old experiments in a new environment. quantum gravity ...€¦ · quantum gravity effects from an...
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Oldexperimentsinanewenvironment.QuantumGravity
effectsfromanexperimentalpointofview
G.M.PiacentinoUniversita’delMolise,INFNRoma2,
INAFMilano
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OpenproblemsinAstrophysicsandCosmology
i. In the observed Universe the matter prevails onantimatterevenifbotharealwayscreatedtogether;
ii. CMB is not anisotropic nor inhomogeneous enoughto be compatible with the Big Bangmodel withoutthe introduction of a still unknown interactiondrivingtheinflation;
iii. Giventhegravityweexpecta negativeaccelerationof the expansion. On the contrary that seems toaccelerate;
iv. Thegravitational fieldofGalaxies,clustersandevenof the Solar system seems much stronger the oneduetothevisiblematter.
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PresentstateofPossiblesolutionsi. The mechanism suggested by Sakarov for matter/
antimatter asymmetry is connected to CPV butexperimentallythisphenomenonisfartooweak;
ii. Models have been proposed to justify inflation bysupersymmetric vacuum energy and SSB but atpresent no evidence for supersymmetry has beenfoundyet;
iii. DarkEnergyhasbeen introducedbyhand inorder togiveamotivationtotheacceleratedexpansionof theUniverse;
iv. Dark Matter has been introduced in order to give amotivation to the observed discrepancies betweentheoryandmeasurementsof theorbital speedof thestarsoftheexternalpartofthegalaxies.
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WHYSOMANYDIFFERENTMOTIVATIONS?
From the point of view of the elegance thesituationisfarfrombeingsatisfactory:i. Asmanyhypothesisasproblems;ii. Mostofthemjustputbyhandintothetheory;iii. DarkMatter and Dark Energy hypotheses are
artificial.
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Ockham'srazor• This “lex parsimoniae” Is due to the EnglishFranciscan Scholar Will iam of Ockahm( 1287-1347), who inspired the Character ofWilliam of Baskerville in the Umberto Eco’snovel “The name of the Rose1”. It can bepresentedas:
• If thereare several competing Hypotheses inorder to explain a phenomenon or create atheory, the one that needs the fewestassumptionsandparametersshouldbeselected
• 1)Lecoseeiloronomi,ToraldoDiFranciaLaterza,1986
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CanwemasteralltheproblemswithasingleHypothesis?
• Let’sstartfromMatterAntimattersymmetry:
i. Matter is always produced with thecorrespondingantimatter;
ii. Matter seems todominate the landscapeoftheUniverse;
iii. NostableAntimatterseemstopopulateourGalaxynortheUniverseingeneral.
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Strong,WeakandelectromagneticInteractionsarelimitedinrange
• Atthescaleof106meventheelectromagneticinteraction is mostly screened and the onlyresidualinteractionisthegravity;
• At this scale no significant presence ofantimattercanbefind;
• Is there any connection between absence ofantimatterandpresenceofgravitation?
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Repulsion?• Antimatter particles correspond to negative energy
solution;• Could this correspond to a negative gravitationalmass
and to a consequent gravitational repulsion betweenmatterandantimatter?
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Supposethatgravitationalinteractionbetweenmatterandantimatterisrepulsive
• Thiscouldexplainmatterantimatterasymmetry;
• ThiscouldbethenatureofDarkEnergy;• ThiscouldbethenatureofDarkMatter;• RepulsioncouldhavepoweredtheInflaction;
– Anequalmixofmatterandantimatterwouldgiveanetrepulsiveforce.
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IsthiscompatiblewithGR?
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Whatisantimatter?
(Feynman~Stueckelberg)Definition:Matter(TimereversalxChargesconiugation)Antimatter
WhatkindoftimereversalistheonetobeusedinGR?
HowantimatteraffectsGravitation?
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TaxonomyofmatterinGR:
InGR.Mattercanevolve,symmetrically,inthepositiveornegativetimedirection
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SowecanclassificaterespecttoasystemofreferencethatisnotInmotionrespecttothematter.IfwedefinepositivetheprotonwithPositivecharge,wehaveinprinciplefourdifferenttypeofmatter:
q+ τ-
q+
τ+
q-
τ+
q-
τ-
Whereτisthepropertime
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TaxonomyofmatterinGR:
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τisthepropertimesowehave:
dτ = dxµdxµ = dtγ
Bothsignsareallowedtoτsince γ = 11− β 2
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Achangeinthesignofϒ affects also:
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m = m0γ ;uµ = γ (1,u)pµ = m0γ (1,u)Sothemassisoddunderpropertimeinversion
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Thisistruealsofortheenergystresstensorinfact:
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E = pµuµ;pµ = T µνuν ;E = T µνuµuν ;
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Sowe can introduce the time reversal inordertounderstandhowantimatterbehavesfromthepointofviewofamattermadeobserver:
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τ → −τ
q→−q
t→−t
τ → −τ q→−q t→−t
mqτxµ
uµ
pµ
duµ
dτ
T µν
−+−
−−
−
−
−−−−
−−−−
−
−
+ ++
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ +
+ +
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antimatter and antigravity are connected classical concepts
• Several opposition based on three points:
• 1) energy conservation violation
• 2) equivalence principle violation
• 3) Induction of CPV
• Most of them not valid (Nieto et al.)
