OIL SPILLS, IMPACTS & ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY

In this course, trainees are taught the general causes of oil spills ranging from equipment malfunction, sabotage, pipeline and tank failure, to corrosion. The course goes on to explain the impacts oil spills can have, from surface water pollution, soil pollution, and devastation of fish ponds and farmlands, not only polluting them, but depriving locals of their sources of livelihood, and the devaluation of properties, while diminishing aesthetic appeal.

Ecologically sensitive sites such as mangroves, coastlines, tundra vegetation, sea grass, salt marshes, kelps, tidal flats and coral reefs, many of which provide pristine sites, that habour these specialized flora and fauna, are almost irreversibly damaged to the point where human efforts at recovery, rehabilitation or remediation, are not only difficult, but may cause extra damage.

Finally the training provides deep insight into the operations of the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency [NOSDRA] in responding to oil spills, not only on shore, but also, the usefulness of Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping, in combating complex coastline and offshore oil spills.

Course ObjectivesTo teach the impact and damages, which oil spills can cause.To emphasize how such spills impact shore lines and the marine environmentTo explain the significance of habitats, classified as sensitive sitesTo discuss the importance of Environmental Sensitivity Index MappingAnd introduce NOSDRA’s ESI work.

For whom: New entrants in to the Oil Spill Response profession, and any other interested group

OIL SPILL RESPONSE, CLEANUP EQUIPMENT & CONTROL METHODSAs soon as an oil spill is reported, clean-up teams must quickly assess the report and ensure rapid deployment, whose logistics and organizational capabilities, to polluted sites must utilize the best practicable technology. Surveillance, tracking and forecasting of spill drifts

Critical to the management of oil spills is the indispensability of Skimmers, Booms, Sorbents, Dispersants, Fast tanks, and related equipment in spill response, and their operations which will be taught in detail in this module.

The course teaches in detail, oil spill equipment types, components, and application in complex spill response scenarios, not only onshore, but particularly in coastal and offshore marine environments. Special attention is paid to vessel and aerial application of dispersants and boom deployment.

Objectives:To teach the Management methods for Oil SpillsTo highlight the importance of safety in oil spill responseTo enable students appreciate the equipment for oil spill responseTo explain the indispensability of Skimmers, Booms, Sorbents and related equipment in spill response.To introduce the importance of the tiered response

And learn in detail Oil Spill Response Equipment such as: Fast Tank Transfer Pump Skimmers Connecting Hoses and Unions Absorbent Pillows Absorbent Rolls& Sheets Absorbent Containment Booms Dispersant Equipment Communication Equipment Vessels Ancillary Equipment Conventional Booms Spill Response Bases Minimum Stock for Pollution Control Equipment Specification and Quantity Guidelines for Assigning Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) to the Spill Risk

Assessment Matrix Use of Ram for Evaluating Spills Calculation of Oil Volume Clean-up Guide and Certification

For whom: Oil spill response staff and other interested persons.

ECOLOGY, BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATIONArticle 2 of the Biodiversity Convention gives the following definition of biodiversity: ‘The variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems’.

Ecology on the other hand is the study of the relationship between man and his surrounding, namely the biotic and abiotic environment, and the interactions that govern it. Conservation seeks to preserve biodiversity as well as the environment that accompanies them, due to the many uses they affords mankind. Special emphasis is given to endangered

species, perturbed environments and pristine sites, cultures and medicinal microbes and plants. The role that these can play in a well-planned environmental sensitivity index mapping, oil spill response, disaster management, emergency response, natural resource conservation and general environmental management will become clear to the student, upon completion.

For whom: This course will be very useful to oil spill responders, ESI Mapping personnel, EIA practitioners, and conservationists, as well as for general environmental protection.

Course Objectives:*To explain the Biodiversity concept of environmental management*To provide participants with broad a picture of ecosystems, habitats and ecology*To situate pollution and environmental degradation, within the context of quantifiable ecosystem services.*To enable trainees understand biodiversity as a baseline environmental condition, against which, conservation, assessments and remediation may be undertaken.*And to draw attention to what sensitive sites are, and the great need to protect them, and give special attention to them, in the event of an oil spill, accident or natural disasters

OIL SPILL RESPONSE & REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGYThis first the part of the remediation course, teaches the conventional oil spill response used by oil companies. It covers topics like oil spill impacts, the national policy on environment, oil spill response on land and sea as well as the safety and regulatory issues associated with them.

Oil Spill Clean-up and Remediation Technology provides participants with the first phase of the knowledge/skill needed in the Niger Delta and Oil Companies’ Clean-up/Remediation Projects. The second part is taught in the full Remediation Technology module.

Conventionally, clean-up is carried out with booms, skimmers, sorbents etc., but this is not enough to restore oil spill sites to oil levels that permit the ecosystem to return to conditions that allow the re-establishment of the flora and fauna characteristic of that environment. Hence the great need for appropriate remediation technology to be coupled unto already established oil spill response plans.

Also, the Tiered approach to spill response, which utilizes, tier 1 for minor spills that the oil company in question can cope with, the tier 2 spill which may go beyond the capability of the oil company and so other companys’ help are sought through the Clean Nigeria Associates [CNA] cooperative agreement of various oil companies, magnifying the spill response capabilities required to cope with bigger spills and finally, the tier 3 response, which is beyond the combined capability of the oil company and CNA put together, hence international spill response help is sought, from Oil Spill Response Limited, Southampton.

Course Objectives:Trainees will learn the:

Applicable Regulations and Knowledge of the Oil IndustryBehaviour and Impact of Oil Spills and Consequences for CleanupWell Blowouts and Blowout PreventersClean-up Procedures and Response ApproachOil Spill Response Process and Investigation ProcedureClean-up Site ClearanceAction Parties and their ResponsibilitiesEnvironmental & Economic Impact of Oil SpillsTier 1, 2 & 3 Oil Spills and Equipment/Personnel Logistics CapabilitiesClean Nigeria AssociatesNOSDRA

*Participants will know in detail how oil spills damage the environment.*They will be introduced to various oil spill equipment and clean-up processes.*The management of Oil Spill waste will be taught.*Participants will be able to appreciate the applicable Regulations.*Become capable of implementing and upgrading an oil spill response plan.*Remedial Investigation methods as feasibility tool will be learnt.*Remediation Technology for decision making and application *They will learn the Bioremediation Technology Options of choice.*And lots more.

For whom: oil spill responders who wish to have basic knowledge about remediation.

ADVANCED OIL SPILL RESPONSE TECHNOLOGIESConventionally, clean-up is carried out with booms, skimmers, sorbents etc., but this is not enough to restore oil spill sites to oil levels that permit the ecosystem to return to conditions that allow the re-establishment of the flora and fauna characteristic of that environment. Hence the great need for appropriate remediation technology to be coupled unto already established oil spill response plans, and also as a coupling technology to conventional clean-up methods. We leant this much in the Oil Spill Response and Remediation course. In this module, we will learn in detail what these remediation technologies are, their applicability, including advantages and disadvantages, and the factors that influence their choice.

Remedy is a healing medicine or means of removing, counteracting or relieving any evil or illness. With oiled ecosystems, best results are obtained if a careful diagnosis is made and a remedy carefully chosen to suit the particular circumstance. The wrong remedy can make things worse.

Remediated soil is defined as a return to a level of hydrocarbon [HC] that has no significant detectable impact on the function of an ecosystem. It is not necessarily a return

to pre-existing background level, or the complete absence of HC. Recovery is marked by the re-establishment of a biological community in which the flora and fauna characteristic of that community are present and are functioning normally.

In this course, all the available remediation technologies will be taught, along with their pros and cons, and preferred applicable optimum conditions.

Course Objectives

The aim of this course, is to enable students learn the following remediation technologies:

Soil Washing, Air Stripping, Oil Separation, Carbon Adsorption, Soil Vapour Extraction, Incineration, Thermal Desorption, Steam Stripping, Groundwater Control, Detergent Extraction etc.

Bioremediation technologies: soil-heap bioremediation, solid-phase bioremediation, pump and treat bioremediation, slurry-phase bioremediation and insitu-bioremediation (bioaugmentation, biofilters, biostimulation, bioreactors, bioventing, composting and landfarming), and

Bioengineering of soils and groundwater.

Biotreatability studies and optimum conditions for bioremediation

*Recognize the limitations and inadequacy of traditional oil spill clean-up methods.*And understand how Bioremediation can be coupled unto Physico-Chemical enhanced Bioengineering methods, to effectively remediate oil spill sites.

For whom: Oil spill professionals.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY & ENERGY USE

This training teaches the fundamentals of environmental management, pollution control, Environmental Laws and Regulations, Environmental Resources, the Environmental Impact Assessment Process as well as the EMS ISO 14001.

Environmental policy - a written statement (usually made public), by an organization, of its intentions and principles in relation to its overall environmental performance which provides a framework for action and for setting of its environmental objectives and targets, is taught as a pre-condition for sound environmental management. This includes the enumeration and explanation of the many environmental laws and regulations that govern industrial and public activities.

It also teaches the business aspects of environmental management such as International Trade, Business and Ecolabeling, ISO certification standards as well as Environmental Economics and Environmental Accounting. The Environmental impact of the energy industry is also another area that this training will emphasize.

The International Chamber Of Commerce Business Charter on Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development as a case study on how business and environment can ‘partner’ to achieve a ‘win-win’ situation

Course ObjectivesAt the end of this course, trainees will have learnt the fundamentals of the following:

Environmental Pollution Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Laws and RegulationsEnvironmental Resources Management Environmental Management tools: EIA, EMS, PIA, ESI, EER etc.Environmental EconomicsEnvironmental AccountingEnvironmental AuditingThe World Trade OrganizationThe International Chamber Of Commerce Business Charter on Sustainable DevelopmentMultilateral Trade AgreementsSustainable DevelopmentISO 14001 Environmental Management SystemsInternational Business and Project FinancingEcolabeling: National labels, Fair Trade labels, Labels for Organic Production, Product Specific Labels, ‘Obligatory’ labels etc.Pollution Control Economics

For whom: Environmental and development professionals.

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & POLICYStable ecosystems contain many different types of organisms, which are present in constant quantities. Human activity, however, will disrupt equilibrium situations in such environmental cycles. This is to do with, among other things, world population growth, the types of substances produced, and the quantity of waste products. The substances produced will not only disrupt environmental cycles (bioaccumulation) but at a certain point they will also directly lead to effects detrimental to human health. Whether a substance has a toxic effect will depend on the dose. You may encounter a great number of toxic substances at your place of work, and these substances can be absorbed by your body in various ways.While Environmental policy can be defined as the 'Government's considered pursuit of specific objectives relating to the natural environment, using specific means in a specific order', Environmental Technology applies scientific and technological principles in the provision

of environmental solutions to the problems of pollution, noise, groundwater contamination, solid waste management, soil, water and air pollution, as well as climate issues.

In this course candidates will be learning how to combine policy instruments and environmental technological applications to address air, water, noise and soil pollution, in an effective manner.

Course Objectives*To acquaint students with the principles Environmental Policy*To provide an international description on Environmental issues*To teach the applicable legal and regulatory framework.*To teach the Waste Management and Environmental Technologies applicable to Air, Water, Noise, and Soil Pollution, and how they are applied for the mitigation of impacts.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSEnvironmental impact assessment (EIA) came into being in Nigeria with the promulgation of three Acts establishing three independent EIA systems- the EIA Decree 86 (1992), the Town and Country Planning Decree 88 (1992) and the Petroleum Act (1969), initially resulting in multiple reporting relationships. Despite a sound legal basis and comprehensive guidelines, EIA is still characterized by controversies in terms of quality.

EIA can be defined as a systematic process for identifying, predicting and evaluating potential impacts associated with a development project. The EIA process must proffer mitigation measures to avoid, reduce or minimize the negative impacts on the environment, public health and property. It must also enhance positive impacts. The mitigation measures entail identifying possible alternative site, project, process design, including that of not proceeding with the project.

An environmental management system on the other hand, helps organizations identify, manage, monitor and control their environmental issues in a holistic manner. Like other ISO management systems, it uses a High-Level Structure. This means it can be integrated easily into any existing ISO management system. It also includes the need for continual improvement of an organization’s systems and approach to environmental concerns.

This course will use an integrated approach to teach EIA, Environmental Management systems [ISO 14001] and Policy instruments to students. Objectives: At the end of this module, students will:*Understand the key elements of the EIA process based on best practices from, including those led by development banks such as the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and others. *Understand the importance of a mandate for an EIA using specific case studies.

*Become familiar with key aspects of EIA project screening in order to gain skills in assessing the planned project/initiatives features to decide if an EIA is needed. *Acquire the knowledge and skills to understand basic EIA steps.

