them lasted. With both France and England, the word
"club" may be a misnomer; we are usually talking about groups who met in
coffee houses but did not form a body with a constitution and membership
fee. The best-known, and perhaps only genuine, English eighteenth century
chess club was Parsloe's in St. James's, London, which was established in
1774 to cater for Philidor's visits to England.
New York had a club in 1802 that did not last. In 1810 the Brazen Nose Chess
Club in Oxford had eight members but expired in 1811.
The oldest still-existing chess club, perhaps surprisingly, is in a landlocked
city: Zrich, in Switzerland, founded in 1809 and still going strong. Swiss IM,
Dr. Richard Forster, author of the mammoth biography of Amos Burn, has
researched and written its history, published already in German. An English
version of his book, The Zurich Chess Club 1809-2009, is due to be published
by McFarland later this year, and I may write on the subject of chess clubs
again next year after I have had the opportunity of reading that work.
Since writing my thesis, I found evidence of an early chess club in Ipswich,
but it was probably not long-lived. The Ipswich Journal of 9 October 1813
reported: 'We are enabled to inform our readers, that a Chess Club is recently
established in this town, which is held at the Waggon and Horses Inn once a
fortnight, and which having for its object the extension of the knowledge of
that pleasing and scientific game, is calculated to afford considerable pleasure
to the amateurs of that amusement.'
When one tries to determine what is the oldest chess club in England it isimpossible to avoid arguments over definitions and proof of continuity. In
many cases where a club is very old, or has the same name as a very early
club, it may be no simple matter to decide whether this really counts as the
same club or not.
To deal with Bristol first, two contributors to the Forum raised points about it.
As Benjamin Keen of London Chess Club gave a simultaneous display
against two opponents in Bristol, reported in Bell's Life in London on 20
August 1826, this may suggest that the nucleus of a club was forming. Elijah
Williams was involved in the city's first formal club in 1829 which continued
into the 1840s, but whether there was unbroken continuity is less clear. In
1843, Bell's Life in London reported that Williams was now organising a club
in Bristol 'which promises to be permanent', with thirty to forty members
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meeting at Guildhall coffee house on Thursday evenings. Bristol is the only
city to have two different books commemorating different phases of its
nineteenth century chess development. These are
a) Elijah Williams (ed.), Souvenir of the Bristol Chess Club; containing
one hundred original games of chess, recently played, either between
the best players in that society, or by them with other celebrated players
of the day, with copious notes (London 1845).b) John Burt, The Bristol Chess Club its History, Chief Players and
23 Years' Record of Principal Events; 151 games by 64 past and present
members etc. (Bristol 1883).
Elijah Williams was a key figure in the early years until he moved to London
during the 1840s and was their main player in the postal match against
Staunton (1839-40). In 1846 the Bristol club transferred to the Athenaeum.
After Williams moved to London, the club decayed until it was reconstituted
in 1859 as the Bristol Athenaeum Chess Club. In 1871, they had to leave the
Athenaeum and became the Bristol & Clifton Chess Association, probably
only the second chess club in Victorian England to admit women as members,
notably Mary Rudge who joined when she moved to Clifton in 1874. There is
good evidence that Bath was the first club to admit women, a few years earlier.
Apart from the main club already mentioned, there were also unconnected
clubs at some periods. In the 1860s there was a St. James's Club of Bristol
(possibly connected with the St. James' Club of London) and around 1887
there was the City Chess and Draughts Club, which played a postal match
against Bath. Their players were Burt, Blacklock, Davis, Gilbert, Harries, andT. G. Wright. It appears that John Burt, who had written the history of the
Bristol & Clifton club then fell out with them and resigned, I am still not sure
why. He must have then joined or formed this rival club, but died in April
1888. Perhaps some reader from Bristol can throw light on this?
One contributor to the thread asked: "I read somewhere that Liverpool CC
was the oldest continually existing club in the world. Not sure if they are still
going though." Yes, they are still going, so far as I am aware, but, as noted
above, Zurich is older. So are others and it is certainly not even the oldest clubin the United Kingdom.
Christopher Kreuzer and Ray Collett mentioned early clubs in Scotland on the
Forum. Edinburgh Chess Club, which I have visited twice, is undeniably the
oldest. It has history pages posted at its website. Despite a reorganisation in
1852 (when they merged with another club in the city, Staunton attending) the
continuity of records makes it undeniable that this is the same club from the
start. (Moreover Edinburgh have kept the present premises since acquiring
them in the 1890s.)
