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TRANSCRIPT
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BAECO-101
Self Learning Material
Directorate of Distance Education
SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY
MEERUT-250005
UTTAR PRADESH
SIM Module Developed by :
Reviewed by :
•
Assessed by:Study Material Assessment Committee, as per the SVSU ordinance No. VI (2).
Copyright © Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
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Published by : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd., 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002.Tel: 43532500, E-mail: [email protected]
DEM C—Typeset at: Printed at: Edition: 2020
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1- vFkZ'kkL=kdkvFkZ]ifjHkk"kk,oa{ks=k 1&17
1-1- mís';(Objectives) 1 1-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 1 1-3- vFkZ'kkL=k,oaO;f"VxrvFkZ'kkL=k(,difjp;)(An Introduction: Economics and Microeconomics) 2 1-4- vFkZ'kkL=kdhfofHkUuifjHkk"kk,¡,oaizÑfr 3 1-5- vFkZ'kkL=kosQ{ks=k(Scope of Economics) 12 1-6- lkjka'k(Summary) 17 1-7- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 17
2- ek¡x,oe~iw£r 18&89
2-1- mís';(Objectives) 19 2-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 19 2-3- ek¡xdhèkkj.kk(Concept of Demand) 19 2-4- ek¡xrkfydkrFkkek¡xoØ(Demand Schedule and Demand Curve) 21 2-5- ek¡xosQfu/kZjdrRo;kek¡xiQyu(Determinants of Demand or Demand Function) 23 2-6- fofHkUufuèkkZjdrRooSQlsdk;ZdjrsgSa\(How do Different Determinants Work?) 24 2-7- ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZuvkSjek¡xesaifjorZu (Change in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand) vFkok ek¡xoØijlapyuvkSjek¡xoØdkf[kldko (Movement Along Demand Curve and Shift of the Demand Curve) 28 2-8- ek¡xesafoLrkjrFkko`f¼esavarj(Distinction between Extension and Increase in Demand) 32 2-9- ek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkdehesavarj(Distinction between Contraction and Decrease in Demand) 33 2-10- ek¡xdhyksp(Elasticity of Demand) 34 2-11- ek¡xdhdheryksp(Price Elasticity of Demand) 34 2-12- ek¡xdhdherykspdhnksvafrelhek,¡(Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand) 35 2-13- ek¡xdhdherykspdhlkekU;fLFkfr;k¡(Normal Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand) 37 2-14- ek¡xdhykspdhfofHkUufLFkfr;ksaE = 1, E>1rFkkE<1dksizdVdjusokyhek¡xoozsaQ (Demand Curves Showing E = 1, E>1 and E<1) 37 2-15- ek¡xdhdherykspdheki(Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand) 38 2-16- ek¡xdhyksplslacafèkroqQNizes;(Some Theorems on Elasticity of Demand) 46 2-17- ek¡xdhdherykspdksizHkkfordjusokysrRo (Factors Determining the Price Elasticity of Demand) 47 2-18- ek¡xdhvk;yksp(Income Elasticity of Demand) 49 2-19- ek¡xdhvk;ykspdheki(Measurement of Income Elasticity of Demand) 49 2-20- ek¡xdhvk;ykspdhJsf.k;k¡(Degrees of Income Elasticity of Demand) 50 2-21- ek¡xdhvkM+hyksp(Cross Elasticity of Demand) 52
2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
2-22- ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdheki(Measurement of Cross Elasticity of Demand) 52 2-23- ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdhizÑfrrFkkJsf.k;k¡(Nature and Degrees of Cross Elasticity of Demand) 53 2-24- ek¡xdhdherykspdkegÙo(Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand) 56 2-25- iw£r,oalacaf/rfopkj(Supply and Related Concepts) 57 2-26- iw£rdkfu;e(Law of Supply) 61 2-27- iw£rdhek=kkesaifjorZurFkkiw£resaifjorZu(Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply) 63 2-28- iw£rdhyksp(Elasticity of Supply) 66 2-29- iw£rdkvFkZ 77 2-30- iw£resaifjorZuiw£resao`f¼vkSjfxjkoV 80 2-31- iw£rdhyksp 83 2-32- lkjka'k(Summary) 88 2-33- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 88
3- ?kjsyw]iQeZ,oe~cktkjdhlajpuk 90&147
3-1- mís';(Objectives) 91 3-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 91 3-3- rVLFkrkoØD;kgS\(What is an Indifference Curve?) 92 3-4- rVLFkrkvuqlwph(Indifference Schedule) 92 3-5- rVLFkkrkoØfp=kh;izLrqrhdj.k(Graphical Presentation of Indifference Curve) 93 3-6- rVLFkkekufp=k(Indifference Map) 94 3-7- lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj(Marginal Rate of Substitution) 95 3-8- lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj?kVrhD;ksagS\(Why does the Marginal Rate of Substitution Diminish?) 99 3-9- ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;erFkk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;edhrqyuk (Comparison of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution) 99 3-10- rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdhekU;rk,¡(Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis) 100 3-11- rVLFkrkoØksadhfo'ks"krk,¡(Properties of Indifference Curves) 101 3-12- rVLFkrkoØksaosQvkdkjosQoqQNviokn(Some Exceptional Shapes of Indifference Curves) 104 3-13- ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kk(Budget Line or Price Line) 106 3-14- ctVjs[kkdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Properties of Budget Line) 108 3-15- ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdkLFkkukarj.k(Shifting of the Budget Line or Price Line) 108 3-16- miHkksDrklarqyu(Consumer’s Equilibrium) 111 3-17- miHkksDrklarqyudhnksvkèkkjHkwr'krs±(Two Basic Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium) 111 3-18- miHkksDrklarqyuijoLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZudkizHkko (Effect of Change in Commodity Price on Consumer’s Equlibrium) 113 3-19- dherizHkko(Price Effect) 113 3-20- vk;izHkko(Income Effect) 114 3-21- izfrLFkkiuizHkko(Substitution) 115 3-22- izfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkodhigpku;kdherizHkkodkizfrLFkkiuizHkkovkSjvk;izHkkoesafoHkktu (Identification of Substitution Effect and Income Effect of Splitting Price Effect into Substitution Effect and Income Effect) 115 3-23- fgDldkn`f"Vdks.k(The Hicksian Approach) 115 3-24- fxÝiQudkfojksèkkHkkl(Giffen’s Paradox) 121
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3
3-25- fxÝiQuoLrqvksadhfLFkfresavk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkko (Income and Substitution Effects in Case of Giffen Goods) 121 3-26- vk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoksaosQlaHkola;ksx(Possible Combinations of Income and Substitution Effects) 123 3-27- ,dkfèkdkjD;kgS\(What is Monopoly?) 123 3-28- ,dkfèkdkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Features of Monopoly) 124 3-29- ,dkfèkdkjesalarqyu(Monopoly Equilibrium) vFkok ,dkfèkdkjesadherrFkkmRiknudkfuèkkZj.k (Determination of Price and Output under Monopoly) 125 3-30- oqQyvk;rFkkoqQyykxroØn`f"Vdks.k(Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach) 126 3-31- lhekarvk;rFkklhekarykxrn`f"Vdks.k(Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach) 127 3-32- dherfoHksn;kHksnewyd,dkfèkdkj(Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly) 131 3-33- dherfoHksnosQizdkj(Types of Price Discrimination) 132 3-34- dherfoHksnhdj.kdhJsf.k;k¡(Degrees of Price Discrimination) 132 3-35- dherfoHksndhvko';d'krs±(Essential Conditions for Price Discrimination) 133 3-36- dherfoHksndcykHknk;dgksrkgS\(When Price Discrimination is Profitable) 134 3-37- Hksnewyd,dkfèkdkjesadher,oe~mRiknudkfuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination under Discriminating Monopoly) 134 3-38- D;k,dkfèkdkjhdherlnSoiw.kZizfr;ksxhdherlsvfèkdgksrhgS\ (Is Monopoly Price always Higher than the Perfectly Competitive Price?) 137 3-39- viw.kZo,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk(Imperfect and Monopolistic Competition) 138 3-40- vYikfèkdkj(Oiligopoly) 143 3-41- lkjka'k(Summary) 146 3-42- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 147
4- vFkZO;oLFkkdk?kjsywcktkj 148&164
4-1- JecktkjD;kgS\(What is labour market) 148 4-2- JecktkjdhifjHkk"kk(Definition of labour market) 148 4-3- Jecktkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡%(Characteristics of labour market) 149 4-4- JecktkjosQizdkj%(Types of labour market) 149 4-5- Jecktkjdhek¡xvkSjvkiw£r%(Demand and supply in labor) 150 4-6- O;qRiUuek¡x 151 4-7- fl¼kardhHkwfedk(Introduction to Ricardian Theory) 152 4-8- Hkwfe 152 4-9- lhekarjktLomRikn 156 4-10- lhekarlalkèkuykxr 156 4-11- fMekafMaxdoZdkfMjkbodjuk 157 4-12- fiNM+k>qdrkvkiw£rozQj 158 4-13- Jfedla?k 159 4-14- ,df'k{kkdkvk£FkdewY; 163 4-15- lkjka'k(Summary) 164 4-16- vH;kliz'u (Review Questions) 164
Semester-I
Micro Economics (BAECO101)Credits: Total-4 (Semester-I)
Marks: Total-100 Internal-30; End-Semester Examinations-70Duration (Hours per week): Total – 5 (Lecture/Tutorial – 5)
Course Objectives: After the completion of this course, the students will be able to:
● To acquire information about the basic principles of Micro Economics.● To develop critical thinking of Economic activities.● To understand the concept of Micro Economics. ● To make able to analyses real life situations.
Curriculum
Unit-I Meaning, Definition and scope of economics: - Why study economics; definitions of micro, econo mics by A smith, Alfred marshal and L. Robbins, P. Samuelsson, and their critical examination; scarcity and choice; Micro-Economics in relation to other branches of economics.
Unit-II Supply and Demand: - How market works with different meaning & definition of activities supply and demand individual demand and supply schedules and the derivation of market demand and supply shifts in demand and supply curve; the concept of elasticity and its application; consumer and producer’s surplus.
Unit-III House Holds, firms and market structure:- Meaning of Consumption; consumption decision; preferences and their representation with indifference curves; Budget and its constraints; income and substitution effects, behavior of profit memorizing firms and the production process case and output in long run monopoly and antitrust policy; Gov. policies towards competition, imperfect competitions.
Unit-IV Input Markets of Economy:- Labour and land market; concept of derived demand for goods & services, input productivity and marginal revenue product and input demand curves; competitive input market and public policy.
SuggestiveReadings
1. Join T.R. and Dr. V.K introductory Microeconomics, V.K. Globle Publication.2. Korl E. Case and Roy C.Fair, Principal of Economics. Pearson Education, Inc. 8th Edition, 2007.3. N. Gregory Mankiw, Economics; Principals and applications. engage learning, engage learning India Pvt. Ltd, with edition 2007.