*Be able to support and facilitate the development of environmental management systems (EMS) among small and medium-sized organizations. *Become capable of developing and implementing an effective EMS and support theirorganization’s mission and goals. *Become good EMS implementers, leading the EMS development effort.

POLICY ANALYSISPolicy analysis uses a technique in public administration to enable civil servants, activists, and others to examine and evaluate the available options to implement the goals of laws and elected officials.

The process is also used in the administration of large organizations with complex policies. It has been defined as the process of "determining which of various policies will achieve a given set of goals in the light of the relations between the policies and the goals."

This course will explain how Policy analyses can be applied to energy, environmental or health issues for decision making.

OBJECTIVES *To help students understand why policies are made.*To explain the nature of public policy analysis and *To describe the meaning of public policy analysis* Categories of public policies and Policy types *To enable students understand why we study public policy *To equip students with the Techniques used in policy analysis*And establish the connection between policies and goals.

GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY & CARBON MARKETSThe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international treaty on global climate change. Signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Convention’s objective is the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”

The Protocol also stipulates that the reduction objectives are not legally binding until those countries having ratified the treaty represent at least 55% of global emissions in 1990. This quorum was achieved in September of 2004 following the ratification of the Protocol by Russia.

The United States did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol and thus do not have the legal obligation to comply with their objective.

In this module, you will learn about carbon markets and trading, and how they have become instruments for carbon dioxide emission management, as well as, what an energy or environmental policy constitutes.

At the end of this Module, you will

Know the more about UNFCCC treatyUnderstand the Paris Climate Change AgreementBe equipped with how Carbon Credits are usedBecome aware factors that influence the Global EnergyConversant with Nigeria’s Energy Policy And the Energy international Management System

INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

This course explains and presents an overview of the oil and gas industry. It teaches basic drilling and how well flow, a mixture of oil, gas, water, sand etc., is separated and processed into ‘clean’ marketable crude oil and gas products, using various separator vessels. Separators are vessels in which mixtures of insoluble fluids, are separated from each other. They are used most often in oilfields, than any other process equipment in process facilities. In addition you will be taught the oil and gas process. Associated facilities and equipment like pumps, valves, desalters, towers and columns, pipeline and piping, as well as fractionating column and industrial water processing facilities are equally treated. Oil refining is introduced in the last module.This Training is a must for new entrants into the industry in any oil and gas company. It is designed for all staff, no matter their background, and provides an overview of the Petroleum industry.

Course Objectives:On the completion of this module, Trainees will be able to:

*Describe the entire oil & gas value chain, from drilling to production operations*Understand the Oil & Gas Production Process*Know the Technologies involved.*Explain the principle of separation.*Have a general idea about the principles of fluid separation*Understand the theory and design of separators.*Explain the function of separator internals.*Explain the difference between 2 and 3 phase separators.*Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical separators.*Explain the liquid level control systems.*Explain the pressure control system, pumps, and piping*Explain the factors that affect separation.*Explain the basic separator start-up procedure.

*Explain the basic separator shut-down procedure.*Develop the ability to respond correctly to the operating problems.*Understand the functions and working of safeguarding systems used in separators.*Understand Electrostatic Desalters, Coalescers and other Vessels used in well flow separation.*Describe the Refining Process.

ADVANCED OIL AND GAS ECONOMIC DECISION ANALYSES

Economics drives the entire oil and gas producing industry. Almost every decision is made on the basis of an economic evaluation.

Economic evaluations are also performed to determine reserves and the "standardized measure of value" for reporting purposes for publicly held companies.

In many cases, the goal of the company is to make decisions that have the best chance of maximizing the present day profit.

This module discusses and teaches economic evaluation under two conditions.

Course Objectives: *They will learn in detail what economic decision trees are, and how to use them in oil and gas decision evaluations.*Trainees will be taught techniques that assume we know the future parameters.*They will learn methods of handling the inherent uncertainty involved in oil and gas operations.*They will understand how, in well drilling, the probability of success or failure can result in field discoveries, or the probability of failure (dry hole). They will be taught how a sensitivity analyses is done, upon successful resolution of a decision tree. *Monte Carlo simulation will be explained as well as a number of pitfalls associated with them.*Portfolio analyses and financial options, as well as the boom forecast will be learnt.*And lots more.

OIL AND GAS ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE

The acquisition of producing oil and gas properties for exploitation has been a popular, and very successful, business model for so many years. In order to be successful, one must have a clear understanding that the business purpose is to make a profit by buying intelligently, such that your purchase price is recovered and the property’s revenue generates an acceptable return on your investment.

Financial evaluation of existing production is most often performed through the discounted cash flow analysis. Alternatively a simple cash-flow multiple may be useful or appropriate. In its

simplest form reserves are categorized as proven or unproven and either producing or non-producing.

Course Objectives:

*The main objectives are:*To explain the Time Value of Money concept.*To teach the fundamentalsls of oil and gas cash flow*Why and how financial evaluation of existing production is most often performed via discounted cash flow analysis.*Explain the Cash Flow Multiple *Discounted Cash Flow Analysis etc.*Oil and gas property evaluation*To explain the steps involved in Evaluating a producing Oil & Gas Property for Acquisition*How to exploit a producing field.*Valuing a non-producing field.*Decline Curves.*And lots more.

PETROLEUM ECONOMICS & INVESTMENT DECISIONS

Oil and gas companies must evaluate their potential investment utilizing adequate present value analysis of expected future cash flows, through the projected cash flows and needed investments, the annual rate of return and other project economic indicators, which will be tackled in this course, can be derived to evaluate the significance of oil and gas investment. 

This module offers credible teaching and practical guidance to the application of the techniques of economic decision analysis currently used in the petroleum industry. During project execution, of a petroleum project, managers and engineers must be able to choose the best alternative from an economic perspective, and as well be capable of properly evaluating various investment opportunities and options through the determination of economic indicators and sensitivity analysis.

Course Objectives*To teach those aspects of petroleum economics and decision analysis that are, essential to the oil and gas industry.*To enable trainees know and be able to apply the principles of petroleum economics and the well-known economic decision methods in oil and gas business.*To give and develop clearer foundations on the underlying theories of crude oil pricing and factors that influence crude oil and natural gas prices.* To teach the fundamentals of petroleum evaluations and decision economics in order to facilitate students’ understanding of problem-solving approaches used under the threats of inflation, risk and uncertainty.

* To demonstrate why some economic decision variables such as oil and gas prices, reserves, production profiles, taxation and fiscal policies, and the environment are so important in making exploration and production decisions.*To equip trainees to tackles the following challenges:-Decreasing chance of major discoveries as older areas ‘dry’ up.-Increasing finding costs in more difficult terrains.-Impact of Inflation.-Uncertainties in crude oil and natural gas prices.-Investment risk and political uncertainty.-Government control and regulations.-Increased profitability.*And lots more.

OFFSHORE OPERATIONS

Water covers over two thirds of the earth’s surface. Consequently, oil and gas are produced not only on land, but also offshore, at sea. However, offshore production is far more technically demanding, more than production on shore. This is due to the fact that, platforms are normally required in order to reach the reservoirs beneath the seabed and in order to carry out drilling and production operations. These drilling rigs and production platforms are among the most extreme work environments in the world. Oil and gas staff, who work there can only have access to their workplace through helicopter or supply ship and live on the platform for many weeks at a time, ensuring that production or drilling proceeds undisturbed day and night. However, those who work on these platforms, and the materials, must be able to withstand the worst possible weather conditions and meter-high waves.

Prior to production, a well must be drilled to reach the reservoir, as like onshore. Offshore drilling is a term used to describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, although it can also apply to drilling in lakes, and inland waters in general.

Special mobile drilling platforms can be used to do this. At the end of drilling, the platform is removed, and the production platform is installed over the drilled wellbore. Oil and gas are transported from the borehole to the platform through pipelines, where, they are then treated before being transported either directly to land through pipelines or loaded unto ships. Since platforms in shallow waters are very different to platforms used in deep waters, the type of platform used, therefore depends on the water depth.

As soon as the exploratory drilling phase is over, geologists determine if a petroleum reservoir is worth the massive expenses involved, oil companies, then prepare for the establishment of an offshore production platform.

In this module you will learn more about Offshore Exploration, Rotary Drilling, Offshore Drilling Structures and Equipment, Fixed platforms, Compliant towers, Semi-submersible platform, Jack-up drilling rigs, Drillships, Floating production systems, Tension-leg platform, Gravity-based structures, Spar platforms. You will also learn what directional drilling is and why directional wells are drilled. You will as well learn about different kinds of directional wells and what typical directional well profiles look like. This module also introduces well plans and planning and the components of a well that are described on the well plan.

Course ObjectivesAt the end of this course, you will be able to:

*Offshore Oil/Gas Drilling and Production Systems*Define directional drilling *Recall the historical development of directional drilling.*Recognize the reasons for drilling the following types of wells: exploration, appraisal,development/production.*Identify descriptions and pictures of directional drilling applications.*Identify several features of a directional well profile.*Identify the general types of directional well profiles.*Recall an explanation of a well plan by choosing an answer from a list of selections.*Identify the basic components of a well plan. *FPSO*Subsea Structures*Subsea Technology *Oil Recovery Systems*Primary, Secondary, Enhanced etc.

OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS LOGISTICS AND CORROSION MANAGEMENT As soon as crude oil and natural gas have been separated into liquid and gas and any other non-refinery or superfluous material, like water, is removed, the crude oil and natural gas for the offshore facility are transported to onshore refineries or to gas processing plants on land.

Most offshore oil and gas production is transported by pipelines to onshore facilities, which require that pipelines be laid from the offshore facility to an onshore center and from thence the crude oil and natural gas are sent to a refinery or gas processing facility. The technique for laying pipelines under water in the current sense is not an old technology and had its beginnings in England during World War II. Pipeline designs vary depending on what they are transporting—crude oil, natural gas, or refined products—and their function. Over a third of the worldwide growth in drilling and production is expected to emanate from offshore and technological advances in pipeline construction and safety have been accelerating with the most effective and safe goals.

In this course, you will learn how offshore logistics complements offshore drilling and production, through offshore piping of produced oil and gas, shipping vessel storage and transportation, material, equipment and manpower transportation, communication, applicable international and national regulations, and the management of corrosion due to seawater.

Course ObjectivesAfter the completion of this course, you will:

*Know how huge offshore logistics challenges are handled *Learn more about Offshore Pipelines*Understand Subsea Pipeline Systems*Have deeper insight about offshore Pigs & Pigging operations *Have deep knowledge of Crude Oil Vessel Tanker Types and their Transportation*Become knowledgeable about Local Laws and International Conventions against Marine Oil Spills*Know the Seawater Corrosion Parameters*Be able to manage Corrosion, offshore*And lots more.

OFFSHORE HSEOffshore oil and gas production is associated with health safety and environmental risks, and of special public concern is oil spills from drilling and production operations, oil tankers or pipelines transporting oil from the platform to onshore facilities, and from leaks and accidents on the platform. Also, Produced water is generated, which is water, brought to the surface along with the oil and gas; it is usually highly saline and may include dissolved or unseparated hydrocarbons.

Potential environmental issues associated with offshore oil and gas development projects include air emissions, wastewater discharges, solid and liquid waste management, noise generation (including underwater), spills, energy efficiency and resource conservation, environmental conditions at the offshore location e.g., seismicity, extreme wind, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis and wave events, currents, and ice formations, which can complicate issues and endanger lives and equipment. Well blowout, i.e., loss of well control, can be caused by the uncontrolled flow of reservoir fluids into the wellbore and may result in an uncontrolled release of formation fluids

and gases into the environment. Blowout can occur during drilling and work-over phases (where it is of particular concern) or during production phases.

Other risks include potential ship collisions, injuries, explosions, fire, extreme cold, drowning and other types of accidents are just a few of the safety issues to be encountered offshore.

According Dr Arthur Stewart, a knowledge exchange officer at Robert Gordon University’s Institute of Health and Wellbeing Research:

“We are dealing with a much greater risk of ill-health offshore nowadays than an accident offshore, certainly in terms of medical evacuations…The burgeoning disease burden that we have to work with is a combination of the interaction of inactivity and weight gain as well as some genetic antecedents,”

The five major classes of health hazards in offshore oil and gas industry are: musculoskeletal disorders (manual handling, ergonomics), hazardous substances, physical hazards (noise, vibration, asbestos and radiation), biological hazards (food/water hygiene) and psychosocial hazards (stress). A systematic approach to managing these HSE risks associated with work activities in the offshore industry will be dealt with in this module.

