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Table of ContentsHeavy Oil ProgramsClick on Description to get to ProgramTo use programs:Input data in white cells, answers in green cells.ProgramDescription0Conversion Factors1API - Determines oil API, density and molecular weight at any temperature2Water Properties: Density and thermal properties of water3Thermal Properties: Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity offluid saturated rocks/and liquids4Viscosity of Liquid Mixtures & Emulsions5PVT: Determine Bo, Bw,Bg, GOR, Pb,compressibility, dead/live oil viscosity at reservoir temperature6Steam Tables7Heat of Combustion8Heat Conduction: erfc function9Hot Water Injection: Temperature away from injector10Steam Zone Volume11Steam Conformance12Oil-Steam Ratio13Combustion Parameters14Single Phase Pressure Drop in Pipeline15Wellhead Steam Rates and Pressure Drops16Waterflood Voidage Replacement Ratio17Bottomhole Pressure Determination from Acoustic Shot18Recombination at Separator19Residual Oil Saturation After Steamflood20Reserves21SAGD22Horizontal Wells23Thermal Casings24Wellbore Heatlosses25Reservoir Properties26Optimum Working Interest27Optimum Number of Drilling Locations and PDV28Success-Fail Model29Original-Gas-In-Place30Refinery Calculations30.1Petroleum Fractions31Relative Permeability32Slurry Viscosity33DST34Volumetrics35Engineering Economics36Sask Royalties37Alta Royalties38Oil Prices39OPEC and World Production40Progressive Cavity Pumps and Pumps (IPR)41Steam Distribution Systems42Minimum Miscibility Pressure & VAPEX43EOR Parameters44EOR Royalties45Tracers - Radioactive46Heavy Fractions47Mining48Production Facilities49Catalyst50Canadian Dollar51References and Assignments

Information in this spreadsheet is to be considered solely for reference purposes and may become obsolete in whole or in part at any time without notice. The contents may be reproduced provided the intended use is for non-commercial purposes. Product or company names may be the trademarks of their respective owners.Conversion FactorsAPI - Determines oil API, density and molecular weight at any temperatureWater Properties: Density and thermal properties of waterThermal Properties: Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity offluid saturated rocks/and liquidsViscosity of Liquid Mixtures & EmulsionsPVT: Determine Bo, Bw,Bg, GOR, Pb,compressibility, dead/live oil viscosity at reservoir temperatureSteam TablesHeat of CombustionHeat Conduction: erfc functionHot Water Injection: Temperature away from injectorSteam Zone VolumeSteam ConformanceOil-Steam RatioCombustion ParametersSingle Phase Pressure Drop in PipelineWellhead Steam Rates and Pressure DropsWaterflood Voidage Replacement RatioBottomhole Pressure Determination from Acoustic ShotRecombination at SeparatorResidual Oil Saturation After SteamfloodReservesSAGDHorizontal WellsThermal CasingsWellbore HeatlossesOptimum Working InterestOptimum Number of Drilling Locations and PDVSuccess-Fail ModelOriginal-Gas-In-PlaceRefinery CalculationsRelative PermeabilitySlurry ViscosityDSTVolumetricsReservoir PropertiesEngineering EconomicsSask RoyaltiesAlta RoyaltiesOil PricesMiningOPEC and World ProductionProgressive Cavity Pumps and Pumps (IPR)Steam Distribution SystemsPetroleum FractionsMinimum Miscibility Pressure & VAPEXEOR ParametersTracers - RadioactiveHeavy FractionsReferences and AssignmentsProduction FacilitiesCanadian DollarCatalystEOR Royalties