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Theworkinghypothesis
• Even if the experiments proposed are completely modelindependent,we are fascinated by theworking hypothesisthat,bytheirnature,quantumvacuumfluctuationsarevirtual
gravitationaldipoles• This hypothesis permits to consider the well established
StandardModelmatter (i.e.mattermade fromquarks andleptonsinteractingthroughtheexchangeofgaugebosons)astheonlymatter–energycontentoftheUniverse;ofcourseacontentimmersedinquantumvacuum.
• Apparently there is no need to invoke dark matter, darkenergy,inflationfield…
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Fromthegravitationalpointofviewquantumvacuumisacontinuumofvirtualgravitationaldipoles
Therandomorientationofthegravitationaldipolesmakesthetotalgravitationalchargedensityofthevacuumequaltozero
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Aroundagalaxyoramassivebodyagravitationalpolarizationinin
action: An halo of the
polarized quantumvacuum acts as aneffectivegravitationalchargeontheontheboundary betweenthe saturated zoneandthenon-polarizedarea
So that gravitational polarization of thequantumvacuummightbe the truenatureofwhatwecalldarkmatter.
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Darkmattercouldbealocaleffectofthe
gravitationalpolarizationofthequantumvacuum• Agravitationalpolarizationdensity(i.e.thegravitationaldipole
momentperunitvolume)maybeattributedtothequantumvacuum.
• Thespatialvariationof,generatesagravitationalboundchargedensityofthequantumvacuum
Inthecaseofsphericalsymmetry
Thiscalculationsseemsinagreementwithresultsforgalaxies
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!Pg
!Pg
ρqv = −∇⋅
!Pg
ρqv(r)=1r2ddr
r2Pg r( )⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟ ;
Pg r( )≡ !Pg r( )
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Effectivegravitationalchargeofabodydependsondistancefromit
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AntigravityandCPVfromP.d.G.
• “DespitethephenomenologicalsuccessoftheKMmechanism, it fails (by several orders ofmagnitude) to accommodate the observedasymmetry [21].This discrepancy stronglysuggests that Nature provides additionalsources of CP violation beyond the KMmechanism.”
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CPVandGravity
• In the1958, eight yearsbefore thediscoveryof CPV, Philip Morrison published on theAmerican Journal of Physics a paper showingthat a strong difference in the gravitationalinteraction for matter and antimatter couldgenerateaCPVinneutralKaonssystem.
• The CPV in neutral Kaons has been discovered 8yearslater!!
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LetusrestricttoCPVintheKs-Klsystem
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ConsideranindirectCPV:
KL‘mixes’toKSbeforedecayINDIRECT
• IndirectCP:
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The gravitational field is described by theacceleration g so the components ofantimatterandmatterofamesonaredividedbyadistancegrowingwiththetimethatcanbewrittenas:
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Δζ = gt 2
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Thetimeusefulforthephenomenonisa fraction Ω-½ of the mixing time Δτwhere:
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Δτ = π!
Δmc2≈ 5.9x10−10 s ≈ 6τ s
WhereτsisthelifetimeofKs
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Thedimensionof a Kmeson is about0.5fmor:
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ΔLk =
!mkc
Theratio: ΔζΔLk
Is the adimensionalc o n s t a n t t h a tcharacterizes thephenomenon
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Sowehave:
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Ωg π 2!2
Δm2c4!mkc
=Ωπ 2! gmk
Δm2c3=Ωx0.88x10−3
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AndobtaintheCPVparameteras:
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ε =Ωg π 2!2
Δm2c4!mkc
=Ωπ 2! gmk
Δm2c3=Ωx0.88x10−3
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ThismeansthatgravitycouldberesponsibleforsomeoftheCPVintheneutralKseenontheEarth
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CPVandGravity
In 1992 Gabriel Chardin showed that gravity onEarthhastherightintensitytogenerateCPVinthemixingoftheneutralKandBmesons;• He also demonstrated that the phenomenon ofantigravity for antimatter could be compatiblewith the General Relativity and that it could bethe motivation of an instability of quantumvacuum in the presence of strong gravitationalfields,mimicoftheHawkingradiation.
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Soifthegravitationalinteractionbetweenmatterandantimatterisrepulsive
• Thiscouldexplainmatterantimatterasymmetry;
• ThiscouldbethenatureofDarkEnergy;• RepulsioncouldhavepoweredtheInflaction;
– Anequalmixofmatterandantimatterwouldgiveanetrepulsiveforce
– ThiscouldevenbethenatureoftheDarkMatter
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Howtomakeexperiments?