The earliest club in Dundee apparently dates from 1829. Though there was
briefly an earlier club in nearby Montrose, who wrote a letter to the
Edinburgh club, preserved in its archive. The complicated early history of
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clubs in Dundee can be found in: Peter W. Walsh, The Story of Dundee Chess
Club: its personalities and games (Dundee 1984). That Montrose club was
possibly an ancestor of the Angus club mentioned by Walsh?
Forster examined some of the records of Liverpool Chess Club for his huge
biography of Amos Burn, who was a long-time member and some-time
President of it. Unfortunately, the records do not yet seem to be placed in apublic archive to ensure their preservation and to make them available for any
historian to go and study them. One website, mentioned in the thread, has
posted extracts from J. S. Edgar's history: Liverpool Chess Club. A short
sketch of the club from its first meeting, 12th December 1837, to the present
time (Liverpool 1893). This is a book of some interest, but the compiler
evidently had no idea about Liverpool clubs prior to 1837.
I do not agree with suggestions on the Forum that the brief Liverpool Mercury
chess column, which ran from 9 July 1813 until about 20 August 1814,
indicates a local chess club existed then, though I concur with Geoff Chandler
saying it "does show Chess was of interest in Liverpool." If there had been a
club, it would probably have been stated explicitly. The column was a private
initiative of the proprietor and editor Egerton Smith, who later ran another
chess column in The Kaleidoscope at various times during the 1820s. From
reports in The Kaleidoscope and various references to chess in the Liverpool
Mercury during the 1820s, it seems that various attempts to found chess clubs
were made but they did not last long. Political factionalism in the city may
have been part of the problem; Smith was closely identified with the
Concentric Society and other liberal movements. However, the evidence issometimes a bit contradictory. When Leeds and Liverpool played their
correspondence match in 1825, somebody from Liverpool wrote to the papers
to say that this match was nothing to do with the members of the Liverpool
chess club. (See, for example, Bell's Life of 30 October 1825, citing an
unidentified Liverpool paper.) At various dates attempts were made in the
press to re-found a club in Liverpool. One was in the Liverpool Mercury on 8
October 1830.
As Mick Norris pointed out on the Forum, a Manchester Chess Club wasfounded on 3 September 1817. Its original laws are interesting and contain the
following statement: "When one has nothing else to play, and his king being
out of check, cannot stir without coming to a check, then the game is stalemate.
In England he whose king is stale-mate wins the game but in France,
and several other countries, the stale-mate is a drawn game." It took about
twenty years to finally eradicate the idea in some clubs that you could lose by
stalemating your opponent. In 1990, an interesting history Chess and
Manchester was compiled by Eric Nowell and Alan Smith, which gives most
of the details about early clubs in the city. There is also some of this
information online. I also found further facts through my research into old
newspapers.
The original Manchester Club perhaps sometimes had a rather tenuous
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existence. In 1835, the Nottingham player Perrier moved to Manchester and
could not find a club. Thanks partly to his efforts, Bell's Life was able to
report a few months later that the revived club had twenty members and
hoped soon to double that. In October 1836 there were two clubs in
Manchester, but by 1838 their existence was in doubt. In October 1839
Walker said there was no regular club and a reader should enquire of a hatter
called Kovis in Market-street who might know of players. Just about thattime, a new club started in the Manchester Athenaeum, which opened in 1839.
From about 1846, chess was reviving in the city. In 1853 the two clubs
merged. Later they seem to have separated again and the old Manchester
Chess Club formally went out of existence and its property sold in December
1876, although a resurrection soon followed.
At the University of Nottingham Manuscripts and Special Collections, there is
a book referenced as "Records of Nottingham Chess Club 1842-1900:
MS/675." The first entries in this book, which goes up to 1898, are dated lists
of people attending meetings in May 1842. Also pasted in is a tiny greencovered
booklet, printed in 1858 and entitled 'Rules of the Nottingham Chess
Club, held at Bromley House, founded October 16 1829.' I am not in a
position to say whether any present chess club in Nottingham is the direct
successor of the old Bromley House club, but if so that makes it a strong
candidate for England's oldest club with a continuous existence, pre-dating
Norwich by a few years. Bell's Life reported on a Nottingham chess club ball
in 1839, with several hundred visitors at the Exchange Assembly Rooms:
'Such a galaxy of beauty never looked before on chess boards.'
