ogc reference model open standards for geospatial interoperability adapted from a presentation by:...
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OGC Reference ModelOpen Standards for
Geospatial Interoperability
Adapted from a Presentation by:
George PercivallOGC Chief Architect
Executive Director, Interoperability [email protected]
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
OGC Reference Model (ORM) Click on “Standards” at www.opengeospatial.org
• What is the purpose of the ORM?– Overview of OGC Standards Baseline– Insight into the current state of the work of the OGC– Basis for coordination and understanding of the OGC documents– Resource for defining architectures for specific applications
• Why Read This Document?– Better understand the OGC Standards Baseline– Better understand the ongoing work of the OGC– Gain an understanding necessary to contribute to OGC process– Aid in implementing one or more of the OpenGIS Standards
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
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OGC Reference Model (ORM)
Organized in the following sections:
1. The Enterprise View of OGC
2. Geospatial Information
3. Geospatial Services
4. Reusable Patterns for Deployment
5. Implementations of OGC Standards
Structured along the lines of the ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing
ORM Viewpoint 2:
The Enterprise View of OGC
1.1 Interoperability Is Essential
1.2 An Example: Web Map Service (WMS)
1.3 Business Processes Benefit from Geospatial Standards
1.4 The OGC Members and Programs
1.5 The OGC Standards and Specifications
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What do we mean by interoperability?
"capability to communicate, execute programs, or
transfer data among various functional units in a manner
that requires the user to have little or no knowledge
of the unique characteristics of those units“
Source: OGC Abstract Specification Topic 12: Services. Derived from ISO 2382-1.
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
• Organizational
• Cultural• Legal • Technical
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Interoperability allows a Common Reality
“What we are doing is facilitating a common picture of reality for different organizations which have different views of the reality, the disaster, the catastrophe, that they all have to deal with collectively”
David SchellCEO and ChairmanOGC
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
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Copyright © 2008, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Interoperability – You know when you don’t have it…
• Custom Integration
• High system lifecycle costs
• Difficult to rapidly mobilize new capabilities
• Duplication of effort, missed opportunities to collaborate
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Multipleoverlaid
maps
One GetMaprequest:
Web Map Service (WMS) can get multiple maps
BordersElevation
cloud cover
Cities
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Why Open Standards?
• Rapidly mobilize new capabilities – plug and play
• Lower systems costs
• Encourage market competition–Choose based on functionality desired–Avoid “lock in” to a proprietary architecture
• The decision to share information and services enabled by policy
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
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Return on Investment
Multiple studies confirm the value and advantage of open standards based solutions:
– NASA Geospatial Interoperability: Return on Investment Study: http://gio.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ROI%20Study.pdf
– Value of Standards, Delphi Report: http://www.delphigroup.com/research/whitepapers/20030728-standards.pdf
– Economic Benefits of Standardization, DIN German Institute for Standardization: http://www.sis.se/upload/632248898159687500.pdf
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
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What is the OGC?
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
• Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) – Not-for-profit, international voluntary consensus standards
organization– Founded in 1994, Incorporated in US, UK, Australia– 385 industry, government, research and university members
OGC MissionTo lead in the development, promotion and
harmonization of open geospatial standards …
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Where does OGC fit in the ‘standards’ world?
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
OASIS/IETF / W3CInfrastructure: WSDL, UDDI, SOAP, XML
ISODomains: Object / Abstract Models, Content, Vocabulary
OGCSoftware Interfaces: Instantiate Domain and Dejure into Infrastructure
De
Fact
oD
e Ju
re
Domain Infrastructure
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Alliance Partnerships
• International Organization for Standards (ISO)• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)• Digital Geospatial Information Working Group (DGIWG) • OASIS• Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)• buildingSMART International / Alliance (bSi / bSa) • IEEE Technical Committee 9 (Sensor Web)• Web3D Consortium• Many others
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OGC Implementation in the Marketplace
• We know of several hundred products implementing OpenGIS Specifications
–See OGC “Registered Products” List under “Resources” at www.opengeospatial.org
• Formal Compliance certification is increasing in importance
ORM Viewpoint 2: Geospatial Information
2.1 Geospatial Information Is Fundamental or “Everything is somewhere”
2.2 Information Specifications Architecture
2.3 Spatial Referencing
2.4 Maps and KML
2.5 Geographic Features
2.6 Geometry and Topology
2.7 Geography Markup Language
2.8 Sensor Web Enablement Information Standards
2.9 GeoDRM and GeoXACML
2.10 Metadata
2.11 OGC Schema Repositories
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Every human activity happens somewhere – and “somewhen”!
