oil spill recovery file

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OIL SPILL RECOVERY SYSTEM 2014

GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, RAHOGARH Page 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO OIL SPILL RECOVERY SYSTEM


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1.1ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to control oil slick and recycle oil spread on the water surface after a

large spill in sea or any water reservoir using minimum time, energy and cost.

This can be done by a simple mechanism of arranging of equipments and applying the principles

of rack and pinion mechanism and density difference.

We have made an effort to solve this problem with the help of a working model by applying

scientific laws and geometric analysis.

We have designed this model to collect oil from the water surface for both current flow water of

sea and static condition of water. To create a static condition in wavy water of sea, we have

fixed funnel in the flow which doesnt allow the turbulence to enter and make the fluid static

with the arrangement of rack and pinion mechanism in the vertical direction of flow.

We had came up with the problem of working of machine in the turbulence which tries to mix

the water and make it difficult to separate the water oil mixture. So we designed the conical

flask of suck order which will try to easily differentiate between the static and dynamic flow of

the water.

This concept is eco friendly and will cost a very small amount so is useful also on large scale.

1.2BASICS OF OIL SPILL RECOVERY SYSTEM

Generally we saw this problem on a large scale production of crude oil from the sea. So the very

basic of the project will arise from the hydraulic part. It is started from the properties of the fluid

such as specific weight, mass density and relative density. It also applies the pascals law of

uniform pressure in the static condition as well as the density difference property.

It is clear from the property of the fluids that the general mass densities of the fluids is given as

Density of water = 1000kg/m3

Density of oil = 800 kg/m3

This property clearly indicate that the density of oil is small than the density of water. So the oil

will float over the surface of the water and should be collected if the fluid is static in a very easy

manner.


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW


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2.1 AIM

Our main aim of making this project is to clean up the ocean and their flora and fauna and the

recovery of oil on the surface of the water. It is difficult and depends upon many factors, including

the type of oil spills, the temperature of water(effecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the

types of the shoreline and beaches involved.

It includes:-

Bioremediation: use of microorganism or biological agents to breakdown or remove the oil; such as

bacteria Alcanivorax.

Controlled burning can effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly.

But all above mentioned remedies will cause harm to the environment and effect the flora and faunaof the ecosystem around the place.

So we had designed the oil spill recovery system using the very basic arrangement with the help of

rack and pinion system and using some very come apparatus like conical funnel, flask, injection,

pipes etc,

We aimed not to effect the flora and fauna around the system and recover oil the oil that spills

around the area to give maximum profit to the industries in very less cost.

2.2 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS

T-JOINT

A fittingis used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straightpipeortubingsections, to adapt to

different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuringfluidflow. The

termplumbingis generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in ordinary

domestic or commercial environments, whereaspipingis often used to describe high-

performance (e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature, hazardous materials) conveyance

of fluids in specialized applications. The term tubingis sometimes used for lighter-weight piping,

especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled form.

Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time, materials, and tools to install, so they

are a non-trivial part ofpipingandplumbingsystems.Valvesare technically fittings, but are

usually discussed separately.

A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent

weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It is

used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having twooutlets, at 90 to the connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. A
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tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs.

They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and finishes. They are

extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures. They are categorized

as:

Equal

Unequal

When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used and when the branch

size is less than that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most common are tees with the

same inlet and outlet sizes. Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing Tee, Double

Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead

Tee, Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double

Branch Tangential Tee.

The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure. They can also be

classified on the basis of the application they are required to perform.

The three outlet sizes should be named in order (e.g. left, middle, right; measuring 15-22-15).

The three sizes of a tee are end x end x center. So if you want a tee that is 1" on both ends and

3/4" in the center it would be 1" x 1" x 3/4"

NUT AND BOLT

NUT

A nutis a type offastenerwith athreadedhole. Nuts are almost always used opposite a

matingboltto fasten a stack of parts together. The two partners are kept together by a

combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts. In

applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may

be employed: Adhesives, safety pins orlock Wire,nylon inserts, or slightly oval-shaped threads.