On the Forum, it was Warren Kingston who mentioned the Norwich Chess
Club website. This is a series of pages compiled by Owen Hindle, mostly
about visits of masters to the club. It mentions the book by P. H. Bannock,
History of the Norfolk & Norwich Chess Club: 1836-1936 (Norwich 1936),
although Bell's Life actually mentions Norwich Chess Club in 1835. Yet in
1840 when the paper mentioned a correspondence match between nearby
Yarmouth and Lynn, it said: 'In Norwich chess appears to be at a low ebb. We
hear of no regular club.' It is perhaps too much to expect most clubs to be able
to produce proof of continuous existence from such an early date to thepresent.
Bannock's book shows that the Norwich club revived around 1850, and,
following a split, it re-formed under its present name, the Norwich and
Norfolk Chess Club, in 1856. The most prominent early members after that
(from the 1860s) were Frederick Rainger (leader of the successful split) and
later John Odin Howard Taylor. In later years, the chess writer John Keeble
was a prominent member.
As for Leeds, Bell's Life reported on 13 May 1838 on the dinner held at the
end of the first year of the revived club:
'Mr Muff, the Chairman, went into a short retrospective statement,
not only of the transactions of the session just closed, but also gave the
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meeting the history of the two former Chess Clubs in Leeds, each of
which lasted only a few years. At that period, however, the number of
Chess players in this neighbourhood was but limited, and there was little
of that enthusiasm in favour of this truly scientific game which exists at
the present day.'
Jon D'Souza-Eva mentioned "the wonderfully named Dublin PhilidoreanSociety." This was Ireland's first well-documented chess club, founded in
Dublin in July 1819, taking its name from the eighteenth century chess master
Philidor, and meeting at the Harp Coffee House. Its precursor, from 1813, was
(according to an article on Irish chess in Staunton's magazine) 'more a friendly
society than a Club, the members not having any regular Club-room, but
meeting for practice weekly at each other's houses.' The change probably
came when a young Trinity College Dublin egyptologist, Edward Hincks
resigned his fellowship to become a country Rector. In September 1828, as
mentioned in The Kaleidoscope, the Philidorean challenged the Edinburgh
Chess Club to a correspondence match but the Scots rested on their laurels.
In the 1830s a new chess club was formed in the Dublin Library and
ultimately these two clubs coalesced during the 1840s. Further foundations
and mergers followed the Irish Famine until 1865 when the Dublin Chess
Club organised the first Irish chess congress at the Dublin Athenaeum, in
which Steinitz participated. The collapse of the Athenaeum left the city with
only the rump of an old club at the Library, until 1867 when the City and
County of Dublin Chess Club (later renamed Dublin Chess Club) was
founded. I am not sure about the history of Belfast clubs but Dublin ChessClub is almost certainly the oldest Irish club and many of its records survive.
Posters to the Forum also mentioned two clubs of which I was a member at
various times. The Worcester City Chess Club was re-founded in 1837; its
web page includes information from A History of Worcester City Chess Club
by Ray Collett and Tom Widdows (1987). Paul McKeown posted on the
Forum a lot of information that was new to me about the Athenaeum Chess
Club in London, of which I was team captain in its centenary year when we
won the National Club Championship. He says that the Chess Club's full styleis the "Camden Athenaeum, Westminster and Central Chess Club," following
two mergers." McKeown found that the Camden Athenaeum opened in 1871,
and the Athenaeum Chess Club started there two years later in 1873.
John Upham provided a weblink for the Huddersfield Chess Club, which he
thought was founded in 1852. John Townsend was able to point out that in
1844 Huddersfield had the distinction of hosting the annual meeting of the
Yorkshire Chess Association at the George Hotel and the report in the Chess
Player's Chronicle shows the town already had a chess club then. In fact, very
early in the Chess Player's Chronicle (1841), Staunton acknowledges
receiving lists of members belonging to clubs in the following cities and
towns: Paris, Berlin, Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, Portsmouth, Lynn,
Halifax, Maldon, Sheffield, Wakefield, Huddersfield, and Hull.