The World Bank’s IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Offshore Oil and Gas Development technical reference document with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice, which include information relevant to seismic exploration, exploratory and production drilling, development and production activities, offshore pipeline operations, offshore transportation, tanker loading and unloading, ancillary and support operations, and decommissioning will be reviewed as part of student’s course material.

Course Objectives: On completion of this course, students will be acquainted with the following.

*Introduction to Offshore support vessels*Familiarization after arrival on an offshore platform *International and national laws and regulations *Safety Awareness *Offshore hazards *Personal and occupational risk*Personal protective equipment PPE*Permit to work system *Personal responsibility for safety *Abandonment and survival techniques *Life boats *Liferafts*Personal survival equipment *Location equipment *Radio communication *Pyro technical distress signals

*Visual and audible distress signals*Search and Rescue (SAR) *SAR or ganisation *Helicopter Safety and HUET *Helicopter Safety *Helicopter emergency procedures*Personal safety equipment *Helicopter emergency landings*First aid and hypothermia *First aid in case of accidents*Hypothermia*Fire-fighting and breathing protection *F ire fighting on offshore platforms*Fire prevention*Breathing protection*The World Bank’s IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Offshore Oil and Gas Development.*And lots more.

NATURAL GAS PROCESSING Natural-gas processing starts at the well head. Its composition when extracted from producing wells depends on the type, depth, and location of the underground deposit and the geology of the area. Oil and natural gas are often found together in the same reservoir. The natural gas produced from oil wells is generally classified as associated-dissolved, as the natural gas is associated with or dissolved in crude oil. Natural gas production without any association with crude oil is termed as “non-associated natural gas.” This complex industrial process cleans raw natural gas by separating impurities and various non-methane hydrocarbons and fluids to produce what is known as pipeline quality dry natural gas.

Natural-gas processing plants cleans raw natural gas by removing common contaminants like water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Some of the substances which contaminate natural gas have economic value and are further processed or sold. A fully operational plant delivers pipeline-quality dry natural gas that can be used as fuel by residential, commercial and industrial consumers.

Gas processing plants take the raw material (natural gas, pipeline condensate, water, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur) and generate intermediate products (raw make, plant condensate, natural gasoline, and ethane-propane streams) and finished products (transmission quality natural gas, butane, and propane). In this course compression systems, natural gas liquids recovery, amine gas sweetening units, gas fractionating plants and sulphur recovery units will be treated.

Course Objectives The objectives of this gas processing course are:

On completion of this module:

*The trainee will be able to describe the gas compression systems.

*Know how natural gas is processed.*Explain fundamentals of NGL, CNG and LPG

*Understand how to produce transportable gas.*Know how to meet sales-gas specifications.*How to maximize liquid recovery. *Describe and name the important components of the sweetening process.*Describe how and why amines are used.

*Describe the operating principles of the amine contactor.*Describe the operating principles of the amine regenerator.*Describe and identify the most important pieces of equipment used in an NGL recovery unit.*Describe the functions of those pieces of equipment.*Follow the flows through a Process Flow Diagram.*Describe and identify the most important pieces of equipment used in a gas fractionation plant.*Describe the functions of those pieces of equipment.*Follow the flows through a Process Flow Diagram.*Describe and identify the most important pieces of equipment used in a sulphur recovery unit.*Describe the functions of each piece of equipment used in the sulphur recovery process.*And how to produce transportable gas to a remote location which requires the gas to be delivered without allowing condensation of hydrocarbon liquids.

COMPRESSORS & TURBINES Compressors are widely used throughout the oil and gas industry, in LNG plants, natural gas

pipelines, gas stations, onshore and offshore production platforms. By elevating the pressure of gas, compressors are used to liquefy and transport natural gas from one location or process to another. This was a challenge during the early years of the oil and gas industry. Conventionally, compressors are mechanically driven by a gas turbine, however, electric driven compressors systems offer superior performance in most cases. Compressor end users face many challenges with their compression drivers. Environmental and noise concerns The Use of a gas turbine as the compressor driver brings with it environmental concerns, as a result of greenhouse gases emissions. Turbines are mostly used for power generate, by coupling it unto a Generator. The fluid can be steam or gas under high pressure. Instead of coupling the turbine unto a Generator, it can be coupled unto a compressor or pump for oil and gas production processes.

This course describes the different types of compressors and turbines found in process plants. It progresses in units from basic terminology to the principles of operation of reciprocating and centrifugal compressors and steam and gas turbines.

Course Objectives:On completion of the course the student will be able to:

*Explain the basic terminology used in describing compressor and turbine operations.

*Explain the functions and classifications of compressors and turbines in process plants, and identify the different types of prime movers used to power compressors.

*Identify suction scrubbers and explain how they work.

*Explain the basic principles of operation of reciprocating compressors including capacity control methods, control of suction pressure, and automatic shutdown systems.

*Explain the basic principles of operation of centrifugal compressors including capacity control 'Methods, surge control, and automatic shutdown systems.

*Explain the basic principles of operation of gas turbines, steam turbines, and turbo-expanders.

REFRIGERATION, CRYOGENICS & LNG While absorption methods are used primarily for extracting heavier NGLs, cryogenic processes are used to separate out lighter hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, and butane from an incoming stream, and it is commonly used to extract natural gas liquids (NGLs) from raw natural gas. Refrigerants are used to cool the gas stream to very low temperatures, during the process. Expansion turbines then push the gas through a narrow pipe into an expansion chamber. As the gas enters the chamber, its vapor pressure drops, causing it to cool even further (typically to around -120 degrees Fahrenheit). At this temperature, methane (an extremely light hydrocarbon) stays in the stream, while the other heavier hydrocarbons condense into liquid form and flow out.

In order to separate NGLs from one another, the liquid mixture is then passed through additional chambers where it is progressively warmed. Each NGL has its own unique boiling point and by controlling the temperatures within the different chambers, each specific hydrocarbon can be systematically removed and collected.

Since ethane recovery rates from the gas stream ranges from 90 – 95%, cryogenic separation is typically one of the most efficient methods of NGL extraction. How this can be applied in the liquefaction of natural gas is also taught in this course.

Course Objectives:At the end of this unit the trainee will be able to:

*Explain the terms used in refrigeration processes.*Explain the principle of refrigeration and its use of heat.*Identify and explain the functions of the components that make up a single stage refrigeration cycle.*Explain the basic refrigeration cycle.*Identify and explain the use and operation of the refrigeration trainer components.*Explain the operating sequence of the refrigeration trainer and demonstrate the ability to perform pre-start, start and operational checks.*Demonstrate the ability to control refrigerant flow rate and temperature control on the refrigeration trainer.

*Develop an understanding of how it can remove heat from an area. *Learn to control the refrigeration cycle by use of the Manual Expansion Valve and the Thermostatic Expansion Valve.*Learn about LNG.

OIL & GAS PROCESS AND WELL COMPLETIONSOil production can be described as the activity that takes place on the completion of well drilling, when a large quantity of recoverable oil has been found, to the point where it is sent to the oil processing facilities to be refined or treated for shipment to the customer.

Production activities consist of well completion, when a well is made ready to produce oil in large quantities, or well workover when an operating well is reworked to replace old tubing and other components to improve the well's oil flow. First a hole is drilled in the ground to a depth below where oil or gas is trapped. In the drilling process the hole is lined or cased with large diameter pipe that is screwed together in sections. This pipe is called production casing.

Cement is pumped into the space between the outside of the casing and the inside of the drilled hole. The cement secures the casing to the rock and seals the face of the rock. Liquids or gases cannot flow from the rock into the hole or into nearby rocks. So far we only have a steel lined hole in the ground full of drilling mud.

This module teaches how oil and gas are explored, drilled, produced and processed. It describes how well flow, a mixture of oil, gas, water, sand etc., is separated and processed into ‘clean’ marketable crude oil and gas products, using various separator vessels. Separators are vessels in which mixtures of insoluble fluids, are separated from each other. They are used most often in oilfields, than any other process equipment in process facilities. In addition participants will be taught the oil and gas production process. Associated facilities and equipment like pumps, valves, desalters, towers and columns, pipeline and piping, as well as fractionating column and industrial water processing facilities are equally treated.

Learning Outcomes & Objectives:On the completion of this Course, Trainees will be able to:*Describe the entire oil & gas value chain, from drilling to production operations*Understand the Oil & Gas Production Process*Know the Technologies involved.*Explain the principle of separation.*Have a general idea about the principles of fluid separation*Understand the theory and design of separators.*Explain the function of separator internals.*Explain the difference between 2 and 3 phase separators.*Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical separators.*Explain the liquid level control systems.*Explain the pressure control system, pumps, and piping*Explain the factors that affect separation.*Explain the basic separator start-up procedure.*Explain the basic separator shut-down procedure.*Develop the ability to respond correctly to the operating problems.*Understand the functions and working of safeguarding systems used in separators.

*Understand Electrostatic Desalters, Coalescers and other Vessels used in well flow separation. *Identify and explain the functions of the downhole components that make up a single zone or dual zone oil or gas well completion.*Explain why old wells need 'workovers' to improve their production.

WIRELINE OIL WELL SERVICING AND WORKOVER Oil and gas wells can be serviced by the use of tools and devices run into the wells on a length of circular cross-section steel line mounted on a powerful reel at the surface known as a wireline unit.

Operations that can be done by 'running' or 'pulling' the tools and equipment into and out of the well bore by using a wireline include: the measure the depth of the deepest well, accurately measure bottom hole pressures and temperatures, carry out gradient pressure and temperature surveys, obtain fluid samples at any point in the well for laboratory analysis, check tubing internal dimensions, used to aid in the detection of corrosion or scale deposits, remove wax and sand deposits.

Besides the jobs listed above, a large number of special tools and equipment can be set, retrieved, or moved to change the well status. Workover refers to any kind of oil well “intervention” involving invasive techniques, such as wireline, coiled tubing or snubbing. It especially refers to the expensive process of pulling and replacing a completion.

Course Objectives:At the completion of this Unit the trainee will be able to:

*Identify the reasons for using a wireline.*Explain why a wireline is more suitable than a drilling rig.*Describe the functions of the wireline winch.*Identify some of the problems that can be created by the incorrect use of a wireline.*Understand why there is a need for servicing.*Become capable of well serving.

SEPARATORS, REFINING, TESTING & INSTRUMENTATION A separator is a vessel in which a mixture of fluids that are not soluble in each other are separated from one another. In the oil field separators are used to separate gas from liquid. They are also used to separate two liquids, such as condensate and water.

There are more separators in oil and gas process facilities than any other type of process equipment. Sometimes they are called scrubbers, accumulators, flash tanks etc. All these vessels have the same function. They separate two or more fluids; usually gas and liquid. They all operate in the same way.

Process control instrumentation systems are very complex. The complex systems are made up of smaller, simpler systems. These small systems are called control loops.

Some of the crude oil that flows from oil wells into the production plants contains salt and water. The crude oil is tested to find out how much salt and water is in the oil. As an outside operator

you will collect samples of crude oil that will be tested for salt content and water content. In oil industry language this is known as a Basic Sediment and Water (BS&W) test. In this module the trainee will learn how and where to collect samples of crude oil in a production plant and why it is necessary to collect crud oil samples. The trainee will also learn the procedure for loading tank gauging, testing tanks, and the importance of temperature during this operation.

The crude oil which comes out of the ground cannot be used for anything. The purpose of an oil refinery is to take this crude oil and change it into hydrocarbon products which can be used. The general word for this process is 'distillation'. The refinery distills the crude oil by using a number of oil processing systems.

Course DescriptionOn the completion of this unit the trainee will be able to:

*Explain the principle of separation.*Explain the function of separator internals.*Explain the difference between 2 and 3 phase separators.*Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical separators.*Explain the liquid level control systems.*Explain the pressure control system.*Explain the factors that affect separation.*Explain the basic separator start-up procedure.*Explain the basic separator shut-down procedure.*Correctly identify, with the use of a P&ID, crude oil sample points in a production plant.*Correctly describe the schedules for crude oil sampling and testing and explain why samples are taken and tested.*Describe the equipment required for hand dipping a lease tank.*Identify the safety precautions an outside production operator follows when he collects samples and correctly explain the need for these precautions.

The trainee should also be able to:

*Identify the symbols used on P+ IDs.*Recognise the following control loops on diagrams and briefly explain how they work:Flow Control, Level Control, Pressure Control, Temperature Control, Cascade Control, Split Range Control, Ratio Control, Feed Forward Control, Multi-Variable Control*Explain the difference between a DCS and a PLC control system.

In addition, the student will be able to explain Crude Oil Refining Operations such as:

*The principles of distillation.*Vapour pressure and its importance in refinery operations.*The function and purpose of refinery utility systems.*How a fractionation column works.*What an atmospheric crude oil distillation unit does and how it does it.*What a naphtha hydro-desulphuriser unit does and how it does it.