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vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
lajpuk1.1 mís';(Objectives)1.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)1.3 vFkZ'kkL=k,oaO;f"VxrvFkZ'kkL=k(,difjp;) (An Introduction: Economics and Micro Economics)1.4 vFkZ'kkL=kdhfofHkUuifjHkk"kk,¡,oaizÑfr (Nature and Different Definitions of Economics)1.5 vFkZ'kkL=kdk{ks=k(Scope of Economics)1.6 lkjka'k(Summary)1.7 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)
1-1- mís'; (Objectives)
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1-3- vFkZ'kkL=k ,oa O;f"Vxr vFkZ'kkL=k (,d ifjp;) (An Introduction: Economics and Microeconomics)
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(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
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1-4- vFkZ'kkL=k dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk,¡ ,oa izÑfr
tc,MefLeFkdhiqLrd‘An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations’izdkf'krgqbZFkhrksmlosQlkFkghvFkZ'kkL=kdktUeHkhgqvkFkkAbliqLrdosQizdk'kuosQyxHkx,d'krkCnhrdblu,foKkudks^jktuhfrdvFkZO;oLFkk*osQukelslacksfèkrfd;kx;k;|fiblnkSjkuoqQNvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausblsu,&u,ukensusosQiz;klHkhfd,FksAmnkgj.kkFkZ]ßsVysusbls‘Catallactics’vFkok^fofue;dkfoKku*laKknh]gkuZusbls‘Plutology’vFkok^èkudkfoKku*dgdjiqdkjkvkSjbZxzkeusbldks‘chrematistics’vFkok^èkuksiktZudkfoKku*dgdjlEcksfèkrfd;k FkkA ¯drq buiz;klksa osQ ckotwn 19oha 'krkCnhosQ eè;rdbl foKkudkizkjafEHkdukejktuhfrdvFkZO;oLFkkcjkcjizpfyrjgkAblosQmijkUrbls ^vFkZ'kkL=k*dku;kukefn;kx;kAvFkZ'kkL=kdhvusdifjHkk"kk,¡gesamiyCèkgSa]ysfdubuesalsdksbZHkh,slhifjHkk"kkughaftlsiw.kZr%nks"keqDrdgktklosQAnwljs'kCnksaesaizR;sdifjHkk"kkesadksbZudksbZdehgSAfofHkUuifjHkk"kkvksadksgepkj'kh"kZdksaosQvarxZrfoHkkftrdjldrsgSaµ
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4- ^fodkl*osQfUnzrifjHkk"kk,¡
^èku* izèkku ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Wealth Definitions)
izkphuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausvFkZ'kkL=kdks^èkudkfoKku*dgdjifjHkkf"krfd;kAvFkZ'kkL=kosQfirk,MefLeFkusviuhfo[;kriqLrddkuke^jk"VªksaosQèkuosQLo:irFkkdkj.kksadh[kkst*j[kkAmuosQvuqlkj]¶vFkZ'kkL=kjk"VªksaosQèkuosQLo:irFkkdkj.kksadh[kkstdjrkgSA¸blhizdkjÚkUlhlhys[kdts-ch-lsosQvuqlkj¶vFkZ'kkL=kogfoKkugStksèkudhfoospukdjrkgSA¸vesfjdhvFkZ'kkL=khokdjosQvuqlkj]¶vFkZ'kkL=kKkudhog'kk[kkgStksèkulslacafèkrgSA¸
mijksDrfopkjèkkjkosQvFkZ'kkL=kdkvè;;ufo"k;èkugS];gvBkjgoha'krkCnhlsizkjEHkgksdjmUuhloha'krkCnhosQvkjEHkrdpyrhjghA
èku lacaèkh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh vkykspuk,¡
èkulacaèkhifjHkk"kk,¡nks"kiw.kZFkhAvr,obudhrhozvkykspuk,¡gqb±AvkykspukvksaosQizeq[kLrEHkfuEufyf[krgSa%
1- blifjHkk"kkosQvuqlkjekuoxkS.kgkstkrkgSvkSjlEifÙkizFkegkstkrhgSAtcfdizFkeLFkkuekuodY;k.kdksfn;ktkukpkfg,AèkudksvR;fèkdegÙonsusosQdkj.kekuodY;k.kdhmis{kkgksusyxhA;wjksiosQm|ksxifr;ksausosQoyèkudksosaQnzekudjetnwjksa]fL=k;ksavkSjcPpksadksdeetnwjhnsdjmudk'kks"k.kvkjEHkdjfn;kAbldh
4 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k cqf¼thfo;ksaesajks"kiw.kZizfrfØ;kgqbZAoqQNfo}kuksausvFkZ'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadh[kwcvkykspukdhfofy;eekSfjl]pkYlZfMosQUl]tkubfLduvkfnus]oqQcsjdkxzUFkvkSjjksVheD[kudkfoKkudgdjfuUnkdhA
2- vFkZ'kkL=k dk lhfer ,oa laoqQfpr {ks=kµblifjHkk"kkesaèku'kCndkvFkZcgqrlaoqQfprdjfn;kgSAblhlsvFkZ'kkL=kdk{ks=kHkhlaoqQfprgkstkrkgSAèkufliZQHkkSfrdinkFkZughagSblesaoqQN,slhlsok,¡HkhlfEefyrgSatksekuoh;vko';drkvksadhiw£rdjrhgSaAblifjHkk"kkosQvkèkkjijrks,dlsokfuo`rO;fDrvFkZ'kkL=kosQvè;;uesa'kkfeyughagksrkysfduek¡xdkfu;e]izfrLFkkiufu;erksmlijykxwgksrsgSaA
3- vFkZ&ekuo dh dYiukµ;g ifjHkk"kk ^vFkZ&ekuo* dh èkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr gS tksokLrfodrkosQfoijhrgSA^lkèkkj.k*euq";ftldkvFkZ'kkL=kesavè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]^vFkZ&ekuo*lsdghafHkUugksrkgSA^vFkZ&ekuo*rksuSfrdvkSfpR;dksR;kxdjlnSofo'kq¼vk£Fkdn`f"Vdks.klsghizsfjrgksrkgS]mlijvU;izsj.kkvksadkrfudHkhizHkkoughaiM+rkAijarqlkèkkj.keuq";dbZizdkjdhizsj.kkvksa]tSlsn;k]èkeZ]jktuhfrbR;kfnlsizHkkforgksrkgSAvr,o^vFkZ&ekuo*okLrfodughagSvkSjblijvkèkkfjrvFkZ'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kknks"kiw.kZghgksxhA
buvkykspukvksaosQdkj.k19oha'krkCnhosQvaresa^èku*lacaèkhifjHkk"kkdksR;kxfn;kx;kA
^dY;k.k* izèkku ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Welfare Approaches)
mUgksaus ^èku* dh vis{kk ^ekuo dY;k.k* dks vfèkd cy nsrs gq, vFkZ'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kkosQ Lo:i dks gh cny nsus okus MkDVj ek'kZy igys vFkZ'kkL=kh FksA fuLlUnsg] ^èku* vc HkhegÙoiw.kZle>ktkrkFkkfdUrqvcmldkLFkkuxkS.kgksx;kvkSjizFkeLFkkuekuo&dY;k.kdksfn;ktkusyxkFkkAMkW-ek'kZyusLi"Vr%dgkfd^èku*ekuoosQfy,gSufd^ekuo*èkuosQfy,vFkkZr~]èkulkè;ughaoju~lkèkugSAvFkZ'kkL=kdkmís';rks^ekuo&dY;k.k*esao`f¼djukgSAèkuxkS.kgS]izFkeLFkkurksekuoghgSAMkW-ek'kZyosQ'kCnksaesa]¶;g(vFkZ'kkL=k),dvksj^èku*dkvè;;udjrkgSvkSjnwljhvksjmllsHkhvfèkdegÙoiw.kZ;g^ekuo*osQvè;;udk,dHkkxgSA¸vr,omUgksausekuo&dY;k.kdksè;kuesaj[krsgq,tksifjHkk"kknhgSµ
¶jktuhfrdvFkZO;oLFkkvFkZ'kkL=kthouosQlkèkkj.k O;olk;osQlacaèk esa ekuo&tkfrdkvè;;ugSA;gO;fDrxr,oalkekftdfØ;kvksaosQmlHkkxijh{k.kdjrkgSftldkfo'ks"klacaèkthouesadY;k.kvFkoklq[klslEc¼HkkSfrdinkFkks±dhizkfIr,oamiHkksxlsgSA¸
MkW- ek'kZy dh ifjHkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k
izèkkur%]vFkZ'kkL=kekuodkvè;;udjrkgSAf}rh;];gekuo&thouosQvk£Fkdigywvksadkvè;;udjrkgSAekuothouosQdbZigywgksrsgSa]tSlsµlkekftd]èkk£ed]jktuhfrd,oavk£FkdALi"VgSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdkekuothouosQlkekftd]èkk£ed,oajktuhfrdigyqvksalsdksbZlacaèkughagSAvFkZ'kkL=krksfo'kq¼r%ekuo&thouosQvk£FkdigywlsghlacafèkrgSAfdUrq,dO;fDrosQthoudkvk£FkdigywD;kgksrkgS\Li"Vr%vk£FkdigywlsvfHkizk;blrF;lsgSfdogO;fDrviuhvk;oSQlsdekrkgSvkSjmlsoSQlsO;;djrkgSAvr%vFkZ'kkL=kekuo&dY;k.kdkugha]cfYdmlosQosQoy,dHkkxdkvè;;udjrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]vFkZ'kkL=kvk£FkdvFkokHkkSfrddY;k.kdkghvè;;udjrkgSAblhdkj.kblifjHkk"kkdksdY;k.koknhifjHkk"kkHkhdgktkrkgSA
MkW- ek'kZy osQ vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh dbZ fo[;kr vFkZ'kkL=kh gq, gSa ftUgksaus vFkZ'kkL=k dhdY;k.koknhifjHkk"kk,¡izLrqrdhgSaAizks-osQuuosQ'kCnksaesa]¶jktuSfrdvFkZ'kkL=kdkmís';mulkekU;dkj.kksadhO;k[;kdjukgSftuijekuodkHkkSfrddY;k.kfuHkZjjgrkgSA¸izks-ihxwosQdFkukuqlkj]¶vFkZ'kkL=kesavk£FkddY;k.k]lkekftddY;k.kosQmlHkkxlsgSftlsizR;{kr%;kvizR;{kr%eqnzk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 5
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k
(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
osQekin.Mlslacafèkrfd;ktkldrkgSA¸mUgksausblckrijcyfn;kfdvFkZ'kkL=kesavk£Fkdfgrksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA;gèkkj.kkvFkZ'kkL=kdks,dO;kogkfjdfoKku(Applied Science)osQ:iesaizdVdjrhgSaA
vHkh gky gh esavejhdhvFkZ'kkL=kh izks-vlhekdksi'ykl usvFkZ'kkL=kdhdY;k.k lacaèkhifjHkk"kkblizdkjizLrqrdhgS%¶vFkZ'kkL=kogfo"k;gStkslektesaO;fDr;ksa,oaoxks±osQHkkSfrddY;k.klslacafèkrgksrkgSA¸
dY;k.k lacaèkh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh vkykspuk,¡
;|fidY;k.koknhifjHkk"kkdkizfriknuMkW-ek'kZy,oaizks-ihxwtSlslqfo[;krvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausfd;kgSrFkkfi;gifjHkk"kkiw.kZr%nks"keqDrughagSAfoxroqQNo"kks±lsblifjHkk"kkdhfuEufyf[krvkèkkjksaijvkykspukdhxbZgSA
1- vFkZ'kkL=k osQ {ks=k dks lhfer djukµizks-jkWfcUluosQvuqlkj]vFkZ'kkL=kdhdY;k.kdkjhifjHkk"kkvR;arlaoqQfprgSD;ksafdblesaosQoyHkkSfrdoLrqvksadkghlekos'kgSvkSjvHkkSfrdoLrqvksadhmis{kkdjnhxbZgSAvr%;gifjHkk"kkcgqrghvlUrks"ktudgSAHkkSfrd,oavHkkSfrdoLrqvksaosQchpdhlhekdksokLrfodthouesaLi"Vr%vafdrughafd;ktkldrkgSAHkkSfrd,oavHkkSfrdoLrq,¡ijLijblrjgtqM+hgqbZgSafdmudks,d&nwljslsi`Fko~QdjukvalEHkougharksdfBuvo';gSAgekjsnSfudthouesacgqr&lh,slhoLrq,¡gSatksgekjhvkxzgiw.kZvko';drkvksadkslarq"VdjrhgSvkSjek=kkesalhferHkhgS]ysfdufdlhHkhvFkZesamUgsaHkkSfrdoLrq,¡ughadgktkldrkAblhizdkj]MkDVjksa]odhyksa]vè;kidksabR;kfndhlsok,¡HkhgSatksek=kkesalhfergksrhgSvkSjekuodY;k.kesao`f¼djrhgS]ysfdufiQjHkhmuesaHkkSfrdrkukedhdksbZphtughagksrh(vFkkZr~osvHkkSfrdgksrhgS)Avr%izks-jkWfcUluosQvuqlkj]vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksHkkSfrdrkosQpDdjeasughaiM+ukpkfg,]cfYdmulHkhinkFkks±dks(pkgsosHkkSfrdgksavFkokvHkkSfrd)tksek=kkesalhfergSavkSjekuoh;vko';drkvksadhlarqf"VdjrsgSa]vFkZ'kkL=kdhfo"k;&lkexzhesalfEefyrdjukpkfg,A
2- vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vè;;u dks osQoy HkkSfrd lkèkuksa rd lhfer djukµizks-jkWfcUluusdY;k.kdkjhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadhifjHkk"kkesa,dvkSjvU;=kqfVHkhcrk;hgSAbuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkj]vFkZ'kkL=kosQoyHkkSfrddY;k.kosQdkj.kksadhO;k[;kdjrkgS]tcfdfofp=kckr;ggSfdbudh,dvHkkSfrdifjHkk"kkizLrqrdhgSAmUgksaus,MefLeFk}kjkizfrikfnrmRiknd,oavuqRikndJeosQchposQvarjdksvLohdkjdjfn;kgSvkSjblvUrjdksvokLrfodcrk;kgSAmUgksausviuhvksjlsmRiknd,oavuqRikndJeosQchp,du;kvarjizLrqrfd;kgSAblvarjosQvuqlkjlektosQoqQNlnL;ksa]tSlµvè;kidksa]odhyksa]MkWDVjksavkSjxk;dksadkJerksmRikndgSvkSjblhukrsogvFkZ'kkL=kdkvfofPNUuvaxgSaALi"VgSfdbulnL;ksadhlsok,¡vHkkSfrdgSysfdufiQjHkhmUgsavFkZ'kkL=kdkvfHkUuvaxekuktkrkgSA
3- vFkZ'kkL=k dk HkkSfrd dY;k.k ls lacaèk LFkkfir djuk feF;k gSµdY;k.koknhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj HkkSfrddY;k.k osQ chp tks lacaèk LFkkfir fd;k gS]izks- jkWfcUluus mldh HkhvkykspukdhgSA muosQdFkkukuqlkjvFkZ'kkL=kdk HkkSfrddY;k.klsdksbZlacaèkughagSAvFkZ'kkL=krkscgqrlh,slhfØ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgSftudkHkkSfrddY;k.klsnwjdkHkhlacaèkughagksrkAtksyksxu'khyhoLrqvksa(tSls'kjkc]viQhevkfn)dkfuekZ.kdjrsgSamudh;sfØ;k,¡fu'p;ghvk£FkdfØ;k,¡gSAD;k;sfØ;k,¡HkkSfrddY;k.kesao`f¼djrhgS\dnkfiughaAysfdufiQjHkhvFkZ'kkL=khbufØ;kvksadkvè;;udjrsgSaD;ksafdbudklacaèknqyZHkoLrqvksaosQmRiknu,oaforj.k