The most common shape ishexagonal,for similar reasons as the bolt head - 6 sides give a good

granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and smaller)

corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. Other specialized shapes exist for certain

needs, such as wing nuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas.
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Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts; for example, an ISO

property class 10 nut will be able to support the boltproof strengthload of an ISO property class

10.9 bolt without stripping. Likewise, an SAE class 5 nut can support the proof load of an SAE

class 5 bolt, and so on.

A wide variety of nuts exists, fromhousehold hardwareversions to specialized industry-specific

designs that areengineeredto meet varioustechnical standards.

Bolt

The distinction between a bolt and a screw is usually unclear and misunderstood. There are

several practical differences, but most have some degree of overlap between bolts and screws.

The defining distinction, perMachinery's Handbook,is in their intended purpose: Bolts are for the

assembly of two unthreaded components, with the aid of anut.Screws in contrast are used with

components that have at least one containing its own thread.

Many screws and bolts can be either, depending on how they are used.

Bolts are often used to make abolted joint.This is a combination of the nut applying an axial

clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as adowel,pinning the joint against

sidewaysshear forces.For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank as this makes

for a better dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank has often been given as characteristic

of bolts vs. screws, but this is coincidental rather than defining.

Where a fastener is used with a nut, it is a bolt rather than a screw.

Where a fastener forms its own thread in the component being fastened, it is a screw. This is

most obviously so when the thread is tapered (i.e. traditionalwoodscrews), precluding the use of

a nut.

A screw must always be turned to assemble the joint. Many bolts are held fixed in place during

assembly, either by a tool or by a design of non-rotating bolt, such as acarriage bolt,and only

their nut is turned.

FUNNEL

A funnelis a pipe with a wide, often conical mouth and a narrow stem. It is used to

channelliquidor fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening. Without a funnel,

spillage would occur.

Funnels are usually made ofstainless steel,aluminium,glass,orplastic.The material used in its

construction should be sturdy enough to withstand the weight of the substance being transferred,

and it should not react with the substance. For this reason, stainless steel or glass are useful in

transferringdiesel,while plastic funnels are useful in the kitchen. Sometimes

disposablepaperfunnels are used in cases where it would be difficult to adequately clean the
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funnel afterward (for example, in adding motor oil to a car). Dropper funnels, also calleddropping

funnelsor tap funnels, have atapto allow the controlled release of a liquid.

The term funnel is sometimes used to refer to thechimneyor smokestack on a

steamlocomotiveand usually used in referring to the same on aship.The term funnelis alsoapplied to other seemingly strange objects like asmoking pipeor a kitchenbin.

FLASK

Flasksare vessels (containers) which fall into the category oflaboratory equipmentknown

asglassware.In laboratory and other scientific settings, they are usually referred to simply

as flasks. Flasks come in a number of shapes and a wide range of sizes, but a common

distinguishing aspect in their shapes is a wider vessel "body" and one (or sometimes more)

narrower tubular sections at the top called necks which have an opening at the top. Laboratory

flask sizes are specified by the volume they can hold, typically in metric units suchasmilliliters(mL or ml) orliters(L or l). Laboratory flasks have traditionally been made ofglass,

but can also be made ofplastic.

GEARS

A gearis arotatingmachinepart having cut teeth, or cogs, which meshwith another toothed part

in order to transmittorque,in most cases with teeth on the one gear being of identical shape, and

often also with that shape on the other gear. Two or more gears working in tandem are called a

transmissionand can produce amechanical advantagethrough agear ratioand thus may be
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considered asimple machine.Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of

apower source.The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear; however, a

gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby

producingtranslationinstead of rotation.

The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed beltpulleysystem. An

advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.

When two gears mesh, and one gear is bigger than the other (even though the size of the teeth

must match), a mechanical advantage is produced, with therotational speedsand the torques of

the two gears differing in an inverse relationship.

In transmissions which offer multiple gear ratios, such as bicycles, motorcycles, and cars, the

term gear, as in first gear, refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term is

used to describe similar devices even when the gear ratio iscontinuousrather thandiscrete,or

when the device does not actually contain any gears, as in acontinuously variable

transmission.[1]

Types

External AND internal gears

An external gearis one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone.

Conversely, an internal gearis one with the teeth formed on the inner surface of a cylinder or

cone. Forbevel gears,an internal gear is one with thepitchangle exceeding 90 degrees. Internal

gears do not cause output shaft direction reversal.