*What a catalytic reforming unit does and how it does it.*What a kerosene hydro-treater unit does and how it does it.*What a heavy gas oil hydro-desulphuriser unit does and how it does it.*What a vacuum distillation unit does and how it does it.*What a hydro-cracker unit does and how it does it.*What a hydrogen unit does and how it does it.*What a sour water stripping unit does and how it does it.

PUMPS USED IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRYPumps are used in the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry, and they ‘empower’ gas, oil, and other fluids with sufficient energy to move from one location to another. Pumps such as Centrifugal, oil, positive displacement, oil transfer, diaphragm, and petrochemical pumps are essential in delivering oil from the wells or production facilities to, ocean vessels, storage tanks, refineries, and back to storage facilities. They are equally used for methanol injection, glycol pumping, chemical processing, gas sweetening, and water disposal. They provide efficient solutions for the transportation of chemicals. Each type of pump is integrated into an oil and gas facility for a specific purpose and are critical in the transportation or purification of various fluids.

This course describes the different types of pumps commonly found in process plants. The module has five units. These units describe the basic terminology of pumps and pumping, the types of reciprocating, rotary and centrifugal pumps, start-up of centrifugal pumps, pump problems, and pump control systems.

Course Objectives:When the trainee has finished the course, the student will be able to:

*Explain the basic terminology of pumps.*Identify different kinds of pumps and explain their functions.*Identify the differences between the main types of reciprocating pumps and explain the end uses of these pumps in process plants.*Explain the function of pulsation dampeners.*Identify the differences between the main types of rotary pumps and explain the end uses of rotary pumps in process plants.*Explain how centrifugal pumps increase pressure.*Explain how pump shafts are sealed and how axial and radial thrust are balanced in single stage centrifugal pumps.*Explain the reasons for, and the advantages of, multi-stage centrifugal pumps.*Explain how axial thrust is balanced in a multi-stage centrifugal pump.*Explain how cavitation and vapour lock occur in a centrifugal pump and explain how these problems are overcome.*Explain why centrifugal pumps are connected in parallel or in series.

*Explain the pre-start checks and start-up procedure for centrifugal pumps with electric motor and steam turbine prime movers.*Explain the procedure for centrifugal pump changeover.*Use pump readings to identify pump problems.*Identify and explain pump control systems.

PIPES, PIPING AND PIPELINESThe piping system is important to all plant operations. Because it looks very simple it is sometimes overlooked. However, if the piping system does not operate properly a plant will shutdown. It is very important that the trainee understands what a piping system does. An operator must ensure that the equipment is installed, maintained and operated correctly.

Every plant has large and small piping systems. These systems have many different uses in a plant. All fluids and gases in a plant are moved from place to place in piping systems. The piping system includes pipe, pipe fittings to control the direction of flow and valves to control the amount of flow.

The piping systems in a plant carry hot and cold water, crude oil, refined products, chemicals, gases and other fluids at many different temperatures, pressures, and flow rates. All parts of a piping system must be properly inspected and maintained. The loss of a single piping system in one part of a plant may cause the shutdown of processes in the plant. It is very important that the trainee operator understands the operation and maintenance of the piping systems.

Course ObjectivesUpon completion of the course the trainees will be able to understand, describe and discuss the following:

*Introductory Piping*Piping Sizes*Pipe Coding*Metal Piping*Corrosion*Electrochemical Corrosion*Corrosion Protection*Internal Corrosion*Pipeline Safety*Tubing*Uses of Tubing*Connecting Tubing*Piping Insulation*Pipe Supports*Piperacks*Pipe Hangers

ENERGY GEOPOLITICS AND SECURITY To ensure the survival of any given society, it is essential to ensure enough energyflows, at reasonable prices, and turn the issue of energy into a security issue, in order to assure enough energy supply at affordable prices. As a starting point for its development of energy relationship, it is essential to analyse and dichotomise the concept of energy security, as well as energy’s global geopolitical dynamics. Therefore the first objective is to clarify the concept of energy security, while the second is to outline the geopolitical dynamics that characterise and shape global energy security issues that may affect the international relationships in this field, now and in the near future. Energy security consists mostly of the articulation of three dynamics: technology, economic and strategic, since energy influences the dynamics of a society and itspotential to move towards the future; considering the fact that a society without energy slips rapidly into inertia. The International Renewable Energy Agency’s publication on “A New World: The Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation”, will form part of student’s course materials.

Course ObjectivesThe aim of this course is to produce a new generation of professionals who will be able to:

*To properly explain the energy security concept.*To elucidate the geopolitical dynamics which characterize and shape global energy security issues.*To demonstrate how both can be synchronized into a national and foreign policy objective.*Use the Energy “Power” of their nations to peacefully advance Geopolitical interests.*Work to ensure the Energy security of nations, regions and the globe.*And show how technology, economics and strategy contribute to societal dynamics and future.

POLICY ANALYSISPolicy analysis is defined as the process of "determining which of various policies will achieve a given set of goals in the light of the relations between the policies and the goals," while the combination of two kinds of policy analyses together with program evaluation is defined as policy studies.

It is a technique used in governance to enable concerned parties to examine and evaluate the available options to implement the goals of government. The process is also used in the administration of large organizations with complex policies. Policy analysis can be divided into the analysis of an existing policy, which is analytical and descriptive, and the analysis for new policy, which is prescriptive – it is involved with formulating policies and proposals.

In this module students will learn the technics of public policy analysis and understand how it can be applied to such fields as energy, environment, health, and other disciplines.

Course Objectives *To help students understand why policies are made.*To explain the nature of public policy analysis and *To describe the meaning of public policy analysis* Categories of public policies and Policy types *To enable students understand why we study public policy *To equip students with the Techniques used in policy analysis*And establish how policies can be used as instruments to translate goals into actions.

INTERNATIONAL OIL & GAS MARKETS & POLICIESThe oil and gas industry has undergone significant adjustment in recent decades, owing to the interaction between oil find sources, infrastructural development, and investment plus the fact that demand is ‘unpredictable’. The rise of U.S. oil and gas exports, variable transport costs, the investment necessary to establish new LNG supplies in Asia-Pacific and east Africa, the need to underpin commercial gas strategies with government-to-government deals, the speed and scope for new nuclear investment and the scale of coal-use reduction will affect the global markets.

Recently, there has been a growing negativity towards the oil and gas industry and "big energy", no thanks to major environmental disasters such as the Deepwater Horizon Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill in 2013 that have cast a negative spotlight upon the industry. The trend towards Renewable and Alternative energy is also another threat to traditional oil and gas production. Coupled with the rise in pro-eco legislation and governmental pressure has meant the oil and gas industry is under more scrutiny than ever.

In this module, you will learn about local and global oil markets and sustainable policies that are required, in a world that is currently ‘hostile’ to fossil energy. The Petroleum, Gas and Petroleum Fiscal Policy documents of the Department of Petroleum Resources of Nigeria form part of student’s course materials.

Course Objectives:On completion, students will*Learn the challenges confronting the local and global markets*Know the Nigerian local oil and gas market*Become acquainted with the global oil and gas market*Be equipped with a sustainable oil and gas policy*Learn the Strategies for managing fall in oil prices*Get acquainted with market forecasts and *Gain an insight into adequate strategic management of this sector*Use Fiscal Systems to understand the drivers*Become familiar with the details of the DPR’s “Petroleum Policy”, “Gas Policy” and Petroleum Fiscal Policy documents.

BASIC PETROLEUM ECONOMICS & OIL AND GAS LAWPetroleum Economics has a crucial role to play in the Petroleum Industry and it lies at the heart of all decision making.  Many techniques have evolved over time in determining and calculating economic inputs, investments analysis, risk management and generating practicable portfolios.

This module, which is integrated with petroleum laws, is a great introduction to the Petroleum Economics and Investment Decisions, as well as the Advanced Oil and Gas Analysis courses to be encountered later in the PGD in Oil and Gas Management.  The e-learning experience will include videos, simplified reading and multiple choice exercises. 

You will encounter, in this study, a variety of fundamental petroleum economic principles including revenue, expenditures, fiscal systems, risk analysis, and investment analysis, as well as the Nigerian laws that determine the economics of petroleum development.

Course Objectives• To explain the fundamentals of petroleum economics • To teach why some economic decision parameters like as oil and gas contract types,

prices, reserves, production profiles, taxation and fiscal policies, and the environment are very critical.

• Learn the Petroleum economic decisions that are most critical to the Oil & Gas industry.• To learn and know how the Nigerian Petroleum Laws are applied.• To learn how the Oil markets operate.• To learn Risk Analysis, and basic oil and gas insurance• Learn how to apply the generally used economic decision methods in E&P investment

decisions.• To understand the different type of contracts and the fiscal intricacies involved.• To learn the factors that influence oil pricing and gain deeper insight into the importance

and role of OPEC.• To know the concept of Energy Geopolitics, and how it has, and can be used.• And be familiar with the PSC Act, the Deep Offshore Act, Marginal Fields Act, Nigerian

Content Law etc., and the emerging Petroleum Industry Bill, and their implications.

PETROLEUM RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS & RESERVES CLASSIFICATIONPetroleum Resources management system provides a consistent and standardized approach to estimating Petroleum quantities, evaluating Projects, and presenting results within a comprehensive classification framework.

International efforts to standardize the definitions of Petroleum Resources and how Resources volumes are estimated began in the 1930s. Early guidance focused on Proved Reserves.

Petroleum resources are the hydrocarbons volumes naturally occurring on or within the Earth’s crust. Resources assessments estimate quantities in known and yet-to-be-discovered accumulations, while resources evaluations are focused on those quantities that can potentially

be recovered and marketed by Commercial Projects. The Society of Petroleum Engineers International’s publication on this, is the globally recognized information source on this topic.

Course Objectives

The PRMS Course enables trainees to: • Become acquainted with the terminologies • And categorization of resources in the industry, • In order to facilitate management decisions • And proper accounting.• Understand Reservoir Classification, and the underlying guidelines• And Commercial Viability.• Know these can be used for effective petroleum management• Become acquainted with SPE’s professional guidance and publication on petroleum

management systems. RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGYRenewable energy is energy generated from naturally replaceable resources. They include sunlight, wind, rain, tide, waves and geothermal heat, and are renewable within a human timescale. They provide energy electricity generation, transportation, heat/cooling heating and cooling, and rural off-grid energy services.

Renewable energy technologies offer a potential for diversification in energy supply, thus strengthening energy security by broadening the energy generation portfolio used within a country. The use of renewables can reduce dependence on imported petroleum fuels, enhance the competitiveness of agricultural and other commodities, play an important and cost-effective role in rural electrification particularly in areas far from the grid, help in poverty alleviation, provide significant job creation opportunities and are less sophisticated meaning that a significant industry could be developed in Africa even where technical expertise is limited. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries such as China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. As of 2015 worldwide, more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable

This course deals with the description, and fundamentals, of the different renewableenergy technologies, wind, solar, biogas, and hydro-energy. It gives detailed information about renewable energy technologies and applications and informs students on the costs of different renewable energy technologies. It presents the discussion regarding common technical and non-technical barriers and the issues that limit the wide spread use and dissemination of renewable energy technology options. The module is backed with the UNDP’s instructional video on wind, solar, hydro and biogas technologies, as well as by IRENA’s [International Renewable Energy Agency’s] downloadable research publications, such as the “Hydropower Technology Brief”,

“Photovoltaic Systems”, “Renewable Energy Benefits, Leveraging local Capacity for Onshore Wind and “Offshore innovation widens renewable energy options Opportunities, challenges and the vital role of international co-operation to spur the global energy transformation” IRENA’s publications are also used as course materials by the United Nations treaty based EUCLID University, in the Gambia. The course does not teach biofuels and biodiesel, as these are covered in the Bioenergy PGD.

Course ObjectivesThe objectives of this module are as follows:*To enable the understanding of renewable energy technology in the broadest terms.* Present the different technology options that fall within the definition ofrenewable energy, in a developing country context.*Provide an overview of the different renewable energy technologies and theirapplications.*Show the strengths and weaknesses of renewable energy technologies.*Outline the expected costs for different renewable energy technologies.*Become acquainted with IRENA’s renewable energy technology strides, and learn therefrom. *And review the issues affecting effective deployment of renewable energy systems.

Learning OutcomesThe module hopes to achieve the following learning outcomes:*Be able to define the different key renewable energy technologies.*To have a broad appreciation of the potential applications for renewable energy technologies.*To understand the strengths and weaknesses of the different renewable energy technologies and hence to have a better grasp of the benefits of renewable energy.*To understand the basic costs for the different technologies.*Gain an appreciation of the issues and barriers that renewable energy projects face.

RENEWABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT & EFFICIENCYRenewable energy and energy efficiency options have been identified as importantfor the development of the sub-Saharan African energy sector. However, before nowthese options have not yet attracted a significant level of investment or policycommitment. As a result, there are not widely disseminated in the region.This module presents key reasons why energy sector decision-makers in Africashould promote renewables and energy efficiency options. The African Development Development Bank stated that it had achieved 100% investment in renewable energy, in 2017, to clean energy and efficiency, creating 2,750 jobs, generating 838 MW of wind energy, and 87 MW of solar PV energy. AFDB posted an estimated annual1,190,469 of carbon dioxide emission savings. Given the significant renewable energy potential in this region, opportunities exist for exploiting renewable energy technologies that also have energy efficiency attributes such as bagasse-based cogeneration, solar water heaters and geothermal combined heat/power plants.

The rationale for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency in national energy policies is not well argued. This might partially explain why limited attention is accorded to renewable energy and energy efficiency. Consequently, the largescale conventional energy sector (i.e. electricity and petroleum), which serves a smaller proportion of the population receives the bulk of energy investments in most countries in the region. In contrast, small-scale renewable energy options, which has potential for entrepreneurship and which serve the bulk of the population, receive limited budgetary support. The International Renewable Energy Agency’s publication on “Synergies between Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, a Working Paper Based on REmap 2030”, will form part of the student’s course material.

Course ObjectivesThis module will enable the student:

*To understand Renewable Energy Management Methods*Understand and apply Energy Efficiency techniques*Know how Policies and Regulations shape the Renewable Energy Sector.*Study the Kenyan Geothermal energy implementation.*Become knowledgeable with IRENA’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency synergy publications.*Be able to strongly argue, a sound rationale for promoting renewable energy,*And energy efficiency in Africa’s national energy policies.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY, FINANCE & ELECTRIC POWER MANAGEMENT The power sector can be defined as an energy sector that consists of both, electricitygeneration plants (and combined heat and power (CHP) plants), transmission and distribution infrastructure, and whose primary business is to generate, transport and sell electricity (or electricity and heat in the case of CHP) to the public.

Key players in the sector in Africa include utilities, independent power producers (IPPs), transmission system operators and distributors, rural electrification agencies and funds, as well as ministries and regulators (for policy design and policy implementation—through regulation—respectively).

Other players include manufacturers and consulting engineers who supply equipment and services for the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power by utilities and other power producers.

This module teaches and discusses the issues related to management, finance and regulation of the players in this sector, including production, transmission, and distribution of power as well as services related to the production, installation, overhaul and maintenance of power equipment and related consulting engineering, as well as their leverage with energy efficiency. The International Renewable Energy Agency’s publications on “Renewables and Electricity Storage, A Technology Roadmap for REmap 2030”, and “Investment Opportunities in West Africa, Suitability Maps for Grid Connected and Off-Grid Solar and Wind Projects”

will form part of student’s course materials.CoCourse Objectives

At the end of this module, the students will:

*Gain a deeper in sight into Regulatory Energy Efficiency Technology benefits*Become equipped with Energy Finance options*Get equipped with Power distribution methods, especially in rural areas*Know more about independent power plants, bundling and unbundling concepts*Be able to address reforms in the power sector*Know about Cogeneration of Energy*Learn the Energy Services approach for developing rural areas*Get acquainted with Energy Auditing* Become acquainted with the International Renewable Energy Agency’s publications on “Renewables and Electricity Storage, A Technology Roadmap for REmap 2030”, and “Investment Opportunities in West Africa, Suitability Maps for Grid Connected and Off-Grid Solar and Wind Projects”.*And become capable of developing Energy Finance models

GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Global energy resources are the estimated maximum capacity for energy production given all available resources on earth. They can be divided by type into fossil fuel, nuclear fuel and renewable resources.

These are the proven energy reserves; real reserves may be up to a factor 4 larger. Significant uncertainty exists for these available numbers. Estimating the remaining fossil fuels on the planet depends on a detailed understanding of Earth's crust. While modern drilling technology makes it possible to drill wells in up to 3 km of water to verify the exact composition of the geology, one half of the ocean is deeper than 3 km, leaving about a third of the planet beyond the reach of detailed analysis.

In addition to uncertainty in real reserves, there is significant uncertainty in technological and economic factors that impact what percentage of reserves can be recovered gainfully. In general the easiest to reach deposits are the first extracted. Factors affecting the cost of exploiting the remaining reserves include the accessibility of fossil deposits, the level of sulfur and other pollutants in the oil and the coal, transportation costs, and societal instability in producing regions.

This course focuses on the study, reviewing and examining in detail, all the available energy resources, renewable and non-renewable worldwide. They include oil, natural gas, coal, marine energy, nuclear, solar, peat, geothermal, wind, hydro, bioenergy/biomass, hydrogen cells, energy from waste, energy efficiency, cost of generation technologies etc., and provide a baseline for the development of a credible energy management program. Inclusive of the instructional materials

available in this module, the “World Energy Resources” publication is used by permission of the World Energy Council.

Course Objectives: At the end of this course, students will:

*Know what the global energy resources and reserves are.*Have a global strategic insight into the various energy resources.*They will be able plan based on available fossil and renewable energy.*They will be equipped with the fundamentals of globally available energy resources.*Recognize the Geothermal energy potential of Africa. *They will become capable of leading energy transition, and manage the energy mix.*Understand the roles of gasification and co-firing in overall energy management strategy.*They will become conversant with the geo-availability of oil, gas, coal, nuclear, solar, peat, geothermal, wind, hydro, bioenergy/biomass, hydrogen cells etc., resources.*Become acquainted with the complete energy resources of the world, as published by the World Energy Council.*Be knowledgeable in energy generation costs, their efficiencies and sustainability.*And use global energy resources baseline for the development of a credible energy management program and policy.

GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY & CARBON MARKETSThe global concern about carbon emissions from fossil fuels, global warming and climate change has led to the development of energy policy instruments that encourage renewable energy technologies and their integration into the global and national energy mix, while using that instrument to tax carbon emissions and use the proceeds to fund renewables.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international treaty on global climate change. Signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Convention’s objective is the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”

The Protocol also stipulates that the reduction objectives are not legally binding until those countries having ratified the treaty represent at least 55% of global emissions in 1990. This quorum was achieved in September of 2004 following the ratification of the Protocol by Russia.

In this module, you will learn about carbon markets and trading, and how they have become instruments for carbon dioxide emission management, as well as, what an energy policy constitutes. The module concludes with a review of Nigeria’ Energy Policy, as issued by the Energy Commission of Nigeria, and the Department of Petroleum Resources.

Course Objectives:At the end of this Module, you will*Know the more about UNFCCC treaty

*Understand the Paris Climate Change Agreement*Be equipped with how Carbon Credits are used*Become aware factors that influence the Global Energy Policy*Get conversant with the Nigerian ECN’s Energy Policy and Renewable Energy Policy. *Know the details of the DPR’s Petroleum Policy, Gas Policy and Petroleum Fiscal Policy.*And the Energy international Management System

FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOENERGY

Bioenergy is renewable energy derived from recently living biological material, or biomass. Fossil carbon sources of energy, such as coal and petroleum, are not sources of bioenergy since these materials are the result of geological processes that transformed plants living many thousands of years ago. It is a form of renewable energy because the energy contained in biomass is energy from the sun captured through natural processes of photosynthesis, and so long as the quantity of biomass used is equal to or less than the amount that can be regrown it is potentially renewable indefinitely. Bioenergy includes power and fuels derived from biomass.

Biopower, for example, is electricity generated from combustion of biomass. Heat and steam, or a combination of both, may also be produced through combustion of biomass, and may be produced in co-generation with electricity.

Biofuel is commonly used to refer to biomass-derived liquid fuels and gases most typically used in transportation.

Motivations and drivers of bioenergy development, including Government interest in energy security and energy independence, federal and state policies, government funded programs, and opportunities for regional economic development are detailed.

This module provides background information on bioenergy, its development, uses and economic, social and ecological impacts, as well as introduction to key concepts, science and policy related to biomass supply. A primary goal of this module is to improve the understanding of why bioenergy development is being promoted, and what are the potential benefits and challenges of bioenergy. Additionally, this module is intended to enhance the breadth and depth of student’s vocabulary related to renewable energy and sustainability.

Course Objectives:*Provide current international background information regarding energy consumption and production statistics.*Describe policy which has led to increased interest in bioenergy sources and uses.*Lead discussions of bioenergy development, addressing opportunities and concerns.*Provide overview of the bioenergy process, products, feedstock requirements, and address concerns about sustainability.*Lead discussions of potential trade-offs related to the development of bioenergy sources.*Help local decision-makers find relevant and accurate information as they consider options and develop projects.

*Provide information regarding regional and global impacts of bioenergy development and concerns about sustainability.

BIOENERGY CROP PRODUCTION: MARKETING AND ECONOMICS This course presents the economic and market issues existing in bioenergy crop production. In many respects, this is the proverbial “chicken and egg” issue. Farmers will not plant new energy crops if there aren’t any markets or if the markets are uncertain. Likewise, facility managers and shareholders need assurance that there will be a steady feedstock supply before they will build a processing facility or convert from fossil fuel to a biofuel. There are policy and economic factors affecting the development of the market of bioenergy crops.

Raising crops for bioenergy use incurs many of the same production costs as growing crops for feed or food: seeds or plants, pest control chemicals, fertilizer, fuel, labor and machine use and upkeep. However, farmers wishing to grow crops for the bioenergy market must also consider the costs of dry-down, baling and storage of biomass.

Course Objectives:*Utilize economic assessment tools to determine farmer return on investment for various bioenergy crops.*Identify economic and environmental concerns and ecosystem services enhancement opportunities.*Characterize a range of energy crops and analyze the regional suitability of each*Detail environmental growing requirements and cultural practices for a range of bioenergy crops.*Determine yield potential of various bioenergy crops.*Describe harvest, storage, processing, and transportation requirements for various bioenergy crops.*Help farmers identify on-farm bioenergy production opportunities.

WATER RESOURCES: ISSUES & OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOENERGY GENERATION

This course presents an overview of the impacts of bioenergy production on water resources. Production of bioenergy feedstocks takes place on the landscape, within watersheds. Knowledge of the water cycle and how it functions in a watershed is important to understanding bioenergy production impacts on water resources.

Increasing bioenergy production may require increased row crop production through Ecological Intensification of cropping systems. Water is needed at various rates and times throughout the bioenergy production cycle, from crop growth to feedstock processing into biofuel. Water use and its impacts on the many aspects of the water cycle need to be part of the decision making process for biofuels crop selection and production.

This module will provide an introduction to these topics. Several topics will be further explored in later modules. You should have an introductory understanding of water and bioenergy issues after completing this course.

Course Objectives:*Discuss water quality and quantity issues associated with bioenergy crop production.*Determine BMPs (Best Management Practices) for converting CRP (Conservation Reserve Program) and other marginal lands to bioenergy crop production, accounting for regional variation.*Identify water conservation strategies for the production of bioenergy crops*Understand ecological intensification in the context of landscape conversion and bioenergy crop production.

BIOENERGY PROCESSES & THE NIGERIAN SCENARIOOne major method which has been studied to reduce CO2 emissions from vehicles is the blending of gasoline with ethanol. It is estimated that about8.908 x 10 -3 metric tonnes of CO2 are emitted from the combustion of a gallon of gasoline that does not contain ethanol, and1.015 x 10 -2 metric tonnes of CO2 are emitted from the combustion of a gallon of diesel that does not contain ethanol. Increase in the consumption of ethanol fuel has mitigated increases in CO2 emissions from the transportation sector.

Ethanol production from sugar cane is commercially available in Brazil, while biofuel production from algae is at research and development phase. Existing research on biomass resources and the potential for biofuels in Nigeria is focused on power generation and biofuels production from first generation biomass. Typically this substitutes fuel production for food crops. There is currently limited information on the state of biomass conversion technologies for the utilization of non-food crops for transportation fuels production in Nigeria.

This module will explain the process involved in the production of biofuel, biogas and biodiesel.

Course Objectives*To elucidate the various bioenergy processes for biofuel, biodiesel and biogas.*To provide the required knowledge on the various indigenous biomass resources and energy crops in Nigeria.*To highlight the in-country industrial efforts made so far, between the state oil company [NNPC], and bioenergy development companies.*To explain the bioenergy development efforts made so far, in Nigeria,*And identify the problems been encountered in the process of biodevelopment.