• Can anyone in the audience think of any human activity that is not impacted by location or impacts a location?
• Geospatial Information Is Fundamental
Copyright © 2008, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Source: www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae929e/ae929e03.htm
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ORM Information Viewpoint
• Concerned with the semantics of information and information processing
• Geospatial Information Is Fundamental • Spatial Referencing• Maps and Features • Geometry and Topology• Geography Markup Language• Sensor Web Enablement Information• Policy and Rights Management • Metadata
Information Viewpoint
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographicallyInformation Viewpoint
Spatial Referencing
• Terminology with spatial reference, two cases:– Civic locations using geographic terms
• Examples: postal code, place name• Can be ambiguous / amorphous, e.g. Springfield, Danube River • ISO 19112 Spatial Referencing By Geographic Identifiers; and OGC
Gazetteer, Geocoder, Geoparser– Coordinate Reference Systems
• Consists of a coordinate system and a datum • OGC Abstract Specification Topic 2: Spatial Referencing By Coordinates
(basis for revision of ISO 19111:2003)
• Coordinate Transformations– Conversion: operation on coordinates that does not change datum, – Transformation: operation on coordinates that changes datum – OGC Abstract Specification Topic 2
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Maps are display of spatial information
Image
Features
Data Source
Display Elements
Display
Render
Display Element
Generator
Filter
Device Characteristics
Image Constraints
Style
Query Constraints
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Geographic features
• feature: an abstraction of a real world phenomenon
• geographic feature is a feature associated with a location relative to the Earth
Information Viewpoint
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Geometry and topology conceptual schemas
• Geometry objects – Combination of a coordinate geometry and a coordinate reference
system – OGC AS Topic 1 - Feature Geometry, identical with ISO 19107
• Topology– OGC AS Topic 1 - Feature Geometry, identical with ISO 19107
• Query Operators – Characterizing topological relations between different features. – OGC AS Topic 1 - Feature Geometry, identical with ISO 19107
• Temporal– References to ISO 19108 — Temporal, ISO 8601
• Spatiotemporal Schema– Spatiotemporal conceptual schema under development in ISO TC211
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Coverages
“A coverage is a feature that associates positions within a bounded space to feature attribute values”
• That is to say -- a collection of features that share a common regular geometry
• Examples
– Raster image
– Polygon overlay
– Digital elevation matrix
Latitude -->
Longitude -->
Value
= 80
Value
= 95
Value
= 10
0 Value
= 85
Value
= 50
Value
= 30
Value
= 55
Value
= 90
Value
= 85
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OpenGIS Geography Markup Language (GML)
• GML is application of the eXtensible Markup Language (XML)– Based on XML specified by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)– Specifies XML Schemas that specify XML encoding of geographic
features, their geometry, and their attributes
• GML encodes digital feature data– Encodes features, attributes, geometries, collections, etc.– Applications require specifying more specific Application XML
Schemas– GML v3, supports 2 1/2 and 3D geometry as well as complex
geometry and topology
• GML 3 is also ISO 19136
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Another Information Community’s Schema
Highway is:_Pavement thickness_Right of way_Width ….
Cell transm. Platform is:_Location_No. of antennas_Elevation ….
One Information Community’s Schema
Road is:_Width_Lanes_Pavement type ….
Cell tower is:_Owner_Height_Licensees ….