6 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k lsgSAbUghaosQekè;elsekuoh;vko';drkvksadhiw£rgksrhgSAblizdkj]dY;k.koknhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadhmDrifjHkk"kkvUr£ojksèkhizrhrgksrhgSA
izks- osQuu osQ vuqlkj] ¶;q¼ dh jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk¸ dk fopkj fu'p; ghfojksèkkHkklgSAmudk;groZQmfprizrhrgksrkgSfdpw¡fd;q¼HkkSfrddY;k.kesao`f¼ughadjrkvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kosQoyHkkSfrddY;k.klsghlacafèkrgS]vr%;q¼vFkZ'kkL=kdhfo"k;&lkexzhughaculdrkAdY;k.koknhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausvFkZ'kkL=kdkstks^HkkSfrddY;k.k*dkfopkjiznkufd;kgS]ogokLroesavUr£ojksèkh,oavfLFkjfopkjgSA
4- ifjek.kkRed :i esa HkkSfrd dY;k.k dks ekiuk laHko ughaµ^dY;k.kdkjh*ifjHkk"kkdhvkykspukblvkèkkjijHkhdhxbZgSfdHkkSfrddY;k.kdksifjek.kkRed:ilsekiuklaHkoughagSAblesalUnsgughafdizks-ihxweqnzkdksHkkSfrddY;k.kosQekiusdklkèkuekursgSaAysfduiz'u;ggSfdD;keqnzkHkkSfrddY;k.kdkslarks"ktud<axlsekildrhgS\dnkfiughaA;fnnksO;fDrfdlh,doLrqosQfy,lekudherpqdkrsgSarksbldk;gvfHkizk;ughagSfdmunksuksaO;fDr;ksadksmloLrqosQmiHkksxls^leku*mi;ksfxrk,oa^leku*dY;k.kizkIrgksrkgSAlaHkogSfdbunksuksaesals,dO;fDrèkuhgksvkSjnwljkxjhcALi"Vr%bunksuksaO;fDr;ksadksoLrqosQmiHkksxlstksmi;ksfxrk,¡izkIrgksrhgSa]oslekuughagksldrhaA
5- vFkZ'kkL=k fo'kq¼ :i ls lkekftd foKku ugha gSµ^dY;k.koknh*ifjHkk"kkdhvkykspukbldkj.kHkhdhtkldrhgSfd;gifjHkk"kkvFkZ'kkL=kdksfo'kq¼r%,dlkekftdfoKkucuk nsrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;fn blifjHkk"kkdks Lohdkjdj fy;ktk,rksvFkZ'kkL=kekuodklkekftdizk.khosQ:iesavè;;udjsxkA,slhifjfLFkfresavFkZ'kkL=kosQoymUghaO;fDr;ksadhfØ;kvksadkvè;;udjsxktkslektosQlnL;gSavkSjlektesafopj.kdjrsgSa]vFkZ'kkL=klkekftdfoKkuosQ:iesamuO;fDr;ksadhleL;kvksadkvè;;uughadjsxktks'ks"klektlsi`Fkdgksx;sgSaA,slhifjfLFkfresajkWfcUlozwQlksavFkokfgeky;oklhlkèkq&laU;klhdhfØ;k,¡vFkZ'kkL=kosQvè;;u{ks=klsckgjjgsaxh]D;ksafd;snksuksaghO;fDrlektdhlnL;rklsfoeqDrgkspqosQgSaA dY;k.koknh*ifjHkk"kkesablizdkjdkfopkjfu'p;kRed:ilsfufgrgSAysfduD;kgeblfopkjdksLohdkjdjldrsgSa\ughaAizks-jkWfcUlosQdFkukuqlkjvFkZ'kkL=kosQvkèkkjewydfu;ejkWfcUluozwQlksvFkokfgeky;oklhlkèkq&lU;klhijHkhBhdmlhizdkjykxwgksrsgSaftlizdkjoslektosQfu;ferlnL;ksaijykxwgSaAmnkgj.kkFkZ]vFkZ'kkL=kdkizfrLFkkiu&fu;e,dewyHkwrfu;egStkslektvkSjlektlsckgjokyksalcijykxwgksrkgSA
6- ifjHkk"kk fo'ys"k.kkRed u gks dj oxkZRed gSµvUrr%izks-jkWfcUluus^dY;k.koknh*ifjHkk"kkdhblvkèkkjijHkhvkykspukdhgSfd;gifjHkk"kkfo'ys"k.kkRedugksdjoxkZRedgSA^dY;k.koknh*vFkZ'kkL=kosQvuqlkjvFkZ'kkL=kdklacaèkekuoh;fØ;kvksaosQ,dfuf'proxZlsgS]ufdizR;sdfØ;kosQ,dfuf'prigywlsAblizdkj^dY;k.koknh*vFkZ'kkL=kh leLrekuoh; fØ;kvksadks nks oxks± esa foHkkftrdjrs gSaµ(1) vk£Fkd fØ;k,¡ vkSj (2) xSj&vk£Fkd fØ;k,¡A ysfdu ekuo&fØ;kvksa osQ bloxhZdj.kdksizks-jkWfcUlu^roZQghu*,oa^voSKkfud*dgdjvLohdkjdjrsgSaAmudkdgukgSfdvk£FkdfØ;kdkxSj&vk£FkdigywHkhgksldrkgSAvr%ekuo&fØ;kvksadkdksbZdBksjoxhZdj.kughafd;ktkldrkAekuo&fØ;kvksadk,slkoxhZdj.kdjusosQctk,vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksbuosQ,dfuf'prigywijè;kuosQfUnzrdjukpkfg,AogdkSulkigywgS\izks-jkWfcUluosQvuqlkj]vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksekuo&fØ;kvksaosQmligywijè;kunsukpkfg,tkslkèkuksadhnqyZHkrklsizHkkforgksrkgSA
buvkykspukvksaosQdkj.kizks-jkWfcUluus^dY;k.koknh*ifjHkk"kkdksvLohdkjdjfn;kgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 7
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k
(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
blosQLFkkuijmUgkasus,du;hifjHkk"kkdkfuekZ.kfd;kgSAmudknkokgSfdmuosQ}kjkizLrqrifjHkk"kkmi;qZDrlHkhnks"kksa,oavkykspukvksalsloZFkkeqDrgSApwafdizks-jkWfcUldhifjHkk"kk^mís';ksa*dhrqyukesa^lkèkuksadhnqyZHkrk*ijvfèkdcynsrhgS]blhfy,vk£FkdlkfgR;esabls^nqyZHkrk*ifjHkk"kkdhlaKknhtkrhgSA
nqyZHkrk vFkok lhferrk izèkku ifjHkk"kk,¡
lu~1932esa izks- jkWfcUldhegku~iqLrdAn Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic ScienceosQizdk'kuosQmijkUrvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadhifjHkk"kkosQlacaèkesa,du;kfooknmRiUugksx;kFkkAbliqLrdosQizdk'kulsiwoZrks,slkizrhrgksrkFkkfdMkW-ek'kZyusifjHkk"kkdhleL;kdkLFkk;hrkSjijlekèkkughdjfn;kFkkAlu~1932lsiwoZftrusHkhcM+s&cM+svFkZ'kkL=khgq,mulHkhusMkW-ek'kZydhifjHkk"kkdksyxHkxiw.kZ:is.kLohdkjdjfy;kFkkAysfduizks-jkWfcUldhiqLrdosQifj.kkeLo:ivFkZ'kkL=kdhiqjkuh,oaijEijkxrifjHkk"kkesavFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkfo'oklvcMxexkusyxkAosblifjHkk"kkdkslUnsgkRedn`f"Vlsns[kusyxsAizks-jkWfcUldhifjHkk"kkblizdkjgSµ
¶vFkZ'kkL=kogfoKkugStksy{;ksarFkkmuosQlhfer,oaoSdfYidmi;ksxksaokyslkèkuksaosQijLijlacaèkksaosQ:iesaekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSA¸
blifjHkk"kkesarhuewyrÙoik;stkrsgSaAvFkZ'kkL=kdklewpk<kapkburhuksarÙoksaijghvkèkkfjrgSA;srhuksarÙogSaµmís';]nqyZHklkèku],oaoSdfYidmi;ksxA
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2- nqyZHk lkèkuµ;|fivko';drk,¡vla[;gSaysfdumUgsalarq"VdjusosQmiyCèklkèkuvR;UrlhfergksrsgSaApwafdvfèkdka'koLrqvksadhiw£rmudhek¡xdhrqyukeasnqyZHkgksrhgS]blhfy,rksvk£FkdleL;kmRiUugksrhgSAizks-feYVuizQhMesuosQvuqlkj]¶;fnlkèkunqyZHkugksrsrksvk£FkdleL;kghugksrhArcrksfo'ofuokZ.kdhfLFkfresagksrkA¸
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8 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 9
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(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
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10 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 11
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k
(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
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2- tgk¡jkWfcUldhifjHkk"kkLFkSfrdgSaoghalSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kk^le;*osQlekos'klsizkoSfxdcuxbZgSAblckrdhiqf"VifjHkk"kkdkxguvè;;udjuslsgkstkrhgSAlSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkesafuEuokD;ka'kksadkiz;ksxfd;kx;kgS%¶,dle;kofèkesafofHkUuoLrqvksadkmRiknu¸rFkk¶mudkorZeku,oaHkfo";esaforj.k¸A;sokD;ka'kle;&rÙo ls gh lacafèkr gSA buls ifjHkk"kk dk izkoSfxd Lo:i Li"V gks tkrk gSAlSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkosQvuqlkjfodkldhleL;kLor%ghvFkZ'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesalfEefyrgkstkrhgSAclblhdkj.klSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkjkWfcUldhifjHkk"kklsJs"BgSA
3- lSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkosQoyizkoSfxdghughagS]cfYdbldk{ks=kHkhjkWfcUldhifjHkk"kkdhvis{kkvfèkdfoLr`rgSA;gifjHkk"kk,d,slhvFkZO;oLFkkijHkhykxwgksrhgSftlesaoLrq&fofue;iz.kkyhdkizpyugksrkgSA(Lej.kjgsblizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkesaeqnzkdkiw.kZvHkkogksrkgSA);gdguklghughagSfdpqukovFkokfdiQk;rdhleL;k osQoyekSfnzdvFkZO;oLFkk esa gh mRiUu gksrh gSA oLrq&fofue; iz.kkyh okyhvFkZO;oLFkkesaHkhnqyZHkrkdhleL;kmRiUugksrhgSAblesaHkhlkè;ksadhrqyukesalkèkulhfergksrsgSaAvr%lSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkoLrq&fofue;iz.kkyhokyhvFkZO;oLFkkijHkhmlhrjgykxwgksrhgSftlrjgekSfnzdvFkZO;oLFkkijfØ;k'khygksrhgSA
4- lSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkdheq[;ckr;ggSfdpqukodhleL;kdkmlosQizkoSfxd:iesamYys[kdjrhgSApqukodhleL;korZekulsghughacfYdHkfo";lsHkhlacafèkrgksrhgSAtSlkfdgetkursgSa]ekuoh;vko;drk,¡dHkhHkhfLFkjvFkokLFkSfrdughagksrhaAdkykUrjesamudkLo:icnyrkjgrkgSAosQoymudkLo:iughacnyrk]cfYdmudhla[;kesaHkhfujarjo`f¼gksrhjgrhgSAvkLoknksa]vfHk#fp;ksa,oaiSQ'kuksaesagksusokysifjorZuekuoh;vko';drkvksaosQLo:idksghcnynsrsgSaAekuoh;vko';drkvksaesao`f¼osQifj.kkeLo:imUgsalarq"Vdjusgsrqvko';dlkèkuksaesaHkhvkuqikfrdo`f¼djuhiM+rhgSA;fn,slkughafd;ktkrkrksvk£FkdlkèkufiNM+tk,axsAvr%vFkZ'kkL=kdkLo:ifuok;Zr%izkoSfxdgkstkrkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfdlektdhcnyrh,oac<+rhgqbZvko';drkvksadhiw£rosQfy,vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkslkèkuksa]vk;]mRiknu,oajkstxkjdho`f¼ijè;kuosaQfnzrdjukgksxkAvr%vFkZ'kkL=kvlhferlkè;ksaosQlanHkZesalhferlkèkuksaosQvkcaVurFkkvk;]mRiknujkstxkj,oavk£FkdfodklosQfuèkkZjddkvè;;ugSAokLoresa];ghvFkZ'kkL=kdhlghifjHkk"kkgSA
Jh-osQ-th-lsBosQvuqlkj]¶vFkZ'kkL=kmlekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSftldklacaèklkè;ksaosQlanHkZesaifjorZuksa,oafodkllsgksrkgSA¸
12 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fu"d"kZr%µlHkhifjHkk"kkvksaesalslSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kklclsvfèkdlarks"ktudgSA;gifjHkk"kkpqukodhleL;kdksmlosQizkoSfxd:ilsO;DrdjrhgSAvk;]mRiknu]jkstxkj,oavk£FkdfodklvkfndhleL;kvksadksvFkZ'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesalfEefyrdjosQ;gifjHkk"kkmlosQ{ks=kdksfoLr`rdjnsrhgSA;ghugha]lSE;q,yludhiznÙk;gifjHkk"kklkoZHkkSfedHkhgSA;glHkhizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkvksa&vrhrdkyhu]orZeku,oaHkkohvFkZO;oLFkkvksaijleku:iesaykxwgksrhgSA;gifjHkk"kkoSpkfjderHksnksalsHkhijsgSD;ksafd;giawthoknh]fefJr]lektoknh,oalkE;oknhlHkhizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkvksaijfØ;k'khygksrhgSaApw¡fdviusizkoSfxdLo:iesapqukodhleL;klHkhizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkvksaesamRiUugksrhgS]vr%blifjHkk"kkdklkoZHkkSfedegRogSAokLro]esalSE;q,yludh;gifjHkk"kklHkhifjHkk"kkvksaesalslokZfèkdLohdk;ZgSAvFkZ'kkL=kdk{ks=kdHkhHkhlEiw.kZ,oavfUreughagksrkAdkykUrjesablesaifjorZugksrsjgrsgSaA;gk¡rdfdvFkZ'kkL=kdh^fodkl*ifjHkk"kkdkLFkkuHkhHkfo";esadksbZvU;ifjHkk"kkysldrhgSA
1-5- vFkZ'kkL=k osQ {ks=k (Scope of Economics)
vFkZ'kkL=kdkfo"k;&{ks=kHkhokn&fookndkghfo"k;gSAvFkZ'kkL=kosQfo"k;&{ks=kdhfoospukdjrsle;gesa;gcrkukgksxkfdvFkZ'kkL=kfoKkugSvFkokdyk\D;kvFkZ'kkL=kfoKkugSvFkokvkn'kZfoKku\D;kvk£Fkdfo"k;ksaosQckjsesavFkZ'kkL=khviukuSfrdn`f"Vdks.kizLrqrdjldrsgSa\;gvHkhHkhokn&fookndkfo"k;cukgqvkgSA
