ol p words kill sword list

OXFORD LEARNERS POCKET WORD SKILLS WORDLIST1

build /bld/physique /f zik/

1.3 GOOD POSTUREslouch /slat/get stuck /et stk/hours/days (etc.) / az/dez n end/ on end

posture / pst(r)/bend (over/down) /bend/lean (back/forward) /lin/straight /stret/stretch sth /stret /muscle / msl/relax sth /r lks /tilt sth /tlt /flat /flt/cross your legs / krs j lez/twist sth /twst /spine /span/backbone / bkbn/reach sth /rit /adjust sth /dst /level with sth / levl w /

1.4 FITNESSfit /ft/fitness / ftns/sedentary / sedntri/slumped /slmpt/out of shape / at v ep/get (yourself) into /et jself nt ep/ shape

badly / bdli/in need of sth /n nid v /identify sth /a dentfa /flight (of stairs) /flat/exhausted /zstd/shaky / eki/unsteady /nstedi/beat (of a heart) /bit/muscle tone / msl tn/have trouble /hv trbl du / doing sth

exercise v / ekssaz/do/take exercise / du/ tek ekssaz/abnormally /bnmli/run down / rndan/cramp /krmp/time to do sth / tam t du /out of breath / at v bre/

breathe /bri/get your breath /et j bre bk/ back

catch your breath / kt j bre/

1.5 WAYS OF MOVINGstroll n, v /strl/go for a stroll / f(r) strl/tread on/in sth / tred n/n /hop about / hp bat/limp n, v /lmp/walk with a limp /wk w lmp/march /mt/wander / wnd(r)/have a wander / hv wnd(r)/climb out of sth /klam at v /stumble / stmbl/crawl /krl/get to your feet /et t j fit/in a daze /n dez/stagger / st(r)/jog /d/go for a jog / f(r) d/jogging / d/dash /d/make a dash for / mek d f (r)/leap /lip/run off / rn f/chase sb/sth /tes /pursue sb/sth /psju /

SENSES2.1 HEARINGgo deaf / def/totally/partially / ttli/ p li def/ deaf

hard of hearing / hd v hr/deafness / defns/be exposed to sth / bi kspzd t /hearing / hr/at full blast /t fl blst/lyrics / lrks/speak up / spik p/whisper (sth) / wsp(r)/background noise / bkrand nz/not catch sth /nt kt /lip-read / lp rid/subtitles / sbtatlz/rustling / rsl/rustle / rsl/

THE BODY1.1 FACIAL APPEARANCEwavy / wevi/eyebrow / abra/stubble / stbl/bald /bld/beard /bd/moustache /m st /scar /sk (r)/receding /r sid/lose your hair / luz j he(r)/go bald / bld/wrinkles / rklz/clean-shaven / klin evn/curly / kli/shoulder-length / ld le/freckles / freklz/hairstyle / hestal/bob /bb/fringe /frnd/straight /stret/parting / pt/side/centre parting / sad/ sent(r) pt/tattoo /t tu/pierced ears / pst z/ponytail / pnitel/cropped /krpt/thick (hair) /k/thin (hair) /n/frizzy / frzi/spiky / spaki/

1.2 BODY SHAPESslim /slm/slender / slend(r)/skinny / skni/lean /lin/plump /plmp/chubby / tbi/muscular / mskjl(r)/well-built /wel blt/stocky / stki/overweight /v wet/underweight /ndwet/obese /bis/obesity /bisti/lanky / lki/willowy / wli/petite /ptit/figure / f(r)/

OxfordLEARNERS POCKET Word Skills


stare (at sth/sb) /ste(r)/stare n /ste(r)/on the lookout /n lkat f (r) / for sth/sb

out of sight / at v sat/in sight / n sat/catch a glimpse of / kt lmps v / sb/sth

glimpse sb/sth / lmps /

2.4 TOUCHpress /pres/button / btn/punch n, v /pnt/fist /fst/stroke v /strk/fur /f (r)/pat sth/sb /pt /squeeze sth /skwiz /pinch v /pnt/hard (forcefully) /hd/lightly / latli/tap v /tp/get sbs attention /et tenn/nudge v /nd/elbow / elb/draw sbs attention / dr tenn t / to sth

rub/rub sth into sth /rb/ rb nt /fingertips / ftps/massage v / ms/vigorously / vrsli/

2.5 SMELLscented / sentd/scent /sent/delicate / delkt/subtle / stl/fragrance / frerns/fragrant / frernt/air freshener / e(r) fren(r)/citrus fruit / strs frut/perfume / pfjum/faint adj /fent/strong /str/sniff n, v /snf/aroma / rm/linger / l(r)/funny (= strange) / fni/peculiar /p kjuli(r)/musty / msti/sour / sa(r)/stale /stel/stink (of sth) /stk/stink n /stk/rotten / rtn/nauseating / nziet/disgusting /ds st/

FEELINGS 3.1 PHYSICAL FEELINGSworn out /wn at/exhausted /zstd/shattered / td/starving / stv/dying for a drink / da f(r) drk/parched /ptt/dizzy / dzi/giddy / di/nauseous / nzis/vomit / vmt/(feel) sick /sk/boiling / bl/freezing / friz/drowsy / drazi/energetic / endetk/energy / endi/lethargic /ldk/wide awake /wad wek/fast asleep / fst slip/shiver / v(r)/tremble / trembl/restless / restls/on edge /n ed/tense /tens/pins and needles / pnz nd nidlz/go to sleep / t slip/ (e.g. my foot/leg has gone to sleep)

3.2 REACTIONScan hardly wait /kn hdli wet/bored to death / bd t de/bored stiff/ / bd stf/bd rdd/ bored rigid/ bd t tz/ bored to tears

fed up / fed p/take your breath / tek j bre we/ away

breathtaking / bretek/impressed /mprest/impressive /mpresv/impress sb /mpres /relieved /r livd/relief /r lif/gutted /td/astonishing /stn/astonish sb /stn /stunned /stnd/joy /d/sorrow / sr/overshadow sth /vd /get on your nerves /et n j nvz/drive sb mad/crazy /drav md/ krezi/frustration /frstren/frustrated /frstretd/furious / fjris/fury / fjri/rage /red/no wonder (that) /n wnd(r)/ecstatic /ksttk/elated /i letd/over the moon /v(r) mun/

splash about / spl bat/bark /bk/din /dn/slam sth /slm /yell (at sb) /jel/rumble n, v / rmbl/snoring / snr/snore /sn (r)/

2.2 TASTEchew /tu/chewy / tui/bite v, n /bat/spicy / spasi/spice /spas/flavour / flev(r)/hot (of taste) /ht/mild /mald/tasty / testi/ingredients /n ridints/tasteless / testls/inedible /nedbl/edible / edbl/so-so / s s/swallow sth / swl /mouthful / mafl/aftertaste / fttest/delicious /d ls/authentic / entk/texture / tekst(r)/artificial /t fl/stale /stel/have (got) a sweet /hv swit tu/ tooth

sickly / skli/weak (of coffee, /wik/ tea, etc.)

strong (of coffee, /str/ tea, etc.)

2.3 SIGHTdisguise /ds az/in disguise / n ds az/disguise yourself /ds az jself z / as sb/sth

surveillance /s velns/eyesight / asat/observation /bz ven/observe sth/sb /bzv /keep watch / kip wt/ (on sth/sb)

unobtrusively /nbtrusvli/glance at sb/sth / lns t /glance n /lns/recognize sb / reknaz /disappear / dsp(r)/appear / p(r)/vanish / vn/notice sth / nts /spot sb/sth /spt /make sth out / mek at/just (make sth out) /dst/


3.5 TEARS AND LAUGHTERtell a joke / tel dk/get a joke /et dk/fall flat / fl flt/make fun of sb /mek fn v /poke fun at sb /pk fn t /amuse sb /mjuz /upset sb /pset /upset adj /pset/tease sb /tiz /burst into tears / bst nt tz/burst out laughing / bst at lf/go too far / tu f (r)/cry your eyes out / kra j (r) az at/sob v, n /sb/tickle sb / tkl /giggle / l/set sb off / set f/in stitches/have /n sttz/hv sb/be in stitches / bi n sttz/

mean adj /min/laugh your head off / lf j hed f/roar with laughter / r w lft(r)/grin from ear to ear /rn frm t (r)/grin v, n /rn/pull sbs leg / pl le/have sb on / hv n/frown (at sb) /fran/

CHARACTER4.1 PERSONAL STATEMENTSsensitive / senstv/sensible / sensbl/straightforward / stret fwd/level-headed / levl hedd/rely on sb /r la n /positive / pztv/negative / netv/adventurous /dventrs/by nature /ba net(r)/take sth up (accept) / tek p/aware of sth /we(r) v /strength /stre/weakness / wikns/dynamic /da nmk/creative /kri etv/reputation / repjuten/over-enthusiastic /v(r) njuzi stk/motivated / mtvetd/take sth seriously / tek srisli/live for sth / lv f(r) /dedicated / dedketd/committed /kmtd/dedication / ded ken/loyalty / llti/

4.2 SCHOOL REPORTeager (to do sth) / i(r)/keen (= eager) /kin/eagerness / ins/reluctant /r lktnt/

curiosity / kjri sti/disorganized /ds nazd/organized / nazd/capable / kepbl/distracted /d strktd/determined /d tmnd/flair /fle(r)/carelessness / kelsns/careless / kels/let sb down / let dan/gain in sth / en n /confidence / knfdns/confident / knfdnt/competitive /kmpettv/potential /p tenl/make no/ /mek n/ ltl eft/ little effort

show off / f/mature /mt(r)/immature / mtj(r)/responsible /r spnsbl/irresponsible / r spnsbl/likeable / lakbl/conscientious / kni ens/consistent /knsstnt/

4.3 BEHAVIOURwell behaved /wel b hevd/badly behaved / bdli b hevd/misbehave / msb hev/naughty / nti/disobedient / ds bidint/obedient / bidint/obey sb /be /studious / stjudis/strict /strkt/lenient / linint/shy /a/blush v /bl/bright (= intelligent) /brat/hopeless at sth / hpls t /clumsy / klmzi/upbringing /pbr/tomboy / tmb/cant be bothered / knt bi bd/be in/get into / bi n/get nt trbl/ trouble

cheeky / tiki/look down on sb / lk dan n /irritating / rtet/bossy / bsi/impatient /mpent/

4.4 TV CHARACTERScharacter / krkt(r)/figure / f(r)/soap opera / sp pr/tough /tf/aggressive / resv/a soft side / sft sad/supportive /sptv/respected /r spektd/

3.3 LIKES AND DISLIKESpet hate / pet het/be into sth /bi nt /loathe sth/sb /l /detest sth/sb /d test /adore sth/sb / d (r) /adorable / drbl/leave sb cold / liv kld/(not) mad about / md bat / sth/sb

fan n /fn/go for sb/sth / f (r) /disgust sb /ds st /disgusting /ds st/vile /val/cant bear sth/sb /knt be(r) /hate sb/sth / het /cant stand sb/sth /knt stnd /passionate / pnt/ (about sth)

(not) appeal to sb / pil t /a waste of time, / west v tam, money, etc. mni/

craving (for sth) / krev/revolting /r vlt/repulsive /r plsv/fascinated / fsnetd/fascination / fs nen/desire /d za(r)/have no desire /hv n dza(r) to do sth t du /

3.4 ANGERmixture / mkst(r)/stem from sth / stem frm /depression /d pren/depressed /d prest/guilt /lt/bitter / bt(r)/bitterness / btns/valued / vljud/weary / wri/weariness / wrins/crucial / kru l/vital / vatl/build up / bld p/get/be out of /et/bi at v control kntrl/

cool down / kul dan/calm down / km dan/cope with sth / kp w /bottle sth up / btl p/emotion / mn/emotional / mnl/underlying /nd la/seek sth/sb /sik /counsellor / kansl(r)/lose your temper / luz j temp(r)/keep your temper / kip j temp(r)/lose patience / luz pens/go mad / md/go berserk / b sk/


wisdom / wzdm/villain / vln/arrogant / rnt/liar / la(r)/manipulate sb /mnpjulet /strong-willed / str wld/long for sth / l f(r) /independence / nd pendns/independent / nd pendnt/argumentative /jumenttv/bad-tempered / bd tempd/interfere (in sth) / ntf(r) n /poke your nose / pk j nz nt / into sth

4.5 OPPOSITESlack sth /lk /be lacking in sth /bi lk n /a lack of sth / lk v /generous / denrs/mean /min/stingy / stndi/competent / kmptnt/able / ebl/incompetent /nkmptnt/courageous /k reds/brave /brev/cowardly / kadli/reckless / rekls/rash /r/cautious / k s/inconsiderate / nknsdrt/thoughtless / tls/considerate /knsdrt/decisive /d sasv/indecisive / nd sasv/outgoing / at/extrovert / ekstrvt/shy /a/diffident / dfdnt/easy-going / izi /laid-back / led bk/uptight /ptat/gloomy / lumi/cheerful / tfl/approachable / prtbl/unapproachable /n prtbl/selfish / self/selfless / selfls/modest / mdst/conceited /knsitd/secure /s kj(r)/lacking in / lk n knfdns/ confidence

insecure / ns kj(r)/

RELATIONSHIPS5.1 NEIGHBOURSneighbour / neb(r)/neighbourhood / nebhd/neighbourly / nebli/

next door / nekst d neb(r)/ neighbour

socialize (with sb) / slaz/mix with sb / mks w /sociable / sbl/community /kmjunti/community spirit /kmjunti sprt/keep an eye on / kip n a n / sb/sth

on your own /n j (r) n/by yourself / ba j self/count on sb / kant n /lend (sb) a hand / lend hnd/breakdown / brekdan/privacy / prvsi/private / pravt/gossiping / sp/gossip n, v / sp/vandalism / vndlzm/vandal / vndl/antisocial behaviour /ntisl b hevj(r)/gang //youth /ju/council estate / kansl stet/council / kansl/civil / svl/