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Now to that major discovery: Ray Collett opened the Forum thread by
drawing attention to this. Thanks to the art-history sleuthing of Streatham &
Brixton Club members, Hereford Chess Club has recently put in a bid to be
recognised as the oldest provincial English club (though without a continuous
history). Its early existence is proved by a tremendous piece of physical
evidence but actually I do not believe that any connection to later clubs in thetown is likely to be proved. When I was researching a conference paper on
early clubs up to 1850 (mostly existing in the 1840s), I came across no
references to one in Hereford. The story has been revealed over a period of
months on the club blog.
To summarise, Richard Tillett of Streatham & Brixton found in a junk shop
an old book called An Illustrated History of Interior Design by Mario Praz
(Thames & Hudson 1964, reprinted 1982). It included some pictures of people
playing chess, the caption to one of which said T. Leeming, The Chess Club
of Hereford (early 19th century) in a collection in Florence. With other
Streatham members, he went on the hunt. The Streatham sleuths subsequently
discovered that Thomas Leeming painted at least two versions of the picture,
including himself in the composition. They think he was born about 1788 and
found that by 1814 he was regularly visiting Hereford where he met his wife.
Hereford Chess Club now claims to have been founded in 1812 .
The curator of the Hereford Museum and Art gallery shows the Streatham
sleuths a copy of the inscription that was originally on the back of their copy
of the painting, naming the seven members of the club (including Leeming) in1815 and it also said "Club Establish'd Nov. 29 1812." This is truly a
remarkable discovery by the Streatham men and full marks for their persistent
research.
The Streatham blog says: "The existence of a provincial club at such an early
date may promote chess historians to rethink the spread of organised chess
outside London." Indeed it does at least modify the accepted view that port
cities were the main ones to have clubs initially.
Some games played by early chess clubs
Prior to the 1880s, except in London where club teams could more easily
meet at evenings, much of the competition between clubs was by
correspondence, which is where I first came in. My approach was that before
once can really see what the inter-club postal matches were about, it was
necessary to find out something about the clubs themselves.
The following is summarised from my History of Correspondence Chess in
Britain and Ireland. It included these game fragments, although they were not
played by post, because the match between the Yorkshire clubs of Doncaster
and Wakefield in 1838 appears to have been the first inter-club match over the
board. The games were played by consultation; team matches with individual
opponents developed later.
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The two sides traveled to a neutral venue, Kempsall, to play over two days,
with the representatives of each club in separate rooms. A friendly dinner was
enjoyed in between. The early moves of both games were published in Bell's
Life in London on 9 September 1838, with light notes by George Walker.
Wakefield DoncasterFirst consultation match game, Kempsall, 1838
French Defense [C00]
1 e4 e6 2 f4 d5 3 e5 c5 4 Nf3 Nc6 5 c3 Bd7 6 Bd3 Qb6 7 Bc2 Nh6 8 d4
This move appears to be premature and opens the game too much.
8...cxd4 9 cxd4 Bb4+
A weak check. The knight advanced to the same square were better.
10 Nc3 f6 11 00 00 12 Kh1 fxe5 13 fxe5 Nf5 14 a3 Be7 15 Na4 Qc7 16
Bxf5 Rxf5 17 Nc3 Qb6 18 b4
18...Nxd4??
Well-intentioned, but "good intentions; are not enough at Chess. Doncaster
overlooks the simple counter move of pinning the Knight."
19 Be3 Qd8 20 Qxd4 (10)
The game becomes devoid of interest, Wakefield having won a piece for a
pawn. Doncaster fought it out, however, to fifty-five moves before they were
compelled to resign.
Doncaster WakefieldSecond consultation match game, Kempsall, 1838
Bishop's Opening [C23]
1 e4 e5 2 Bc4 Bc5 3 c3 Qg5 4 Qf3 Qg6 5 Ne2 d6 6 h3 Nf6 7 d3 Be6 8 Bb3
c6 9 Be3 Bb6 10 Nd2 Na6 11 Nc4 Bc7 12 00 d5 13 Nd2 00 14 Ng3 Rad8
15 Qe2 Bb6 16 Nf3 Nd7 17 Nh4 Qf6 18 Nhf5 Bxf5 19 Nxf5 Kh8 20 Qg4 h6
21 exd5 cxd5 22 Bxd5 Ndc5 23 Bxc5 Nxc5 24 Qf3 Rxd5 25 Qxd5 Qxf5 26
d4 Rd8 27 Qxe5 Qxe5 28 dxe5 Nd3 29 Rad1 Nxe5 30 Rxd8+ Bxd8 ()
Walker wrote that although Wakefield looked like winning, "Doncaster,
however, managed to draw the game by some skilful play. The contest was
carried to upwards of one hundred moves, second Queens being introduced,
and many ingenious stratagems attempted on both sides."