BIOGAS: INTRODUCTION TO ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONAnaerobic digestion is a natural biological process where microorganisms convert complex carbohydrates into biogas in an oxygen free environment. Anaerobic digestion mineralizes nutrients and reduces odors, which enables farmers to apply digestate (the slurry that is removed from the digester after digestion) in places manure cannot be applied. A growing number of farms are using anaerobic digestion to treat manure as part of a manure management plan.

An anaerobic digester simulates the digestive process of the ruminant animal. Like the ruminant animal, an anaerobic digester uses fermenting bacteria to break down biomass into organic acids. These acids are converted into methane by methanogens. Biogas is typically 60 percent methane and 40 percent carbon dioxide, with some trace gases

Anaerobic bacteria break down complex carbohydrates in the feedstocks into organic acids that are used by methanogens to create biogas and slurry. The biogas is removed to produce natural gas, electricity or heat. The slurry is removed and land applied as a source of nutrients on growing crops or further processed into a filtrate or fiber product. Both present value added opportunities for farmers.

This module provides background information on the anaerobic digestion process, biogas and other products of anaerobic digestion, and on the energy applications of biogas. Possible environmental benefits and concerns associated with anaerobic digestion are described.

Course Objectives *Understand the biological process for producing biogas. *Discuss anaerobic digester applications for agricultural and wastewater systems, the situations that warrant an on-farm digester and the various digester size options that are available for a producer. *Describe the uses for digestate and biogas. *Discuss the environmental benefits and concerns associated with anaerobic digesters.

BIOGAS: FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONBiogas is produced by fermenting bacteria and methanogens under anaerobic conditions and at optimal temperature, pH and environmental conditions. This process works best when fermenting bacteria and methanogens are balanced and working together. When conditions inside the digester change and fermenting bacteria and methanogens are no longer in balance, the digester is at risk of going “sour” and eventually ceases to produce biogas.

Fermenting bacteria and methanogens work in tandem to produce biogas. Methanogens are microorganisms that live in an anaerobic environment and convert organic acids produced by the fermenting bacteria into methane.

Complex organics include proteins and polysaccharides. These are reduced to higher organic acids by hydrolytic and acidogenic bacteria. Higher organic acids are converted into acetic acid by acetogenic, homoacetogenic and syntrophic bacteria. Methanogens convert acetic acid into

methane. It should be noted that the primary conversion route is from complex organics to acetic acid to methane, although hydrogen is also a significant component of methane generation. This module provides information on factors that need to be managed in order to maintain biogas produc-tion. These factors – microbial population, feedstocks, loading rate, mixing, and environmental issues – determine the effectiveness of digester operation.

Course Objectives *Describe the role each factor plays in biogas production. *Identify possible feedstocks for a digester. *Suggest possible loading rates. *Identify tools that estimate biogas yield.* Understand why fermenting bacteria and methanogens work together*What “sour” digesters are, and how they can be prevented.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTERSAll anaerobic digesters perform the same basic function. They hold organic matter in the absence of oxygen and maintain the proper conditions for methane forming microorganisms to grow. There are a wide variety of anaerobic digesters, each performing this basic function in a subtly different way. Eight of the most common digesters are described in this module. Construction and material handling techniques can vary greatly within the main categories. For clarity, digesters are divided into three categories — passive systems, low rate systems, and high rate systems. We will also look at the special case of high solids digestion. This module provides information on the types of digesters, including suggestions on how to identify the appropriate digester for various farm conditions, uses and feedstock mixes.

Course Objectives *To describe the process of producing biogas for each digester. *To describe the conditions best suited for biogas production for each digester. *To describe the advantages and disadvantages of each digester. *Enable students understand how to use tools that enable farmers to determine what digester is most appropriate for their particular farm operation, and detail the pros and cons of potential options.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTER OPERATIONSAnaerobic digestion is a complex biochemical reaction carried out in a number of steps by several types of microorganisms that require no oxygen to live. This reaction produces biogas, which is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide. The Anaerobic Digestion Process in an anaerobic environment, specialized microorganisms break down complex organic matter (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) into molecules with a smaller atomic mass that are soluble in water (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids). Methane and carbon dioxide are the primary end products of this process, which is known as biogas. Table 1 lists the typical composition of biogas. More importantly, anaerobic digestion stabilizes the slurry in the digester.

The overall conversion process of complex organic matter into methane and carbon dioxide can be divided into four steps, namely hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. It should be pointed out that some researchers combine the acidogenesis and acetogenesis steps and make it a three step conversion process.

This module provides information on the start-up, operation and control of a digester, and sets forth the reasons why digesters fail. Included in this module are standards for best operating procedures and safe operation of digesters. The International Renewable Energy Agency’s publication on “Measuring small-scale biogas capacity and production” forms part of students course materials”.

Course Objectives *Explain the process for starting a digester. *Explain aspects of digester operation and control to clients. *Suggest potential reasons for digester malfunction. *Work with farmers to develop best operating practices for their digester. *Understand the safety issues when operating a digester. *Become acquainted with IRENA’s leading role in this field.

BIOGAS DIGESTERS ECONOMICSThis module discusses the capital requirements for installing a dairy farm anaerobic digester, how the capital cost is likely to vary with herd size and the ancillary components included, what is happening to con-struction costs over time, tips on obtaining financing, and some of the grants and subsidies available to help defray the cost of a digester. The main operating and maintenance cost items are also discussed in this course.

This module provides information concerning the economic aspects of establishing an on-farm based anaerobic digester. Course participants are introduced to computer based decision support tools to assist in evaluating the economics of a digester and the issues of risk and opportunities in output markets.

Course Objectives *Identify sources of financing for anaerobic digesters. *Understand economic issues around the startup and operation of a digester. *Know how to use computer support tools to determine the economic feasibility of an on-farm digester. *Discuss potential markets for products and by-products of anaerobic digesters.

COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERSThis module explores the application of anaerobic digesters to multiple waste sources through central community digesters and other cooperative approaches. Earlier modules in this series have described the biological processes, management and operational features, and the types and various capabilities of anaerobic digesters.

Most of the information in modules 1-5 also applies to cooperatively-developed anaerobic digesters. This module will explore in greater detail the business models, design features and conditions favoring the development of community digesters. Community digesters take waste from smaller producers who cannot support an individual digester and allow the integration of anaerobic digestion into larger community waste, energy and environmental management objectives.

The units within this module provide case studies and lessons for anaerobic digestion applications at the community or cooperative scale.

Course Objectives *Identify the design, economic and policy barriers to conventional anaerobic digesters for community applications. *Describe the community digester approach to aggregating organic waste streams from multiple sources. *Identify different ownership structures and business models available to develop community digesters. *Identify economic and policy approaches that support community digesters.

BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, POLICIES & STANDARDSThe European Union is taken in this course as a case study due to their advancement in biofuels, therefore a careful study needs to be made, and learning points noted, as Nigeria moves forward in this energy type, if not for the purpose of energy switch, certainly for blending with gasoline, in order to improve the octane rating, and as an antiknock agent.

In the European Union (EU) several targets have been defined in order to promotebiofuels. These policies are formulated in official papers of the European Commission andwill be subsequently shortly summarized.

About 20 biofuel plants are under construction, or nearing completion, as a result of NNPC’s MOU for the local production of biofuels, which will be used as antiknock for petroleum gasoline. In this module, all forms of biofuel, including advanced biofuels will be taught, and the emerging international standards explained. The International Renewable Energy Agency’s publications on “Biofuels for Aviation Technology Brief”, “Biofuel Potential in Sub-Saharan Africa: Raising food yields, reducing food waste and utilising residues” and “InnovationOutlook Advanced Liquid Biofuels” form part of the student’s course materials.

Course Objectives:*To explain the international Policies that promote the growth of Bioenergy- biofuel, biodiesel and biogas.*To list and highlight the energy crops, in use, and potential use.*To teach how biogas can be ‘upgraded’ to biomethane, for automotive, and other uses. *To teach in greater detail, the Bioenergy Technologies that are in use, and emerging.* Draw student’s attention to the importance of Standardization of Bioenergy, especially biofuels and biodiesel, *Get the student acquainted with IRENA’s research developents strides in the Biofuel field.*And the relevance of the ASTM [American Society for Testing and Materials], and other international bioenergy standards.

HSE LEVEL 1According to the Petroleum Safety Authority, Norway, Occupational Health, Safety and Environmental Management involves managing, controlling and handling all aspects of health, safety and the environment in various organizations and industry – with the focus on major accident risk.

A health, safety, and environmental (HSE) plan is a crucial step towards mitigating project risks, yet many companies don't use them on every project. They may require more time and planning up front, but the payoff can be huge.

A company-wide HSE policy is the primary method used to communicate management's commitment and expectations regarding management of health, safety and environmental aspects, issues and risks. It is used to communicate policy to the global workforce as well as key stakeholders and the general public.

In today’s business environment, companies are under growing pressure to comply with Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) laws and regulations. 

Increasingly, they are looking for an integrated approach to these issues to keep their compliance costs low, avoid potential litigation and even to protect their corporate image.

The HSE Level 1 course qualification focuses on impacting the knowledge and skills, as well as, the principles and practices of industrial safety, environmental protection and occupational health. It lays the foundation, on which a robust HSE career will be later built.

Course Objectives:* To teach students the importance of Safety in household, industrial and community settings.* To explain how Environmental management practice enhance safety operations.*Students will be taught Safety awareness, principles and practices.*Trainees will learn Environmental principles, pollution, and practices.*They will be able to establish the relationship between a health hazard, a disease and accident.*Level 1 basic knowledge and skills cutting across the following HSE topics: HSE Polices, Job Hazard Analysis, Unsafe Act Audit Report Form, Permit to work, Journey Management, Defensive Driving, Incident Report Form, Accident and Incident Investigation and Reporting, Environmental Management, Waste Management, Safe handling of Chemicals, Environmental Impact Assessment, Evaluation Report and Statement (EIA, EEA, EIS), Occupational Health, Security Management, Emergency Response, Community Disturbance, Theft, Oil Pipeline Sabotage, Protective Measures, Community Development, First Aid, Fire, Safety etc.

HSE LEVEL 2Every person who is a worker should be well instructed as to the hazards and risks associated with the tasks he/she is expected to perform and the precautions to be taken to avoid harm. The procedures to be followed when executing any task must be religiously observed. Appropriate personal protective equipment needed for task being executed on a general basis must be worn.

Safety is as important as any other aspect of company’s business. No job is so important that it cannot be done in a safe manner. In fact a job should not be done or continued if the question on safety cannot be answered. Definite sanctions are for those who flout safety rules. Safety should be first and always in all out activities.

HSE rules are meant to ensure that all companies comply with regulations guiding the companies operational standards. As mentioned earlier to pursue the goal of no harm to the people – whether staff, contractors, or indigenes, and to protect the environment. To achieve this objective, there are set rules and procedures that must be adhered executing and task. These rules when complied with will prevent accidents, which result in injury to people, loss of product, which may lead to pollution of the environment and exposure of persons to health hazards.

This level is designed to help improve the workplace culture by enabling learners to understand the fundamental principles of risk assessment. The course is suitable for anyone in a work environment as it raises learners’ awareness of the concept of risk assessment.

Course Objectives:*To imbibe in students the general principles of occupational health and hygiene.*To equip candidates with the HSE and Emergency Management skills required to lead a modern industrial establishment.*To acquaint participant with the basic principles of fire with a view to allying their fear and increase their understanding of fire. *To explain the roles of occupational hygienist.*To enable trainees understand the relationship between a health hazard, a disease and accident.*To help them know the types of occupational hazards in working environment (basic classes of environmental stress). *To emphasize the three phases of occupational health program - assessment, evaluation and control of hazards.*And enhance their knowledge of industrial hygiene and control.*Understand the nature and properties of fire.*Know different types and extinguishing media.*Know types and use of portable fire extinguishers with their limitations.*Know causes of fire.*Know how to prevent fire occurrence *Know how to fight fires, at incipient stage.*Emergency management and natural disaster response.*Security operations in industry and access control.*Community liason, development and crisis management.*Journey management.

*Level 2 knowledge and skills cutting across the following HSE topics: HSE Polices, Job Hazard Analysis, Unsafe Act Audit Report Form, Permit to work, Journey Management, Defensive Driving, Incident Report Form, Accident and Incident Investigation and Reporting, Environmental Management, Waste Management, Safe handling of Chemicals, Environmental Impact Assessment, Evaluation Report and Statement (EIA, EEA, EIS), Occupational Health, Security Management, Emergency Response, Community Disturbance, Theft, Oil Pipeline Sabotage, Protective Measures, Community Development, First Aid, Fire, Safety etc.

HSE LEVEL 3Among other issues, this level teaches the HSE Management System which is based on the ISO 14001 and 18001 Management Systems. It Emphasizes on the Hazards and Effect Management Process, which is the heart of a HSE-Management System, which is also specially treated in this module.