Spur
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Spur gearsor straight-cut gearsare the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk

with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in form (they are

usually of special form to achieve constant drive ratio, mainlyinvolute,the edge of each tooth is

straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together

correctly only if they are fitted to parallel shafts.

Helical

Helicalor "dry fixed" gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are

not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling

causes the tooth shape to be a segment of ahelix.Helical gears can be meshed

inparallelor crossed orientations. The former refers to when the shafts are parallel to each other;

this is the most common orientation. In the latter, the shafts are non-parallel, and in this

configuration the gears are sometimes known as "skew gears".

Double helical

Double helical gears, orherringbone gears,overcome the problem of axial thrust

presented by "single" helical gears, by having two sets of teeth that are set in a V shape.

A double helical gear can be thought of as two mirrored helical gears joined together.

This arrangement cancels out the net axial thrust, since each half of the gear thrusts in

the opposite direction resulting in a net axial force of zero. This arrangement can remove
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the need for thrust bearings. However, double helical gears are more difficult to

manufacture due to their more complicated shape.

For both possible rotational directions, there exist two possible arrangements for the

oppositely-oriented helical gears or gear faces. One arrangement is stable, and the other

is unstable. In a stable orientation, the helical gear faces are oriented so that each axial

force is directed toward the center of the gear. In an unstable orientation, both axial

forces are directed away from the center of the gear. In both arrangements, the total

(or net) axial force on each gear is zero when the gears are aligned correctly. If the

gears become misaligned in the axial direction, the unstable arrangement will generate a

net force that may lead to disassembly of the gear train, while the stable arrangement

generates a net corrective force. If the direction of rotation is reversed, the direction of

the axial thrusts is also reversed, so a stable configuration becomes unstable, and vice

versa.

Stable double helical gears can be directly interchanged with spur gears without any

need for different bearings.

Bevel

A bevel gear is shaped like aright circular conewith most of its tip cut off. When two

bevel gears mesh, their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes

also intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts.

The angle between the shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears

with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called mitre gears.

Spiral bevels
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Spiral bevel gears can be manufactured as Gleason types (circular arc with non-constant

tooth depth), Oerlikon and Curvex types (circular arc with constant tooth depth),

Klingelnberg Cyclo-Palloid (Epicycloide with constant tooth depth) or Klingelnberg

Palloid. Spiral bevel gears have the same advantages and disadvantages relative to

their straight-cut cousins as helical gears do to spur gears. Straight bevel gears aregenerally used only at speeds below 5 m/s (1000 ft/min), or, for small gears, 1000 r.p.m.

Note: The cylindrical gear tooth profile corresponds to an involute, but the bevel gear

tooth profile to an octoid. All traditional bevel gear generators (like Gleason,

Klingelnberg, Heidenreich & Harbeck, WMW Modul) manufactures bevel gears with an

octoidal tooth profile. IMPORTANT: For 5-axis milled bevel gear sets it is important to

choose the same calculation / layout like the conventional manufacturing method.

Simplified calculated bevel gears on the basis of an equivalent cylindrical gear in normal

section with an involute tooth form show a deviant tooth form with reduced tooth strength

by 10-28% without offset and 45% with offset [Diss. Hnecke, TU Dresden]. Furthermorethose "involute bevel gear sets" causes more noise.

Hypoid

Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft axes do not intersect. The

pitch surfaces appear conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in

facthyperboloidsof revolution.[11][12]Hypoid gears are almost always designed to

operate with shafts at 90 degrees. Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative

to the angling of the teeth, contact between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother

and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear teeth, but also have a sliding action alongthe meshing teeth as it rotates and therefore usually require some of the most viscous

types of gear oil to avoid it being extruded from the mating tooth faces, the oil is normally

designated HP (for hypoid) followed by a number denoting the viscosity. Also,

thepinioncan be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel pinion, with the result that

gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are feasible using a single set of hypoid gears.[13]This

style of gear is most commonly found driving mechanical differentials; which are

normally straight cut bevel gears; in motor vehicle axles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-hypoidgears-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-hypoidgears-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-hypoidgears-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sprocket35b.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-hypoidgears-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloid


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Crown

Crown gearsor contrate gearsare a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth project at

right angles to the plane of the wheel; in their orientation the teeth resemble the points

on a crown. A crown gear can only mesh accurately with another bevel gear, although

crown gears are sometimes seen meshing with spur gears. A crown gear is also

sometimes meshed with anescapementsuch as found in mechanical clocks.