(an instance of Road in one IC’s schema)
Mayberry’s Cell Tower
(an instance of Cell Transm. Platform in another IC’s schema)
Mayberry Road
Support for complex geometries, spatial and temporal reference systems, topology, units of measure, metadata, feature and coverage visualization.
GML defines a data encoding in XML that allows geographic data and its attributes to be moved between disparate systems with ease
GML: Representing Geographic Features
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GML Application Activities
Profiles – GML Point Profile– GML Simple Features Profile– GML GeoShape for use in IETF– GML in JPEG2000– GeoRSS: GML Serialization
US NSDI GML Schemas for Framework Datasets– Base Transportation– Roads– Governmental Units– Linear Reference Systems– Dictionaries– Hydrology
Community Application Schemas– Climate Science Modeling Language
(CSML)– CityGML – CleanSeaNet– NcML/GML (NetCDF and GML)– TDWG Biodiversity GML– GeoSciML - Geological Sciences ML– MarineXML – Ground Water Modeling Language– WaterML
Further information on OGC Network
http://www.ogcnetwork.net/node/210
30
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OGC Sensor Web Enablement
• Sensors connected to and discoverable on the Web• Sensors have position & generate observations• Sensor descriptions available • Services to task and access sensors• Local, regional, national scalability• Enabling the Enterprise
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Webcam
EnvironmentalMonitor
IndustrialProcess
Monitor
StoredSensor
Data
TrafficMonitoring
Satellite-borneImaging Device
Airborne Imaging Device
HealthMonitor
StrainGauge
TempSensor
AutomobileAs Sensor Probe
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Observations
• An observation feature binds a result to a feature of interest, upon which the observation was made
• Observation - act of observing a property or phenomenon, with the goal of producing an estimate of the value of the property.
• Observations are modeled as Features within the context of the General Feature Model [ISO 19101, ISO 19109].
Copyright © 2007, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright 2006, OGC 33
SWE Languages and Encodings
GML Observations Application
Schema
TransducerML
Observations & Measurements
(O&M)
Information Model for Observations and Sensing
Sensor and Processing Description
Language
Multiplexed, Real Time Streaming Protocol
SWE Common Data Structure And
Encodings
SensorML
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Information Viewpoint
Metadata
• Metadata is data about data• Dataset metadata
– characterize geographic data; enables in most efficient manner; facilitates data discovery, retrieval and reuse; fitness for of use
– datasets, aggregations of datasets, individual geographic features,– core metadata - subset of the full set of elements– OGC adopted ISO 19115, additional material in 01-111
• Service Metadata– "Get Capabilities" operation common to all OWS1 services, returns a
"capabilities document" describing the service. – OGC AS Topic 12 (identical with ISO 19119)
• Registry Information Model (RIM)– all metadata and data types are registry objects. – RIM under development in OWS
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Geospatial Rights Management
• Digital rights management for geospatial (GeoDRM) builds on larger market by with geospatial resources specifics
ORM Viewpoint 3:
Geospatial Services
3.1 Services Architecture
3.2 OGC Web Services
3.3 Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) Services
3.4 Processing Services and Service Chaining
3.5 Mass Market Services
3.6 Open Location Services
3.7 Fine-Grained Services
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Computational Viewpoint
Services, Interfaces and Operations
• Service - distinct part of the functionality that is provided by an entity through interfaces,
• Interface - named set of operations that characterize the behavior of an entity
• Operation - transformation or query that an object may be called to execute. Each operation has a name and a list of parameters.
• Variations:– Granularity: coarse-grained vs. fine-grained– Data/service coupling: tight vs. loose
• See OGC Abstract Specification Topic 12 - OpenGIS Service Architecture (ISO 19119)
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OGC Web Services (OWS)
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
Web Map Service (WMS)
Web Feature Service (WFS)
Web Coverage Service (WCS)
Catalogue (CSW)
Geography Markup Language (GML)
OGC KML
Others…
Just as http:// is the dial tone of the World Wide Web, and html / xml are the standard encodings, the geospatial web is enabled by OGC standards:
Relevant to geospatial information applications: Critical Infrastructure, Emergency Management, Weather, Climate, Homeland Security, Defense & Intelligence, Oceans Science, others
Web MapServer
Web CoverageServer
Web FeatureServer
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Copyright (c) 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. 40
Multiplethematic
data layers
GetFeaturerequest:
Web Feature Service (WFS) gets operable feature data from multiple servers
Cities
BordersElevation
Each layer is data, not merely a view:
Country is:_ Name: Italy_ Population: 57,500,000_ Area: 301,325 sq km. . .