Hazards as we already know is the potential to cause harm and this potential could be an event, any circumstance or condition that might include ill health, injury or even death, all these could result to property damage, production losses or increased liabilities.

The Hazards and effect management processes boarders basically on the hazards in the work site or around us, its effect both on man, production and management of these hazard/effects to reduce injury to personnel and damage to property and even loss of time. Identification, Assessment, Control and Recovery are the processes involved in the Hazard and Effects Management Process.

This level 3 course specially focuses on environmental management issues of pollution, control, regulatory framework, waste management, environmental assessments, air pollution, climate change issues, amongst others. This course teaches environmental management within the context of a HSE Management and HEMP.

Course objectives:*To teach the HSE Management Systems*To imbibe candidates with Environmental Management knowledge, and skills.*To equip candidates with the HSE and Emergency Management skills required to lead a modern industrial establishment.*To acquaint participant with the basic principles of fire with a view to allying their fear and increase their understanding of fire. *Fire prevention, control and protection. to acquaint participant with the basic principles of fire with a view to allying their fear and increase their understanding of fire. *Understand the nature and properties of fire.*Level 3 knowledge and skills cutting across the following HSE topics: HSE Polices, Job Hazard Analysis, Unsafe Act Audit Report Form, Permit to work, Journey Management, Defensive Driving, Incident Report Form, Accident and Incident Investigation and Reporting, Environmental Management, Waste Management, Safe handling of Chemicals, Environmental Impact Assessment, Evaluation Report and Statement (EIA, EEA, EIS), Occupational Health,

Security Management, Emergency Response, Community Disturbance, Theft, Oil Pipeline Sabotage, Protective Measures, Community Development, First Aid, Fire, Safety etc.

ADVANCED HSE MANAGEMENTLevel 4 HSE gives the student deeper insight into the HSE Management System, already explained in level 3, it is defined as a quality management system for managing risks within the company to assure the protection of people, assets, and reputation, and the protection of the environment the company operates within. Incorporated in the HSE-MS are the means to meet the requirements of the company’s HSE statement, policy and commitment, including those of continuous improvement and compliance with the law.

The purpose of any management system is to ensure that the activities of the company are planned, carried out, controlled and directed so that the business objectives of the company are met. It should have an improvement loop in its construction following the plan- do- check –feedback steps of any quality system.

The role of the leadership which management provides, in the installation, implementation and control of a HSE-MS alongside conventional HSE, is emphasized.

Course objectives:* To teach students the installation, implementation and control of a HSE-MS alongside conventional HSE.*To emphasize HSE auditing as monitoring and control tool.*To explain the HSE management system implementation process.*Assist trainees to learn the applicable ISO Standards.*Help them understand the difference and similarities between ISO OHSAS 18001 and ISO 45001.*To enable them become familiar with the ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems.*Enable students to learn HSE Business Improvement through leadership and action planning. *Advanced level knowledge and skills cutting across the following HSE topics: HSE Polices, Job Hazard Analysis, Unsafe Act Audit Report Form, Permit to work, Journey Management, Defensive Driving, Incident Report Form, Accident and Incident Investigation and Reporting, Environmental Management, Waste Management, Safe handling of Chemicals, Environmental Impact Assessment, Evaluation Report and Statement (EIA, EEA, EIS), Occupational Health, Security Management, Emergency Response, Community Disturbance, Theft, Oil Pipeline Sabotage, Protective Measures, Community Development, First Aid, Fire, Safety etc.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT - SENIOR MANAGERS COURSE

The joint International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) constituted in 1950 and revised in 1995, defined Occupational Health as the ―promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupation‖.

ILO further summarized Occupational Health definition as the ―prevention of departure from health among workers caused by their working conditions; the promotion of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health, the placing and maintenance of the worker in occupational environment adapted to their physical and psychological well-being; and the adaptation of work to man and man to his work.

Occupational health is a means of protecting and maintaining the physical, psychological and social health of workers and their families. It can also be viewed as the study of factors or conditions influencing the health and well being of workers not only in the place of work but also at home with the aim of promoting health, safety and welfare of the workers and their family.

Course objectives: *To explain Occupational Health and its benefits.*To help trainees that the physical and mental demands of the job matches the anatomical, physiological and psychological capabilities of the individual worker meant for the job. *To identify work hazards that occur in the work place/environment. *To identify potential, physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial stressors in a variety of work environments. *To explain Occupational health regulations. *To equip trainees with ways of protecting the working individuals from health hazards.*To explain the role of Occupational Health team members and the role of the nurse and the role of community health practitioners in protecting and promoting the health and safety of workers. *To elucidate the roles of health education and rehabilitation services for workers who have emotional, physical injuries and psychological problem.

OIL & GAS CONTRACTING, PROCUREMENT, LOGISTICS & SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

Introduction: Exploration includes seismic, geophysical and geological operations, while production operations include drilling, reservoir, production, and facilities engineering. Refining is a complex operation and its output is the input to marketing. Marketing includes the retail sale of gasoline, engine oil and other refined products. Each stage of the link can be a separate company or a unit of an integrated firm.

Very few industries can benefit from maximizing supply chain efficiencies more than the oil and gas companies. In this industry, the types of shipments made vary widely from gloves to pipes, valves, cranes, chemicals, cement, steel, and drilling rigs, just to mention a few. In addition, very few industries require this immense array of supplies to be moved daily and frequently in large quantities domestically, globally, onshore and offshore. In exploration and production, most of the work and activities are repetitive. This course will look at these issues in addition procurement and logistics management obtainable in the oil and gas supply chain.

Learning Outcomes and Objectives:*Participants will learn the various variations in the contracting process.*Procurement procedures and case studies will be deliberated upon.*The Public Procurement Act, NYPEX and other applicable regulations will be explained.*Trainees will understand the Tendering Process, Outsourcing and Offshoring and single sourcing better. * They will imbibe the fundamentals of Production, Inventory, Warehousing, Materials Handling, Location, Transportation and Information management.

*Supply Chain Management in the Oil and Gas Sector and opportunities for improvement using the UK Oil & Gas Code of Practice will be taught.*Fraud detection and Corruption in SCM and Procurement/Logistics will be covered.

  Course Content & Outline: o Applicable Legislations  o Public Procurement Act of 2007o Procurement in the oil and gas sectoro Need identification o Specificationso NYPEXo Outsourcing o Offshoring o Invitation to Tender o The Tendering Processo Single Sourcing o Negotiationo Contract Executiono Rate Contracto Turnkeyo Single Source o Supervisiono SCM Definitionso Productiono Inventoryo Warehousingo Materials Handlingo Locationo Transportationo Informationo Supply Chain Management in the oil and gas sector o Explorationo Drillingo Productiono Refiningo Marketing, Piping/Transportation/Exporto Distribution of oil and gaso Vertical Integrationo Virtual Integrationo Configurationo Coordinationo Continuous improvement  o Customer focus and satisfactiono Establishing supply management systemo SCM System in Schlumberger - case study 

o Leadershipo General HSE

 

TANKFARM, TERMINAL & DEPOT OPERATIONS[OGBS-TP: 10]

Introduction Terminals in the oil and gas industry serve as facilities for storage, and export of petroleum. Normally it has storage tanks, shipping facilities and in some cases processing equipment. This course will teach all that it takes to operate oil terminals and depots.

Learning Outcomes/Benefits*The fundamentals of tankfarms, terminals and depots will be taught in this course.*The operational and HSE aspects of terminal operations as stipulated by the DPR will be explained.*They will learn how Storage tanks and fittings are operated.*Custody transfer and applicable precautions will be taught to participants…

Course Outline: Terminologies Introduction to Terminal, Depot & Tankfarm Operations Terminal Layout

DPR Guidelines for the Construction & Operation of Depots Depot Operations Storage Tanks Dehydration Gauging & sampling Oil Receipts & Grades -Booking Management -Gate Operations -Wireless Operation -Cargo Management -Billing Management -Gate movement EDI, container repair EDI, Billing EDI -Reporting -Profile & Setting De-oiling Dehydration Sludge Management Pigging Utilities Improve Efficiency through Optimized Operation Support Customer Needs through Flexible Configuration Enhance Management Competence through Real-Time Monitoring

Successful Implementation with Experienced Support Team Full Service Depot Management System Software-easiest way to control your depot

yard or terminal OPERATING GUIDELINES SECURITY AND SITE ACCESS External site fencing and warning signage Internal site and compound fencing Control of locked storage and work areas Control of open storage areas Depot lighting Depot Security System Lock control and key access Site Access Control CUSTODY TRANSFER PROCESS Offloading & Loading Metering Methods Differential Flow Meters Turbine Flow meters Positive Displacement Flow meters Coriolis Flow meters Ultrasonic Meters Lease Automatic Custody Transfer unit or LACT unit Accuracy Measurement Requirements Liquid Custody Transfer

Gas Custody Transfer Temperature and pressure measurements Best Practices

FIRE PROTECTION DISPOSAL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Waste services, disposal and examples Scrap Metal STOCK CONTROL PROCUREMENT AND ORDERING PLANT USE AND STORAGE Mobile & Small Plant PLANT DEFECT REPORTING AND TAGOUT FUEL AND LUBRICANT CONTROL DEPOT ADMINISTRATION Customer Service PLANT REPLACEMENT OPERATIONAL EMEGENCY MANAGEMENT Emergency Shutdown System Oil Containment Low Scale Event Event Procedures

MECHANICAL SEALS

Introduction

This course, which our Trainers designed, developed and delivered to Shell Production Maintenance personnel on contract basis (Shell PRME 11, PH and Warri; Contract No W09799, from 2000-2004), will increase participants knowledge in the installation and maintenance of Mechanical Seals. There will be practical demonstrations on assembling and disassembling seals.

Learning Outcomes:Participants will be able to: *Describe the design and principles of operation of Mechanical Seals*Assemble and Disassemble Mechanical Seals correctly*Install various types of Mechanical Seals correctly*Troubleshoot Mechanical Seals Failure and effect repairs safely in accordance with manufacturer’s standard, in practical sessions.*They will be taught about the different types of Rotating Equipment that use mechanical seals.*They will understand the effects of temperature and pressure changes across sealing forces

Course Outline:*Introduction to the Philosophy of Mechanical Seals *Types of Rotating Equipment on which Mechanical Seals are used.*Balanced/Unbalanced*Double Balanced Seal arrangements (including the Effect of Converting and Diverging Sealing Gaps and how they are created and controlled) *Balance Percentages Effect on Mechanical Seal Performance *Varying Pressure Drops *Temperature increases across the Sealing Faces*Single and Multi Spring designs*Metal Bellows*Rotating and Stationary Spring arrangements*Troubleshooting Mechanical Seal Failure*Cartridge and non-Cartridge Seal arrangements.

For Whom: Production, Operations and Maintenance personnel and all who deal with seals.

BEARING & LUBRICATION

Introduction This course is designed for personnel who are involved in the maintenance of bearing and lubrication of machineries. It is aimed at improving knowledge and care of bearings and lubricants.

Course Outline:Lubricant Types Functions of BearingsAnti-Friction & Plain BearingsInstallation, Care & HandlingAnalysis of Bearing Failure & RemediesPrinciples & Functions of LubricationConcept of FrictionLubrication SystemsUse of Oil CoolersLubricant SelectionEnvironmental & Waste Management

Learning OutcomesOn completion, trainees will be able to:*List the functions of various types of bearings and lubricants*State their importance*Select appropriate types of bearings and lubricants*Identify the cause of bearing failure*Carry out necessary lubrication/bearing maintenance*And do condition monitoring of lubricant systems

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT GRADUATE CERTIFICATE TRAINING

This course deals with the fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering. It covers and goes beyond the SHELL Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, Course GO1. Petroleum reserves, classifications, rock characterization, depletion, fluid flow and phase behavior as well as how these interact with PVT to give the Reservoir Engineer optimum recovery. EOR techniques are also addressed and microbial enhanced oil recovery introduced.

Course Outline:: Petroleum Reserves Reservoir Rock Characterization (Porosity, Permeability, Saturation) Reservoir Fluid Characterization Material Balance Gas & Oil Reservoirs

Fluid Flow (with Well Testing) and Phase Behaviour Reservoir Properties Oil in Place determination Volumetric Methods Material Balance and Applications Water Influx Calculations Fluid Flow Concepts Secondary Recovery Methods Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Reservoir Modeling & Simulation Reserves Estimates Advances in Reservoir Engineering and Management Reservoir Simulation, Software application

Learning Outcomes*Reservoir Management skills will be acquired*Water Influx calculations and material balance will be fully understood.*The use of reservoir modeling and simulation softwares will be enhanced.*EOR techniques will be properly mastered*How and when to use MEOR for marginal fields will be understood.