0. Conversion FactorsMETRIC TOAIMPERIALCONVERSIONTable of ContentsInput Here:OutputMETRIC UNITSCommentIMPERIAL UNITSLength1m3.281ft1m1.094yd250km155.343mile1cm0.394inchArea10000m2107639.000ft21m21.196yard21000m20.247acres1km21 section = 640 acres0.386sections4143.9ha15.995sections1ha1 ha=10,000 m22.471acres1ha107639.0ft2Volume7m3247.203ft3Oil Volume60m3377.572bblWater Volume1m36.290bblButane Volume1m36.297bblPropane Volume13m381.900bblEthane Volume1m36.330bblGas volume1m30.035MCFGas Volume1e3 m335.494MCFLiquid Volume14litres1 litre = 0.001 m33.080gallons (Imperial)Liquid Volume1litresor 1000 litre =1 m30.264gallons (US)Liquid Volume1litres1 litre=1000 cm30.006bblMass1kg1 ton of oil = 7.5 barrels2.205lb1Tonnes1 metric tonne=1000 kg0.984Long tons1Tonnes1 Megatonne=1e6 tonnes1.102Short tons454gm16.000oz150metic tonnes CO22889.3mscf CO2Pressure8000kPa1 Pa=1 kg/m-s21160.304psi1 Pa=1 Nt/m21MPa1 atm=101.325 kPa145.038psi1 Pa=0.1 dynes/cm20.2bar100 kPa=1 bar2.90076psi101.325 kPa= 760 mm HgGauge+101.3kPa=Absolute Pressure1 torr = 0.1333 kPaPressure Gradient1kPa/m0.0442psi/ftForce1Newtons1 deca newton=10 newtons0.2248pound force1 newton=1 kg/m/sec2Dynamic Viscosity1mPa-s1 Pa-s=1 kg/m-s1cpKinematic Viscosity1m2/scentistoke=centipoise/density1000000centistokesTemperature13deg C55.400deg F5deg C501.000deg R1KR=deg F + 4601.800deg R1KK= deg C + 2730.556deg FDensity1000kg/m31 kg/m3=1000 g/cc62.428lb/ft31kg/m30.0083lb/gal(US)Specific Volume1m3/kg16.0185ft3/lbFlow Rate0.0008m3/s434.752bbl/d1m3/s3051190.0ft3/d1kg/s7936.632lb/hr546tonne/d50155.107lb/hrPermeability1m21 Darcy=1000 md1013253353868.6Darcy1micro m21.013253354DarcyHeat, Enthalpy1kJ1 GJ=10^9J0.947777462Btu1GJ0.947777462Million Btu1J1 J = 10^7 erg0.000948213BtuSpecific Heat5kJ/kg-K1.194Btu/lb-deg FVolumetric heat Capacity1kJ/m3-K0.014911308Btu-ft3-deg FSpecific Enthalpy1kJ/kg0.429922614Btu/lbHeat Flow Rate6kW1 kW= 1 kJ/s20472Btu/hrThermal Conductivity1kW/m-K577.7875Btu/hr-ft-deg F1W/m-K0.57778Btu/hr-ft-deg FThermal Diffusivity1m2/s38750ft2/hrHeat Transfer Coefficient1kW/m2-K176.110287306Btu/hr-ft2-degFHorsepower1kW1 hp = 550 ft-lbf/s1.341022hpElectricity1 gigawatt hour = 3600 GJ1 terawatt hour= 3.6 PJ1 GJ=0.28 megawatt hoursPower is watt, energy is kW-hr1 megawatt=1,000 kWGOR10m3/m356.40309scf/bblConcentration1mg/kg1 ppm = 1 mg/L1ppmGeothermal Gradient1deg C/m0.5488474204deg F/ftGas Constant R82.053cm3-atm/(g-mole deg K)1.986Btu/(lb-mole deg R)8.3143J/(g-mole deg K)Radioactive Amount1.48E+10Becquerels (Bq)1 Becquerel=1 disintegration/s0.4curies (Ci)1 curie= 37 G BqRadioactive Dose1gray (gy)1 gray=dose of 1 joule/kg100rad1rem0.01sieverts (Sv)IMPERIALBTO METRICCONVERSIONInput Here:OutputIMPERIAL UNITSCommentMETRIC UNITSLength2ft0.6096m1yd0.914m1mile1.609km1inches2.54cmArea1ft20.093m21yard20.836m21acres4046.856m21sections2.590km21sections259.109ha1acres1 acre=43560 ft20.405ha1ft20.000009haVolume6.00E+07ft31699009.2m3Oil Volume1bbl0.15891m3Water Volume400bbl63.592m3Butane Volume1bbl0.15881m3Propane Volume13bbl2.06349m3Ethane Volume1bbl0.15798m3Gas volume1MCF28.17399m3Gas Volume1MCF0.028173991e3m3Liquid Volume14gallons (Imperial)63.64526litresLiquid Volume1gallons (US)3.785412litresLiquid Volume1bbl158.91litresLiquid Volume1fluid ounces (U.S)0.0000295735m3Mass1lb0.453592kg1Long tons1 tonne=1000 kg1.016047tonnes1Short tons0.9071847Tonnes16oz454gm3000mcf CO2155.75metric tonnes CO2Pressure1334psi1 Pa=1 kg/m-s29197.61kPa145psi1.00MPa1psi100 kPa=1 bar0.07bar1 Pa-s=1 kg/m-sGauge+14.7psi=Absolute