5.2 FRIENDSHIPagony aunt / ni nt/get in with sb /et n w /circle (of friends / skl/ etc.)

close /kls/keep sb company / kip kmpni/concern n /knsn/have a laugh / hv lf/meet up (with sb) / mit p/invite sb along /n vat l/loner / ln(r)/hurt (= upset) /ht/envious / envis/friendship / frendp/take the initiative / tek i ntv/take the first step / tek fst step/treat sb with respect / trit w r spekt/bring sth up / br p/draw attention / dr tenn t / to sth

occur to sb /k t /ups and downs /ps n danz/acquaintance /kwentns/

5.3 HOW WE METa blind date / bland det/hit it off (with sb) / ht t f/have sth in / hv n kmn/ common (with sb)

romance /rmns/romantic /rmntk/be attracted to sb /bi trktd t /good company /d kmpni/flirting / flt/

flirt v /flt/chat sb up / tt p/refreshing /r fre/fall for sb / fl f(r) /love at first sight / lv t fst sat/little by little / ltl ba ltl/grow to like sb/sth /r t lak /crazy/mad about sb / krezi/ md bat /rush into sth / r nt /propose (to sb) /pr pz/fianc /fi nse/fiance /fi nse/

5.4 WEDDING GUESTSstepfather / stepf(r)/stepbrother / stepbr(r)/stepmother / stepm(r)/stepsister / stepsst(r)/stepson / stepsn/reception /r sepn/bride /brad/groom /rum/best man / best mn/bridesmaid / bradzmed/immediate family / midit fmli/seat sb /sit /sibling / sbl/relation /r len/relative / reltv/divorced /d vst/divorce n, v /d vs/in-laws / n lz/brother-in-law / brr n l/extended family /kstendd fmli/singles / slz/couples / kplz/left out / left at/ex-boyfriend / eks bfrend/ex-girlfriend / eks lfrend/ex-wife / eks waf/infirm /nfm/disability / dsblti/disabled /dsebld/

5.5 MARRIAGEanniversary / n vsri/birthday / bde/grounds /randz/trick n /trk/marriage / mrd/celebration / sel bren/trust n /trst/partnership / ptnp/tolerance / tlrns/tolerant / tlrnt/tenacity /tnsti/tenacious /tnes/vary / veri/a given (year) / vn/funeral / fjunrl/individual / nd vdul/


cant live without / knt lv w at / sb/sth

tie sb to sb/sth / ta t /dread (doing) sth /dred /separate sb from / sepret frm / sb/sth

wonder v / wnd(r)/suit sb /sjut /

5.6 BEING A PARENTteenager / tined(r)/teen /tin/adolescent / dlesnt/adolescence / dlesns/toddler / tdl(r)/establish sth / stbl /routine /ru tin/defiant /d fant/sibling rivalry / sbl ravlri/copy sth / kpi /behaviour /b hevj(r)/behave /b hev/admire sth/sb /dma(r) /confidence building / knfdns bld/encourage sb to /nkrd t du / do sth

in harmony with sb /n hmni w /bullying / bli/bully n, v / bli/challenging / tlnd/mood swing / mud sw/adulthood / dlthd/anxiety /zati/anxious / ks/peer pressure / p pre(r)/space /spes/

5.7 FAMILY HISTORYimmigrant / mrnt/immigration / m ren/emigration / em ren/emigrate v / emret/trace sth /tres / (back to sth)

origin / rdn/roots /ruts/ancestor / nsest(r)/great-grandfather/ /ret rnf(r)/ grandmother/ rnm(r)/ nt/ aunt, etc.

only child /nli tld/settle (somewhere) / setl/scale /skel/poverty / pvti/inherit sth /nhert /inheritance /nhertns/pass sth down / ps dan/generation / den ren/birth certificate / b stfkt/death certificate / de stfkt/family tree / fmli tri/resemblance /r zemblns/resemble sb/sth /r zembl /

take after sb / tek ft(r) /descendant /d sendnt/record n / rekd/

HEALTH6.1 INJURIES injure / nd(r)/injury / ndri/wound n, v /wund/bleed /blid/blood /bld/stitch(es) /stt/graze /rez/sprain /spren/joint /dnt/twist /twst/pull a muscle / pl msl/sling n /sl/fracture / frkt(r)/skull /skl/severe /s v(r)/burn /bn/minor / man(r)/bruise n, v /bruz/black eye / blk a/scratch sth /skrt /blister n / blst(r)/

6.2 FIRST AIDcotton wool / ktn wl/plasters / plstz/bandage / bndd/tweezers / twizz/wound n /wund/antiseptic lotion / nti septk ln/bathe sth /be /dressing / dres/prevent sth /pr vent / (from doing sth)

in place /n ples/swollen / swln/swelling / swel/sting /st/antihistamine cream / nti hstmin krim/treat sth/sb /trit /treatment / tritmnt/effectively / fektvli/running water / rn wt(r)/infection /nfekn/infected /nfektd/infectious /nfeks/

6.3 A COMMON ILLNESSsneeze /sniz/tablet / tblt/pill /pl/nasal spray / nezl spre/injection /ndekn/symptom / smptm/hay fever / he fiv(r)/allergy / ldi/

runny nose / rni nz/itchy / ti/scratch v /skrt/itch n, v /t/unwell /nwel/diagnosis / danss/blood test / bld test/over-the-counter /v kant medicine medsn/

remedy / remdi/prescription /pr skrpn/relieve sth /r liv /inflammation / nflmen/owing to sth / t /steroid / sterd/side effect / sad fekt/

6.4 SYMPTOMShave a temperature / hv temprt(r)/a high temperature / ha temprt(r)/fever / fiv(r)/have a good/ / hv d/bd nat/ bad night

an upset stomach /n pset stmk/diarrhoea / dar/rash /r/chest /test/bug /b/virus / vars/sensation /sensen/numb /nm/numbness / nmns/nerve /nv/ache v /ek/ache all over / ek l v(r)/stiff /stf/overdo sth /vdu /down (= depressed) /dan/low (= depressed) /l/lose your appetite / luz j (r) ptat/suffer from sth / sf(r) frm /insomnia /nsmni/depressed /d prest/sore throat / s (r) rt/lose your voice / luz j vs/

6.5 FAINTINGpass out / ps at/unconscious /nkns/conscious / kns/lose consciousness / luz knsns/faint v /fent/black out v / blk at/bump sth /bmp / (on/against sth)

bump n /bmp/pale /pel/dizzy / dzi/giddy / di/disorientated/ /ds rintetd/ disoriented ds rintd/

sweat n, v /swet/


breathe (in/out) /bri/all of a sudden /l v sdn/come to / km tu/come round /km rand/regain /r en knsns/ consciousness

shake /ek/tremble / trembl/feel sick / fil sk/vomit v / vmt/feel nauseous / fil nzis/be sick /bi sk/throw up /r p/wiped out /wapt at/reaction /ri kn/do sb good / du d/check sth out / tek at/

6.6 HOSPITAL TREATMENTX-ray / eks re/scan n /skn/surgery / sdri/examine sb /zmn /examination /zm nen/prescribe sth /pr skrab /prescription /pr skrpn/painkiller / penkl(r)/consultant /knsltnt/operate on sb / pret n /operation /pren/recuperate /r kupret/ (from sth)

recuperation /r kupren/convalesce / knvles/convalescence / knvlesns/A and E / e nd i/Accident and / ksdnt nd Emergency i mdnsi/

diagnose sth / danz /(make a) diagnosis / danss/appendicitis /pend sats/appendix / pendks/admit sb /dmt / (to hospital)

discharge sb /dstd /complications / kmpl kenz/intensive care /ntensv ke(r)/ward /wd/get over sth /et v(r) /recover (from sth) /r kv(r)/recovery /r kvri/

6.7 ETHICAL DILEMMASresearch /r st/organ / n/organ transplant / n trnsplnt/a new lease of life / nju lis v laf/altruism / ltruzm/altruistic / ltru stk/donor / dn(r)/ethical / ekl/dilemma /da lem/

in a coma /n km/on life support /n laf spt/prolong sth /prl /indefinitely /ndefntli/incurable /nkjrbl/terminal illness / tmnl lns/quality of life / kwlti v laf/resuscitate sb /r sstet /override sth /v rad /(highly) / kntr v l/ controversial

controversy / kntrvsi/

6.8 HEALTHY LIVINGcarbohydrates / kbhadrets/protein / prtin/overweight /vwet/underweight /ndwet/base sth on sth /bes n /starchy food / stti fud/wholemeal bread / hlmil bred/contain sth /knten /source /ss/fattening / ftn/full /fl/slimming / slm/calorie / klri/count calories / kant klriz/portion / p n/dairy products / deri prdkts/obesity /bisti/obese /bis/unfit /nft/fit /ft/brisk /brsk/DIY / di a wa/Do-It-Yourself / du t jself/boost n, v /bust/coordination /kd nen/ensure sth /n (r) /minimum / mnmm/maximum / mksmm/intense /ntens/

THE NATURAL WORLD7.1 WEATHER CONDITIONSmist /mst/misty / msti/dawn /dn/dusk /dsk/daylight / delat/frost /frst/frosty / frsti/bitterly cold / btli kld/freezing / friz/boiling / bl/torrential /t renl/downpour / danp (r)/soaked /skt/soaking wet / sk wet/come out / km at/ (of the sun)

rainbow / renb/cloud over / klad v(r)/drizzle n, v / drzl/on and off/ /n nd f/f nd n/ off and on

clear up / kl(r) p/chilly / tli/sweat v, n /swet/humid / hjumd/humidity /hju mdti/breeze /briz/breezy / brizi/mild /mald/damp /dmp/

7.2 CLIMATE CHANGEglobal warming /lbl wm/carbon dioxide / kbn da ksad/greenhouse gases /rinhas sz/surface / sfs/principal / prnspl/emission /i mn/impact / mpkt/ (of sth on sth/sb)

devastating / devstet/devastation / devsten/flood /fld/hurricane / hrkn/prolonged /prld/heatwave / hitwev/drought /drat/the Arctic / ktk/the Antarctic / ntktk/melt (sth) /melt/alarming /lm/threaten sth / retn /threat /ret/existence /zstns/exist v /zst/species / spi iz/

7.3 NATURAL DISASTERSdisaster /d zst(r)/earthquake / kwek/tidal wave / tadl wev/flood n, v /fld/crisis / krass/hamper sth / hmp(r) /relief operation /r lif pren/stranded / strndd/survivor /svav(r)/survive (sth) /svav/survival /s vavl/ground sth /rand / (of a plane)

sweep sth away /swip we/cut sb/sth off / kt f/alert n, v / lt/evacuate sb / vkjuet /evacuation /vkjuen/flee (sth/from sth) /fli/priority /pra rti/shelter n, v / elt(r)/


7.4 ANIMALSleopard / lepd/camel / kml/giraffe /drf/zebra / zebr/kangaroo / k ru/wolf /wlf/chimpanzee / tmpnzi/chimp /tmp/gorilla / rl/polar bear / pl be(r)/hump /hmp/tail /tel/stripes /straps/shark /k/dolphin / dlfn/seal /sil/crocodile / krkdal/swan /swn/penguin / pewn/eagle / il/owl /al/parrot / prt/beak /bik/wing /w/feathers / fez/

7.5 SAVING WILDLIFErhinoceros/rhino /ra nsrs/ ran/tiger / ta(r)/panda / pnd/species / spi iz/die out / da at/extinction /kstkn/extinct /kstkt/threat (to sth) /ret/wildlife / waldlaf/unsustainable /ns stenbl/hunting / hnt/hunt (sth) /hnt/deforestation / difr sten/natural habitat / ntrl hbtt/sustained /s stend/conservation / knsven/ensure sth /n (r) /survival /svavl/survive (sth) /s vav/vulnerable / vlnrbl/endangered /ndendd/

BUILDINGS8.1 TYPES OF BUILDINGdetached house /d ttt has/semi-detached / semi d ttt/terraced house / terst has/bungalow / bl/villa / vl/cottage / ktd/shed /ed/store /st (r)/barn /bn/

stable / stebl/greenhouse / rinhas/nursing home / ns hm/warehouse / wehas/storage / strd/town hall / tan hl/multi-storey / mlti stri/ (car park)

mall/shopping mall /ml/ p ml/service station / svs sten/petrol station / petrl sten/shelter / elt(r)/high-rise building / ha raz bld/skyscraper / skaskrep(r)/monument / mnjumnt/premises / premsz/derelict building / derlkt bld/

8.2 ANCIENT BUILDINGSstand /stnd/lie /la/sit /st/ruins / ru nz/temple / templ/construct sth /knstrkt /surround sth /srand /stone /stn/block /blk/ton /tn/transport sth /trnspt /quarry / kwri/crane /kren/arch /t/invention /nvenn/invent sth /nvent /enable sb to do sth / nebl t du /support sth /spt /aqueduct / kwdkt/civilization / svla zen/doorway / dwe/structural / strktrl/structure / strkt(r)/aesthetic /esetk/