Worm
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Worm gearsresemblescrews.A worm gear is usually meshed with aspur gearor

ahelical gear,which is called thegear, wheel, or worm wheel.

Worm-and-gear sets are a simple and compact way to achieve a high torque, low speed

gear ratio. For example, helical gears are normally limited to gear ratios of less than 10:1

while worm-and-gear sets vary from 10:1 to 500:1.[14]A disadvantage is the potential for

considerable sliding action, leading to low efficiency.[15]

Worm gears can be considered a species of helical gear, but its helix angle is usually

somewhat large (close to 90 degrees) and its body is usually fairly long in the axial

direction; and it is these attributes which give it screw like qualities. The distinction

between a worm and a helical gear is made when at least one tooth persists for a full

rotation around the helix. If this occurs, it is a 'worm'; if not, it is a 'helical gear'. A worm

may have as few as one tooth. If that tooth persists for several turns around the helix,

the worm will appear, superficially, to have more than one tooth, but what one in fact

sees is the same tooth reappearing at intervals along the length of the worm. The usual

screw nomenclature applies: a one-toothed worm is calledsingle threador single start; a

worm with more than one tooth is called multiple threador multiple start. The helix angle

of a worm is not usually specified. Instead, the lead angle, which is equal to 90 degrees

minus the helix angle, is given.

In a worm-and-gear set, the worm can always drive the gear. However, if the gear

attempts to drive the worm, it may or may not succeed. Particularly if the lead angle is

small, the gear's teeth may simply lock against the worm's teeth, because the force

component circumferential to the worm is not sufficient to overcome friction. Worm-and-

gear sets that do lock are called self locking, which can be used to advantage, as forinstance when it is desired to set the position of a mechanism by turning the worm and

then have the mechanism hold that position. An example is themachine headfound on

some types ofstringed instruments.

If the gear in a worm-and-gear set is an ordinary helical gear only a single point of

contact will be achieved.[16]If medium to high power transmission is desired, the tooth

shape of the gear is modified to achieve more intimate contact by making both gears

partially envelop each other. This is done by making both concave and joining them at

asaddle point;this is called a cone-drive.[17]or "Double enveloping"

Worm gears can be right or left-handed, following the long-established practice for screw

threads.[5]

.

Rack and pinion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears1-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears1-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears1-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringed_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringed_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringed_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears4-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears4-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears4-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears5-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears5-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears5-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-ansiagma-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-ansiagma-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-ansiagma-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-ansiagma-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears5-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears4-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringed_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#cite_note-wormgears1-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw


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A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely

large radius of curvature. Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with

a pinion: the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line. Such a mechanism is used in

automobiles to convert the rotation of thesteeringwheel into the left-to-right motion of the

tie rod(s). Racks also feature in the theory of gear geometry, where, for instance, thetooth shape of an interchangeable set of gears may be specified for the rack (infinite

radius), and the tooth shapes for gears of particular actual radii are then derived from

that. The rack and pinion gear type is employed in arack railway.

Epicyclic

In epicyclic gearing one or more of the gearaxesmoves. Examples are sun and planet

gearing (see below) and mechanical differentials.

Sun and planet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_and_planet_gears.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicyclic_gear_ratios.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rack_and_pinion_animation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_and_planet_gears.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicyclic_gear_ratios.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rack_and_pinion_animation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_and_planet_gears.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicyclic_gear_ratios.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rack_and_pinion_animation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering


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Sun and planet gearingwas a method of convertingreciprocating motionintorotary

motioninsteam engines.It was famously used byJames Watton his early steam

engines in order to get around the patent on thecrankbut also had the advantage of

increasing the flywheel speed so that a lighter flywheel could be used.

In the illustration, the sun is yellow, the planet red, the reciprocating arm is blue,

theflywheelis green and thedriveshaftis grey.

TRANSFORMER

A transformeris an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits

throughelectromagnetic induction.A transformer may be used as a safe and efficientvoltage

converterto change the AC voltage at its input to a higher or lower voltage at its output. Other

uses include current conversion, isolation with or without changing voltage andimpedance

conversion.