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Antimattergravitationalexperiments
• Whitteborn&Fairbanksattempttomeasuregravitationalforceonpositrons
• LosAlamos-ledteamproposed(1986)tomeasuregravitationalforceonantiprotonsattheCERNLowEnergyAntiprotonRing(LEAR)
• Projectsendedinconclusively• toovarioustobedescribedhere...• ManyH̅effortsinprogressatCERNAD(ALPHA,ATRAP,ASACUSA,AEgIS,GBAR)
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Worldleader:ALPHA*at
CERNAntiprotonDecelerator• Theymakeantihydrogenfromp-ande+ inanoctupolar trapthenshutthemagnetand &see whether antihydrogen annihilate on thetoporatthebottom.
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Interference,atCERN(AEgIS)andproposedatFermilab(Phillips)
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TestingGravitywithMuoniumK.Kirch∗
PaulScherrerInstitut(PSI),CH-5232VilligenPSI,Switzerland
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CPVandGravity
i. On a circular LEO at 500 Kilometers, gravity isabout 10% less than on Earth.On aGEOorbitthe intensityof theof theEarth’s gravitationalfieldisoftheorderoffewpercent.ThisislikelytocausealargefluctuationofanygravitationalcontributiontotheCPVinthe2-statesystemoftheneutralKmesons.•Furthermore inorbit,alargefluxofenergeticprotonsispresentandisonlymildlymodulatedby theEarth’smagneticfield.
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AMS
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CPVandGravity
• On a square target of 70 cm of side, about1.4x 104 protons per secondwill impact, Theenergy of the cosmic protons ranges from afewMeVto∼200GeVwiththemaximumfluxaround 1 GeV and several smaller localmaxima at 5, 13, and 31GeV. This spectrumcan produce the neutral Kaons. The totalnumber of K mesons decays over a spacemission lifetime (> 2 years) will yield therequiredphysicalmeasurement.
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AdedicatedSatellite
• WEsuggestedtheuseofadedicatedSatellite• Our payload proposed to ESA is aimed atperforming a particle physics experiment ino rb i t w i th ac t i ve ta rget , magnet i cspectrometer,trackerandcalorimeter
• ActiveTarget:WesimulatedtheproductionoftheKl“long”(longdecayneutralmesons)andKs(“short”)mesonsbythecosmicprotonsonanappropriatetarget
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ActiveTarget
TrackerLayersPermanentMagnet
ECAL
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Klongproduction
• G.M.Piacentino,A.PalladinoandG.Venanzoni,``Measuring• gravitationaleffectsonantimatterinspace,''• Phys.DarkUniv.{\bf13}(2016)162.
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• G.M.Piacentino,A.PalladinoandG.Venanzoni,``Measuring• gravitationaleffectsonantimatterinspace,''• Phys.DarkUniv.{\bf13}(2016)162
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Withmomentumcut
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Thenextopportunity
• TheenvironmentontheMoonhasnumerouspeculiarities that make it interesting WesuggestthatadifferencebetweentheamountofCPviolationasmeasuredonthesurfaceofthe Earth and on the surface of the Mooncouldalsolargerthaninorbit.
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• On the Moon, the gravitational accelerationgMoon = 1.622 m/s2 is only 16.54% of thecorrespondingoneonEarth.Suchadifferenceshould be extremely usefu l to ourinvestigationonthecontributionofgravitytothemixingintheneutralkaonsystem.
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• A directmeasurement of the flux of protonson the lunar surface has not beenmade yetbutAckermannetal.have fit thedataof thegammaalbedofromtheMoonsurfaceduetothe incoming proton flux finding this lastequal, inside a 10% error, to the onemeasuredbyAMS2andPamela.
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AcrudeglancewithAMS2
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conclusions• We have proposed a possible test of the gravitational behavior of
antimatterbymeasuringtherateof theCPviolatingdecay inspace.Weestimatethat:
• 5σ measurement of a possible change in the CP violation parameter εcould be obtained within some years, depending on the detectionefficiency,ifoneplacesadetectorwithafewcmthicktungstentarget,a1m diameter by 1m deep tracking region, amagnetic field for charged-particle identification, time-of-flight counters, and electromagneticcalorimeters for energy measurements, on a Leo or better onGeostationary orbit. Even better could be an experiment on theMoon.AnydifferencebetweentheamountofCPviolation inorbitwithrespecttothelevelofCPviolationontheEarth’ssurfacewouldbeanindicationofthe nature of the gravitational interaction between matter andantimatter. A positive result may offer an explanation for the cosmicbaryonasymmetryandmayoffera contribution to theobservedeffectsthoughttocomefromdarkmatteranddarkenergy.AfirstGlancecanbepossibleusingAMS2data.
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April121961
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS• THANKSTO:• GabrielChardinCEASaclayFrance• ErasmoRecamiUniversityofMilanItaly• GianlucaLamannaINFNBARIItaly• Thomasj.Phillips-DukeUniversityNCUSA• PatriziaCaraveoINAFMilanoItaly• DanKaplanIllinoisInstituteofTechnologyUSA• HenryJ.FrischUniversityofChicagoUSA• LucianoRistoriFermilabUSA
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