8.3 DESCRIBING A BUILDINGcolumn / klm/pillar / pl(r)/accommodate sb /kmdet /setting / set/overlook sth /vlk / (= have a view of)

landmark / lndmk/approach sth / prt /drive/driveway /drav/ dravwe/imposing /mpz/exterior /kstri(r)/design n, v /d zan/lobby / lbi/marble / mbl/fine (= of good /fan/ quality)

staircase / stekes/

lead to sth /lid t /suite /swit/corridor / krd (r)/internal /ntnl/courtyard / ktjd/terrace / ters/basement / besmnt/consist of sth /knsst v /

8.4 BUILDING WORKdemolish sth /d ml /rear /r(r)/remove sth /r muv /debris / debri/site /sat/insulate sth / nsjulet /loft /lft/extend sth /kstend /existing /zst/standard / stndd/strengthen sth / stren /tile n, v /tal/quote n /kwt/install sth /nstl /solar panel / sl(r) pnl/shoddy / di/convert sth into sth /knvt nt /conversion /knv n/fit sth /ft /workmanship / wkmnp/

8.5 IMPRESSIVE BUILDINGSbrick /brk/building material / bld mtril/concrete / kkrit/shiny / ani/solid / sld/architecture / ktekt(r)/architect / ktekt/appreciate sth /pri iet /appreciation /pri i en/symmetry / smtri/atmosphere / tmsf(r)/spirits / sprts/long to do sth / l t du /acoustics / kustks/purpose-built / pps blt/functional / fknl/graceful / resfl/open plan /pn pln/versatile / vstal/originality /rd nlti/innovative / nvtv/technique /teknik/

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY9.1 COMPUTER HARDWAREhardware / hdwe(r)/software / sftwe(r)/install sth /nstl /


hard drive / hd drav/run sth (on a /rn / computer)

PC (= personal / pi si/ computer)

monitor / mnt(r)/screen /skrin/webcam / webkm/keyboard / kibd/keys /kiz/escape key / skep ki/space bar / spes b (r)/return (key) /r tn/DVD drive / di vi di drav/CD-ROMs / si di rmz/USB port / ju es bi pt/flashdrive / fl drav/memory stick / memri stk/mouse /mas/headset / hedset/microphone / makrfn/printer / prnt(r)/

9.2 WORD PROCESSINGicon / akn/cut v /kt/paste v /pest/save v /sev/print v /prnt/document / dkjumnt/click on sth /klk n /cursor / ks(r)/type sth /tap /delete button /d lit btn/text n /tekst/spellchecker / speltek(r)/close sth (e.g. a /klz / document on a computer)

folder / fld(r)/menu / menju/pull sth down / pl dan/ (a menu on a computer)

print sth out / prnt at/printout / prntat/back sth up / bk p/backup copy / bkp kpi/

9.3 BUSINESS EMAILSetiquette / etket/netiquette / netket/concise /knsas/respond to sb/sth /r spnd t /response /r spns/confidential / knf denl/upper case /p kes/lower case / l kes/capital letters / kpitl letz/emoticon / mtkn/abbreviation /brivi en/forward sth (to sb) / fwd /spam /spm/junk mail / dk mel/

attach sth /tt /attachment / ttmnt/file /fal/publicize sth / pblsaz /publicity /pblsti/delete sth /d lit /sender / send(r)/recipient /r spint/thread /red/

9.4 INTERNET TERMSlog on/in / l n/ n/log off/out / l f/ at/broadband / brdbnd/cyberspace / sabspes/virtual / vtul/bookmark n, / bkmk/download n / danld/download v / danld/upload sth /pld /webcast / webkst/live broadcast / lav brdkst/window / wnd/search engine / st endn/hit n /ht/hyperlink / haplk/link /lk/crash v /kr/hacker / hk(r)/hack into sth / hk nt /cyber crime / sab kram/cyber-bully / sab bli/virtual game /vtul em/virtual world /vtul wld/web page / web ped/website / websat/

9.5 USING THE INTERNETe-commerce / i kms/e-book / i bk/e-banking / i bk/auction / kn/take off (= start / tek f/ to be successful)

keep in touch / kip n tt/ (with sb)

chat room / tt rm/message board / mesd bd/surf (the internet) v /sf/instructional /nstrknl/video clip / vdi klp/tutorial /tju tril/access (to sth) / kses/do a search / du st/google sth / ul /browse (the internet) /braz/interactive / ntrktv/interactive game / ntrktv em/up-to-date /p t det/out-of-date / at v det/blog n, v /bl/blogger / bl(r)/

web-based / web best/flexible / fleksbl/inflexible /nfleksbl/

9.6 SOCIAL NETWORKINGpost n, v /pst/posting / pst/social networking / sl netwk sat/ site

interact with sb / ntrkt w /share sth /e(r) /contact n / kntkt/link n /lk/sign up (to sth) / san p/home page / hm ped/enter sth / ent(r) /data / det/password / pswd/profile / prfal/biodata / badet/upload sth /pld /address book /dres bk/approve sb /pruv /access sth / kses /specify sth / spesfa /privacy / prvsi/button / btn/

9.7 MOBILE PHONEScontract / kntrkt/pay-as-you-go / pe z ju /credit / kredt/prepaid / pri ped/hard drive / hd drav/device /d vas/music player / mjuzk ple(r)/bug /b/go wrong / r/reception /r sepn/signal n / snl/run out of sth /rn at v /top up (your phone) / tp p/charge sth (up) /td /battery / btri/upgrade n /pred/upgrade v /p red/texting / tekst/text n, v /tekst/go off (= ring) / f/SIM card / sm kd/

BASIC SCIENCE10.1 THE SCIENTIFIC METHODhypothesis /ha pss/hypothetical / hapetkl/theory / ri/formulate sth / fmjulet /confirm sth /knfm /logical / ldkl/illogical / ldkl/logic / ldk/


rational / rnl/irrational / rnl/conclusion /knklun/observation /bzven/observe sth /bzv /phase /fez/gather sth / (r) /source /ss/statement / stetmnt/outcome / atkm/an educated guess /n eduketd es/experiment n, v /kspermnt/fair /fe(r)/factor / fkt(r)/analysis / nlss/analyse sth / nlaz /measurement / memnt/construct sth /knstrkt /process n / prses/

10.2 GRAVITYspacecraft / speskrft/rocket / rkt/launch sth /lnt /gravity / rvti/force n /fs/draw sth /dr /downwards / danwdz/upwards /pwdz/mass technical /ms/weight /wet/ non-technical

calculate sth / klkjulet /calculation / klkjulen/weightless / wetls/weightlessness / wetlsns/astronaut / strnt/outer space / at spes/space /spes/float /flt/orbit n, v / bt/discover sth /d skv(r) /discovery /d skvri/accurate / kjrt/bend sth /bend /curve n /kv/predict sth /pr dkt /verify sth / verfa /

10.3 BIOLOGY QUIZgene /din/genetic /dnetk/genetically /dnetkli/DNA / di en e/biology /ba ldi/scientific / santfk/science / sans/oxygen / ksdn/bacteria /bktri/bacterial /bktril/root /rut/unit / junt/

organism / nzm/cell /sel/nucleus / njuklis/stem /stem/skeleton / skeltn/bone /bn/marine /mrin/mammal / mml/clone /kln/identical /a dentkl/embryo / embri/

10.4 CHEMISTRY IN COOKINGacid / sd/ph value / pi et vlju/alkali / lkla/yeast /jist/substance / sbstns/microscopic / makr skpk/microscope / makrskp/fungus / fs/dough /d/convert sth into sth /knvt nt /carbon dioxide / kbn da ksad/expand /kspnd/bubble / bbl/set v /set/spongy / spndi/chemical / kemkl/reaction /ri kn/plunge sth in/ /plnd n/nt / into sth

force sth /fs /gas /s/pigment / pmnt/shrink /rk/release sth /r lis /fade /fed/

10.5 THE SCIENCE OF SLEEPbaffle sb / bfl /unsolved /nslvd/consequence / knskwns/deprivation / depr ven/deprive sb of sth /d prav v /passive / psv/active / ktv/physiological / fzi ldkl/recurring /r kr/recur v /r k (r)/cycle / sakl/muscle / msl/twitching / twt/pattern / ptn/wave /wev/decline /d klan/characterize sth / krktraz /function / fkn/paralyse sb / prlaz /act sth out / kt at/

DRAMATIC EVENTS11.1 CHILEAN RESCUEtrap sb /trp /record n / rekd/miner / man(r)/mine n /man/rescue n, v / reskju/rescuer / reskju(r)/operation /pren/copper / kp(r)/collapse /klps/survive /svav/survival /s vavl/drill /drl/winch sb (up) /wnt /winch n /wnt/diameter /da mt(r)/cheer n, v /t(r)/hero / hr/heroine / hern/miracle / mrkl/

11.2 EMERGENCY LANDINGmiraculous /m rkjls/miracle / mrkl/initial / nl/flock (of sth) /flk/confirm sth /knfm /confirmation / knfmen/dip v /dp/in horror /n hr(r)/shake /ek/all of a sudden /l v sdn/brace yourself / bres jself/ (for sth)

impact v / mpkt/extraordinary /kstrdnri/crash landing / kr lnd/intact /ntkt/wing (of a plane) /w/sub- prefix /sb/shiver / v(r)/thanks to sb/sth / ks t /swift /swft/crew /kru/incident / nsdnt/

11.3 OIL SPILLexplosion /kspln/explode /kspld/rig /r/catastrophic / kt strfk/catastrophe /ktstrfi/spill n, v /spl/cap sth /kp /well n /wel/leak n, v /lik/pump v, n /pmp/mud /md/estimate n / estmt/estimate v / estmet/


barrel / brl/clean-up / klin p/compensation / kmpensen/ (for sth)

victim / vktm/billion / bljn/

11.4 TERRORIST ATTACKterrorist / terrst/terrorism / terrzm/nightmare / natme(r)/emerge /i md/horrific /h rfk/account / kant/fire (on sb) / fa(r)/fire n (= gunfire) / fa(r)/machine gun /min n/surround sb/sth /s rand /ambush / mb/bullet / blt/instinct / nstkt/instinctive /nstktv/shoot (sb) /ut/ignore sth /n (r) /landmine / lndman/bitter / bt(r)/civil war / svl w (r)/target / tt/gunman / nmn/open fire /pn fa(r)/

11.5 JEWELLERY RAIDterrifying / terfa/strike (at) sth /strak /gang //gangster / st(r)/scare sb off / ske(r) f/passer-by / ps ba/smash sth /sm /rev sth /rev /drown sth out / dran at/shatter (sth) / t(r)/grab sth/sb /rb /grab hold of sth /rb hld v /witness n, v / wtns/packed /pkt/raid (on sth) /red/stare (at sb/sth) /ste(r)/amazement / mezmnt/reveal sth /r vil /goods /dz/

11.6 FOREST FIREblaze /blez/break out / brek at/die down / da dan/put sth out / pt at/state of emergency / stet i mdnsi/declare sth /d kle(r) /cope with sth / kp w /rage /red/prompt sth /prmpt /

heatwave / hitwev/spread /spred/alarming /lm/claim sth /klem /homeless / hmls/contain sth /knten /tackle sth / tkl /burn sth to the / bn t rand/ ground

reassure sb / ri (r) /reassurance / rirns/distraught /d strt/pledge n, v /pled/drown /dran/seek refuge / sik refjud/intense /ntens/extreme /kstrim/

FOOD12.1 FRUITcherries / teriz/raspberries / rzbriz/blackberries / blkbriz/plum /plm/apricot / eprkt/avocado / vkd/stone (in a fruit) /stn/kiwi fruit / kiwi frut/watermelon / wtmeln/mango / m/papaya /ppa/pomegranate / pmrnt/seeds /sidz/coconut / kknt/pineapple / panpl/fig /f/lychee / lati/passion fruit / pn frut/

12.2 VEGETABLES aubergine / bin/courgette /k et/leek /lik/beetroot / bitrut/cabbage / kbd/cauliflower / klifla(r)/broccoli / brkli/fennel / fenl/celery / selri/artichoke / ttk/asparagus /sprs/broad beans / brd binz/beansprouts / bin sprats/parsnip / psnp/shallots /lts/garlic / lk/clove /klv/corn on the cob / kn n kb/sweetcorn / switkn/

12.3 SALAD, HERBS AND SPICESlettuce / lets/cucumber / kjukmb(r)/pepper / pep(r)/radish / rd/spring onions / spr njnz/chicory / tkri/salad / sld/raw /r/combination / kmb nen/grated /retd/parsley / psli/mint /mnt/herb /hb/basil / bzl/rosemary / rzmri/thyme /tam/dill /dl/spice /spas/cinnamon / snmn/ginger / dnd(r)/nutmeg / ntme/saffron / sfrn/

12.4 MEAT, FISH AND SEAFOODsteak /stek/fillet steak / flt stek/calf /kf/veal /vil/offal / fl/liver / lv(r)/kidney / kdni/pheasant / feznt/turkey / tki/duck /dk/rabbit / rbt/goat /t/vegetarian /vedterin/tuna / tjun/carp /kp/prawns /prnz/lobster / lbst(r)/crab /krb/mussels / mslz/clams /klmz/oyster / st(r)/squid /skwd/