EFFECTIVE REPORT WRITING

COMMUNICATION &PRESENTATION SKILLS

Both Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills represent specialized aspects of Communicating information to various audiences. Yet, the three aspects are very distinct and unique information management and presentation methods. One striking accusation against many engineers, scientists and managers is that they lack effective report writing and communication skills. All these will be taught and addressed in this three-in-one training program.

Course Outline:*Introduction and General information*Language and organization of Technical Reports*Problems in Technical Reporting*Presentation Skills: Purpose, Uses, and Need*Steps Involved: Audience Research and Analysis*Organizational tools, visual aids, helpful hints*Report writing formats*Topic, Author/Team list, Introduction, Objectives, Main Body, Conclusions, Recommendations, References, Reviews, References, Acronymn, Index etc.*Scientific and Engineering Reports*Evaluating Report inputs and outputs*Communication Skills: -Rapport-Active listening -Observation-Body Language-Empathy

-Questioning -Recording-Reporting*Techniques-Precision-Accuracy-Clarity-Readability-Formality-Simplicity-Readability

Learning Outcomes

Delegates will:*Acquire the skill for writing good reports*Ability to recognize and avoid common mistakes in language*Ability to write reports and proposals in a logical manner*Capability to prepare and use good Communication Skills*Ability to prepare and deliver fluent and convincing oral presentations, using appropriate Learning/visual aids, and be able to diplomatically/prudently handle negative attitudes.*Communication – oral, speaking capability, written, presenting, listening.*Courtesy – manners, etiquette, business etiquette, gracious, says please and thank you, respectful.*Flexibility – adaptability, willing to change, lifelong learner, accepts new things, adjusts, teachable.*Integrity – honest, ethical, high morals, has personal values, does what’s right.*Interpersonal skills – nice, personable, sense of humor, friendly, nurturing, empathetic, has self-control, patient, sociability, warmth, social skills.*Positive attitude – optimistic, enthusiastic, encouraging, happy, confident.*Professionalism – businesslike, well-dressed, appearance, poised.*Responsibility – accountable, reliable, gets the job done, resourceful, self-disciplined, wants to do well, conscientious, common sense.*Teamwork – cooperative, gets along with others, agreeable, supportive, helpful, collaboration.*Work ethic – hard working, willing to work, loyal, initiative, self-motivated etc.

ADVANCED CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP & TIME MANAGEMENT

This course will teach all that is traditionally known as Customer Service, but in addition to that, it presents advanced Customer Management Knowledge and Methods, as well as Time Management. Both new entrants and experienced professionals are welcome to register for this program.

Course Outline:

Module 1- Introduction To Customer Service

Importance Of Customer Service; Underating Customer Complain; How Do You Define Service? Who Are Your Customers? Customer Service And Contact; External & Internal Customers; Customer Friendliness And Approach.

Module 2- What Customer Service Means

What Customer Service Means; Have No Choice-Monopoly

Module 3: Customer Service Qualities

Research Data; Five Basic Customer Qualities; Simple Action Huge Returns;

Appearance; Visual Perception; Smiling; Eye Contact; Handshakes, Attentiveness, Voice Tone; Gestures, Personal Space; Posture, Observation.

Module 4- Telephone Conversation And E-Mails

Pitch, Telephone Etiquette, Answering, Asking, Trouble Shooting, Transfering A Call, Offering, Help, Ending A Call, E-Mailing.

Module 5- First Impressions And Responses

Trust, Do’s And Dont’s, Saying No, I Don’t Know, You Are Right-That Is Bad; I Understand, Calm Down, Apology, I’m Busy, Call Me Back, That’s Not Fault, You Need To Talk To My Supervisor, When, Helful Reminders And Polite Responses.

Module 6- Engaging With The Customer

Practice What You Preach, Lame Excuses, Accountablity And Satisfaction, Listening, Self Control And Solution, Follow-Up.

Module 7: Solving The Customer’s Problem

Keypints, Follow-Up, Active Listening, Being Sincere

Module 8: Customare Care

Initiating Customare Care, Service Traits To Copy; Benefits Of Good Customer Care; Higher Profits, Return Customers/Loyal Customers, Recognition, Less Stress, Enhanced Brand.

Module 9: Reception Management- Skills Checklist Approach

Checklist For Receptionist, Resume,Communication, Multitasking, Prioritizing, Organization, Technical Skills, Interpersonnel Skills, Problem Solving Abilities, Dependability, Meeting And Greeting, Making Appointments.

Module 10- Customer Service Concepts

Customer Service Concepts - Customer Needs, Expectations, Perceptions And Satisfaction; Definitions Of Terms; Maslow’s Heirachy Of Needs- Group 1,2,3,4 & 5 Needs.

Module 11- Customer Relations And Services

Custer Relations, Wants, Needs, Expectations, Perception And Satisfaction.

Module12- Meeting Customer Expectations

Ways Of Meeting Customer Expextations; Approach & Respect, Politeness, Time Management, Enthustiastic, Politeness, Dedicated.

Module 13- Exceeding Customer Expectations

The Difference Between Acceptable And Exceptional Service

Module 14- Repeat Customer & Loyalty

The Value Of Repeat Customers [Life-Time Value Of A Customer To A Business] And Strategies To Encourage Repeat Business; Life Time Value, Keeping Customers; Repeat Customer Benefits, Customer Loyalty Programs, Business Benefits, Benefits To The Customer, Types Of Loyalty Programs- Simple Point. Tier & Patnership.

Module 15- Etiquette

Protol, Courtesy, Handshakes, Bow, Hug, Cheek Kissing, Hand Kissing.

Module 16- Customer Focus

Value The Customer, Solve Problems, Competitive Differences, Responsibility, Appreciation, Creating A Demanding Customer, Iso 9001, Managing Moments Of Truth.

Module 17- Service Failure, Recovery & Customer Satisfaction

Service Failures, Recoveries, Encounters, Service Task, Delivery & Standards, Recovery Techniques, Force Majeurs.

Module 18- Handling Difficult Customers

Initiative, Anger Management, Reassring The Customer,

Objectivity, Re-Assuring, Dissatisfied Customers, Maintaining A Positive Attitude, Smiling, No Excuses, Indecisive Customers, Patience, Questioning And Listening, Guidance, Rudeness, Authority, Professionalism, Talkative, Dominating, Standard Procedure, Resolution, And Good Communication

Why Time Is Needed

Time Stealers

Time & Interruption Logs

Thinking Time

Action & Achievements

Dealing With Interruptions & Crises

Effective Delegation

Making Time Work For You

And Lots More… Including Video Presentations

ACID STIMULATION, FRACTURING & ARTIFICIAL LIFT

Well stimulation is a well intervention performed on an oil or gas well to increase production by improving the flow of hydrocarbons from the drainage area into the well bore.

In cased hole completions, perforations are intended to create a hole through the steel casing so that the reservoir can be produced. The holes are typically formed by shaped explosives that perforate the casing and create a fractured hole into the reservoir rock for a short distance. In many cases, the tunnels created by the perforation guns do not provide

enough surface area and it becomes desirable to create more area in contact with the wellbore.

Course Outline

Artificial Subsurface Pumps Basic Principles of Recovery Improving Inflow Performance Reservoir Pressure Maintenance Subsurface Pump Installation Basic Components of the System Fracture Stimulation Proppants Fracturing Fluids Fluid Additives Mixing of Fracturing Fuids Equipment used for Fracture Stimulation Acid Stimulation Types of Acids Additives Perf-Pac Balls Acid Penetration Formation Dam age Control Principles and Operations of Gas Lift Unloading Sequence in a well to be Gas lifted and Kickover Tools Gas Lift Valves: Tubing Pressure Operated & Casing Pressure Operated Parameters to monitor in order to optimize gaslift Gas lift valves: Gas lift installations.

Trainees will be able to:Explain why 'fracturing' is used to increase production from a well. Describe what happens in the formation during fracturing. Identify the major components of equipment required to conduct well fracturing. Describe how 'Proppants' can be used to enhance the results of fracturing.Explain the principles/operation of a gas lift system in an oil well. Identify the major parts of a gas lift system. Explain why acid stimulation is required. Describe the action of acid on the formation. Identify the major components of equipment required to conduct acid stimulation.Explain the expected results of a successful well stimulation. Explain why 'PERF-PAC' balls would be used during a well stimulation. Explain the principles of recovery using an electric sub-surface pumping unit. Identify/explain the major components of an electric sub-surface pump installation.

WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

Waste management is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. They could be from the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, or other human activities, including municipal, agricultural, and social (health care, household hazardous waste, sewage sludge).

Course Outline: This course was taught to Shell staff in past years. Principles Of Waste Management Definition, Scope & Objectives of Waste Mgt US EPA Waste Management Priority Heirachy Fed Min of Env/NESDREA Waste Management Guidelines Policy Statements, Procedures & Plans Waste Stewardship & Strict Liability Principles Composition of Waste Streams Waste Inventory Waste Characterisation [Solid/Liquid/Gaseous, Toxicity, Ecotoxicity, Flammability,

Solubility, Odour, Hydrolysis, Biodegradability, Colour, Explosivity, Radioactivity, Infectivity, Viscosity & Vapour Pressure]

Environmenal Ranking Of Waste Streams Waste Minimization

FIFO [First in First Out] Source Reduction Segregation Reuse Recycling Treatment Performing Opportunity Assessments Waste Treatment -Incineration -Landfilling -Deep Well Injection -Sea Disposal PETROLEUM/Drilling Waste Treatment -Terminal/Tank Farm Bottom Sludge -Drill Cuttings & Mud -Produced Water -Oilfield Hazardous Chemical Containers [Eposand & Wellfix Drums]etc. TREATMENT OPTIONS -Stream/Air Stripping -Carbon Adsorbtion -Thermal Desorption -Soil Washing -Oil Water Separator -Dissolved Air Floatation -Gravity Separation -Vapour Extraction -Biological Treatment of Oily Waste SEWAGE & Wastewater Treatment -Importance of Nutrient Removal, BOD5 & COD -Activated Sludge -Trickling Filter -Stabilization Ponds -Composting -Septic Tank -Oxidation Pond -Waste-to-Wealth [Anaerobic Biogas Production from Waste] Medical Waste Management Waste Monitoring Importance of Consignment Notes Waste Recording Waste Contractors Contingency Planning

Waste Planning External Relations Video Film Shows

Review, Examination & Issuance of OGBS Certificates

At the end of this course, participants will:*Understand the Principles of Waste Management*Waste-to Wealth Concepts, including Biogas generation*Be able to comply with applicable laws and regulations*Gain deeper knowledge of Hazardous Waste Treatment*And lots more.

LNG OPERATIONS TRAINING

To facilitate export, natural gas can be liquefied at low temperatures. The processes used are taught in this program, using the LNG Bonny as a template.

HIGHLIGHTS:

General IntroductionDESCRIPTION OF PROCESS UNITS:Trunkline TerminalPlant Pressure Control StationAcid Gas Removal UnitDehydration UnitMercury Removal UnitLiquefaction UnitFractionation UnitCondensate Stabilisation Unit

Common Fractionation UnitPROCESS SERVICE UNITS:Electricity Generation and Distribution Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) SystemUnit 4200: Cooling Water SystemWell Water Supply & Water TreatmentFuel Gas SystemDrinking Water and Service Water SystemsDemineralised Water SystemInstrument and Tool Air SystemInert Gas SystemSummary of Process Services LoadsDESCRIPTION OF STORAGE & LOADING FACILITIESGeneralRefrigerant StorageCondensate StorageLNG STORAGE AND LOADING SYSTEMLNG Loading and Circulation SystemLNG Storage tanks (T-3101, T-3102 & T-3103)Loading Jetty EquipmentBoil-Off Gas ( BOG ) Compressors, K-3401 A / BLNG CarriersU-3500 Bunker Fuel FacilitiesLPG STORAGE & LOADINGUNIT 3200: LPG STORAGE TANKS (T-3201 & T-3202)LPG STORAGE AND LOADING SYSTEMLPG Rundown SystemLPG Loading And Circulation SystemBoil – Off Gas SystemLPG Storage TanksGENERAL FACILITIESFire Fighting SystemsPressure Relief and Liquid DisposalWarm Flare System (F-WW)Warm Liquid Disposal (D-WHC)Cold Flare System (F-CD)Cold Liquid Disposal (D-LH)Effluent TreatingThe Continuously Oil Contaminated Sewer ( COC ).Accidentally Oil Contaminated ( AOC ) Drainage System

Entirely Oil Free Collection System.Domestic Sewage TreatmentHeating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning SystemsCathodic ProtectionDISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS