oil flow in gasoline engines christopher hammond, john lindsay smith, moray stark, david waddington...
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Oil Flow in Gasoline Engines
Christopher Hammond, John Lindsay Smith, Moray Stark, David Waddington
Department of Chemistry: University of York
Richard Gamble, Martin Priest, Christopher Taylor
School of Mechanical Engineering: University of Leeds
Harold Gillespie, Eiji Nagatomi, Ian Taylor
Shell Global Solutions (UK)
Introduction
Aim
To Predict Increase in Piston Friction with Oil Degradation• Chemical Model for Base Fluid Oxidation
• Rheological Model for Increase in Viscosity
• Tribological Model for Piston Friction
In This Talk
• Measure Fluid Flow in Piston Ring Pack
• Comparison with Tribological Model
• Chemical Model using Measured Flow Parameters
Engine Specification
Ricardo Hydra• Fuel Injected Gasoline • Single Cylinder• 0.5 litre Capacity• 1500 rpm• 50% Throttle• External Sump (70 ºC)• Camshaft Lubricated Separately
Shell XHVI ™ 8.2• No Additive Package
Lubricant Specification
Oil Flow in Engine
Sump
Ring PackSmall VolumeShort Residence Time
Large VolumeLong Residence Time
Flow Rate
0
25
50
75
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time / arb
Ma
rke
r / %
Ring Pack Residence Time :ringpack
)exp1(]marker[]marker[ RINGPACK
TIME
sumpringpack
1-e-1
Ring Pack Residence Time – Previous Work
S B Saville, F D Gainey, S D Cupples, M F Fox, D J Picken, SAE Technical Paper, International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Oct 10-13, 1988
Oil Flow and Chemistry in Engine
Sump
Ring PackHigh Temperature Small VolumeShort Residence Time
Low Temperature Large VolumeLong Residence Time
Oxidation Chemistry
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
H
HH
H
HH
H
H
HH
HH
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
HC
CC
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
O
O
H
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
H
HH
H
HH
H
H
HH
HH
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
HC
CC
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
O
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
H
HH
H
HH
H
H
HH
HH
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
HC
CC
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
OC
CC
C
O
H
H
H
H
HH
HHCC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CO
H
HH
H
HH
H
H
HH
HH
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
O
H +
Infrared Spectroscopyof Carbonyl Group
Hydrocarbon Base Fluid
Hydroperoxides
Ketones
CarboxylicAcids
Oxidation in Sump – IR Spectrospcopy
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time / hours
Ac
id +
Ke
ton
e /
mo
l d
m-3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Ca
lcu
late
d TA
N
Oxidation in Ring Pack
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time / min
Ac
id +
Ke
ton
e /
mo
l d
m-3
0
2
4
6
Ca
lcu
late
d TA
N
sump (x100)
ringpack
Oxidation in Ring Pack : Previous Work
S B Saville, F D Gainey, S D Cupples, M F Fox, D J Picken, SAE Technical Paper, International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Oct 10-13, 1988
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time / hours
Aci
d +
Ket
on
e / m
ol d
m-3
Caterpillar diesel (Oil A)
Caterpillar diesel (Oil B)
Sump Residence Time and Oil Flow Rates
dt
dSUMPRINGPACK
]Product[]Product[
13 mincm012.0271.0
SUMPSUMPRINGPACK
SumpVolumeFlowRate
Hours8156 SUMP
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time / min
Ac
id +
Ke
ton
e /
mo
l d
m-3
0
2
4
6
Ca
lcu
late
d TA
N
sump (x100)ringpack
Characterisation of Ricardo Hydra EngineRing PackResidence Time 60 ± 15 secondsVolume of Oil 0.30 ± 0.08 cm3
Temperature 200 °C
Flow RatesInto Ring Pack 0.32 ± 0.02 cm3
min-1
Returning to Sump 0.27 ± 0.01 cm3 min-1
Loss From Ring Pack 0.05 cm3 min-1
SumpResidence Time 156 ± 8 hoursVolume 3 litresTemperature 70 °C
Conditions: 1500 rpm, 50% Throttle
Comparison with Tribological Model
Ring Pack Experiment Theory
Residence Time 60 ± 15 10 seconds
Volume of Oil 0.30 ± 0.08 0.02 cm3
Flow Rates
Into Ring Pack 0.32 ± 0.02 0.17 cm3min-1
Returning to Sump 0.27 ± 0.01 0.12 cm3min-1
Loss From Ring Pack 0.05 0.05 cm3min-1
Sump
Residence Time 156 ± 8 300 hours
Conditions: 1500 rpm, 50% Throttle
Oxidation Chemistry
Hydrocarbon Base Fluid
Hydroperoxides
Ketones
CarboxylicAcids
DiketonesHydroxyketones
Current Mechanism
Two Reactor Simulation
Residence Time Volume TemperatureSump 156 hours 3 litre 70 CRing Pack 60 sec 0.27 cm3 200 C
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time / min
Car
bo
nyl
/ m
ol d
m-3
0
2
4
6 Calcu
lated TA
Nsump (x100)ringpack