12.5 DIFFERENT FOODcontainer /knten(r)/jar /d (r)/carton / ktn/packet / pkt/tube /tjub/honey / hni/flour / fla(r)/vinegar / vn(r)/mustard / mstd/pastry / pestri/frozen / frzn/tinned /tnd/canned /knd/


salmon / smn/olive / lv/decaffeinated / di kfnetd/paste /pest/nuts /nts/almonds / mndz/peanuts / pints/loaf of bread / lf v bred/ketchup / ketp/

12.6 COOKINGrecipe / respi/peel n, v /pil/slice n, v /slas/layer / le(r)/season sth / sizn /grate sth /ret /grater / ret(r)/bake sth /bek /roast sth /rst /moderate / mdrt/stock /stk/rosemary / rzmri/chop sth /tp /scatter sth / skt(r) / (on/over/around sth)

finely / fanli/heat sth up / hit p/boil sth /bl /drain sth /dren /shake sth /ek /crisp /krsp/

12.7 DESCRIBING FOODsalty / slti/spicy / spasi/creamy / krimi/juicy / dusi/fig /f/ripe /rap/lean /lin/fatty / fti/tender / tend(r)/tough /tf/rich /rt/raw /r/chilled /tld/mild (of flavour) /mald/savoury / sevri/bitter / bt(r)/aroma / rm/sparkling / spkl/fizzy / fzi/still (water) /stl/pickled / pkld/smelly / smeli/overcooked /v kkt/undercooked /nd kkt/bland /blnd/tasteless / testls/tasty / testi/

12.8 DIETINGdiet n, v / dat/go on a diet / n dat/balanced/healthy/ / blnst/heli/ varied diet verid dat/

bad diet / bd dat/lose weight / luz wet/put on weight / pt n wet/dieting / dat/starve /stv/Im starving /am stv/give sth up /v p/cut down on sth / kt dan n /willpower / wlpa(r)/benefit n / benft/calorie / klri/intake / ntek/vitamin / vtmn/vitamin C /vtmn si/metabolism /mtblzm/energy / endi/energetic / endetk/strain /stren/disease /d ziz/heart attack / ht tk/self-esteem / self stim/

SHOPPING AND SERVICES13.1 HIGH-STREET SHOPPINGretailer / ritel(r)/in decline / n d klan/online shopping /nlan p/devastating / devstet/disastrous /d zstrs/out-of-town / at v tan/upmarket /pmkt/downmarket / danmkt/invest in sth /nvest n /affluent / flunt/wealthy / weli/well off /wel f/prosperous / prsprs/survive /svav/survival /s vavl/chain store / ten st (r)/brand /brnd/close down / klz dan/go out of business / at v bzns/consumer /knsjum(r)/window shopping / wnd p/expert adj, n / ekspt/when it comes to /wen t kmz t / sth/doing sth du /

13.2 STREET MARKETSa load of/loads / ld v/ ldz v / of sth

lots of sth / lts v /masses of sth / msz v /tons of sth / tnz v /be after sth /bi ft(r) /cut-price / kt pras/

clothing / kl/pick sth up (=buy) / pk p/bargain / bn/antique /ntik/haggle (with sb) / hl/ (over sth)

second-hand / seknd hnd/brand new / brnd nju/bric-a-brac / brk brk/do a roaring trade /d rr tred/gear sth towards /(r) twdz / sb/sth

rip-off / rp f/rip sb off / rp f/hustle and bustle / hsl nd bsl/be into sth /bi nt /vintage / vntd/pricey / prasi/ethnic / enk/household / hashld/

13.3 ONLINE SHOPPINGdeepen / dipn/weaken / wikn/strengthen / stren/telecom/ / telikm/ telecommunications telikmjunkenz/

commonplace / kmnples/spring up / spr p/goods /dz/drawback / drbk/disadvantage / dsdvntd/supplier /spla(r)/supply sth /spla /target sb / tt /target audience / tt dins/widen / wadn/consumer /knsjum(r)/consumer society /knsjum(r) ssati/multiple / mltpl/basket / bskt/checkout / tekat/delivery /d lvri/deliver sth /d lv(r) /confirmation / knfmen/confirm sth /knfm /

13.4 CLOTHES SHOPPINGclothes /klz/clothing /kl/item of clothing / atm v kl/waterproof clothing /wtpruf kl/suit sb /sjut /baggy / bi/tight (-fitting) /tat/in between / n b twin/go with sth / w /outfit / atft/dress up / dres p/dress down / dres dan/designer /d zan(r)/label / lebl/


nightdress / natdres/pyjamas /p dmz/waistcoat / weskt/cardigan / kdn/bikini /b kini/

13.5 GETTING THINGS DONEhave/get sth done / hv/et dn/have your hair cut / hv j (r) he(r) kt/repair n, v /r pe(r)/pick sth up / pk p/come up for sth /km p f (r) /service / svs/dent n, v /dent/fix sth /fks /check-up / tek p/filling / fl/make a good/ / mek d/bd bad job of sth db v /

dry cleaners / dra klinz/trim n, v /trm/tear n, v /te(r)/rip sth /rp /mend sth /mend /replace sth /r ples /zip /zp/

HOMES14.1 A TYPICAL HOUSEfence /fens/gate /et/hedge /hed/passage / psd/barrier / bri(r)/corridor / krd (r)/railings / relz/storey / stri/roof /ruf/chimney / tmni/aerial / eril/satellite dish / stlat d/gutter / t(r)/drainpipe / drenpap/balcony / blkni/shutters / tz/basement / besmnt/garage / rd/drive /drav/front door / frnt d (r)/doorbell / dbel/path /p/steps /steps/

14.2 INTERIORSfireplace / faples/mantelpiece / mntlpis/rug /r/ornaments / nments/vase /vz/blind /bland/window sill / wndsl/

curtains / ktnz/radiator / rediet(r)/table lamp / tebl lmp/plug /pl/socket / skt/mattress / mtrs/sheet /it/pillow / pl/duvet / duve/blanket / blkt/

14.3 FINDING A FLATrent v, n /rent/rental adj, n / rentl/hire / ha(r)/tenant / tennt/landlord / lndld/landlady / lndledi/property / prpti/bedsit / bedst/studio flat / stjudi flt/furnished / fnt/unfurnished /nfnt/amenities /mintiz/close by / kls ba/afford sth /fd /expense /kspens/utility bill /ju tlti bl/payment / pemnt/letting agent / let ednt/contract / kntrkt/deposit /d pzt/equivalent / kwvlnt/insist on sth /nsst n /receipt /r sit/inventory / nvntri/

14.4 RENTING AND OWNINGtake out a mortgage / tek at md/pay interest / pe ntrst/move into sth / muv nt /move out of sth / muv at v /flatmate / fltmet/housemate / hasmet/put sth up (by sth) / pt p/renew sth /r nju /tenancy / tennsi/give sb notice /v nts/save up for sth / sev p f (r) /deposit /d pzt/estate agent /stet ednt/make (sb) an offer / mek n f(r)/vendor / vend(r)/solicitor /slst(r)/interest rate / ntrest ret/rise v /raz/go up / p/struggle n / strl/put sth on the / pt n mkt/ market

14.5 LIVING IN A FLATburst pipe / bst pap/pros and cons / prz nd kns/secure /s kj(r)/prone to sth /prn t /be located /bi lketd/handy / hndi/level / levl/the disabled / dsebld/the elderly /i eldli/hassle / hsl/upkeep /pkip/maintenance / mentnns/service charge / svs td/considerable /knsdrbl/significant /snfknt/irritation / r ten/soundproofed / sandpruft/restriction /r strkn/lease /lis/own sth /n /belong to sb /b l t /owner / n(r)/high-rise / ha raz/in case of sth /n kes v /

14.6 HOME RENOVATIONrenovate sth / renvet /renovation / renven/restore sth /r st (r) /redecorate sth / ri dekret /run-down / rndan/maintenance / mentnns/upkeep /pkip/throughout /ru at/blocked /blkt/leaking /lik/leak n, v /lik/redo sth / ri du /plumbing / plm/central heating / sentrl hit/(work) properly / prpli/install sth /nstl /system / sstm/wire / wa(r)/faulty / flti/re-wire sth / ri wa(r) /in good/ /n d/bd kndn/ bad condition

replace sth /r ples /once /wns/do sth up / du p/

14.7 TOOLSscrew /skru/screwdriver / skrudrav(r)/screw sth /skru /unscrew sth /nskru /nail /nel/hammer n, v / hm(r)/nut /nt/bolt /blt/


spanner / spn(r)/tighten sth / tatn /loosen sth / lusn /saw n, v /s/(electric) drill /drl/drill sth /drl /paintbrush / pentbr/roller / rl(r)/ladder / ld(r)/

14.8 CLEANINGsweep sth /swip /scrub sth /skrb /houseproud / hasprad/spotless / sptls/filthy / fli/household / hashld/chore /t (r)/carry sth out / kri at/duties / djutiz/dust n, v /dst/polish sth / pl /hoover v, n / huv(r)/vacuum cleaner / vkjum klin(r)/wipe sth /wap /surface / sfs/tidy sth up / tadi p/clutter / klt(r)/mess /mes/deal with sth / dil w /stain /sten/spill n, v /spl/do the laundry / du lndri/do the ironing / du an/do the washing-up / du w p/no matter how/ /n mt(r) ha/ when/where, etc. wen/ we(r)/

spick and span / spk nd spn/

MONEY15.1 BANK STATEMENTin credit /n kredt/credit n, v / kredt/debit v / debt/in the red / n red/be overdrawn /bi v drn/minus / mans/bank statement / bk stetmnt/current account / krnt kant/overdraft / vdrft/summary / smri/(bank) balance / blns/pay sth in / pe n/pay sth out / pe at/direct debit (DD) /da rekt debt/mortgage / md/(personal) pension / penn/withdrawal /wdrl/withdraw sth /wdr /debit card / debt kd/deposit n, v /d pzt/

15.2 SALARIESsalary / slri/wages / wedz/annual / njul/earn /n/income / nkm/income tax / nkm tks/claim n, v /klem/(on) expenses /kspensz/be entitled to sth /bi ntatld t /allowance /lans/up to sth /p t /living / lv/What do you do /wt d ju du f (r) for a living? lv/

pittance / ptns/sector / sekt(r)/the public sector / pblk sekt(r)/the private sector / pravt sekt(r)/massive / msv/huge /hjud/enormous / nms/bonus / bns/on top (of sth) /n tp/boost sth /bust /earnings / nz/make sth (= earn) /mek /

15.3 GETTING INTO DEBTdebt /det/get into debt /et nt det/be in debt / bi n det/owe sb / /settle a debt / setl det/put sth aside / pt sad/grant n /rnt/tuition fees /tju n fiz/take sth out / tek at/ (e.g. insurance)

loan /ln/cover the cost of sth / kv kst v /expenses /kspensz/owe (sb) sth / /subsidize sb/sth / sbsdaz //subsidy / sbsdi/dip into sth / dp nt /savings / sevz/mount up / mant p/interest / ntrest/pay sth off / pe f/

15.4 SHOPPINGbuy n /ba/buyer / ba(r)/purchase n, v / pts/force sb/yourself / fs /jself t to do sth du /

rip-off / rp f/rip sb off / rp f/the sales / selz/reduction /r dkn/reduce sth /r djus /

bargain / bn/off (= reduction) /f/haggle (wth sb) / hl/haggling / hl/refund / rifnd/mean /min/stingy / stndi/tight /tat/make ends meet / mek endz mit/spendthrift / spendrft/spree /spri/fortune / ftun/pay a fortune / pe ftun/cost a fortune / kst ftun/

15.5 RAISING MONEY FOR CHARITYrate /ret/exchange rate /kstend ret/birth rate / b ret/charity / trti/fundraising / fndrez/fund /fnd/appeal n, v / pil/in aid of sth/sb /n ed v /donation /dnen/donate sth /dnet /raise money / rez mni/target n / tt/in no time /n n tam/in next to no time /n nekst t n tam/support v, n /s pt/desperately / desprtli/in need of sth /n nid v /a need for sth / nid f (r) /volunteer n, v /vlnt(r)/cause n /kz/sponsor n, v / spns(r)/sponsorship / spnsp/

TRANSPORT16.1 ROAD SIGNSspeed limit / spid lmt/mph = miles / em pi et = per hour malz p(r) a(r)/

kph = kilometres / ke pi et = per hour klmit(r)z p(r)

a(r)/no through road / n ru rd/dead end / ded end/vehicle / vikl/crossroads / krsrdz/bend v, n /bend/overtaking /v tek/overtake sb /vtek /give way /v we/give way to /v we t nkm oncoming vehicles viklz/

priority /pra rti/pedestrian crossing /pdestrin krs/zebra crossing / zebr krs/pedestrian /pdestrin/roundabout / randbat/


slippery / slpri/junction / dkn/

16.2 CARSrear-view mirror / r vju mr(r)/windscreen / wndskrin/wing mirror / w mr(r)/dashboard / dbd/satnav / stnv/ (satellite navigation)

GPS / di pi es/ (Global Positioning System)

steering wheel / str wil/steer sth /st(r) /horn /hn/gear lever / liv(r)/change gear / tend (r)/clutch n /klt/brake /brek/put on the brakes / pt n breks/accelerator /kselret(r)/accelerate /kselret/acceleration /ksel ren/seat belt / sit belt/fasten your seat belt / fsn j (r) sit belt/manual / mnjul/automatic /tmtk/outstanding /at stnd/superb /su pb/performance /p fmns/fuel / fjul/