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Architecture using WMS, WFS, and SLD
Web Browser
WMS Client
Web Feature Server
SLD Doc
Web Map Server
GetMap
Map Features
GetFeature
FetchReference XML
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Section 3.3: Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) Services
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
Sensor Model Language (SensorML)Transducer Markup Language (TML)Observations & Measurements (O&M)Sensor Planning Service (SPS)Sensor Observation Service (SOS)• Sensor Alert Service (SAS)• Web Notification Service (WNS) IEEE (sensor) and OASIS (alert) stds
Enables discovery, access and application of real time sensor observations for enhanced situational awareness
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Copyright 2006, OGC 45
CatalogService
SOS
SAS
SPS
Clients
SWE Components – Web ServicesAccess Sensor Description and
DataCommand and Task Sensor
Systems
Dispatch Sensor Alerts to
registered Users
Mike Botts, Alexandre Robin, Tony Cook - 2005
Discover Services, Sensors, Providers,
Data
Accessible from various types of clients from PDAs and Cell
Phones to high end Workstations
Processing Services, Workflow and Service Chaining
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OGC Web Processing Service (WPS)
© 2009 Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
WPSGetCapabilities ExecuteDescribeProcess
Algorithms Repository
…
…
Algorithm 1
Data Handler Repository
…
…
Data Handler A
Communication over the web using HTTP
WPS-client
Web Processing Service
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“Chaining” Web Services For Decision Support
48
…
WCS (NASA Data Pool)
WPS - Classification(Producer-C,Vendor-3)
WPS - WCTS (Producer-B, Vendor-2)
WFS (Producer-n, Vendor-x)
Internet
Web Servers
OGC Interfaces
Service chaining creates Value-added products Decision Support
Client
Geoprocessing Worklow developed in OGC Testbeds since 2004
Assess Wildfire Activity
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49
Mass Market Geo
• OGC Vision is being realized in ‘mass market geo’– Google Earth & Maps– Windows Virtual Earth– Yahoo Maps– Mobile phone location based services (e.g. Nokia Ovi)– Real time ‘sensor connection’ to the world coming soon
• Standards for Mass Market Geo need to match weight of uses– Lightweight application schemas of encodings– GeoRSS– GeoJSON– Open Location Services
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Open Location Services (OpenLS)
• OpenLS An open (middleware) platform for location-based application services
for mobile assets and terminals. The primary goal of the OpenLS initiative series is to define the
specifications for the “Core Services and Abstract Data Types (ADT)” that comprise this platform.
• XML for Location Services - Core Spec Package, V 1.0– Interfaces for core LS functions: geocode, reverse geocode, directory,
gateway, etc.• OpenLS Pending Documents
– OpenLS Presentation Experiment– OpenLS Location Refinement Service– OpenLS Positioning Service– OpenLS Navigation Service
ORM Viewpoint 4: Reusable Patterns for
Deployment
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ORM Viewpoint 4: Reusable Patterns for Deployment
• OGC technology applied in several environments– Reusable patterns use OGC standards to accomplish typical tasks.