To illustrate early correspondence matches between clubs here is a game
which was considered for inclusion in my history but did not make the final
cut. The late Professor Pagni, who published various collections of
correspondence games, found the other game of this match but not this one,
although both were first printed in the same issue of the Illustrated London
News, 24 April 1858, with a few notes by Staunton.
It is likely that the match was arranged by George William Lyttelton, who had
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been a brilliant classics scholar at Cambridge and might have become an
academic had his father, the third Baron, not suddenly died, obliging him to
take over the Hagley estate (very near Stourbridge) and family
responsibilities. Cambridge, unsurprisingly, won this match 20 against the
small Worcestershire club, but it could have been 11 had the latter not been
so sporting. The gentlemanly decision (see note to move eleven) was probably
suggested by Lyttelton.
Cambridge University Stourbridge
Correspondence match, 1858
Ruy Lopez [C64]
1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 Bc5 4 c3 Qf6 5 00 Nge7 6 d4 exd4 7 Bxc6
The Kt was taken for the sake of getting out of the 'bookwork' as soon as
possible.
7...dxc6
The best move.
8 cxd4 Bb6 9 Bg5 Qe6 10 Nc3 00 11 h3
This move was made under a misapprehension. When the committee met to
decide upon this play, they inadvertently, in setting up the men, placed
Black's Queen at Q 3rd, instead of K 3rd. The mistake was not discovered till
several moves had been played on both sides, when Stourbridge, rather than
spoil the game, very generously allowed the moves up to the eleventh to be
retracted
11...h6 12 Bh4 Ng6 13 Bg3 f5 14 e5 Rd8 15 Re1 Ba515...Qf7 would have hampered White terribly.
16 Qa4 Bxc3 17 bxc3 Kh7? 18 c4 b6 19 Rad1 Bb7 20 d5 cxd5 21 Nd4 Qe8
22 Qxe8 Rxe8 23 Nxf5 Rad8 24 e6 c6?
24...dxc4.
25 Bc7 Ra8 26 f4 Rec8 27 cxd5 cxd5 28 Rc1 Re8?
28...d4 29 Nxd4 'as any attempt to win the exchange would have cost them
dear'.
29 Nd6 Re7 30 Nxb7 Rc8 31 f5 Nh4 32 Nd6 Rf8 33 Re5 d4 34 Rc4 g6
34...g5 35 Bd8.35 f6 Rxf6 36 Bd8 Rfxe6 37 Bxe7 Rxe5 38 Bxh4 (10) and in a few more
moves Black resigned.
Finally, here is a game played by Benjamin Keen at Bristol on 15 August
1826.
Benjamin Keen Riddle
Muzio Gambit [C37]
Bell's Life in London reported:
On Tuesday last the Philidorian Match was played at Bristol, by Mr Keen, of
the Middle Temple, against Mr Riddle and Mr Jaikes, of the city of Bristol.
Mr Keen played two games at the same time, giving the further advantage of
the pawn and move in the game which he played seeing the pieces. He won
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8/3/2019 Oldest Chess Clubs
12/12
both games. The following were the principal moves made in the game played
without seeing the board.
1 e4 e5 2 f4 exf4 3 Nf3 g5 4 Bc4 g4 5 00 gxf3 6 Qxf3 Bc5+ 7 d4 Bxd4+ 8
Kh1 Be5 9 Bxf4 Qf6 10 Bxe5 Qxf3 11 Rxf3 f6 12 Bxc7 Nc6 13 Nc3 Nd4 14
Rf2 Ne6 15 Bg3 d6 16 Bxd6 Bd7
17 e5 fxe5 18 Bxe6 Bxe6 19 Rf8+ Kd7 20 Rxa8 Kxd6 21 Rd1+ Ke7 22Rdd8 a6 23 b3 h5 24 Ne4 Bf5 25 Re8+ Kf7 26 Nd6+ and wins. (10)
Postscript
My book The History of Correspondence Chess in Britain and Ireland 1824-
1987 is one of four titles shortlisted for the English Chess Federation's 2011
book of the year award. I have not seen the other three books yet but hope to
catch up with at least one of them later. If the publishers of those titles are
reading this, maybe they would like to put a review copy in the post, please?
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