16.3 PUBLIC TRANSPORTthe Underground /i ndrand/the Tube / tjub/the subway / sbwe/subway / sbwe/reliable /r labl/unreliable /nr labl/affordable / fdbl/afford sth / fd /ease sth /iz /congestion /kndestn/congested /kndestd/rush hour / r a(r)/packed /pkt/forever /frev(r)/restrict sb /r strkt /restriction /r strkn/convenience /knvinins/convenient /knvinint/inconvenient / nknvinint/freedom of / fridm v muvmnt/ movement

pollute sth /p lut /pollution /p lu n/carbon footprint / kbn ftprnt/motorist / mtrst/give sth up /v p/subsidize sth / sbsdaz /subsidy / sbsdi/run (=travel) /rn/

hold-up / hld p/queue v /kju/

16.4 A ROAD ACCIDENTcrash (into sth) /kr/collide (with sth) /klad/smash into sth / sm nt /clip sth /klp /nasty / nsti/apparently /prntli/shoot out of sth / ut at v /my goodness / ma dns/swerve /swv/skid v, n /skd/get out of the way /et at v we/board sth up / bd p/thankfully / kfli/fortunately / ftntli/luckily / lkli/write-off / rat f/write sth off / rat f/block sth /blk /obstruct sth /bstrkt /massive / msv/huge /hjud/enormous / nms/tailback / telbk/

16.5 AIR TRAVELairline / elan/aircrew / ekru/aircraft / ekrft/helicopter / helkpt(r)/air traffic control / e trfk kntrl/airborne / ebn/commercial /k m l/aviation / evi en/flourish / flr/thrive /rav/scheduled flight / edjuld flat/charter flight / tt flat/innovation / nven/innovate / nvet/domestic /d mestk/national / nnl/international / ntnnl/guarantee sth /rnti /aisle seat /al sit/aisle /al/overhead locker /vhed lk(r)/hand luggage / hnd ld/survey n / sve/inadequate /ndkwt/adequate / dkwt/legroom / lerum/connecting flight /k nekt flat/security /s kjrti/

16.6 SEA TRAVELboard v /bd/embark /mbk/go ashore / (r)/

disembark / dsmbk/on board /n bd/voyage / vd/cruise n /kruz/passenger ship / psnd(r) p/carry (passengers) / kri/liner / lan(r)/freighter / fret(r)/cargo ship / k p/freight /fret/cargo / k/oil tanker / l tk(r)/ferry / feri/fishing boat / f bt/catch fish / kt f/trawler / trl(r)/yacht /jt/sail v /sel/rowing boat / r bt/row v /r/oar(s) / (r)/canoe /knu/paddle n, v / pdl/

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL17.1 TYPES OF HOLIDAYgo on a cruise / n kruz/cruise down/ /kruz dan/ rand / around somewhere

go sightseeing / satsi /see the sights / si sats/do a bit/ / du bt/ lt v a lot of sightseeing satsi /

break n /brek/tropical / trpkl/resort n /r zt/all-inclusive /l nklusv/cater for sb/sth / ket f (r) /hospitality / hsp tlti/exceptional /ksepnl/experience sth /ksprins /paradise / prdas/package tour / pkd t (r)/destination / dest nen/transfer n / trnsf (r)/spa /sp/chill out / tl at/luxurious /lris/luxury / lkri/unique /junik/memorable / memrbl/soak sth up / sk p/stop off / stp f/

17.2 WHY TRAVEL?chance /tns/opportunity /ptjunti/take/seize a chance/ / tek/ siz tns/n an opportunity ptjunti/

miss a chance/ / ms tns/n an opportunity ptjunti/


turn down a chance/ /tn dan tns/ an opportunity n p tjunti/

be off (to a place) /bi f/on business /n bzns/for pleasure /f (r) ple(r)/attend sth / tend /meet up with sb / mit p w /overseas /v siz/faraway / frwe/get to know sb/sth /et t n //way of life /we v laf/broaden your / brdn j h raznz/ horizons

in a rut / n rt/get away from it all /et we frm t l/unwind /nwand/emigrate / emret/gap year / p j(r)/voluntary work / vlntri wk/developing country /d velp kntri/pilgrimage / plrmd/

17.3 GUIDE BOOKSglorious / lris/magnificent /mnfsnt/spectacular /spektkjl(r)/grand /rnd/wander / wnd(r)/nature reserve / net rzv/sanctuary / skturi/endangered species /ndendd spi iz/extinct /kstkt/legendary / ledndri/heritage / hertd/medieval / medi ivl/fortress / ftrs/breathtaking / bretek/enchanting /ntnt/marvel at sth / mvl t /exquisite / ekskwzt/exotic /ztk/treasure / tre(r)/house sth /haz /date back to sth / det bk t /

17.4 ACCOMMODATIONB and B / bi n bi/bed and breakfast / bed nd brekfst/guest house / est has/hostel / hstl/cottage / ktd/villa / vl/just off /dst f/set v /set/grounds /randz/convenient (for sth) /knvinint/handy (for sth) / hndi/hospitable /hsptbl/welcoming / welkm/spacious / spes/cramped /krmpt/en-suite /- swit/

bonus / bns/overlook sth /vlk /highly recommended / hali rekmendd/self-catering / self ketr/isolated / asletd/remote /r mt/cosy / kzi/well equipped /wel kwpt/dingy / dndi/out of season / at v sizn/in peak season /n pik sizn/rate /ret/

17.5 TRAVEL COMPLAINTSdelay n, v /d le/hold sb/sth up / hld p/hold-up / hld p/on time /n tam/postpone sth /pspn /put sth off / pt f/be due to do sth /bi dju t du /be entitled to sth/ /bi ntatld t / to do sth t du /

refreshments /r fremnts/cancel sth / knsl /cancellation / knslen/connection /knekn/go missing / ms/compensation / kmpensen/overbooked /vbkt/on standby /n stndba/demand sth /d mnd /refund n / rifnd/reimburse sb / ri mbs /fill up / fl p/stop (bus/ /stp/ station stop)

overcrowded /vkradd/give sth up /v p/

THE ARTS18.1 DISCUSSING NOVELSflashback / flbk/chronologically / krnldkli/significance /snfkns/title / tatl/novel / nvl/novelist / nvlst/plot /plt/grab your attention /rb j (r) tenn/get into sth /et nt /structure sth / strkt(r) /theme /im/explore sth /kspl (r) /character / krkt(r)/trait /tret/motivate sb / mtvet /identify with sb /a dentfa w /depict sth /d pkt /shed light on sth / ed lat n /passage / psd/insightful / nsatfl/

insight / nsat/profound /prfand/dialogue / dal/authentic / entk/ending / end/

18.2 A FAMOUS ARTISTa work / wk/striking / strak/coarse /ks/smooth /smu/brushstroke / brstrk/composition / kmpzn/oil painting / l pent/oil paint / l pent/sketch /sket/masterpiece / mstpis/landscape / lndskep/still life / stl laf/scene /sin/figure / f(r)/self-portrait / self ptret/portrait / ptret/model / mdl/pose v /pz/influence sb / nfluns /be associated /bi sietd w / with sth/sb

canvas / knvs/distinctive /d stktv/

18.3 ACTING IN FILMSmake it big / mek t b/part (in a play) /pt/role /rl/supporting role /s pt rl/low-budget / l bdt/the lead / lid/voice-over / vs v(r)/dubbing / db/dub sth (into sth) /db /subtitles / sbtatlz/feature film / fit flm/sequel / sikwl/shoot sth (a film) /ut /cast n /kst/crew /kru/stunt man/woman / stnt mn/wmn/on location /n lken/come out (= appear) / km at/premiere / premie(r)/credits / kredts/

18.4 THE THEATREplay n /ple/act n /kt/scene /sin/triumph / tramf/script /skrpt/tension / tenn/build v /bld/climax / klamks/


role /rl/play a role/part / ple rl/ pt/on stage /nsted/unconvincing /nknvns/lines /lanz/convey sth /knve /rehearsal /r hsl/rehearse (sth) /r hs/moving / muv/touching / tt/judging by sth / dd ba /applause / plz/applaud / pld/clap /klp/audience / dins/capture sth / kpt(r) /costume / kstjum/interval / ntvl/gripping /rp/

18.5 CLASSICAL MUSIC QUIZcello / tel/trumpet / trmpt/instrument / nstrmnt/strings /strz/percussion /p kn/brass /brs/orchestra / kstr/compose sth /kmpz /composer /kmpz(r)/tenor / ten(r)/bass /bes/soprano /s prn/alto / lt/symphony / smfni/conductor /kndkt(r)/conduct sth/sb /kndkt /choral / krl/choir / kwa(r)/pianist / pnst/musician /mjuzn/overture / vt(r)/piece of music / pis v mjuzk/quartet /kw tet/

18.6 ROCK MUSICsingle / sl/album / lbm/track /trk/rhythm guitar / rm t (r)/lead vocalist / lid vklst/backing vocals / bk vklz/bass guitar / bes t (r)/lead guitar / lid t (r)/the charts / tts/award n, v / wd/number one / nmb wn/record sth /r kd /release sth /r lis /critic / krtk/polished / plt/instrumental n / nstr mentl/

songwriting / srat/lyrics / lrks/catchy / kti/melody / meldi/harmony / hmni/experimental /ksper mentl/

SPORT19.1 GAMES AND ACTIONSice hockey / as hki/stick /stk/pass /ps/puck /pk/football / ftbl/head sth /hed /tackle sb / tkl /tennis / tens/racket / rkt/net /net/play a forehand/ / ple fhnd/ backhand bkhnd/

table tennis / tebl tens/serve v /sv/bat /bt/basketball / bsktbl/basket / bskt/backboard / bkbd/shoot /ut/(body) check /tek/point n /pnt/volley / vli/blocking /blk/

19.2 SPORTS AND EQUIPMENTgolf /lf/golfer / lf(r)/green /rin/putter / pt(r)/hole /hl/putt v /pt/gymnastics /dmnstks/gymnast / dmnst/beam /bim/balance / blns/skiing / ski /skier / ski(r)/ski poles/sticks / ski plz/stks/gates /ets/slalom / sllm/athletics /letks/athlete / lit/finishing line / fn lan/race /res/showjumping / dmp/rider / rad(r)/fence /fens/saddle / sdl/reins /renz/jump /dmp/motor racing / mt(r) res/crash helmet / kr helmt/checkered flag / tekd fl/

19.3 FOOTBALL RULESgive a free kick /v fri kk/award a free kick /wd fri kk/commit a foul /kmt fal/take a penalty / tek penlti/score a goal / sk (r) l/penalty area / penlti eri/penalty spot / penlti spt/halfway line / hfwe lan/goal /l/pitch /pt/substitute / sbsttjut/referee / refri/linesman / lanzmn/free kick / fri kk/foul n, v /fal/tackle n, v / tkl/yellow card / jel kd/red card / red kd/send sb off / send f/defending team /d fend tim/attacking team / tk tim/the opposition /i pzn/penalty / penlti/opponent /pnnt/

19.4 A KNOCKOUT CUPcompetition / kmptn/compete with sb /kmpit w /knockout / nkat kmptn/ competition

round (of a /rand/ competition)

draw sb (in sport) /dr /at home /t hm/ (= play at home)

away (= play away) /we/get through (to sth) /et ru/quarter-final / kwt fanl/semi-final / semi fanl/final / fanl/tournament / tnmnt/draw n, v /dr/all /l/ground (sports ground) /rand/replay n / riple/replay v / ri ple/nil /nl/knock sb out / nk at/eliminate sb / lmnet /trophy / trfi/score /sk (r)/final score / fanl sk (r)/extra time / ekstr tam/

19.5 SPORTS LEAGUEScrowd /krad/spectator /spektet(r)/league /li/season / sizn/at home /t hm/ (= play at home)


away (= play away) / we/territory / tertri/fan (sports fan) /fn/support sb /s pt /supporter /s pt(r)/cheer sb on / t(r) n/bottom (of a league) / btm/top (of a league) /tp/relegate sb / relet /relegation / rel en/division /d vn/champion(s) / tmpin/championship / tmpinp/promote sb /prmt /promotion /pr mn/runner(s)-up / rnr p/

19.6 SUCCESSFUL ATHLETESdetermined /d tmnd/determination /d tm nen/trait /tret/fulfil sth /flfl /potential /ptenl/promise n / prms/commitment /kmtmnt/goal /l/aim /em/single-minded / sl mandd/do everything in /du evri n j your power pa(r)/

praise v, n /prez/criticize sb/sth / krtsaz //criticism / krtszm/maintain sth /menten /focus / fks/resist sth /r zst /distraction /d strkn/toughness / tfns/tough /tf/setback / setbk/set sb back / set bk/overcome sth /vkm /channel sth / tnl /enhance sth /nhns /

EDUCATION20.1 WHY EDUCATION?self-esteem / self stim/self-awareness / self wens/illiteracy / ltrsi/illiterate / ltrt/literate / ltrt/truancy / trunsi/play truant / ple trunt/rife /raf/widespread / wadspred/proven / pruvn/prospects / prspekts/open doors /pn dz/likelihood / laklihd/probability / prb blti/

status / stets/take responsibility / tek rspns blti for sth f (r) /

inhabit sth /nhbt /vote (for sb/sth) /vt/freedom of speech / fridm v spit/preventive /pr ventv/preventative /pr venttv/matter v / mt(r)/innate / net/capacity to do sth /kpsti t du /human being / hjumn bi /morality /mrlti/

20.2 SCHOOL ISSUESindependent school / nd pendnt skul/private school / pravt skul/state school / stet skul/debate n /d bet/issue / u/regarding sth/sb /r d /concerning sth/sb /knsn /be better off /bi bet(r) f/ (doing sth)

be worse off /bi ws f/nursery school / nsri skul/childminder / taldmand(r)/divisive /d vasv/elitist / litst/elite / lit/statistics /st tstks/statistically /st tstkli/be distracted by sth /bi d strktd ba /co-educational / k edukenl/co-ed / ked/compulsory /kmplsri/obligatory /bltri/curriculum /k rkjlm/tackle sth / tkl /bullying / bli/bully / bli/

20.3 DISCIPLINEdiscipline n, v / dspln/obey /be/punish / pn/cite sth /sat /abolition / bln/abolish sth /bl /corporal punishment / kprl pnmnt/deterrent /d ternt/deter sb /d t (r) /enforce sth /nfs /enforcement /nfsmnt/ignore sth /n (r) /misconduct / mskndkt/suspend sb (from sth) /sspend /expel sb (from sth) /kspel /disruptive /dsrptv/disrupt sth /dsrpt /be to blame for sth / bi t blem f (r) /gang //

deterioration /d triren/deteriorate /d triret/result in sth /r zlt n /respect /r spekt/in authority /n rti/

20.4 EXAM REVISIONpoint /pnt/theres no point in /ez n pnt n doing sth du /

whats the point /wts pnt v/ of?