• Engineering patterns– Publish, Find and Bind Pattern– Geospatial Portal and Clients– Multi-Tier Architectures– Spatial Data Infrastructures– Sensor Webs– Workflow and Service Chaining
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Bind
Find Publish
Broker
Client Service
Registry
Publish-Find-and-Bind Pattern
– Resource providers can advertise their resources (publish)– End users can discover resources that they need at run-time (find)– End users and their applications can access and exercise resources
at run-time (bind)
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Service tiers in OWS architecture
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Reference Architecture Service Distribution
InternetPortrayalServices
PortrayalServices
PortrayalServices
Maps Styling Coverages Map Context
DataServices
DataServices
DataServices
Features Gazetteer Coverages Symbology Mgmt
CatalogServicesCatalog
ServicesCatalog
Services
Data Discovery Service Discovery Catalog Update Query Languages
PortalServices
Viewer Clients Discovery Clients Management Clients Access Control Exposed Services
Geospatial Portal
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GEOSSClearinghouses
GEO Web Portals
GEOSS Common Infrastructure
Components & Services
Standards andInteroperability
Best PracticesWiki
User Requirements
Registries
Main GEOWeb Site
CSW WMS
CSW
Registered Community Resources
Community Portals
Client Applications
Client Tier
Business Process Tier
CommunityCatalogues
AlertServers
WorkflowManagement
ProcessingServers
Access Tier
GEONETCastProduct Access
ServersSensor Web
ServersModel Access
Servers
Test Facility
MediationServers
CSW WMS
CSW W*S
WMS
WFS WFS SOS SAS SPS W*S
CSW
WPS
GEOSS Engineering Viewpoint
ORM Viewpoint 5:
Implementations of OGC Standards
5.1 OGC Compliance Test Program
5.2 Registered Implementations
5.3 Operational Networks using OGC Standards
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ORM Viewpoint 5:
Implementations of OGC Standards
• OGC Compliance Test Program• Registered Implementations• Operational Networks using OGC Standards
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Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
Market Availabilitysee http://www.opengeospatial.org/resource/products
• Free availability of standards stimulates market
• Hundreds of Products Implementing OGC Standards
• Compliance Test & Certification Program
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From portal select desired theme(s) and area of interest
Wizard picks appropriate workflow for desired result
Wizard
Mozambique
Disaster Management Information System (DMIS)
Workflows
Estimated rainfall accumulation and flood prediction model
Flood Model
Selected workflow automatically activates needed assets and models
Baseline water level, flood waters and predicted flooding
GEOSS AIP-2 Flood Prediction and ResponseLed by NASA, Spot Image, Northrop Grumman, ERDAS
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Geoparser
GSDI - A Global Capability Based on Commonly Accepted Best Practices
• Reduced deployment and operational costs
• Support public and private decision making requirements
• Establish partnerships to share successes, capture and share best practices
• Easier access to multiple online info sources and services
• Minimize duplication through reuse of geospatial information and technology solutions within an across organizations
ClearinghouseClearinghouseGeoparser
VendorData
Local Government
NationalGovernment
OtherCollections
Clearinghouse
WhovilleCedar Lake
WhovilleCedar Lake
BuildingsRoadsImagesTargetsBoundaries ...
CatalogView
Common interfaces enable interoperability
Queries extract info from diverse sources
Integrated View
Gazetteer CoordinateTransform
Web Mapping Server, Web Feature Server, Web Coverage Server Catalog Services
OtherServices
Metadata
DataMetadata
DataMetadata
DataMetadata
Internet
Geoparser
Geocoder
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Parting Thoughts…
• OGC Reference Model is moving into an annual revision cycle.• Let’s consider including some real world practical examples of
Semantics and Ontology work as direct reference in OGC Reference Model:– One Geology www.onegeology.org– Marine Semantic Mediation Web Services (MMI)– Semantic Sensor Web
• Semantic Sensor Network• Hydrologic Sensor Web
• OGC deeply engaged implementation level standards development– Identify and socialize S/O topics in the OGC process to spur
development, prototyping and testing
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Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
Interoperability is about Organizations
“Interoperability seems to be about the integration of information. What it’s really about is the coordination of organizational behavior.”
David SchellCEO and ChairmanOGC
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Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium All Rights Reserved.
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Thank you for your attention!
Mark ReichardtPresident & [email protected]+1 301 840-1361
www.opengeospatial.org