vFkZ'kkL=k&foKku osQ :i esa (Economics–As a Science)
vFkZ'kkL=k^foKku*gS;kugha&bldkfu.kZ;djuslsiwoZgesa;gHkyhHkkafrle>ysukpkfg,fd^foKku*lsvfHkizk;D;kgSAfoKkuekuo&Kkudk,dØec¼,oaO;ofLFkrHk.MkjgStksdkj.krFkkifj.kkeosQikjLifjdlacaèkdh[kkstdjrkgSALej.kjgsfdfoKkuosQoyrF;ksadklewgughagksrkAizks-iksbuosQ;josQ'kCnksaesa]¶ftlizdkjedkuiRFkjksalscurkgS]BhdmlhrjgfoKkurF;ksalsfu£ergksrkgS_ysfduftlizdkjiRFkjksaosQ<sjek=klsedkuughacutkrk]BhdmlhrjgosQoyrF;ksaosQlewglsfoKkudkfuekZ.kughagkstkrkA¸nwljs'kCnksaesafoKkudkfuekZ.kdjusosQfy,geasrF;ksadkØec¼:ilslaxzg]oxhZdj.krFkkfo'ys"k.kdjukpkfg,AfoKkudhmDrifjHkk"kkdksvFkZ'kkL=kijykxwdjrsgq,geblifj.kkeijigq¡prsgSafdvFkZ'kkL=kHkhekuo&Kkudhog'kk[kkgSftlesarF;ksadkØec¼:ilslaxzg]oxhZdj.k,oafo'ys"k.kfd;ktkrkgSAbln`f"Vdks.klsvFkZ'kkL=kiw.kZ:is.k,dfoKkugS%foKkudh,dvU;fo'ks"krk;ggSfdbldhfo"k;&lkexzhekiuh;gksuhpkfg,AoqQNoSKkfudrksekiuh;rkijcgqrtksjnsrsgSaAykWMZosQyfouus,dckjdgkFkkfd¶tcvkiviusfo"k;dksekidjla[;kRedvkadM+ksaesaO;DrdjrsgSarksfu'p;ghvkimlsle>rsgSa]ysfdutcvkifo"k;dksekiusvkSjla[;kRedvkadM+ksaeasO;DrdjusesavleFkZjgrsgSarksmlosQckjsesavkidhtkudkjhvi;kZIrvkSjvlarks"ktudghgksrhgSAvkb,]vcgens[ksafdvFkZ'kkL=kdhfo"k;&lkexzhdgk¡rdekiuh;gSAtSlkfdloZfofnrgS]vFkZ'kkL=khosQiklekSfnzdekin.MgSftldhlgk;rklsogO;fDrxr,oaO;kikfjdmís';ksadksekildrkgSAoqQNvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkfopkjgSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdksµ^foKku*dkizfrf"BrntkZ(Lrj)blfy,ughafn;ktkldrkD;ksafdvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesa,derdkvHkkojgrkgSAokLroesa]JherhckjcjkowVudkvFkZ'kkL=kosQfo#¼;gh,deq[;vkjksigSAmuosQdFkkukuqlkj]¶;fnfdlhLFkkuijN%vFkZ'kkL=kh,df=krgksrsgSA¸rksogk¡muosQlkrergksaxsAvFkkZr~,dvFkZ'kkL=kh,slkHkhgksxkftlosQ,dghfo"k;ijnksergkasxsAD;k,slhifjfLFkfresavFkZ'kkL=kdksfoKkudgukmfprgksxk\blesalUnsgughafdvkèkkjewydleL;kvksaijHkhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesaerSD;dkvHkkogSAysfdublhdkj.kvFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kukHkhmfprizrhrughagksrkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 13
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k
(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
oqQNvFkZ'kkL=khvFkZ'kkL=kdksfoKkuosQizfrf"BrntsZlsblvkèkkjijoafprj[kukpkgrsgSafd;g'kkL=kjlk;u'kkL=k,oaHkkSfrd'kkL=kdhHkkafrHkkoh?kVukvksadhlgh&lghHkfo";ok.khughadjldrkA;glR;gSfdHkkSfrd,oaizkÑfrdfoKkuksadhHkkafrvFkZ'kkL=kHkkoh?kVukvkasdhlghHkfo";ok.khughadjldrkA;gHkhlR;gSfdvFkZ'kkL=k}kjkizLrqrHkfo";okf.k;k¡cgqèkkfeF;kfl¼gqbZgSaAysfdublosQfy,gevFkZ'kkL=kvFkokvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksnks"khughaBgjkldrsvkSjughblvkèkkjijgevFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kldrsgSaAvFkZ'kkL=kHkkoh?kVukvksadhlghHkfo";ok.khdjusesablfy,vleFkZgSD;ksafdblesavla[;tfVyrÙoksadkvè;;udjukiM+rkgSAbuesalsoqQNrÙorks,slsgSaftuosQckjsesaHkfo";ok.khdhghughatkldrhAvFkZ'kkL=kekuolsHkhtqM+kgS]vkSjmldkO;ogkjLora=kgSblckjsesaHkfo";ok.khughagksldrhmnkgj.kkFkZykWMZdhUluslu~1930esaHkfo";ok.khdhFkhfdU;w;koZQLVkWd,DlpsatijdherksadhfxjkoV'kh?kzghlekIrgkstk,xhvkSjmlosQmijkUrvejhdkdkrsthlsvkS|ksfxdhdj.kgksxkAfdUrq;gHkfo";ok.khxyrfl¼gqbZAdhersafxjrhpyhx;hAvejhdklfgrlewpkfo'oegkueUnhosQxM~MsesatkfxjkAysfduiz'u;gmRiUugksrkgSfdD;kvFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kusosQfy,mDrvk/kjmfprgS\;fn;gvk/kjmfprgSrksekSlefoKkudksHkh^foKku*ughekuktkldrkD;ksafdÍrqlaca/hHkfo";okf.k;k¡vDljxyrfl¼gksrhgSAD;kgeblhvk/kjijekSlefoKkudks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kldrsgS\dnkfiughaAokLrfodrkrks;ggSfdÍrq&Hkfo";okf.k;ksadhvis{kkvk£FkdHkfo";okf.k;k¡vf/dfo'oluh;gksrhgSAHkkohrwiQkuksadhvis{kkHkkohvk£FkdeUnhosQckjsesavf/dfo'oluh;Hkfo";ok.khdhtkldrhgSAvr%ekuo&Kkudhfdlh'kk[kkdks^foKku*osQntsZlsbldkj.koafprughaj[kukpkfg,fdmlesalgh&lghHkfo";ok.khdjusdhlkeF;Zdkgksuk^foKku*dhdksbZvko';dfo'ks"krkughagSAblosQfcukHkhekuo&KkudhdksbZHkh'kk[kk^foKku*dkntkZizkIrdjldrhgS;fnblesavU;fo'ks"krk,¡ikbZtkrhgSA
gekjsfopkjesavFkZ'kkL=k^foKku*dgykusdkiw.kZvf/dkjhgSAtksyksxvFkZ'kkL=kosQoSKkfudLo:idkspqukSrhnsrsgSaosekuksew[kks±osQLoxZesafopj.kdjjgsgSaA
vFkZ'kkL=kµdyk osQ :i esa (Economics – As an Art)
^dyk*Hkh^foKku*dhHkkafrKkudkO;ofLFkr,oaØec¼Hk.MkjgSAysfdu^dyk*esa,dfo'ks"krkgksrhgStks^foKku*esaughaikbZtkrhA^dyk*lnSofuf'prfu;eksadkfuekZ.kdjrhgSvkSjfof'k"VgyizLrqrdjrhgSAtSlkfdizks-ts-,e-osaQtusdgkgS]¶dykogiz.kkyhgStksfdlhfuf'prmís';dhizkfIrosQfy,fu;elq>krhgSAdykdkmís';,slsfu;eksadkfuekZ.kdjukgSAftUgsarqjUrO;kogkfjduhfrijykxwfd;ktkldsA^foKku*rksosQoy^lS¼kafrd*ghgksrkgStcfd^dyk*lnSo^O;kogkfjd*gksrhgSAizks-dkSlkosQ'kCnksaesa]¶foKkugesalS¼kafUrdKku]dhf'k{kknsrkgStcfddykgesaO;kogkfjdfØ;kvksadkizf'k{k.kiznkudjrhgSAla{ksiesa]foKkuosQoyO;k[;kghdjrkgStcfddyky{;ksadhizkfIrisQfy,fu;eksadkizfriknudjrhgSA¸blifjHkk"kkdks;fnvFkZ'kkL=kijykxwfd;ktk,rksgens[ksaxsfd;g^dyk*HkhgSAvFkZ'kkL=kdhvusd'kk[kka,gStksvk£FkdleL;kvksadklek/kudjusesagesO;kogkfjdekxZn'kZuiznkudjrhgSAmiHkksxdkizfrLFkkiufu;egesa;gcrkrkgSfdviusO;;lsvf/drelUrqf"VoSQlsizkIrdjldrsgSaAvr%vFkZ'kkL=k^foKku*,oa^dyk*nksuksghgSAblsosQoy^foKku*vFkokosQoy^dyk*dgukmfprughagSAblesalUnsgughafdoqQNvFkZ'kkL=khblsosQoy^foKku*ghekursgSaSAmudkdgukgSafdmlsosQoyfoKkuekudjghgebldsoSKkfudLo:idkfuekZ.kdjldrsgSA^foKku*osQlkFk&lkFk;fngebls^dyk*HkhekuysrsgSrksfoKkuLo:iesack/k,¡vkldrhgSAvFkZ'kkL=kdkdykRed:iHkhvèkwjkgksldrkgSysfduizks-dkSlkosQ'kCnksaesa]¶foKkudksdykvkSjdykdksfoKkudhvko';drkiM+rhgSAnksuksa,d&nwljsosQiwjdgSaA¸
14 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fu"d"kZ:iesadgktkldrkgSfdfoKkuvkSjdyk,dnwljsosQiwjdgSAfdlhckrdkØec¼KkurksfoKkugSvkSjO;kogkfjdleL;kvksadksgydjusosQfy,mlKkudkØec¼mi;ksxdykgSAvr%cqf¼eÙkkblhesagSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*rFkk^dyk*nksuksa,dlkFkekufy;ktk,Avk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkHkh;ghergSA
vFkZ'kkL=k µ fo'kq¼ ,oa O;kogkfjd (Economics – Pure And Practical)
oqQNvFkZ'kkL=khvFkZµfoKkudks foKku*rFkk dyk*,dlkFkuekudjblsnksoxks±esafoHkkftrdjrsgSaµ(1)fo'kq¼vFkZ'kkL=kvkSj(2)O;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kAokLroesa]MkWek'kZyusghloZizFke;gHksnfd;kFkkAvktdyrksfo'kq¼vFkZ'kkL=k,oaO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kdk;goxhZdj.kcgqrghyksdfiz;gkspqdkgSAgekjsfopkjesa;goxhZdj.kvFkZ'kkL=kosQfoKku,oadykosQiqjkusoxhZdj.klsvf/doSKkfudgSAbllsvFkZ'kkL=kdksle>usesavis{kko`Qrvf/dlqfo/kjgrhgSaknwljs]vU;foKkuksaesaHkhrks,slkghoxhZdj.kfd;ktkrkgSAizks-cbZosQ'kCnksaesa]¶fo'kq¼foKkurksmidj.kksadhO;oLFkkgSAO;kogkfjdfoKkumumidj.kksadhlgk;rklsleL;kvksadklek/kudjrkgSAnksuks,dnwljsosQiwjdgSaAfo'kq¼foKkudkLFkkuizFkevkSjO;ogkfjdfoKkudkLFkkunwljkgSAfo'kq¼foKkuosQfcukO;kogkfjdfoKkudkdkepyughaldrkA¸
fiNysoqQNo"kks±esavFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kosQfodkldhvksjvf/dè;kufn;kgSSAfczVsu,oavejhdkesaO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kijvusdiqLrosQaNihgSAO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kdh;gyksdfiz;rk'kk;nmljkWfcUlokndhizfrfØ;kgStksvFkZ'kkL=kdksosQoyfo'kq¼foKkughekurkgSA;qokih<+hosQvFkZ'kkL=khvcviukè;kuvf/dkf/dO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kijghosQfUnzrdjjgsgSAblosQ&lkFkghosorZekulkekftdleL;kvksadklek/kudjusdkiz;klHkhdjjgsgSaAoLrqr%O;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kvktfo'kq¼vFkZ'kkL=klsHkhvf/dykdfiz;cux;kgSAizks-tWtZfLVxyjosQvuqlkjlS¼kfUrdvFkZ'kkL=khoggksrkgStksviusoqQyO;kolkf;dle;dkvk/slsvf/dHkkxvk£FkdleL;kvksalslEcfU/rfl¼kUrksaosQfuekZ.kesayxkrkgSA
vFkZ'kkL=k ldkjkRed ,oa vkn'kZd foKku osQ :i esa
;gfooknkLinfo"k;gSfdvFkZ'kkL=kldkjkRedfoKkugS;kvkn'kZdlHkhblckrijlgergSfdvFkZ'kkL=kldkjkRedfoKkugSAysfduD;kvFkZ'kkL=k,dvkn'kZfoKkuHkhgSµblfo"k;ijvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesafuf'prerHksngSA;gerHksn'kk;nmrukghiqjkukgSftrukfdvFkZ'kkL=kLo;aAvrhrdkyesablfo"k;ijHkkjhfooknpykFkkvkSjvFkZ'kkL=khnksLi"VlEiznk;ksaesafoHkkftrgksx,FksAfczVsuosQDykfldyvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkfopkjFkkfdvFkZ'kkL=kfo'kq¼r%,dldkjkRedfoKkugSvkSjvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksvk£Fkdfo"k;ksaosQvkSfpR;,oavukSfpR;ijVhdkfVIi.khdjusdkdksbZvf/dkjughagSAblosQfoijhr]teZuhosQ,sfrgkfldlEiznk;osQvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadklqfuf'prerFkkfdfdlhHkhn'kkesavFkZ'kkL=kviusvkidksvkpkj'kkL=klsi`Fko~QughadjldrkvFkkZr~vFkZ'kkL=kh;ksadksvk£Fkdfo"k;ksaosQvkSfpR;,oavukSfpR;ijviukerO;Drdjusdkiw.kZvf/dkjgSA
mDrfookndksHkyhHkkafrle>usosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdgeigys^ldkjkRed*,oa^vkn'kZd*foKkuksaosQvFkZtkuusdkiz;kldjsaAizks-ts-,u-dhUlusbunksuksosQvUrjdksO;Drdjrsgq,dgkgSfd¶ldkjkRedfoKkuØec¼KkudkHk.MkjgStksblckrdhO;k[;kdjrkgSfdoLrq,¡oSQlhgSa]vkn'kZdfoKkuozQec¼KkudkogHk.MkjgStksblckrdhO;k[;kdjrkgSfdoLrq,¡oSQlhgksuhpkfg,AldkjkRedfoKkudklEcU/okLrfodfLFkfrlsgksrkgS]vkn'kZdfoKkudklEcU/vkn'kZfLFkfrlsgksrkgSAldkjkRedfoKkudkmís';fu;eksadhLFkkiukdjukgS_vkn'kZdfoKkudkmís';vkn'kks±dkfuekZ.kdjukgSA¸
nwljs'kCnksaesa]^ldkjkRed*foKkuoLrqvksaosQorZekuLo:idhghO;oLFkkdjrkgS_;goLrqvksaosQdkj.kksa,oamuosQifj.kkeksadhghfoospukdjrkgS]fdUrqmís';ksaosQizfr;giw.kZr%rVLFk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 15
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k
(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