I dont see the /a dnt si pnt point of sth v /

tip /tp/revision /r vn/revise (for sth) /r vaz/step /step/draw sth up / dr p/schedule / edjul/realistic / r lstk/absorb sth /bsb /in short bursts /n t bsts/beneficial / ben fl/ (to sth/sb)

sink in / sk n/prioritize sth /pra rtaz /priority /pra rti/bound to do sth / band t du /come up /km p/come up with sth /km p w /go according to plan / kd t pln/stay on track / ste n trk/

20.5 UNIVERSITYcampus university / kmps junvsti/on campus /n kmps/hall of residence / hl v rezdns/tuition fees /tju n fiz/grant /rnt/scholarship / sklp/undergraduate /ndrdut/faculty / fklti/degree /d ri/have a degree in sth / hv d ri n /lecture / lekt(r)/seminar / semn (r)/tutorial /tju tril/tutor / tjut(r)/term /tm/finals / fanlz/graduate v / rduet/graduate n / rdut/

20.6 POSTGRADUATE COURSESdissertation / dsten/essay / ese/thesis / iss/qualification / kwlf ken/duration /djuren/MA (Master of Arts) / em e/


MSc (Master of / em es si/ Science)

postgraduate / pst rdut/postgrad / pstrd/diploma /d plm/overview / vvju/credit / kredt/module / mdjul/opt for sth / pt f (r) /specialize in sth / spelaz n /mode /md/distance learning / dstns ln/entry requirement / entri rkwamnt/equivalent / kwvlnt/recognize sth / reknaz /

20.7 UNIVERSITY OF THE THIRD AGEvoluntary / vlntri/volunteer n, v /vlnt(r)/refer to sth/ /r f t z / sb as sth

found sth /fand /retired /r tad/spread /spred/autonomous / tnms/self-help / self help/original / rdnl/pursue sth /p sju /reflect sth /r flekt /wish n /w/utilize sth / jutlaz /make use of sth / mek jus v /vast /vst/expertise / eksp tiz/expert / ekspt/lifetime / laftam/subscription /sbskrpn/thus /s/hence /hens/therefore / ef (r)/affordable / fdbl/afford sth / fd /accessible /ksesbl/

WRITING IN ENGLISH21.1 WRITING AN ESSAYessay / ese/paragraph / prrf/opening paragraph /pn prrf/introductory /ntr dktri paragraph prrf/

final paragraph / fanl prrf/description /d skrpn/describe sth /d skrab /narrative / nrtv/comparison /kmprsn/compare A with/ /kmpe(r) w/ to B t bi/

argument / jumnt/argue for/ /ju f (r)/ against sth enst /

jot sth down / dt dan/

relevant (to sth) / relvnt/build sth up / bld p/outline n, v / atlan/coherent /khrnt/incoherent / nkhrnt/wander off the /wnd(r) f subject sbdkt/

waffle v / wfl/draft n /drft/read sth through / rid ru/revision /r vn/revise sth /r vaz /proofread sth / prufrid /careless / kels/

21.2 ESSAY TITLESanalyze sth / nlaz /examine sth /zmn /discuss sth /d sks /distinguish sth /d stw /evaluate sth / vljuet /evaluation /vljuen/assess sth /ses /assessment /sesmnt/role /rl/define sth /d fan /definition / def nn/compare A with/ /kmpe(r) w/ to B t bi/

make a comparison / mek kmprsn between two btwin tu z/ things

account for sth / kant f (r) /explain sth /ksplen /criterion/criteria /kra trin/kra tri/factor / fkt(r)/determine sth /d tmn /summarize sth / smraz /summary / smri/benefit / benft/beneficial / ben fl/illustrate sth / lstret /illustration / lstren/

21.3 LINKING IDEASmoreover /mr v(r)/in addition / n dn/furthermore / fm (r)/whats more /wts m (r)/in/by contrast /n/ba kntrst/ (with sth)

needless to say / nidls t se/it goes without /t z wat se/ saying (that)

in addition (to sth) / n dn/as well as (sth) /z wel z/lead to sth /lid t /result in sth /r zlt n /consequently / knskwntli/as a result /z r zlt/therefore / ef (r)/thus /s/in (actual) fact /n fkt/

in spite of sth /n spat v /despite sth /d spat /due to sth/sb / dju t /nevertheless / nevles/

21.4 ADDING INTERESTfascinating / fsnet/gripping / rp/absorbing /bzb/engaging /n ed/stimulating / stmjulet/dreadful / dredfl/awful / fl/appalling /pl/atrocious /trs/superb /su pb/brilliant / brlint/outstanding /at stnd/elegant / elnt/stylish / stal/classy / klsi/impressive /mpresv/bizarre /b z (r)/weird /wd/odd /d/peculiar /p kjuli(r)/cruel / krul/violent / valnt/vicious / vs/brutal / brutl/

21.5 AVOIDING REPETITIONpoint of view / pnt v vju/realize sth / rilaz /appreciate sth /pri iet /findings /fandz/results /r zlts/advance n /dvns/achieve sth /tiv /accomplish sth /kmpl /avoid sth /vd /steer clear of sth / stkl(r) v /misrepresent sth/sb / msrepr zent /distort sth /d stt /disastrous /d zstrs/catastrophic / kt strfk/disaster /d zst(r)/catastrophe /ktstrfi/comment n, v / kment/remark v, n /r mk/

21.6 WRITING A CVCV / si vi/curriculum vitae /krkjlm vita/rsum / rezjume/professional /prfenl/apply for sth /pla f (r) /application / pl ken/adapt sth /dpt /appropriate / prprit/inappropriate / n prprit/


the following / fl/personal details / psnl ditelz/profile / prfal/boast (about sth) /bst/attend sth / tend /qualification / kwlf ken/equivalent (of/ / kwvlnt/ to sth)

equivalent adj / kwvlnt/skill /skl/interest n / ntrst/specific /sp sfk/vague /ve/reference / refrns/referee / refri/

21.7 PERSONAL STATEMENTSprospectus /pr spekts/brochure / br(r)/prospective /pr spektv/accompany sth / kmpni /application / pl ken/demonstrate sth / demnstret /enthusiasm /njuzizm/enthusiastic /n juzi stk/commitment /kmtmnt/committed /k mtd/dos and donts / duz nd dntz/criterion/criteria /kra trin/kra tri/draft /drft/feedback / fidbk/exaggerate sth /zdret /exaggeration /zd ren/catch sb out / kt at/elaborate adj / lbrt/coherent /khrnt/leave sth till the / liv tl last minute lst mnt/

rushed /rt/leave sth out / liv at/omit sth / mt /

21.8 FORMAL LETTERSDear Sir/Madam / d s (r)/ mdm/Yours faithfully / jz fefli/Yours sincerely / jz snsli/inform sb (that) /nfm /enquire/inquire /nkwa(r)/ (about sth)

complain /kmplen/ (about sth)

in response to /n r spns t / sth/sb

regarding /r d/concerning /knsn/I regret to inform /a r ret tu nfm ju/ you (that)

apologize (for sth) /pldaz/further to sth / f(r) t /of (7 May) /v/with reference /w refrns t / to sth

I would be grateful /a wd bi retfl if you could f ju kd/

enclose sth /nklz /Please find / pliz fand nklzd/ enclosed

require sth /r kwa(r) /further details / f(r) ditelz/please do not / pliz d nt hesitate to do sth heztet t /

I look forward to /a lk fwd t hearing from you hr frm ju/

WRITTEN EXAM QUESTIONS22.1 A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYgambling / mbl/gamble / mbl/casino /ksin/sophisticated /s fstketd/cosmopolitan / kzmpltn/situated / stuetd/located /lketd/bank (of a river) /bk/foot (of a mountain) /ft/originally /rdnli/spring (=water) /spr/stream /strim/spa /sp/resort n /r zt/renowned for /r nand f (r) / (doing) sth

diverse /da vs/picturesque / pkt resk/massive / msv/run /rn/ (=go somewhere)

stroll v, n /strl/thriving /rav/thrive /rav/

22.2 A DISCURSIVE ESSAYban v, n /bn/prohibit sth /pr hbt /ownership / np/congested /kndestd/congestion /kndestn/adequate / dkwt/bring sth to a / br tu standstill stndstl/

inevitable /nevtbl/restrict sth /r strkt /in addition / n dn/pollution /plu n/pollute sth /plut /damaging / dmd/historic /h strk/however /haev(r)/dependent on /d pendnt n / sth/sb

consequently / knskwntli/commuter /kmjut(r)/commuting /k mjut/efficient / fnt/inefficient / n fnt/

give sth up /v p/in an ideal world /n n a dil wld/in practice /n prkts/

22.3 A REPORToverall /vr l/impression /mpren/as follows /z flz/feature / fit(r)/qualified / kwlfad/supportive /sptv/atmosphere / tmsf(r)/facilities /fsltiz/point /pnt/cramped /krmpt/canteen /kntin/decent / disnt/lack n, v /lk/reluctant (to do sth) /r lktnt/unwilling /nwl/hold sb back / hld bk/recommendation / rekmenden/extend sth /kstend /compulsory /kmplsri/obligatory /bltri/optional / pnl/

22.4 A STORYsolo / sl/choir / kwa(r)/be up to sth /bi p t /have/get butterflies /hv/et btflaz in your stomach n j (r) stmk/

by the time /ba tam/petrified / petrfad/turn n /tn/tremble / trembl/conductor /kndkt(r)/grow in (confidence) / r n/join in (with sb) / dn n/breathe a sigh of /bri sa v r lif/ relief

congratulate sb /kn rtulet /clap /klp/applaud /pld/take a bow / tek b/bow v /ba/

22.5 AN ARTICLEfor the better/worse /f bet(r)/ ws/nowadays / nadez/convenience food /knvinins fud/rather than / r n/consume sth /knsjum /junk food / dk fud/fast food / fst fud/on the other hand /n i (r) hnd/awareness /wens/contribute (to sth) /kntrbjut/content / kntent/organic /nk/spring up / spr p/


in season /n sizn/food miles / fud malz/migration /ma ren/diverse /da vs/eat out / it at/eat in / it n/

22.6 AN INFORMAL LETTERdelighted /d latd/hear sth /h(r) / (=be told sth)

as you know / z ju n/loads of sth / ldz v /relatively / reltvli/a short space / t spes v tam/ of time

Id be inclined to /ad bi nkland t/ (do sth)

go for sth / f (r) /intensive /ntensv/(somewhere) in /n ridn v/ the region of

preferably / prefrbli/given sth / vn /in view of /n vju v/content / kntent/as far as sth is /z f (r) z z concerned knsnd/

your best bet /j (r) best bet/put sb up / pt p/tied up / tad p/get together /et te(r)/thrilled /rld/

WORK23.1 DIFFERENT JOBSskilled /skld/semi-skilled / semi skld/unskilled /nskld/class sb/sth as sth / kls z /classify sb/sth / klsfa /manual / mnjul/carpenter / kpnt(r)/plumber / plm(r)/electrician / lektrn/bricklayer / brkle(r)/qualification / kwlf ken/labourer / lebr(r)/dustman / dstmn/high street / ha strit/counter / kant(r)/florist(s) / flrst/travel agent / trvl ednt/travel agency / trvl ednsi/estate agent /stet ednt/cashier /k (r)/pharmacist / fmsst/pharmacy / fmsi/chemist(s) / kemst/librarian /la brerin/library / labrri/traffic warden / trfk wdn/

23.2 JOBS AND DUTIESpriest /prist/civil servant / svl svnt/the civil service / svl svs/head (of a /hed/ department)

administrator /dmnstret(r)/run sth /rn /managing director / mnd d rekt(r)/human resources / hjumn r zsz/personnel / psnel/recruit sb /r krut /recruitment /r krutmnt/train sb /tren /training / tren/designer /d zan(r)/design sth /d zan /specialize in sth / spelaz n /importer /mpt(r)/import sth /mpt /exporter /ekspt(r)/export sth /kspt /supervisor / supvaz(r)/up to standard /p t stndd/social worker / sl wk(r)/deprived /d pravd/