PressurePressure Gradient1psi/ft22.6206kPa/mForce15000pound force66723.3Newton6672.3daNDynamic Viscosity1cp1mPa-sKinematic Viscosity1centistokes0.000001m2/sTemperature200deg F93.33deg C500deg R4.444deg C1deg RK= deg C + 2730.556K1deg F1.8KDensity62.4lb/ft3999.5544kg/m31lb/gal(US)119.839kg/m3Specific Volume1ft3/lb0.062427818m3/kgFlow Rate1bbl/d0.00000184m3/s1ft3/d0.000000328m3/s1lb/hr0.000125998kg/s1lb/hr0.010886229tonne/dPermeability1Darcy0m25Darcy4.9346micro m2Heat, Enthalpy1Btu1 Btu=252.16 cal1.055099998kJ1Million Btu3Btu3163.84609788JSpecific Heat1Btu/lb-deg F4.186799993kJ/kg-KVolumetric heat Capacity1Btu/ft3-deg F67.063197944kJ/m3-KSpecific Enthalpy1Btu/lb2.326kJ/kgHeat Flow Rate3.06E+06Btu/hr1 kW= 1 kJ/s896.83398kW1million BTU/hr0.2930711MWThermal Conductivity1Btu/hr-ft-deg F0.00173074kW/m-K1Btu/hr-ft-deg F1.730762574W/m-KThermal Diffusivity1ft2/hr0.000025806m2/sHeat Transfer Coefficient1Btu/hr-ft2-deg F0.00567826kW/m2-KHorsepower1hp (electric)0.745699921kWGOR50scf/bbl8.86476255m3/m3Concentration1ppm1mg/kgGeothermal Gradient1deg F/ft1.822deg C/mRadioactive Amount20curies1 pCi=37mBq7.40E+11BecquerelsRadioactive Dose1rad0.01gray1sieverts (Sv)0.01remPrefixMultiplierSymbolyotta10^24Yzetta10^21Zexa10^18Epeca10^15Ptera10^12Tgiga10^9Gmega10^6Mkilo10^3khecto10^2hdeka10dadeci10^ -1dcenti10^ -2cmilli10^ -3mmicro10^ -6Greek Letter munano10^ -9npico10^ -12pfemto10^ -15fatto10^ -18azepto10^-21zyocto10^-24yEnergy Content TableNatural gasMethane1Mcf1.05GJ or0.995MMBtuMethane1Bcf1.05PJMethane1Tcf1.05EJNatural Gas LiquidsEthane1m318.36GJPropane1m325.53GJButane1m328.62GJCrude OilLight Oil1m338.51GJHeavy Oil1m340.9GJPentanes Plus1m335.17GJBitumen1m342.8GJSynthetic Crude Oil1m339.4GJSolidsCoals Bituminous1tonne25GJCoals Subbituminous1tonne18.5GJAsphalt1m344.5GJCoke1m328.8GJGas Price ConversionBtu Content per mscf1100Gas Price per MMBtu$6.00Canadian DollarsGas Price per mscf$6.60Canadian Dollars per mscfConcentration1 percent by volume =10,000 ppmExample 1:Current AEUB upper H2S limits which canbe flared are 50 mole/k-mol.Recall that 10 mole/k-mol is 1%,thus the H2S limit is 5% or 50,000 ppm.Example 2:Convert 30 ppm SO2 to gm/m3.Recall that 1 ppm is equalto 1 part per million by volume,or 1 ml of SO2 for every millionml of air. So 30 ppm ofSO2 is actually 1 cm3 SO2/ 1 m3 air.To convert 1 cm3 SO2 gas tograms, we need the density ofSO2 which can be found usingthe ideal gas law:Density = Molecular weight*pressure/R/TemperatureThe molecular weight of SO2 is 64 g/mol.At 25 deg C (298 K) and 1 atmosphere,the density of SO2 is =64g/mol*1 atm/(82.06 atm cm3/mol K)/(298 K) = .00262 g cm3.Thus 30 ppm = 30 * .00262 = .0786 g/m3or 78,600 micrograms/m3Rules of Thumb:1 litre water weighs 1 kgLift 1 book (1 kg) 10 cm andyou've done 1 Joule of workDensity of air at STPis 1.3 kg/m3Effective reservoir compressibiltyis 60% of pore compresibilityCloud point = pour pointplus 7 deg CMolar Mass:1 kmol =1000 mol=1000 g mol=2.2046 lbm molExampleMolar mass of methane =16.04 kg/kmol=16.04 g/mol=16.04 g/ g molMolecular weight is measuredin Daltons =Da1Da=1.65 e-24 gConvert Decimal Degrees toDegrees, Minutes, SecondsInput degrees in decimal:Answer: DegreesMinutesSeconds121.13512186Problem:1. Convert:12 MPa = ? Psi200 hp=? kW1000 GJ=?J10 kPa/m=?psi/ft20 e3 m3=?MMscf1 bbl heavy oil has ? GJ energy content2. Oil A has a viscosity of 10,000 cp at 15 deg C.Oil B is 20 deg API and has a viscosity of 9500 cs at 15deg C. Which oil is more viscous at 15 deg C?