jgrkgSA;gmís';ksaosQvkSfpR;vFkokvukSfpR;ijoqQNHkherO;DrughadjrkAokLroesa]uSfrdrklsblsdksbZljksdkjughagSAblosQfoijhr]vkn'kZdfoKkurksblckrdhO;k[;kdjrkgSfdoLrq,¡oSQlhgksuhpkfg,Avkn'kZdfoKkumís';ksadhuSfrdrkvFkokvuSfrdrkijvikukerO;Drdjusdkiw.kZvf/dkjj[krkgSA^ldkjkRed*rFkk^vkn'kZd*foKkuksaosQchposQvUrjdksmnkgj.kksa}kjkvkSjHkhvf/dLi"VdjldrsgSAO;ktdhnjoSQlsfu/kZfjrgksrhgS\dkSu&lh'kfDr;kagSatksblsizHkkfordjrhgS\;fnblfo"k;osQlaca/esagedksbZtkapdjsarksfu'p;ghblizdkjdhtkapldkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kesalfEefyrdhtk,xhAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdblizdkjdhtkapoLrqvksaosQorZekuLo:ilsghlacfU/rgksrhgSAO;ktdhmfprnjD;kgksuhpkfg,A;fnblfo"k;osQlacaèkesadksbZtkapdhtkrhgSrksfu'p;ghogtkapvkn'kZfoKkudkvfHkUuvaxgksxhAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdblizdkjdhtkapoLrqvksaosQvkn'kZdLo:ilslacaf/rgksrhgSAO;ktdhmfprnjdhfoospukdjrsle;gevkpkj'kkL=kdhmis{kkughadjldrsAgesauSfrdrkosQfopkjdksfu'p;ghè;kuesaj[kukgSALej.kjgsfdvkn'kZdfoKkuviusvkidksuSfrdrklsi`Fko~QughadjldrkAblsizR;sdfo"k;ijuSfrdn`f"Vdks.klsfopkjdjukiM+rkgSAblosQfoijhr]ldkjkRedfoKkuosQfy,uSfrdn`f"Vdks.kvko';dughagSA;grksviusvkidksvkpkj'kkL=klsiw.kZr%i`Fko~QdjnsrkgSAfeYVuizkiQbMeSuosQvuqlkjldkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kgesa;gcrykrkgSfdvk£FkdleL;kdklek/kuoSQlsfd;ktk,AblosQfoijhr]vkn'kZdvFkZ'kkL=kgesa;gcrykrkgSfdvk£FkdleL;kdkgyoSQlkgksukpkfg,AldkjkReddFkurF;ksaijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAblosQfoijhr]vkn'kZddFkuesavkn'kZdewY;ksadklekos'kHkhfd;ktkrkgSA
fczVsudkDykfldylEiznk;vk£Fkdfo'ys"k.kdksvkpkj'kkL=klsiw.kZr%vyxj[kusosQi{kesa FkkA blosQ foijhrteZuhdk,sfrgkfldlEiznk;vFkZ'kkL=kdksvkpkj'kkL=klslacaèkdjus ijfujUrjtksjnsrkFkkAchloha'krkCnhosQvkjEHkesamDrfookndhrhozrkoqQNdegksxbZFkhAfdUrqlu~1932esaizks-jkWfcUlus“An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science”ukediqLrddksizdkf'krdjosQblfookndksiquthZfordjfn;kFkkALej.kjgsizks-jkWfcUlfo'kq¼roZQoknrFkkldkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kosQdV~VjleFkZdgSaAvFkZ'kkL=kosQfo"k;&{ks=krFkkmldhvè;;ufofèklslacafèkrmuosQfopkjfcYoqQyoSlsghgSatSlsfdizkphufczfV'kDykfldyvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQFksAmuesarfudHkhvarjughagSAjkWfcUloknekuks,diqjkuh'kjkcgSftlsu;hcksryksaesaHkjfn;kx;kgSAjkWfcUlosQvuq;k;hvFkZ'kkL=kdkldkjkRedLo:icuk,j[kukpkgrsgSaAosfuEufyf[krvkèkkjksaijbldkleFkZudjrsgSaµ
1- vFkZ'kkL=kesanksizdkjdhtkapgksldrhgSAizFkeoLrq,¡oSQlhgSa\nwljs]oLrq,¡oSQlhgksuhpkfg,\izks-jkWfcUlosQvuq;kf;;ksadkdgukgSfd;fnbunksuksaizdkjdhtkapksadkstksM+fn;ktk,rks,slkdjuslstkapdrkZHkzeesaiM+tk,xkmuosQdFkukuqlkj;fnbunksuksaizdkjdhtkapdksi`Fko~Qughafd;ktkrkrksvFkZ'kkL=kdkoSKkfudvkèkkjghlekIrgkstk,xkAmnkgj.kkFkZ]C;ktdhnjoSQlhfuèkkZfjrgksxh\;fnblfo"k;ijfopkjdjrsle;ge;gHkhlkspusyxsafdC;ktdhmfprnjD;kgksuhpkfg,rksbllsgekjsfo"k;osQvè;;uesavuko';dckèkkiM+sxhAvr%bunksuksaizdkjdhtkapdksvyxghj[kktk,rksvPNkgksxkAnwljs'kCnksaesa]vFkZ'kkL=kosQldkjkRedLo:idksLora=kcuk,j[kktkukpkfg,A
2- jkWfcUloknhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkfopkjgSfd;fnvFkZ'kkL=kdksfo'kq¼ldkjkRedfoKkuughaekuktkrkrksfu'p;ghbldhizxfr[krjsesaiM+tk,xhAoLrq,¡oSQlhgSa\µtgk¡rdbltkapdklacaèkgSvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesadksbZerHksnughagksldrkD;ksafdblizdkjdhtkapiw.kZr%rF;ksaijvkèkkfjrgksrhgSvkSjrF;ksaosQckjsesaerHksnughagqvkdjrsAoLrq,¡oSQlhgksuhpkfg,\blijerHksngksldrkgSD;ksafdokaNuh;rkdkiz'uvktkrkgSA
16 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 3- jkWfcUlokfn;ksadkrhljkroZQ;ggSfd;fnvFkZ'kkL=khlS¼kfUrd(oLrq,¡oSQlhgSa)rFkkO;kogkfjd(oLrq,¡oSQlhgksuhpkfg,)nksuksaizdkjdhtkapdkfoyhuhdj.kdjnsrkgSrksbllsturkosQxqejkggkstkusdhlEHkkoukc<+tk,xhA;fnvFkZ'kkL=khfo'kq¼lS¼kfUrdfu;edkizfriknudjrkgSrksblckrdhvk'kadkgSfddghaturkmlsO;kogkfjdekxZn'kZuesavliQyule>cSBsAturk}kjkblizdkjdkfuokZpudjukvizkÑfrdughagksxktcrdfdvFkZ'kkL=khviusfu;eksarFkklw=kksaosQchpLi"VHksnughadjrkAvFkZ'kkL=khfuf'pr:iesa,slkHksndjosQghturkesaiSQyslaHkzedksnwjdjldrkgSA
Dykfldy,oauo&DykfldyvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadhldrkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kosQizfrvlhfervuqjkxFkkAfczfV'kvFkZ'kkL=khlhfu;jusrks;gk¡rddgfn;kFkkfd¶vFkZ'kkL=khdksijke'kZdk,d'kCnHkhdgusdkvfèkdkjughaA¸izks-jkWfcUlusmís';ksaosQizfrizkphuDykfldyvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadhrVLFkrkdkiqu%leFkZudjfn;kgSmUgksausLi"Vdgfn;kgSfdmís';ksadhokaNuh;rkvFkokvokaNuh;rklsvFkZ'kkL=kdkdksbZlacaèkughagSAmuosQ'kCnksaesa]¶vFkZ'kkL=kdklacaèklqfuf'prrF;ksalsgStcfdvkpkj'kkL=kdklacaèkewY;ksa,oavf/cUèkukvksalsgSa;snksuksa'kkL=k,d&nwljslsi`FkdgSaA¸
ysfduorZekuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesacgqrls,slsgSatksvFkZ'kkL=k,oavkpkj'kkL=kosQchp?kfu"BlacaèkLFkkfirdjukpkgrsgSaAmuosQvuqlkjvFkZ'kkL=khdksviusfu"d"kks±osQvkSfpR;vFkokvukSfpR;ijfVIi.khdjusdkiw.kZvfèkdkjgSAizks-gkWVsªusrks;gk¡rddgfn;kgSfd¶vFkZ'kkL=k,oavkpkj'kkL=kdksi`Fkdughafd;ktkldrkA¸izks-izsQtjdkdgukgSfd¶vFkZ'kkL=kosQoyewY;flˆkUrvFkoklarqyuµfo'ys"k.kghugha]cfYdoqQNvkSjHkhgSA¸nwljs'kCnksaesblsuSfrdrklsi`Fkdughafd;ktkldrkAblizdkjdkvFkZ'kkL=kfurkUrdkYifudgksxkvFkokxSjoSKkfudgksxkAxSjµeuksoSKkfudvFkZ'kkL=krksgSeysVosQmlukVddhHkkafrgksxkftlesagSeysVdhdksbZHkwfedkghughaAvFkkZr~euksfoKkuosQfcukvFkZ'kkL=kfdlhdkedkughaAizks-iWkyLVªhVuHkhblhfu"d"kZijigqapsgSfdvFkZ'kfL=k;ksadksuSfrdn`f"Vdks.kviukusesaladkspughadjukpkfg,vU;FkkmudkfoKkudksjkvk-SipkfjdroZQoknghcudjjgtk,xkAblizdkjgens[krsgSafdvkn'kZdvFkZ'kkL=kdki{kdkIkQhlqn`<+gSAbldsvykok];fngepkgsarksHkhvFkZ'kkL=kdksiw.kZr%ldkjkRedughcukldrsAvkf[kjvFkZ'kkL=khHkhrksjDrvkSjekaldkghcukgqvkgSAogHkhvkos'k,oai{kikrlsfoeqDrughagSAogfdrukghn`<+iz;klD;ksaudjs]futhlaifÙklaLFkkvFkokvkn'kZvk£Fkdiz.kkyhtSlsfo"k;ksadhfoospukdjrsle;ogvkos'k,oai{kikrlsfi.MughaNqM+kldrkvFkkZr~mldsvkos'krFkki{kikrdkfu'p;ghmldsvè;;uijizHkkoiM+sxkAvè;;udjrsle;ogviusO;fDrÙodksrkdesaughaj[kldrkAmldsfuthfopkjksadkfu'p;ghbldsfu"d"kks±ijizHkkoiMs+xkAysfdubldk;gvFkZughafdvFkZ'kkL=kesalS¼kfUrd,oaO;kogkfjdtkapdsifj.kkeksadkfoyhuhdj.kdjfn;ktk,AoLrq,¡oSQlhgSa\vFkokoLrq,¡dSlhgksuhpkfg,\*µbunksuksizdkjdhtkapdsifj.kkeksadks;FkklEHkoi`Fko~Qghj[kukpkfg,A
mi;qZDrfoospuklsLi"VgkstkrkgSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdkfo"k;µ{ks=kfdrukO;kid,oafoLr`rgSAlkjka'kr%vFkZ'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesafuEufyf[kr'kk[kkvksadkslfEefyrfd;ktkldrkgSµ
1- ldkjkRed vFkZ'kkL=k vFkok vk£Fkd fl¼kUr vFkok vk£Fkd fo'ys"k.kµoLrq,¡oSQlhgSa\blfo"k;dkvè;;uldkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSAblizdkj]ldkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kesagev£Fkdfu;eksa,oafl¼kUrksdkvè;;udjrsgSA
2- uSfrd vFkZ'kkL=k vFkok vk£Fkd fl¼kar vFkok vk£Fkd mís';ksa dk vè;;uµoLrq,¡oSQlhgksuhpkfg,µblfo"k;dkvè;;uvkn'kZdvFkZ'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSA
3- O;kogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=kµblesagemufof/;ksa,oalk/uksadkvè;;udjrsgSaftuosQekè;elsvk£Fkdmís';ksadksO;ogkjesaifj.krfd;ktkrkgSA
4- vk£Fkd bfrgklµtSlk fd izks- ts- ,e- dhUl us dgk gS] ¶vk£Fkd bfrgklvrhrdkyhuvk£Fkd?kVukvksdkvè;;ugSAblesavrhrdkyesagksusokyhvk£FkdizxfrdkØec¼vè;;udjrsgSA¸
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 17
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k
(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)
5- vk£Fkd fopkjksa dk bfrgklµizks-'kqEihVjosQvuqlkjvFkZ'kkL=kdhbl'kk[kkesavk£Fkd?kVukvksadksle>usgsrqekuo}kjkvrhrdkyesafd,x,ckSf¼diz;klksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesablesavk£FkdfpUruosQfo'ys"k.kkRedvFkokoSKkfudigyqvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAokLroesa];gvFkZ&foKkuosQbfrgkldkvè;;ugSA
1-6- lkjka'k (Summary)
• vaxszthHkk"kkosQbdkWukWfeDl(Economics)'kCndhO;qRifRrySfVuEconomica;kxzhdOikonomia nks'kCnksµOikos vFkkZrx`grFkkNomas vFkkZrfu;eosQesylscukgSAblrjgbldkvFkZ^x`gizcU/*gSA
• ijaijkxr:ilsvFkZ'kkL=kdhfo"k;&oLrqdkvè;;unksO;kid'kk[kkvksaosQvarxZrfd;ktkrkjgkgS%O;f"VvFkZ'kkL=krFkklef"VvFkZ'kkL=kAO;f"VvFkZ'kkL=kosQvarxZrgecktkjesamiyC/fofHkUuoLrqvksarFkklsokvksaosQifjizs{;esafofHkUuvk£FkdvfHkdrkZvksaosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjosQ;gtkuusdkiz;k;djrsgSafdbucktkjksaesaO;fDr;ksadhvar%fozQ;k}kjkoLrqvksarFkklsokvksadhek=kk,WvkSjdhersafdlizdkjfu/kZfjrgksrhgSA
• izks-jkWfcUlosQvuqlkj¶vFkZ'kkL=kogfoKkugStksy{;ksarFkkmudslhfer,oaoSdfYidmi;ksxksaokyslk/uksaosQijLijlEcU/ksaosQ:iesaekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSA¸
1-7- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- vFkZ'kkL=kdhla{ksiesO;k[;kdhft,A
2- O;f"VvFkZ'kkL=kdksifjHkkf"krdhft,A
3- vFkZ'kkL=kdhnqyZHkrkvFkoklhferrkiz/kuifjHkk"kk,¡nhft,A
4- D;kvFkZ'kkL=k,dfoKkugS\o.kZudjsaA
5- O;f"VvFkZ'kkL=kdhfo'ks"krkfy[ksaA
18 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
bZdkbZ&2(Unit–2)
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
lajpuk2.1 mís';(Objectives)2.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)2.3 ek¡xdhèkkj.kk(Concept of Demand)2.4 ek¡xrkfydkrFkkek¡xoØ(Demand Schedule and Demand Curve)2.5 ek¡xosQfuèkkZjdrRo;kek¡xiQyu(Determinants of Demand or Demand Function)2.6 fofHkUufu/kZjdrRooSQlsdk;ZdjrsgSa\(How do Different Determinants Work?)2.7 ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZuvkSjek¡xesaifjorZu (Change in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand)
vFkok ek¡xoØijlapyuvkSjek¡xoØdkf[kldko (Movement Along Demand Curve and Shift of the Demand Curve)2.8 ek¡xesafoLrkjrFkko`f¼esavarj(Distinction between Extension and Increase in Demand)2.9 ek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkdehesavarj(Distinction between Contraction and Decrease in Demand)2.10 ek¡xdhyksp(Elasticity of Demand)2.11 ek¡xdhdheryksp(Price Elasticity of Demand)2.12 ek¡xdhdherykspdhnksvafrelhek,¡(Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.13 ek¡xdhdherykspdhlkekU;fLFkfr;k¡(Normal Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.14 ek¡xdhykspdhfofHkUufLFkfr;ksa]E = 1, E > 1 rFkk E < 1dksizdVdjusokyhek¡xoozsaQ