23.3 JOB PROSPECTSfragile / frdal/prospects / prspekts/the private sector / pravt sekt(r)/the public sector / pblk sekt(r)/suffer sth / sf(r) /loss /ls/cutback / ktbk/cut sth back / kt bk/construction /knstrkn/struggle / strl/developer /d velp(r)/prosperous / prsprs/prosper / prsp(r)/out of work / at v wk/unemployed /nmpld/retirement /r tamnt/retire /r ta(r)/anticipate sth /ntspet /GP (General / di pi/ Practitioner)

recovery /r kvri/recover /r kv(r)/sector / sekt(r)/

23.4 JOB SATISFACTIONchallenging / tlnd/fresh/new challenge / fre/nju tlnd/demanding /d mnd/satisfying / stsfa/satisfaction / stsfkn/measure sth / me(r) /criterion/criteria /kra trin/kra tri/variety /vrati/varied / verid/

predictable /pr dktbl/unpredictable /npr dktbl/task /tsk/undertake sth /ndtek /significance /snfkns/significant /snfknt/contribution / kntr bju n/autonomy / tnmi/autonomous / tnms/initiative / ntv/feedback / fidbk/valued / vljud/meaningful / minfl/

23.5 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTESmake sb redundant / mek r dndnt/lay sb off / le f/redundancy /r dndnsi/dispute n / dspjut/resolve sth /r zlv /unrest /nrest/escalate / esklet/escalation / esklen/pay freeze / pe friz/safeguard sth/sb / sefd /(trade) union / junin/ballot sb / blt /(secret) ballot / blt/strike /strak/talks /tks/negotiate sth /n iet /settlement / setlmnt/compromise n, v / kmprmaz/deadlock / dedlk/

23.6 APPRENTICESHIPSapprentice /prents/apprenticeship /prentp/benefit from sth / benft frm /take sb on / tek n/tool /tul/monitor sb / mnt(r) /productivity / prdktvti/productive /prdktv/funding / fnd/in return (for sth) / n r tn/motivated / mtvetd/motivation / mt ven/foundation /fanden/role /rl/career /kr(r)/retention /r tenn/retain sth/sb /r ten /stick with sth / stk w /recruit sb (to do sth) /r krut /

BUSINESS AND FINANCE24.1 COMPANY GROWTHretailer / ritel(r)/wholesaler / hlsel(r)/point to sth / pnt t /


downfall / danfl/operational /prenl/account for sth / kant f (r) /potential /ptenl/growth /r/target sth / tt /giant adj, n / dant/flourish / flr/emphasize sth / emfsaz /emphasis (on sth) / emfss/compete (with sb) /kmpit/evaluate sth / vljuet /assess sth / ses /adjust sth / dst /adjustment /dstmnt/demographics / demrfks/distribution / dstr bju n/executive /zekjtv/CEO (Chief / si i / Executive Officer)

competitor /kmpett(r)/competition / kmp tn/

24.2 HOW TO SELLpersistent /p sstnt/pushy / pi/optimism / ptmzm/optimistic /pt mstk/sporadic /sp rdk/half-hearted / hf htd/get carried away /et krid we/ (by/with sth)

reservation / rez ven/misgiving(s) / ms v/campaign /kmpen/launch a campaign / lnt kmpen/crucial / kru l/invest sth (in sth) /nvest /step back / step bk/objective /bdektv/subjective /sbdektv/get into the habit /et nt hbt of doing sth v du /

loyal / ll/loyalty / llti/put sb off / pt f/shift sth /ft /focus n, v / fks/feature / fit(r)/

24.3 FIRMS IN CRISISpatent n, v / ptnt/inventor /nvent(r)/invention /nvenn/pharmaceutical / fm sutkl/in-house / n haus/innovation / nven/innovative / nvtv/diversification /davsf ken/diversify /da vsfa/prediction /pr dkn/predict sth /pr dkt /

survey n / sve/carry sth out / kri at/conduct sth /kndkt /analyst / nlst/analysis /nlss/analyse sth / nlaz /strategic /str tidk/strategy / strtdi/crisis / krass/ploy /pl/avert sth /vt /expire /kspa(r)/run out / rn at/generic /d nerk/

24.4 THE STOCK MARKETinvestor /nvest(r)/investment /nvestmnt/speculator / spekjulet(r)/the stock market / stk mkt/share n (stock market) /e(r)/determine sth /d tmn /combination / kmb nen/current / krnt/climate (economic/ / klamt/ political)

momentum /mmentm/play a part (in sth) / ple pt/tempt sb (into sth) /tempt /trigger sth / tr(r) /surge /sd/upward /pwd/downward / danwd/fuel sth / fjul /short-term / t tm/long-term / l tm/in the expectation /n ekspekten/ (that)

wipe sth off (sth) /wap f/

24.5 ECONOMIC RECESSION(high/low) inflation /nflen/percentage /psentd/reckless / rekls/major / med(r)/minor / man(r)/recession /r sen/sharp (of a change) /p/drop /drp/output / atpt/slump n, v /slmp/commodity /kmdti/soar /s (r)/circumstances / skmstnsz/interest rate / ntrest ret/combat sth / kmbt /step in / step n/on the brink of sth /n brk v /forecast sth / fkst /public service / pblk svs/collapse /klps/

POLITICS25.1 POLITICAL SYSTEMScapitalist / kptlst/socialist / slst/communist / kmjnst/social democrat / sl demkrt/system / sstm/interference / ntfrns/interfere (in sth) / ntf(r)/better off / bet(r) f/spectrum / spektrm/principle / prnspl/state n /stet/treat sb /trit /aim (to do sth) /em/regulate sth / rejulet /out of your hands / at v j (r) hndz/fundamental / fnd mentl/reject sth /r dekt /rejection /r dekn/bridge the gap / brd p/ (between A and B)

incorporate sth /nkpret /(the) welfare state /welfe stet/broadly-based / brdli best/

25.2 POLITICAL VIEWSleft-wing / left w/right-wing / rat w/on the left /n left/on the right /n rat/a left-winger / left w(r)/a right-winger / rat w(r)/through and /ru nd ru/ through

party (political) / pti/describe sb as sth /d skrab z /the centre / sent(r)/tend to do sth / tend t du /conservative /knsvtv/ultra- /ltr/reactionary /ri knri/liberal / lbrl/issue / u/radical / rdkl/ideology / adi ldi/ideological / adildkl/dogmatic /dmtk/middle-of-the-road / mdl v rd/moderate / mdrt/apolitical / epltkl/apathetic / petk/

25.3 ELECTIONSelection / lekn/elect / lekt/vote /vt/general election / denrl lekn/hold sth /hld / (an election)

comprise sth /kmpraz /


the House of / has v kmnz/ Commons

historic /h strk/seat /sit/overall majority /vrl m drti/option / pn/optional / pnl/minority /ma nrti government vnmnt/

coalition / kln/hectic / hektk/negotiation /n i en/negotiate (sth) /n iet/agreement / rimnt/leader / lid(r)/abandon sth / bndn /policy / plsi/campaign /kmpen/

25.4 PARTY MANIFESTOmanifesto / mn fest/policy / plsi/cut sth /kt /red tape / red tep/reform sth /r fm /conduct sth /knndkt /comprehensive / kmpr hensv/complete /kmplit/full /fl/review n /r vju/spending / spend/guarantee sth /rnti /in real terms /n ril tmz/simplify sth / smplfa /simplification / smplf ken/benefits / benfts/provision /pr vn/measure n / me(r)/welfare / welfe(r)/push for sth / p f (r) /establish sth / stbl /

25.5 LOCAL POLITICSoppose sth / pz /be opposed to sth /bi pzd t /be in favour of sth /bi n fev(r) v /support sth /s pt /concern v, n /knsn/cross section / krs sekn/litter / lt(r)/litter bin / lt bn/graffiti /r fiti/closure / kl(r)/blow n /bl/pensioner / penn(r)/pension / penn/rowdy / radi/antisocial behaviour / ntisl b hevj(r)/resident / rezdnt/priority /pra rti/allocation / lken/eyesore / as (r)/

grant sth /rnt /desperately / desprtli/park and ride / pk nd rad/

THE MEDIA26.1 NEWSPAPERSjournalism / dnlzm/journalist / dnlst/reporter /r pt(r)/investigative /n vesttv journalism dnlzm/

current affairs / krnt fez/detailed / diteld/unbiased /nbast/biased / bast/give sth away /v we/review /r vju/witty / wti/downmarket / danmkt/upmarket /pmkt/a good read / d rid/coverage / kvrd/cartoon /k tun/tabloid / tbld/broadsheet / brdit/trivial / trvil/gossip n, v / sp/celebrity /s lebrti/the press / pres/a good/bad name / d/bd nem/reputation / repjuten/publish sth / pbl /censor sth / sens(r) /censorship / sensp/

26.2 NEWS HEADLINEScurb n, v /kb/axe sb/sth /ks /hit sb/sth (= affect) /ht /urge sth /d /hold sb (=keep /hld / prisoner)

probe /prb/clash /kl/blaze /blez/vow to do sth / va t du /quit /kwt/resign /r zan/blast n /blst/aid n /ed/boost n, v /bust/plot (= secret plan) /plt/foil sth /fl /bid n, v /bd/drama / drm/threat /ret/

26.3 WHATS ON TV TONIGHT?present sth /pr zent /host sth /hst /chair sth /te(r) /

broadcast n, v / brdkst/live adj /lav/reality show /ri lti /serial / sril/chat show / tt /guest /est/series / sriz/costume drama / kstjum drm/repeat n /r pit/episode / epsd/topical / tpkl/debate /d bet/highlight n / halat/report on sth /r pt n /game show / em /contestant /kntestnt/

26.4 TV NEWSwhenever /wenev(r)/decade / deked/rolling news / rl njuz/channel / tnl/update n /pdet/instant / nstnt/break v (of news) /brek/follow sth/sb / fl /reporting /r pt/downside / dansad/upside /psad/repetitive /r pettv/switch (sth) off / swt f/broadcaster / brdkst(r)/rumour / rum(r)/speculation / spekjulen/speculate about sth / spekjulet bat /viewer / vju(r)/air time / etam/rivalry / ravlri/rival / ravl/intense /ntens/

26.5 ADVERTISINGadvertising / dvtaz/advertisement /dvtsmnt/ad /d/advert / dvt/commercial /k m l/campaign n /kmpen/persuade sb to /pswed t du / do sth

sway sb /swe /influence sb / nfluns /public opinion / pblk pnjn/a course of action / ks v kn/set out to do sth /set at t du /target sb / tt /promote sth /pr mt /approach n / prt/mailshot / melt/billboard / blbd/publicity /pblsti/special effects / spel fekts/


glamorous / lmrs/glamour / lm(r)/image / md/slogan / sln/nuisance / njusns/

CRIME27.1 TYPES OF CRIMEmurder n, v / md(r)/attempted murder /temptd md(r)/carry sth out / kri at/investigation /n vest en/get away with /et we w murder md(r)/

theft /eft/thief /if/steal /stil/burglary / blri/burglar / bl(r)/burgle / bl/robbery / rbri/robber / rb(r)/rob /rb/shoplifting / plft/shoplifter / plft(r)/shoplift / plft/assault n, v / slt/assailant / selnt/attacker / tk(r)/attack sb / tk /rape n, v /rep/rapist / repst/arson / sn/arsonist / snst/manslaughter / mnslt(r)/fraud /frd/fraudster / frdst(r)/defraud /d frd/kidnapping / kdnp/kidnapper / kdnp(r)/kidnap sb / kdnp /ransom / rnsm/forgery / fdri/forger / fd(r)/forge /fd/bribery / brabri/bribe /brab/corruption /k rpn/

27.2 A CRIME SCENEaccuse sb of doing /kjuz v du / sth

charge sb with sth / td w /tip-off / tp f/tip sb off / tp f/the scene of the / sin v kram/ crime

the crime scene / kram sin/flee /fli/victim / vktm/appeal (to sb) for / pil f (r) / sth

witness n, v / wtns/in the meantime /n mintam/investigation /n vest en/investigate sth /nvestet /incident / nsdnt/arrest n, v /rest/hold sth/sb up / hld p/hold-up / hld p/suspiciously /sspsli/alert sb /lt /get away /et we/

27.3 THE LEGAL SYSTEMtrial / tral/try sb for sth / tra f (r) /evidence / evdns/proof /pruf/guilty / lti/convict sb of sth /knvkt v /innocent / nsnt/acquit sb /kwt /legal / lil/citizen / stzn/right /rat/court (of law) /kt/judge n /dd/jury / dri/case (in law) /kes/magistrate / mdstret/fine n, v /fan/probation /prben/probation officer /pr ben fs(r)/imprisonment /mprznmnt/verdict / vdkt/mandatory / mndtri/sentence n, v / sentns/offence /fens/crime /kram/offender /fend(r)/capital punishment / kptl pnmnt/abolish sth /bl /abolition / bln/