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1. APIDensity of OilTable of ContentsCalculates oil density at standard conditionsspecific heat and density at any temperatureand molecular weight usingCragoeInput:Enter Specific Gravity of Oil at 15 deg C0.95dimensionlessEnter temperature of interest65deg COutput:API17.4no units(Note: API is reported at 15 deg C)Density at 15 deg C950kg/m3or0.95g/ccor Density at 60 deg F59.28lb/ft3Oil molecular Weight527Oil density at temperature of interest910.9kg/m3at65deg CSpecific Heat oil at temp of interest1.99kJ/kg-Kat65deg CTemperature deg CDensity, kg/m3Heavy Oil Pooldeg API6.5962.4Battrum1813956.4Burnt Lake1219.5950.5Cactus Lake1326944.6Celtic1232.5938.8Cold Lake1039933.1Cymric1245.5927.4Duri2252921.8Foster Creek1058.5916.3Frog Lake10-1465910.9Gujarat12-1771.5905.5Pike's Peak1278900.1Suffield12-1684.5894.9Venezuelan Orinoco8-1091889.7Wainwright2097.5884.5West Sak Alaska10-22104879.4110.5874.4117869.4123.5864.5130859.7195814.0Density of Cold Lake CrudeInput:Temperature50deg COutput:Density:0.9772g/cm3ProblemCan the API of a heavy crude ever be negative?If so, what density range does this correspond to?What is the API of water?