(Demand Curves Showing E = 1, E>1 and E<1)2.15 ek¡xdhdherykspdkeki(Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.16 ek¡xdhyksplslacafèkroqQNizes;(Some Theorems of Elasticity of Demand)2.17 ek¡xdhdherykspdksizHkkfordjusokysrRo(Factors Determining the Price Elasticity of Demand)2.18 ek¡xdhvk;yksp(Income Elasticity of Demand)2.19 ek¡xdhvk;ykspdheki(Measurement of Income Elasticity of Demand)2.20 ek¡xdhvk;ykspdhJsf.k;k¡(Degrees of Income Elasticity of Demand)2.21 ek¡xdhvkM+hyksp(Cross Elasticity of Demand)2.22 ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdkeki(Measurement of Cross Elasticity of Demand)
G:\Avnish\Laxmi\Vyasthigath arthashatra R.K. Sharma ji 01-07-2020\ Ist 04\09\2020
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 19
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)2.23 ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdhizÑfrrFkkJsf.k;k¡
(Nature and Degrees of Cross Elasticity of Demand)2.24 ek¡xdhdherykspdkegÙo(Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.25.iw£r,oalacaf/rfopkj(Supply and Related Concepts) 2.26. iw£rdkfu;e(Law of Supply) 2.27. iw£rdhek=kkesaifjorZurFkkiw£resaifjorZu (Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply) 2.28. iw£rdhyksp(Elasticity of Supply) 2.29. iw£rdkvFkZ 2.30. iw£resaifjorZuiw£resao`f¼vkSjfxjkoV 2.31. iw£rdhyksp 2.32. lkjka'k(Summary) 2.33.vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)
2-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• ek¡xdhèkkj.kktkuusgsrqA
• ek¡xdhdherykspdkvè;;udjusgsrqA
• ek¡xdhvk;ykspdkstkuusgsrqA
• ek¡xdhvkM+hyksple>usgsrqA
• iw£resaifjorZutkuusgsrq
• iw£rdhykspdkvè;;udjusgsrq
2-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
vFkZ'kkL=kesa^ek¡x*'kCndkiz;ksxfo'ks"kvFkks±esafd;ktkrkgSAlkekU;r;kbPNk]vko';drkrFkkek¡x'kCnksadkiz;ksx,dghvFkZesafd;ktkrkgS]ijarqvFkZ'kkL=kesaburhuksa'kCnksaosQvFkZfHkUugksrsgSaAbPNk,dvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkjgSA;fnvkidh,djaxhuVh-oh-ysusdhbPNkgSijarqvkiosQikli;kZIrèkuughagSrksbPNk;kpkgukvkfFkZdn`f"VlsosQoybPNk (Desire);kvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkj (Wishful Thinking)ghgS]ek¡x (Demand)ughavkSj;fni;kZIrèkugksrsgq,HkhvkiblsjaxhuVh-oh-ij[kpZdjukughapkgrsrks;gbPNkosQoyvko';drk (Want)ghdgyk,xh]ek¡xughaA
2-3- ek¡x dh èkkj.kk (Concept of Demand)
vFkZ'kkL=kesa^ek¡x*'kCndkiz;ksxfo'ks"kvFkks±esafd;ktkrkgSAlkekU;r;kbPNk]vko';drkrFkkek¡x'kCnksadkiz;ksx,dghvFkZesafd;ktkrkgS]ijarqvFkZ'kkL=kesaburhuksa'kCnksaosQvFkZfHkUugksrsgSaAbPNk,dvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkjgSA;fnvkidh,djaxhuVh-oh-ysusdhbPNkgSijarqvkiosQikli;kZIrèkuughagSrksbPNk;kpkgukvkfFkZdn`f"VlsosQoybPNk (Desire);kvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkj (Wishful Thinking)ghgS]ek¡x (Demand)ughavkSj;fni;kZIrèkugksrsgq,HkhvkiblsjaxhuVh-oh-ij[kpZdjukughapkgrsrks;gbPNkosQoyvko';drk (Want)gh
20 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dgyk,xh]ek¡xughaA;gbPNkmlhfLFkfresaek¡xdk:ièkkj.kdjsxhftlfLFkfresa],dfuf'prle;vkSj,dfuf'prdherij]vkijaxhuVh-oh-[kjhnusosQfy,rS;kjgSaAblizdkjek¡xdkmYys[k,dfuf'prdherofuf'prle;osQlanHkZesafd;ktkukpkfg,Avr% ek¡x fdlh inkFkZ dh og ek=kk gS ftls ,d miHkksDrk le; dh ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa ,d fuf'pr dher ij [kjhnus osQ fy, osQoy bPNqd ;k ;ksX; gh ugha cfYd rS;kj Hkh gSA
,d Lora=k cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x dk dher osQ lanHkZ osQ fcuk dksbZ Lora=k vfLrÙo ugha gksrkA ,d oLrq dh ek¡x dk vuqeku lnSo mldh dher osQ lanHkZ esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
(Demand is defined as the quantity of a product which a consumer is not only desiring to purchase and able to purchase but is also ready to purchase at a given price and at a given point of time.)vU;'kCnksaesa];gdhervkSjek¡xosQchposQlacaèkdkscrykrkgSA;g bl ckr dk laosQr nsrk gS fd fofHkUu dherksa ij ,d oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk ek¡xh tk,xhA ;gk¡;gcryknsukvko';dgS fdvFkZ'kkL=kek¡x (Demand) vkSjek¡xh xbZ ek=kk (Quantity Demanded)dhèkkj.kkvksaosQchpvarjO;DrdjrsgSaAek¡x os ek=kk,¡ gSa tks oszQrk le; dh ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa fofHkUu ;k oSdfYid dherksa ij [kjhnus osQ bPNqd rFkk ;ksX; gksrs gSaA (Demand is the quantities that buyers are willing and able to buy at alternative prices during a given period of time.)blosQfoijhrek¡xh xbZ ek=kk og fo'ks"k ek=kk gS tks oszQrk ,d fuf'pr dher ij [kjhnus osQ bPNqd rFkk ;ksX; gksrs gSaA (The quantity demanded is a specific amount that buyers are willing and able to buy at one price.)mnkgj.kosQfy,],d#i;kizfrvkblØheijmiHkksDRkk}kjk4vkblØhedks[kjhnusdhbPNkrFkk;ksX;rkek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dkmnkgj.kgS]tcfdmiHkksDrk}kjk1#i;sij4vkblØhe]2#i,ij3vkblØhevkSj3#i,ij2vkblØhe[kjhnusdh;ksX;rkrFkkbPNkek¡x dkmnkgj.kgSA
ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dh èkkj.kk osQ ckjs esa nks egÙoiw.kZ voyksdu
(i) fo'ks"k dher osQ lacaèk esa ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk oszQrk dh okLrfod [kjhn ugha gksrhA ;g osQoy ,sfPNd (Intended)[kjhn gksrh gS ;k og ek=kk gksrh gS ftls miHkksDrk [kjhnus dk bPNqd gSA
(ii)ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk izokg èkkj.kk gS u fd LVkWd èkkj.kkA blls vfHkizk; ,d vyx&Fkyx [kjhn ls ugha gS] cfYd [kjhn osQ fujarj izokg ls gS tSls izfrfnu 2 vkblØhe] izfr lIrkg 100 larjs vkfnA izokg pjksa (tSls ek¡x) esa le; vkdkj gksrk gS tcfd LVkWd pjksa esa le; vkdkj ugha gksrkA
iQxZqlu osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x ,d oLrq dh ek=kkvksa dks crykrh gS tks miHkksDRkk] vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] le; dh ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa izR;sd laHko dher ij [kjhnus osQ ;ksX; rFkk bPNqd gksrs gSaA** (Demand refers to the quantities of a commmodity that the consumers are able and willing to buy at each possible price during a given period of time, other things being equal.) —Ferguson
ek¡x rFkk ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa varj
ek¡x ls vfHkizk; ,d miHkksDrk }kjk vius fnekx esa cukbZ xbZ ml ek¡x rkfydk ls gS] ftlls izdV gksrk gS fd og fdlh oLrq dh laHko dherksa ij fdruh ek=kk [kjhnuk pkgrk gSA blosQ foijhr ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk ls vfHkizk; fdlh oLrq dh ml fuf'pr ek=kk ls gS ftls miHkksDrk ,d fuf'pr dher ij [kjhnus dk bPNqd gSA
ch- vkj- f'kYyj osQfopkjesa]^^vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] fdlh nh gqbZ le; vofèk esa oSdfYid dherksa ij ,d oLrq dh fof'k"V ek=kk dks [kjhnus dh ;ksX;rk vkSj bPNk ek¡x gSA**
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 21
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
(Demand is the ability and willingness to buy specific quantity of a good at alternative prices in a given time period, ceteris paribus. —B. R. Schiller)
2-4- ek¡x rkfydk rFkk ek¡x oØ (Demand Schedule and Demand Curve)
eSdkSuy osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x rkfydk og rkfydk gS tks ,d oLrq dh fofHkUu dherksa dks n'kkZrh gS vkSj izR;sd dher ij ml oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dks crykrh gSA** (Demand schedule is a table that shows different price of a good and the quantity of that good demanded at each of these prices. —McConnell)
vU;'kCnksaesa]ek¡xrkfydkfdlhoLrqdhmufofHkUuek=kkvksadksizdVdjrhgSftUgsa,dmiHkksDrkfdlhfuf'prle;esafofHkUulaHkodherksaij[kjhnusosQfy,bPNqdgksrkgSAblosQnksizdkjgSaµ(1)O;fDrxrek¡xrkfydkvkSj(2)cktkjek¡xrkfydkA
O;fDrxr ek¡x rkfydk (Individual Demand Schedule)
O;fDrxr ek¡x rkfydk og rkfydk gS ftlls ;g izdV gksrk gS fd fdlh fuf'pr le; esa ,d miHkksDrk fdlh oLrq dh fofHkUu laHko dherksa ij mldh fdruh ek=kkvksa dh ek¡x djsxkA (Individual demand schedule is defined as the table which shows quantities of a given com-modity which an individual will buy at all possible prices at a given time.)rkfydk1O;fDrxrek¡xrkfydkgSAblrkfydk}kjk,dle;esafofHkUudherksaij,dmiHkksDrk}kjkvkblØhedh[kjhnhtkusokyhfofHkUuek=kkvksadksizdVfd;kx;kgSA
rkfydk 1- O;fDrxr ek¡x rkfydk (Individual Demand Schedule)
izfr bdkbZ dher (#i,) ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk (bdkb;k¡)
1234
4321
mijksDrrkfydklsirkpyrkgSfdtSls&tSlsvkblØhedhdherc<+rhtkrhgS]mldhek¡xdegksrhtkrhgSAtcvkblØhedhdher1#i;kizfrbdkbZgSrc4bdkb;ksadhek¡xdhtkrhgSrFkktcdher4#i,izfrbdkbZgkstkrhgSrcosQoy1bdkbZdhek¡xdhtkrhgSA
cktkj ek¡x rkfydk (Market Demand Schedule)
yhHkkiQLdhosQ'kCnksaeas]^^cktkj ek¡x rkfydk dh ifjHkk"kk fdlh oLrq dh mu ek=kkvksa osQ :i esa nh tkrh gS tks ml oLrq osQ lHkh miHkksDrk fdlh fuf'pr le; ij lHkh laHko dherksa ij [kjhnsaxsA** (Market demand schedule is defined as the quantities of a given commodity which all consumers will buy at all possible price at a given moment of time. —Leibhaf-sky)A izR;sdcktkjesafdlhoLrqtSlsphuhosQcgqrlsoszQrkgksrsgSaAftlrkfydk}kjkfofHkUudherksaijfdlhoLrqdhcktkjesalcoszQrkvksadhoqQyek¡xdksizdVfd;ktk,xk]mlscktkjek¡xrkfydkdgktk,xkAvU;'kCnksaesa];gfdlhfuf'prle;esafdlh,dfo'ks"koLrqdhfofHkUudherksaijlHkhmiHkksDrkvksadhoqQyek¡xdksn'kkZrhgSArkfydk2cktkjek¡xrkfydkgSA;grkfydkljyrkdhn`f"VlsblekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfdX-oLrqosQAvkSjBnksoszQrkgSaAmudhO;fDrxrek¡xdkstksM+djcktkjek¡xrkfydkdkfuekZ.kfd;kx;kgSA
22 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=krkfydk 2- cktkj ek¡x rkfydk (Market Demand Schedule)
X-oLrq dh dher (#-) A dh ek¡x B dh ek¡x cktkj ek¡x (bdkb;k¡)
1234
4321
5432
4+5=93+4=72+3=51+2=3
mijksDrrkfydklsKkrgksrkgS fdtcX-oLrqdhdher1#i;kizfrbdkbZgSrksAmiHkksDrkdhek¡x4bdkb;k¡vkSjBmiHkksDrkdhek¡x5bdkb;k¡gSaAvr%cktkjek¡x9bdkb;k¡gSaAtcdherc<+dj2#i,izfrbdkbZgkstkrhgSrkscktkjek¡x?kVdj7bdkb;k¡jgtkrhgSa]bR;kfnA
ek¡x rkfydk dks fp=k }kjk izdV djuk ek¡x oØ dgykrk gSA (The demand curve is a graphic presentation of a demand schedule.)