27.4 THE ROLE OF PRISONno option but to /n pn bt t du / do sth

take the easy / tek izi pn/ option

deterrent /d ternt/deter sb from /d t (r) frm doing sth du /

punish sb / pn /punishment / pnmnt/rehabilitate sb / ribltet /rehabilitation / ribl ten/convict sb (of sth) /knvkt /prisoner / przn(r)/reoffend / rifend/repeat offender /r pit fend(r)/release sb /r lis /serve sth (time /sv / in prison)

life sentence / laf sentns/threat (to sth/sb) /ret/lock sb away/up / lk we/p/behind bars /b hand bz/cell /sel/be remanded in /bi r mndd n custody kstdi/

justice / dsts/consequence / knskwns/ (of sth)

27.5 A CRIME STORYaffair /fe(r)/affairs /fez/chief inspector / tif nspekt(r)/suspect n / sspekt/suspect sb (of sth/ /sspekt / of doing sth)

motive / mtv/blackmail n, v / blkmel/alibi / lba/question sb / kwestn /have sth/nothing /hv t f (r) / to show for sth

forensic /frensk/evidence / evdns/reveal sth /r vil /weapon / wepn/stab sb /stb /break-in / brek n/break in/into sth / brek n/ nt /victim / vktm/let sb in / let n/

SPOKEN ENGLISH28.1 INFORMAL LANGUAGECheerio / tri /Cheers /tz/Bye /ba/Bye bye / baba/Be seeing you /bi si ju/Hows it going? / haz t /fed up / fed p/Whats up? /wtz p/bloke /blk/guy /a/broke /brk/(a) quid /kwd/skint /sknt/youre joking /j dk/youre kidding /j kd/pop over/in/round / pp v(r)/ n/ rand/

telly / teli/a lie-down / la dan/kip /kp/kid /kd/a hell of a / hel v /a heck of a / hek v /fancy (doing) sth / fnsi /do n /du/get-together / et te(r)/


no way! / n we/no chance / n tns/a pain / pen/a pain in the neck / pen n nek/mate /met/nick sth /nk /pinch sth /pnt /be off /bi f/Id better be off /ad bet bi f/

28.2 SPOKEN RESPONSEScheers! = thank you /tz/cheers! = as a toast /tz/cheers! = goodbye /tz/go ahead / hed/feel free / fil fri/help yourself / help j self/its up to you /ts p t ju/thats all right / tz l rat/not at all / nt t l/dont mention it / dnt menn t/youre welcome /j(r) welkm/get lost /et lst/absolutely / bs lutli/I guess so /a es s/I suppose so /a spz s/good heavens /d hevnz/good grief /d rif/I havent a clue /a hvnt klu/Ive no idea /av n a d/I havent the /a hvnt fentst/ faintest (idea)

so far so good / s f s d/youll be lucky / jul bi lki/so what? / s wt/what for? /wt f (r)/definitely / defntli/definitely not / defntli nt/thats a load of / tz ld v rb/ rubbish

dont you dare! / dnt ju de(r)/

28.3 VAGUE LANGUAGEfiftyish / ffti/longish / l/vague /ve/stuff /stf/things/stuff like /z/ stf lak t/ that

or thereabouts / (r) er bats/round about / rand bat/(fifty-)something / sm/(be) getting on / et n f (r) / for sth

something like that/ / sm lak t/n on those lines/ z lanz/ l z along those lines lanz/

shortly before/ / tli b f (r)/ after sth ft(r) /

just before/ /dst b f (r)/ after sth ft(r) /

give or take (a few /v tek/ minutes/a mile, etc.)

plus /pls/or so / s/masses of sth / msz v /loads of sth / ldz v /stacks of sth / stks v /tons of sth / tnz v /somehow (or other) / smha/

28.4 SPOKEN LINK WORDSas a matter of fact /z mtr v fkt/to be honest /t bi nst/to tell you the truth /t tel ju tru/apparently /prntli/still /stl/the trouble is / trbl z/the thing is / z/by the way / ba we/incidentally / ns dentli/in other words /n wdz/that is to say / t z t se/anyway / eniwe/anyhow / eniha/talking of sb/sth / tk v /after all /ftr l/mind you / mand ju/

28.5 SAYING NUMBERSpoint (as in /pnt/ decimal point)

AD / e di/BC / bi si/nil /nl/nought /nt/zero / zr/love (tennis) /lv/oh (as in zero) //pence /pens/coin /kn/double / dbl/piece (as in /pis/ fifty-pence piece)

WORD FORMATION29.1 NEGATIVE PREFIXESunaware /nwe(r)/unlimited /nlmtd/unbearable /nberbl/uncivilized /nsvlazd/unsympathetic /nsmp etk/incomprehensible /nkmpr hensbl/invalid /nvld/insincere / nsns(r)/dissatisfied /dsstsfad/unsatisfactory /nstsfktri/dishonest /dsnst/illegible / ledbl/illiterate / ltrt/immoral / mrl/immortal / mtl/irrelevant / relvnt/irrational / rnl/

29.2 PREFIX UN-uncharacteristic /nkrktrstk/uncooperative /nkprtv/unfamiliar with sth /nfmli(r) w /unconcerned /nknsnd/unconventional /nknvennl/unpredictable /npr dktbl/unfortunate /nftnt/unbalanced /nblnst/unscrupulous /nskrupjls/unpopular /nppjl(r)/unrestricted /nr strktd/unrepresentative /nrepr zenttv/unresponsive /nr spnsv/unsuitable /nsutbl/inappropriate / n prprit/unavoidable /nvdbl/unexpected /nkspektd/

29.3 VERB PREFIXESget dressed /et drest/get undressed /et ndrest/unlock sth /nlk /lock sth /lk /unpack sth /npk /pack sth /pk /undo sth /ndu /do sth up / du p/unwrap sth /nrp /wrap sth up / rp p/disconnect sth / dsknekt /connect sth /knekt /mislead sb / mslid /misleading / mslid/mishear sth / msh(r) /misinform sb / msnfm /regain sth /r en /distrust sb /dstrst /trust sb /trst /disallow sth / dsla /allow sth /la /disapprove of sb/sth / dspruv v /approve of sb/sth /pruv v /

29.4 OVER- AND UNDER-overcharge sb /vtd / (for sth)

undercharge sb /ndtd /overcook sth /vkk /undercook sth /ndkk /overdo it/things /v du t/z/overreact (to sth) /vri kt/oversleep /v slip/overrate sth /v ret /underrate sth /ndret /overemphasize sth /vremfsaz /overemphasis /vremfss/overdose n, v / vds/overqualified /vkwlfad/underqualified /ndrkwlfad/underestimate /ndrestmt / sb/sth

overestimate sb/sth /vrestmt /


underpaid /nd ped/overpaid /v ped/underprivileged /ndprvldd/underused /nd juzd/overused /v juzd/understaffed /nd stft/overstaffed /v stft/

29.5 NOUN SUFFIXESwilling / wl/willingness / wlns/darkness / dkns/consciousness / knsns/equality /i kwlti/inequality / n kwlti/sensitivity / sens tvti/humanity /hju mnti/humans / hjumnz/morality /m rlti/visibility /vzblti/announce / nans/announcement / nansmnt/encouragement /nkrdmnt/appreciation /pri i en/participation /p ts pen/concentration / knsntren/inspiration / nsp ren/installation / nstlen/approval / pruvl/refusal /r fjuzl/acceptance /kseptns/

29.6 ADJECTIVE SUFFIXESaccident / ksdnt/accidental / ks dentl/critical / krtkl/additional /dnl/comparable / kmprbl/desirable /d zarbl/undesirable /nd zarbl/addictive / dktv/addiction /dkn/communicative /k mjunktv/repetitive /r pettv/offensive / fensv/filthy / fli/messy / mesi/courageous /k reds/spontaneous /spntenis/tactful / tktfl/tactless / tktls/doubtful / datfl/unlikely /nlakli/skilful / sklfl/thoughtful / tfl/considerate /knsdrt/thoughtless / tls/inconsiderate / nknsdrt/pointless / pntls/harmless / hmls/harmful / hmfl/endless / endls/

WORD PARTNERS30.1 VERB + NOUN 1solve a problem / slv prblm/tackle a problem / tkl prblm/overcome a /vkm prblm/ problem

keep a record / kip rekd/ (of sth)

give sth a try /v tra/come to the/ / km t / a conclusion knklun/

reach the/a / rit / knklun/ conclusion

hand in your notice / hnd n j nts/hold talks / hld tks/break the deadlock / brek dedlk/take action / tek kn/set an example / set n zmpl/highlight a problem / halat prblm/take notice / tek nts/ (of sb/sth)

tell a joke / tel dk/roar with laughter / r w lft(r)/devise a scheme/ /dvaz skim/ pln/ plan/method, etc med/

bring an end to sth / br n end t /settle an argument / setl n jumnt/make a difference / mek dfrns/

30.2 VERB + NOUN 2pass an exam / ps n zm/fail an exam / fel n zm/catch a bus / kt bs/miss a bus / ms bs/obey the law /be l/break the law / brek l/keep a promise / kip prms/break a promise / brek prms/keep an / kip n pntmnt/ appointment

miss an / ms n pntmnt/ appointment

gain control (of sth) /en kntrl/lose control (of sth) / luz kntrl/take control (of sth) / tek kntrl/accept an offer /ksept n f(r)/reject an offer /ri dekt n f(r)/support an idea /spt n a d/oppose an idea /pz n a d/show your feelings / j filz/hide your feelings / had j filz/adopt a policy /dpt plsi/abandon a policy /bndn plsi/confirm a rumour /knfm rum(r)/deny a rumour /d na rum(r)/admit a crime /dmt kram/deny a crime /d na kram/impose sanctions /mpz sknz/lift sanctions / lft sknz/

30.3 ADJECTIVE + NOUNgreat difficulty /ret dfklti/pure luck / pj lk/

sheer luck / lk/a warm welcome / wm welkm/a brief visit / brif vzt/clear evidence / kl(r) evdns/sweeping changes / swip tendz/major/radical / med/ rdkl changes tendz/

a perfect example / pfkt zmpl/an adverse effect /n dvs fekt/a damaging effect / dmd fekt/a vivid memory / vvd memri/a real character / ril krkt(r)/a complete mess / kmplit mes/torrential rain /trenl ren/widespread damage /wadspred dmd/extensive damage /kstensv dmd/severe weather /sv we(r)/severe pain /sv pen/great care /ret ke(r)/(the) main concern / men knsn/(the) number one /nmb wn priority pra rti/

a fair chance / fe tns/

30.4 PREPOSITION + NOUNunder pressure /nd pre(r)/at random /t rndm/in retrospect /n retrspekt/with hindsight /w handsat/in agony /n ni/in danger /n dend(r)/in decline /n d klan/in trouble /n trbl/on principle /n prnspl/under investigation /nd(r) nvest en/under discussion /nd d skn/under attack /nd(r) tk/out of control / at v kntrl/under control /nd kntrl/within reason /w n rizn/go on strike / n strak/at short notice /t t nts/at a moments /t mmnts notice nts/

by choice /ba ts/in public /n pblk/in private /n pravt/behind closed doors /b hand klzd dz/

30.5 ADVERB + ADJECTIVE OR VERBvitally important /vatli mptnt/relatively easy/ / reltvli izi/ dfklt/ difficult

utterly ridiculous/ /tli r dkjls/ stupid stjupd/

bitterly / btli dspntd/ disappointed/ pset/emd/ upset/ashamed

highly unlikely/ / hali nlakli/ dangerous dendrs/

highly educated/ / hali eduketd/ paid ped/

directly opposite/ /drektli pst/bv/ above/below b l/


ring a bell / r bel/occur to sb /k t /slip your mind / slp j mand/stressed out / strest at/stressed /strest/go blank / blk/over and over /vr nd vr again en/

again and again / en nd en/sink in / sk n/

31.3 TIMEtime is money / tam z mni/make good time / mek d tam/press on/ahead /pres n/hed w / with sth

get behind with sth /et b hand w /put sth back / pt bk/bring sth forward / br fwd/drag on / dr n/speed up / spid p/keep sb waiting / kip wet/crop up / krp p/(at) the last minute / lst mnt/not in a/any hurry / nt n /eni hri/set off / set f/set out / set at/turn up / tn p/show up / p/at the crack of /t krk v dn/ dawn

on the dot /n dt/in good time /n d tam/from time to time /frm tam t tam/run into sb / rn nt /bump into sb / bmp nt /the other day/ /i (r) de/ mn/ morning/week wik/

for the time being /f tam bi /for now /f na/for the moment /f mmnt/

31.4 TRUTH AND LIESa white lie / wat la/lie through your / la ru j ti/ teeth

be/become second /bi/bkm seknd nature (to sb) net(r)/

get away with sth /et we w /see through sth/sb / si ru /make sth up / mek p/get into trouble /et nt trbl/pull the wool over / pl wl v sbs eyes az/

let on (to sb) / let n/catch sb out / kt at/not believe a word / nt b liv wd/cover sth up / kv(r) p/take sb in / tek n/deceive sb /d siv /own up (to sth) /n p/confess (to sth) /knfes/keep sth from sb / kip frm /

directly responsible /drektli r spnsbl/virtually empty/ /vtuli empti/ full/impossible fl/mpsbl/

fatally injured/ / fetli ndd/ wounded wundd/

wildly optimistic/ /waldli pt mstk/ inaccurate nkjrt/

quite sure/right/ / kwat (r)/ rat/ impossible mpsbl/

I quite understand /a kwat nd stnd/perfectly natural/ / pfktli ntrl

ol p words kill sword list

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