1. API

Temperature deg COil Density kg/m3Oil Density vs Temperature

2. Water PropertiesTable of ContentsA.Water PropertiesCalculates water density andspecific heat, thermalconductivity at any temperatureTDS corrections for standard conditionsInput:Enter temperature of interest31deg COutput:Density of Water998.11kg/m3Specific heat of Water4.23kJ/kg-KThermal Conductivity of Water0.6166W/m deg CTemperatureDensity kg/m3Specific Heat kJ/kg-KThermal cond W/m deg C3.11006.434.310.57526.21005.744.300.58029.31004.994.290.585212.41004.184.280.590015.51003.314.270.594818.61002.384.260.599421.71001.404.260.603824.81000.364.250.608227.9999.264.240.612531998.114.230.616646.5991.524.210.635662983.594.190.651793964.004.190.6752124939.964.240.6872Input:Total Dissolved Solids % in water20percent(at 15 deg C and atmospheric Pressure)Output:Water Density1148.7kg/m3(at 15 deg C and atmospheric pressure)B.Solubility of Methane inInterstitial WaterMcCain (1990)Input:Formation Temperature33deg C91.4Reservoir Pressure8000kPa1160Solids in Brine3wt %OutputMethane Solubility in Fresh Water1.8044m3/m3Methane Solubility in Brine1.5380m3/m3C.Water HardnessUses Langelier Saturation IndexInput:Current pH7.5no unitsTDS320mg/LCalcium Concentration150mg/L (ppm)Hard water has calcium carbonate concentrations greater than 120 mg/L (ppm)Carbonate Concentration17mg/L (ppm)Bicarbonate Concentration0mg/L (ppm)Alkalinity34mg/L (ppm)Enter alkalinity or carbonate and bicarbonate concentration (only one)Temperature80deg COutput:Langelier Saturation Index0.2339has tendencyto scaleD.Estimating TDS from Conductivity MeterInput:Conductivity812micro-siemans/cmOutput:TDS340.34mg/L as CaCO3Problem:For fixed water analysis, does the scaling tendencyincrease or decrease as the temperature is raised?

2. Water Properties

Temperature deg CDensity kg/m3Water Density

3. Thermal Properties

Temperature deg CThermal Conductivity W//m deg CWater Thermal Conductivity

4. Viscosity of Liquid Mixtures

Temperature deg CSpecific heat kJ/kg-KWater Specific Heat

5. PVTAThermal Properties of Saturated RocksTable of ContentsCalculates heat capacity, diffusivityand thermal conductivity of fluidfilled rocksInput:Heat CapacityOil API20dimensionlessAthabasca Bitumen0.35cal/gm-deg CRock porosity0.25fractionOil Saturation0.5fractionWater Saturation0.5fractionReservoir temperature100deg CFraction of matrix that is quartz0.99fractionOutput:Rock Density assumed2643kg/m3Oil Density at 15 deg C933.99kg/m3Oil Specific Gravity at Reservoir Temp0.87dimensionlessOil density at Reservoir Temp867.7kg/m3Water Density at Reservoir Temp958.94kg/m3Specific Heat of Oil2.23kJ/kg-KSpecific Heat of Water4.20kJ/kg-KSpecific Heat of rock assumed0.96296kJ/kg-KHeat Capacity of Saturated Rock2653.70kJ/m3-KThermal Conductivity of Saturated Rock (Tikhomirov Eqn)2.54W/m-KThermal Diffusivity of Saturated Rock0.000961000 m2/sor0.95886mm2/sThermal Conductivity using Somerton's Correlationat 50 deg C1.55Btu/hr-ft-Fand at reservoir temperature2.53W/m-KProblem 1For fixed fluid properties, how does thermalconductivity of a fluid saturated rock vary with temperature?(Plot thermal conductivity on y-axis, and vary x-axis temperaturefrom 10 to 300 deg C).Problem 2A Lloydminster rock contains oil of API gravity 20 degrees with oilsaturation of 0.7 and water saturation of 0.3. The porosity is33%. Oil viscosity is 15,000 cp. The reservoir willundergo a steamflood at 225 deg C. What is the :a) heat capacityb) thermal conductivityc) thermal diffusivityof this rock at steamflood temperature?Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivityof Common Materials at 25 deg C (298.2 K)ThermalThermalMaterialConductivityDiffusivityW/m-K10^ -4 m2/sCopper4011.17Carbon Steel60.50.145Air0.0260.202Water, saturated liquid0.6090.0014Water, saturated vapor0.01864.08Iron79.10.228Cement1.820.009BThermal Conductivity of Liquids1HydrocarbonsInputTemperature25deg CSpecific Gravity0.9no unitsOutputThermal Conductivity0.128W/m-deg C

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6. Steam TablesTable of ContentsViscosity of Liquid MixturesACalculates the viscosity of a liquid mixtureDiluent Viscosities @ 30 deg Cof 2 liquids of different viscosity and concentrationusing Cragoe's MethodDiesel2.467csNaptha0.703csInput:Toluene0.614csStrachen Condensate0.528csViscosity of liquid 11000000cpRimbey Condensate0.432csViscosity of liquid 20.25cpWeight fraction of liquid 1 in mixture0.95fractionHeavy Oil Viscosities @ 30 deg COutput:Syncrude Coker feed157279csLiquidity 1139.88Suncor coker feed26988csLiquidity 2482.05Lloyd cold production2967csLiquidity of mixture156.99Mixture Viscosity96914.83cpUnits of ViscosityBUses Miadonye et al CIM 99-121 Method for1) Dynamic Viscosity (Greek letter mu)more accurate resultsThe SI unit of dynamic viscosity isInput:Pa-s which is also kg /(m-s).Heavy oil/bitumen viscosity in centistokes100000csRemember multiply by1 poise = 0.1 kg / (m-s) = 1 g /(cm-s)Diluent viscosity in centistokes0.432csdensity to get centipoiseDiluent mass fraction0.153fraction1 cp = 0.001 Pa-s = 1 mPa -sOutput:2) Kinematic ViscosityViscosity interaction factor2.5916852961The SI unit of kinematic viscosityViscosity reduction parameter0.8226177219denoted by the Greek letter nu,Mixture Viscosity343.61csis defined as the dynamic viscositydivided by the density. It's units arePa-s/(kg/m3) = m2/sProblemAlso, stokes are introduced:1 stoke= 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/sCurrent pipeline specs on the Enbridge line isa maximum viscosity limit of 350 centistokes.ThenWhat mass fraction of Strachen condensate1 centistoke = 0.01 stokeis needed to move Cold Lake crude at this viscosityorand at a pipeline temperature of 30 deg C?1 centistoke = 1 e-6 m2/sCShu's Method (SPE 11280) June 1984InputHeavy Oil Viscosity at 24-28 deg C550cpSolvent Viscosity at 24-28 deg C0.01cpSpecific Gravity Heavy Oil0.96no unitsSpecific Gravity Solvent0.8465no unitsVolume fraction heavy oil0.5fractionOutputGamma3.6344125848alpha0.3329714273xa0.2497963726xb0.75Mixture Viscosity0.1528007214cp

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7. Heat of CombustionPVT for Heavy/Extra Heavy OilTable of ContentsBitumen is defined as being an oil with viscosity greater than 10,000 cp (UNITAR).Heavy Oil has an API of 20 deg or less (UNITAR).Recall Heavy Oil: 10 < API < 22.3(World Petroleum Congress)Extra Heavy Oil API 60no liquids at surface or drop out in reservoirGOR m3/m3negligiblenegl < GOR < 2020 < GOR < 9090 < GOR < 350 to 1000350 to 1000 < GOR < 26002600 < GOR < 17700not applicableBo, m3/m311.01 < Bo < 1.11.1 < Bo < 1.51.5 < Bo < 2.5 to 3.5not applicablenot applicablenot applicableOil Viscosity, cpfrom 10,000 to several million100 < mu < 100002 < mu < 100.25 < mu < 2 to 3condensate liquid about 0.25condensate liquid about 0.25not applicableStock Tank Liquid Colorblackblackcoloredcoloredlight red/green/orangecolorlessno liquidHeptanes+ Mole Percent>30>2013-2013-20