A transformer most commonly consists of two windings of wire that are wound around a common

core to provide tight electromagneticcouplingbetween the windings. The core material is often a

laminatediron core.The coil that receives the electrical input energy is referred to as the primary

winding, while the output coil is called the secondary winding.

An alternatingelectric currentflowing through the primary winding (coil) of a transformer

generates a varying electromagnetic field in its surroundings which causes a varyingmagnetic

fluxin the core of the transformer. The varying electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the

secondary winding induces anelectromotive forcein the secondary winding, which appears

avoltageacross the output terminals. If a load impedance is connected across the secondary

winding, a current flows through the secondary winding drawing power from the primary winding

and its power source.

A transformer cannot operate with direct current; although, when it is connected to a DC source,

a transformer typically produces a short output pulse as the current rises.

SWITCH
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Inelectrical engineering,a switchis anelectrical componentthat can break anelectrical circuit,

interrupting thecurrentor diverting it from one conductor to another.[1][2]

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operatedelectromechanicaldevice with one or

more sets ofelectrical contacts,which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts

can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can

flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is

nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or

closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for

"on" or push-for "off") type.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a

computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as alight switch.

Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to

indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a

position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as

pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting assensorsin a process and used

to automatically control a system. For example, athermostatis a temperature-operated switch

used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called

arelay.Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches

are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be

padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to

prevent electric shock.

INJECTION

An injectionis aninfusion methodof putting fluid into thebody,usually with asyringeand a

hollowneedlewhich is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be

administered into the body. An injection follows a parenteral route of administration; that is,

administration via a route other than through the digestive tract. Since the process inherently

involves a smallpuncture woundto the body (with varying degrees of pain depending on

injection type and location, medication type, needle gauge and the skill of the individual

administering the injection),fear of needlesis a commonphobia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncture_woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncture_woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncture_woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_needleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_needleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_needleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_needleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncture_woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering


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There are several methods of injection or infusion used in humans,

includingintradermal,subcutaneous,intramuscular,intravenous,intraosseous,intraperitoneal,int

rathecal,epidural,intracardiac,intraarticular,intracavernous,andintravitreal.Rodents used for

research are often administered intracerebralandintracerebroventricularinjections as well.

Long-acting forms of subcutaneous/intramuscular injections are available for various drugs, andare called depot injections.

2.3 Working:-

The oil spill recovery system basically works on the principle of density difference and rack and

pinion mechanism.

The rack and pinion mechanism is fitted on the top of the system with an aluminium stress taker

arrangement in vertical position in the centre of the system.

The pinion of the rack and pinion mechanism is directly attached to a motor which is manually

operated and run with the help of a step down transformer and the switch circuit connected to

it.

Pinion can rotate in either of the direction of moving the rack up and down.

Rack is connected to a funnel flask system in the vertical direction which did the most of the

work in the system.

When the system (rack) goes down, it will take the funnel flask towards the area in which the oil

is spilled. The funnel is in the conical shape required to make the turbulent property of fluid in

control.

When the funnel is dipped in the water surface, it controls the under area of funnel and make it

static.

After some time when the fluid become fully static, due to the difference in density of the waterand oil the oil will float over the water as the density of the oil is less than the density of water.

So the oil is collected over the surface of water.

Now the injection system will suck all the oil which is spilled along the area inside the funnel and the

rack will be taken back.

This method is repeated several times till all the oil present in the water will be collected in aseparate vessel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraosseoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraosseoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiduralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiduralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiduralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracardiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracardiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracardiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraarticularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraarticularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraarticularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracavernous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracavernous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracavernous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravitreal_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravitreal_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravitreal_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravitreal_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracavernous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraarticularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracardiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiduralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraosseoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis


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FUNNEL

SPILLED OIL

WATER TANK

RACK

PINION


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CHAPTER 3

DESIGN AND FABRICATION


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3.1 DIMENSIONS

All Dimensions are taken in inches

3.1Base:-

Base 1 16*3

Base 2 5.5*3

Base 3 12*4

Base4 12.5*8

Base 5 22.5*4

Base 6 3*8

3.2Joints:-

3.2.1 L- JOINT

USES FOR JOINING PIPES AT 90 DEGREE ANGLE AT CORNERS

3.2.2 T-JOINT


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USED FOR JOINING TWO PIPES AT 90 DEGREE WITH A SINGLE FLOW PIPE

SIDE BASE

L-JOINT DIMENSIONS

0.5 0.5

2.5

T-JOINT DIMENSIONS 0.5

2.5


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PIPE

2

BASE STRUCTURE

3.2 PRODUCTION

JOINING

Pipes are commonly joined bywelding,using threaded pipe and fittings; sealing the connection

with a pipe thread compound,Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)Thread seal tape,oakum,or PTFE

string, or by using a mechanical coupling. Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG

or MIG process. The most common process pipe joint is the butt weld. The ends of pipe to be

welded must have a certain weld preparation called an End Weld Prep (EWP) which is typically

at an angle of 37.5 degrees to accommodate the filler weld metal. The most common pipe thread

in North America is theNational Pipe Thread(NPT) or theDryseal(NPTF) version. Other pipe
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threads include theBritish standard pipe thread(BSPT), thegarden hose thread(GHT), and

thefire hose coupling(NST).

Copper pipes are typically joined bysoldering,brazing,compression fittings,flaring,orcrimping.

Plastic pipes may be joined bysolvent welding,heat fusion,orelastomeric sealing.

If frequent disconnection will be required, gasketed pipe flanges or union fittings provide better

reliability than threads. Some thin-walled pipes of ductile material, such as the smaller copper or

flexible plastic water pipes found in homes for ice makers and humidifiers, for example, may be

joined withcompression fittings.

Underground pipe typically uses a "push-on" gasket style of pipe that compresses a gasket into a

space formed between the two adjoining pieces. Push-on joints are available on most types of

pipe. A pipe joint lubricant must be used in the assembly of the pipe. Under buried conditions,

gasket-joint pipes allow for lateral movement due to soil shifting as well as expansion/contraction

due to temperature differentials. PlasticMDPEandHDPEgas and water pipes are also often

joined withElectrofusionfittings.Large above ground pipe typically uses a flanged joint, which is generally available in ductile iron

pipe and some others. It is a gasket style where the flanges of the adjoining pipes are bolted

together, compressing the gasket into a space between the pipe.

Mechanical grooved couplings orVictaulicjoints are also frequently used for frequent

disassembly & assembly. Developed in the 1920s, these mechanical grooved couplings can

operate up to 1,200psi working pressures and available in materials to match the pipe grade.

Another type of mechanical coupling is a Swagelok brand fitting; this type of compression fitting

is typically used on small tubing under 3/4 inch in diameter.

When pipes join in chambers where other components are needed for the management of the

network (valves, gauges...),dismantling jointsare generally used, in order to make

mounting/dismounting easier.

FITTING

Pipe fittingis the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing systems that convey liquid,

gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing,

joining it together by various means, and the location and repair of leaks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_standard_pipe_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_standard_pipe_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_standard_pipe_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_hose_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_hose_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_hose_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_coupling#NSThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_coupling#NSThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_coupling#NSThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elastomeric_sealing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elastomeric_sealing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elastomeric_sealing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victaulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victaulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victaulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismantling_joints&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismantling_joints&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismantling_joints&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismantling_joints&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victaulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elastomeric_sealing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_coupling#NSThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_hose_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_standard_pipe_thread


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WHOLE BASE STRUCTURE


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CHAPTER 4

PROBLEM FACED

4.1 Problems Faced :-

It is made up of very low weighted material so cant be applied in high tides.

It is applicable only in the shore area.

High probability of getting the oil water mixture in the arena of oil.

Using rack and pinion system in vertical position so lifting up the system will take more

effort.

It is effective with in a limited area at a time.


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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion:-

This project is novel solution for a big problem. By our practices and experiments it is proved that it

is better than conventional schemes.

This concept doesnt destroy the ecosystem and sea organism as done by chemical or burning

solutions. Instead it will collect the spilled liquid and make it useful increasing the market

and given less load over the customers of it. As it is not so costly so can be easily

implemented over the sea shore. It is a very useful system that can help the oil industry as

well the ecosystem.


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oil spill recovery file

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