ysÝVfop osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x oØ oLrq dh mu vfèkdre ek=kkvksa dks izdV djrh gS ftUgsa miHkksDrk le; dh ,d vofèk esa fofHkUu dherksa ij [kjhnsaxsA** (The demand curve represents the maximum quantities per unit of time that consumers will take at various prices.) —Leftwitch
fyIlh osQvuqlkj]^^og oØ tks fd oLrq dh dher vkSj oLrq dh ek=kk] ftls miHkksDRkk [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] esa lacaèk fn[kkrk gS] ek¡x oØ dgykrk gSA** (The curve, which shows the relation between the price of a commodity and the amount of that commodity the consumer wishes to purchase, is called demand curve. —Lipsey) ek¡xrkfydkdhHkk¡frek¡xoØHkhnksizdkjdkgksldrkgSµ(1)O;fDrxrek¡xoØvkSj(2)cktkjek¡xoØA
1- O;fDrxr ek¡x oØ (Individual Demand Curve)µO;fDrxrek¡xoØogoØgStksfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUudherksaij,dmiHkksDrk}kjkmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkdksizdVdjrkgSAfp=k2-1esaO;fDrxrek¡xoØdksLi"Vfd;kx;kgSAblesaOX-v{kijoLrqdhek¡xrFkkOY-v{kijdherizdVdhxbZgSADDek¡xoØgSAblek¡xoØDDdkizR;sdfcanqdherrFkkek¡xesalacaèkizdVdjrkgSAtcdher2#i,gSrksek¡x1bdkbZgSAtcdher1#i;kgSrksek¡x4bdkb;k¡gSaAblek¡xoØdk<ykumQijckb±vksjlsuhpsnkb±vksjdksgS]tks;gn'kkZrkgSfddhervfèkdgksusijek¡xdegksrhgS rFkkdherdegksusijek¡xvfèkdgksrhgSA
1
2
3
4
0O
Quantity
1 2 3 4X
D
D
Y
Pric
e (R
s)
Demand Curve
fp=k 2-1
cktkj ek¡x cktkj esa fdlh oLrq osQ lHkh ozsQrkvksa }kjk dh xbZ ek¡x dk tksM+ gSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 23
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
2- cktkj ek¡x oØ (Market Demand Curve)µcktkjek¡xoØfdlhoLrq fo'ks"kdhfofHkUudherksaijfofHkUumiHkksDrkvksa}kjkek¡xhxbZek=kkvksaosQtksM+dksizdVdjrkgSAblek¡xoØdksO;fDrxrek¡xoØksaosQleLrtksM+}kjk[khapktkrkgSA
fuEufyf[krfp=k2-2esaek¡xrkfydk2osQvkèkkjijcktkjek¡xoØdksizdVfd;kx;kgSA
cktkj ek¡x oØ O;fDrxr ek¡x oØksa dk leLrjh; tksM+ gSA
1
3
4
2
1 2 43
D1
D A's DemandCurve
X
Y
Pric
e (R
s)
0O O O
1
3
4
2
1 2 43Quantity
(ii)
D2
D B's DemandCurve
X
YP
rice
(Rs)
0
1
3
4
2
1 2 43
D1 + D2
DMarket DemandCurve
X
Y
Pric
e (R
s)0
5
AssumptionThere are only two buyers ofthe commodity in the market
Quantity(iii)
Quantity(i)
5
fp=k 2-2
fp=k2-2esaOX-v{kijek=kkrFkkOY-v{kijdherizdVdhxbZgSAblosQ fp=k2-2(i)esa‘A’miHkksDrkdhek¡xoØrFkkfp=k2-2(ii)essa‘B’ miHkksDrkdhek¡xoØrFkkfp=k2-2(iii)esacktkjdhek¡xoØizdVdhxbZgSAtcdher4#i,izfrbdkbZgSrc‘A’dhek¡x1bdkbZvkSj‘B’dhek¡x2bdkb;k¡gSaA;fncktkjesaosQoynksmiHkksDrkgSarccktkjek¡x1+2= 3bdkb;k¡gksaxhAO;fDrxrek¡xoØksaosQleLrj tksM+ (Horizontal Summation)}kjkcktkjek¡xoØizkIrgkstkrkgS]blfy,bldk<ykuHkh½.kkRed (Negative)gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, (Fill in the blanks)—
1- ek¡xogrkfydkgStks,doLrqdhfofHkUu----------------------dksn'kkZrhgSvkSjizR;sddherijmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkdkscrykrhgSA
2- lkekU;r;kfdlhHkhoLrqdhek¡xmldh----------------------}kjkfuèkkZfjrgksrhgSA
3- miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkoLrqdhek¡xesalkekU;r;k----------------------lacaèkik;ktkrkgSA
2-5- ek¡x osQ fu/kZjd rRo ;k ek¡x iQyu (Determinants of Demand or Demand Function)
;gk¡geO;fDrxrek¡xiQyurFkkcktkjek¡xiQyuesavarjdjrsgSaAO;fDrxrek¡xiQyufdlhoLrqosQfy,ek¡x(fdlhO;fDrxroszQrk}kjk)rFkkmlosQfuèkkZjdrÙoksaosQchpdk;kZRed lacaèk (Functional Relationship)dkvè;;udjrkgSAcktkjek¡xiQyufdlhoLrqosQfy,cktkjek¡xrFkkblosQfofHkUufuèkkZjdksaosQchpdk;kZRedlacaèkdkvè;;udjrkgSA O;fDrxr ek¡x iQyu (Individual Demand Function)dksfuEuizdkjlsO;Drfd;ktkrkgSµ
24 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kè;ku jf[k;s
ek¡x osQ oqQN fu/kZjd rRo tSls (1) tula[;k dk vkdkj rFkk jpuk vkSj (2) vk; dk forj.k osQoy cktkj ek¡x dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA ;fn ,d miHkksDrk dh ekax osQ fuèkkZjd rRoksa osQ lacaèk esa iz'u iwNk tkrk gS] rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks buosQ rRoksa dk o.kZu ugha djuk pkfg,A bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd tc ,d miHkksDrk ,d fu.kZ; ysrk gS fd oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk [kjhnh tk;s rks og tula[;k osQ vkdkj rFkk vk; osQ forj.k dks è;ku esa ugha j[krkA
Qx = f (Px, Pr, Y, W, T, E)
(;gk¡QxoLrq-Xdhek¡xhxbZek=kk_= Px oLrq-Xdhdher_PrlacafèkroLrqdhdher_Y = miHkksDrkdhvk;_W = miHkksDrkdhlaifÙk_T = miHkksDrkdh#fp;k¡oilan_E = miHkksDrkdhvis{kk,oalaHkkouk,¡)
blosQfoijhrcktkj ek¡x iQyu (Market Demand Function)dksfuEuizdkjlsO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA
Qx = f (Px, Pr, Y*, T, Z, W, E)
(;gk¡QxoLrq-Xdhek¡xhxbZek=kk_= Px oLrq-Xdhdher_PrlacafèkroLrqdhdher_Y* = vk;dkvkdkjrFkkbldkforj.k_T = miHkksDrkdh#fp;k¡oilan_Z = tula[;kdkvkdkjojpuk_W =miHkksDrkdhlaifÙk_E =miHkksDrkdhvis{kk,¡;klaHkkouk,¡)
uksVµfuèkkZjdY* rFkkZcktkjek¡xiQyuesafcYoqQyvyxgSaAfdlh,dO;fDrdhek¡x(O;fDrxrek¡xiQyuosQlanHkZesa)dkvFkZO;oLFkkesavk;osQforj.krFkktula[;kosQvkdkj,oajpuklsdksbZlacaèk;kljksdkjughagSAijarqcktkjek¡xosQlanHkZesa;sfuèkkZjdrÙogSaA
uksVµek¡xfdlhinkFkZdhogek=kkgSftls,dmiHkksDrkle;dh,dfu'prvofèkesa,dfuf'prdherij[kjhnusosQfy,osQoybPNqd;k;ksX;ghughacfYdrS;kjHkhgSA
2-6- fofHkUu fuèkkZjd rRo oSQls dk;Z djrs gSa\ (How do Different Determinants Work?)
1- oLrq dh dher (Price of Commodity)
lkekU;r;kfdlhHkhoLrqdhek¡xmldhdher}kjkfuèkkZfjrgksrhgSA;fnvU;fuèkkZjdrRofLFkjjgsa;kvU; ckrsa leku jgsa (Ceteris Paribus)rcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuvkuslsmldhek¡xesaHkhfoijhrifjorZuvkrkgSAlkèkkj.kr;koLrqdhdherc<+usijoLrqdhek¡x?kVrhgSrFkkblosQfoijhroLrqdhdher?kVusijoLrqdhek¡xc<+rhgSAdhervkSjek¡xosQbllacaèkdksek¡xdkfu;edgktkrkgSAfuEufyf[krfp=kesabldksfn[kk;kx;kgSA
Y D
D
XQ1QQ2
O
P2
P
P1
Inverse relationshipbetween price (Px) andquantity demanded (Qx)
is often referred to aslaw of demand.
Pric
e of
x
Quantity
fp=k 2-3
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 25
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
fp=k2-3esaoLrqdhdherosQOPls?kVdjOP2gksusijek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1gksxbZgSvkSjdherdsc<+djOPlsOP1gksusijek¡xOQlsdegksdjOQ2gksxbZgS];grF;bllR;rkdkscrykrkgSfdoLrqdhdherrFkkbldhek¡xhxbZek=kkesafoijhrlacaèk(Inverse Relationship)gSA
2- lacafèkr oLrqvksa dh dhersa (Prices of Related Goods)
fdlhoLrqdhek¡xuosQoymloLrqdhviuhdhercfYdlacafèkroLrqvksadhdherksaijHkhfuHkZjdjrhgSAoLrqvksadksO;kid:ilsizfrLFkkiurFkkiwjdoLrqvksaesaoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSA
(i) izfrLFkkiu oLrq,¡ (Substitute Goods)µizfrLFkkiu oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSsa ftudk ,d nwljs osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls pk; vkSj dkWiQh vFkok isIlh dksyk vkSj dksdk dksykA dksdkdksykdhek¡xdklacaèkisIlhdksykdhdherlsgSA;fnisIlhdksykdhdherc<+tkrhgSrksyksxdksdkdksykdhek¡xvfèkddjsaxsvkSj;fnisIlhdksykdhdherdegkstkrhgSrksdksdkdksykdhek¡xdegkstk,xhAvU;'kCnksaesa]izfrLFkkiu oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa ,d oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dk nwljh vFkkZr~ izfrLFkkiu oLrq dh dher ls izR;{k lacaèk gSA ;fn,doLrqtSlsdksdkdksykdhdherc<+rhgSrksmldhizfrLFkkiuoLrq]isIlhdksykdhek¡xc<+tk,xhAblosQfoijhr;fndksdkdksykdhdher?kVtkrhgSrcblosQizfrLFkkiuisIlhdksykdhek¡xHkhdegkstk,xhAfp=k2-4}kjklacaèkdksLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSµ
Y
P1
P
OQ Q1
X
DDemand for sub-
stitutes
Pric
e of
Pep
si
Demand for Coke
fp=k 2-4
fp=k2-4lsizdVgksrkgSfdisIlhdhdherOPlsc<+djOP1gksusijdksdkdksykdhek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1 gksxbZgSA
(ii)iwjd oLrq,¡ (Complementary Goods)µiwjd oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudk iz;ksx ,d lkFk fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ftudh mi;ksfxrk ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj djrh gS tSls dkj vkSj isVªksy rFkk isu vkSj L;kghA iwjd oLrqvksa dh dher rFkk ek¡x esa foijhr ;k ½.kkRed lacaèk (Inverse or Negative Relationship)gksrk gSA ,d iwjd oLrq tSls isu dh dher c<+us ls L;kgh dh ek¡x (isu dh ek¡x osQ lkFk) esa deh gks tkrh gSA blosQ foijhr isu dh dher de gksus ij L;kgh dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA vU;'kCnksaesa];fnnksoLrq,¡,dnwljsdhiwjdgSavkSj;fn,ddhdherc<+rhgS]vU;iwjdoLrqdhek¡xdegkstk,xhAblosQfoijhr;fn,ddhdheresadehvkrhgSrksnwljhiwjdoLrqdhek¡xc<+tk,xhAfp=k2-5}kjkbldksLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSA
26 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
Demand for ink
pric
e of
Pen
s
P1
Y
P
OQ1 Q
D
B
A
X
D
Demand for complementary goods
fp=k 2-5
fp=k2-5lsizdVgksrkgSfdisuksadhdherOPlsc<+djOP1gksusijL;kghdhek¡xOQlsdegksdjOQ1gksxbZgSA
vr% izfrLFkkiu oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa ek¡x oØ dk <yku èkukRed (Positively Sloped)gksrk gS tcfd iwjd oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa ek¡x oØ dk <yku ½.kkRed (Negatively Sloped)gksrk gSA
3- miHkksDrk dh vk; (Income of the Consumer)
miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkoLrqdhek¡xesalkekU;r;kizR;{klacaèkik;ktkrkgSAvFkkZr~vk;esao`f¼gksusijoLrqvksadhek¡xesao`f¼gkstkrhgSrFkkvk;osQdegksusijoLrqvksadhek¡xdegkstkrhgSAvFkZ'kkL=kesa,slhoLrqvksadkslkekU; oLrq,¡ (Normal Goods)dgktkrkgSAlkekU; oLrq og oLrq gS ftldh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; osQ c<+us osQ lkFk c<+rh gSA oqQNoLrq,¡,slhHkhgSaftUgsafuEudksfVdhoLrq,¡dgktkrkgSAfuEudksfV dh oLrq (Inferior Goods)og oLrq gS ftldh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+us ij ?kV tkrh gSA vr%,doLrqdhek¡xrFkkmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQchposQlacaèkdhO;k[;kfuEufyf[krrhuoxks±osQlanHkZesadhtkrhgSµ
(i)lkekU;oLrq,¡](ii)fuEudksfVdhoLrq,¡](iii)vko';doLrq,¡rFkklLrhoLrq,¡A
Normal Goods
Inco
me
D
D
XQ1Q
O
Y
Y1
Quantity
Y
fp=k 2-6
(i) lkekU; oLrq,¡ (Normal Goods)µlkekU; oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+us ij c<+rh gS vkSj vk; osQ ?kVus ij ?kVrh gSA blizdkjmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkek¡xhxbZek=kkesaizR;{k;kèkukRedlacaèkgS]blsfp=k2-6}kjkn'kkZ;kx;kgSAfp=k2-6lsLi"VgkstkrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQOYlsc<+djOY1gksusijoLrqdhek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1gksusdhizo`fÙkn'kkZrhgSAek¡xoØDDdk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡mQijdhvksjgStksvk;rFkkek¡xhxbZek=kkosQizR;{k;kèkukRedlacaèkdkscrkrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 27
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
(ii)fuEudksfV dh oLrq,¡ (Inferior Goods)µ fuEudksfV ;k ?kfV;k oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+us ij ?kV tkrh gS vkSj vk; de gksus ij c<+ tkrh gSA blizdkjmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkfuEudksfVdhoLrqdhek¡xesafoijhrlacaèkgksrkgSAfp=k2-7blfLFkfrdksizdVdjrkgSA
DY
Y1
Y
OD
Q1 QX
Quantity
Inferior GoodsIn
com
e
fp=k 2-7
fp=k2-7lsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQOY lsOY1c<+usijXoLrq(tks?kfV;koLrqgS)dhek¡xhxbZek=kkOQls?kVdjOQ1gksxbZgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdmiHkksDrkvk;esao`f¼gksusls?kfV;koLrqvksaosQLFkkuijcf<+;koLrqvksadkvfèkdiz;ksxdjusyxrkgSAvr%?kfV;koLrqvksaosQfy,vk;ek¡xoØDD½.kkRed<kyokykgksrkgSA
(iii) vko';d oLrq,¡ rFkk lLrh oLrq,¡ (Necessaries of Life and Inexpensive Goods)µmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkvko';dolLrhoLrqvksaosQchposQlacaèkdkvè;;uHkhvko';dgSAvko';drFkklLrhoLrqvksatSlsued]ekfpl]nkyssa]vkywvkfndhek¡xijmiHkksDrkdhvk;esa,dlhekosQckngksusokyho`f¼dkdksbZizHkkoughaiM+rkvFkkZr~ek¡xfLFkjjgrhgSAvkjaHkesatcvk;cgqrdegksrhgSrksvk;osQc<+usijek¡xc<+tkrhgSijarq,dlhekosQi'pkr~vk;osQc<+usdkek¡xijdksbZizHkkoughaiM+rkAblfLFkfrdksfp=k2-8}kjkO;Drfd;kx;kgSA
DY
Y1
Y
O
D
Q Q1X
Quantity
Necessaries
Inco
me
Y2
E
fp=k 2-8
fp=k2-8;gn'kkZrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;tcOYlsc<+djOY1gksrhgS]rcek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1gkstkrhgSAvFkkZr~ek¡xesaosQoyFkksM+h&lhek=kkesagho`f¼(Moderate Stretch)gksrhgSAblosQi'pkr~ek¡xfLFkjgkstkrhgSAvk;osQOY2;kmllsvfèkdgkstkusijHkhek¡xesadksbZifjorZuughagqvkgSAY- v{kka'kosQlekukarjek¡xoØdkHkkxED (Vertical Stretch)ek¡xosQfLFkjjgusdksO;DrdjjgkgSA
28 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 4- #fp rFkk izkFkfedrk,¡ (Taste and Preferences)µfdlhHkhoLrq;klsokdhek¡xO;fDrdh#fp;ksarFkkizkFkfedrkvksaijfuHkZjdjrhgSAbu'kCnksadkiz;ksxdkiQhfoLr`rvFkks±esafd;ktkrkgSAbuosQvarxZriSSQ'ku]vknr]jhfr&fjoktvkfndks'kkfeyfd;ktkrkgSAmiHkksDrkvksadh#fp;ksa,oaizkFkfedrkvksaijfoKkiu]iSQ'kuesaifjorZu]ekSle]u,vkfo"dkjksavkfndkizHkkoiM+rkgSAvU;ckrsalekujgusij]miHkksDRkkvksadhftuoLrqvksaosQfy,#fpoizkFkfedrkc<+tkrhgSmudhek¡xc<+tkrhgSAblosQfoijhrmiHkksDrkdhizkFkfedrkvksa,oa#fp;ksaesaizfrowQyifjorZugksusijoLrqdhek¡xdegkstkrhgSA
#fp rFkk izkFkfedrk 'kCn (1) O;fDrxr ilanxh rFkk ukilanxh (2) iSQ'ku (3) ekSle ;k tyok;q dks O;Dr djrs gSaA
5- laHkkouk,¡ (Expectations)µoLrqdhdherksa] oLrqdhmiyCèkrkvkSj Hkkohvk;vkfnesaHkfo";esagksusokysifjorZuksalslacafèkrmiHkksDrkdhlaHkkouk;saek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙogSaA;fnmiHkksDRkkdks;glaHkkoukgSfdHkfo";esadherc<+tk,xhrksogorZekuesaoLrqvfèkdek=kkesa[kjhnsxk]pkgsmldhdhervfèkdghD;ksaugksAblhizdkj;fnmiHkksDrkdks;gvk'kkgSfdHkfo";esaoLrqdhdher?kVtk,xhrksogorZekuesaoLrqdhek¡xde;kLFkfxrdjnsxkAHkfo";esavk;osQc<+usvFkok?kVusdhlaHkkoukdkHkhorZekuek¡xijizHkkoiM+rkgSAvk;esao`f¼dhlaHkkoukvkSjoLrqdhek¡xesalkèkkj.kr;klhèkklacaèkgksrkgSAHkfo";esavk;osQc<+usdhlaHkkouklsek¡xesao`f¼gksrhgSvkSjHkfo";esavk;osQdegkstkusdkMjek¡xdksdedjnsrkgSA
6- tula[;k dk vkdkj rFkk jpuk (Size and Composition of Population)µcktkjek¡xtula[;kosQvkdkjrFkkjpukesaifjorZugksuslsHkhizHkkforgksrhgSAtula[;kesao`f¼gksuslslHkhizdkjdhoLrqvksadhek¡xc<+tkrhgSvkSjtula[;kesadehbudhek¡xdksHkhdedjnsrhgSAtula[;kdhjpukHkhek¡xdksizHkkfordjrhgSAtula[;kdhjpuklsvfHkizk;gSfdtula[;kesacPps]uo;qod]iq#"k]fL=k;k¡vkfnfdrusgSaA;fntula[;kdhjpukesaifjorZuvkrkgStSlsfL=k;ksaadhla[;kiq#"kksadhrqyukesac<+tk,rcmuoLrqvksadhek¡xc<+tk,xhftUgsafL=k;k¡[kjhnrhgSaA
7- vk; dk forj.k (Distribution of Income)µlektesagksusokysvk;osQforj.kdkHkhcktkjek¡xijizHkkoiM+rkgSA;fnvk;dkforj.kvlekugSrksèkuhO;fDr;ksaosQiz;ksxesavkusokyhfoykflrkdhoLrqvksatSlsjaxhuVh-oh-Lopkfyrok¯'kxe'khu]ohfM;ksoSQejkvkfndhek¡xvfèkdgkstk,xhAnwljhvksj;fnvk;dkforj.klekugSrksfoykflrkdhoLrqvksadhek¡xdegksxhvkSjvko';drkrFkkvkjkenk;doLrqvksadhek¡xvfèkdgksxhA
D;k vki tkurs gSa
lkekU;oLrqogoLrqgSftldhek¡xmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQc<+usosQlkFkc<+rhgSA
2-7- ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu vkSj ek¡x esa ifjorZu (Change in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand) vFkok ek¡x oØ ij lapyu vkSj ek¡x oØ dk f[kldko (Movement Along Demand Curve and Shift of the De-
mand Curve)
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkj] ^^ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu** rFkk ^^ek¡x esa ifjorZu** lacaèkh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 29
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
èkkj.kkvksa esa varj gksrk gSA ^^ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu** oLrq dh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk ek¡x ij iM+us okys izHkko dks crykrk gS tcfd ek¡x osQ vU; fuèkkZjd rÙo tSls vk;] #fp;k¡ vkSj laacafèkr oLrqvksa dh dhersa fLFkj jgrh gSaA pw¡fd,dfuf'prdherijek¡xhxbZek=kkdksek¡xoØosQ,dfcanq}kjkn'kkZ;ktkrkgS]vr%ek¡xhxbZek=kkessaifjorZu,d gh ek¡x oØ osQ fofHkUu fcanqvkas (Movement along a Demand Curve);k ek¡x oØ ij lapyu }kjkiznf'kZrfd;ktkrkgSAblosQfoijhr^^ek¡x esa ifjorZu** oLrqdhdheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kughagksrk_;gvk;]#fp;ksa]lacafèkroLrqvksadhdhervkfnesaifjorZuosQdkj.koLrqosQfy,miHkksDrkdhek¡xijiM+usokysizHkkodksO;DrdjrkgSAtcfdoLrqdhdherfLFkjjgrhgSAek¡x esa ifjorZu laiw.kZek¡xoØosQckb±vksjvFkoknkb±vksjf[kldko vFkokLFkkukarj.k (Shift)dksiznf'kZrdjrkgSAek¡xesaifjorZuosQnksuksaizdkjksaesavarjdkcgqrvfèkdegÙogSA,dghek¡xoØijlapyu;kek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZucktkjdheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kmiHkksDrk}kjkek¡xhxbZek=kkesafd;sx;sleUo;dksizdVdjrkgSAblosQfoijhrek¡xoØdkf[kldkockgjhrÙoksa(tSlsvk;]#fp;k¡]lacafèkroLrqvksadhdhersavkfn)esagksusokysifjorZuksalslacafèkrmiHkksDrkosQleUo;rFkklarqyudhervkSjek=kkeasagksusokysifjorZudksizdVdjrkgSA
1- ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu ;k ek¡x oØ ij lapyu
(Change in Quantity Demanded or Movement Along the Demand Curve)
vU;ckrsalekujgusij]tc ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa] osQoy dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k] ifjorZu gksrk gS rcek¡xesagksusokysifjorZudks,dghek¡xoØosQfofHkUufcanqvksa}kjkizdVfd;ktkrkgSAdherosQdegksuslsek¡xesagksusokyho`f¼dksek¡x dk foLrkj (Extension of Demand)vkSjdherosQc<+uslsek¡xesagksusokyhdehdksek¡x dk laoqQpu (Contraction of Demand)dgktkrkgSAla{ksiesa],dghek¡xoØijlapyuoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuosQiQyLo:ilaHkogksrkgSA(Movements along a demand curve are in response to price changes for that good.)bulapyuksaesa;gekufy;ktkrkgSfdek¡xosQdherosQvfrfjDrvU;fuèkkZjdrÙovifjorZuh;gSaA,dnhxbZek¡xoØijlapyuoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZudksn'kkZrkgSAla{ksiesa
osQoy dher esa ifjorZu
ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu
ek¡x oØ ij lapyu
ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZunksizdkjosQgksldrsgSaA
1- ek¡x dk foLrkj (Extension of Demand)µvU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] tc fdlh oLrq dh dher esa deh gksus osQ iQyLo:i mldh ek¡x vfèkd gks tkrh gS rks bls ek¡x dk foLrkj dgk tkrk gSA (Extension of demand refers to a rise in quantity demanded as a result of fall in price)AtSlkfdrkfydk3esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdtclscksadhdher5#i;sizfrfdyksgSrkslscksadhek¡x1fdyksgS]tcdherdegksdj1#i;kizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrksek¡xdkfoLrkjgksdjubZek¡x5fdykslscgkstkrhgSA
30 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=krkfydk 3- ek¡x dk foLrkj (Extension of Demand)
dher (#-) ek¡x dh ek=kk (fdyks) o.kZu
5
1
1
5
dheresadeh
↓ek¡xesafoLrkj
0
Pric
e (R
s)
12
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 X
B
Extension of DemandA
Y
Quantity
fp=k 2-9
ek¡xosQfoLrkjdksfp=k2-9}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSA
blfp=kesaABlscksadhek¡xoØgSAlscksadhdher5#i;sizfrfdyksgSrksek¡x1fdyksgSAmiHkksDrkek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanqijgSAtclscksadhdherdegksdj1#i;sizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrksmldhek¡xdkfoLrkjgksdjubZek¡x5fdyksgkstkrhgSvkSjmiHkksDrkek¡xoØosQ‘B’fcanqijigq¡ptkrkgSAvr%ek¡xoØosQmQ¡psfcanq(A)lsfupysfcanq(B)dhvksjljdukek¡xosQfoLrkjdksizdVdjrkgSA
2- ek¡x dk laoqQpu (Contraction of Demand)µvU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] tc fdlh oLrq dh dher esa o`f¼ gksus osQ iQyLo:i mldh ek¡x de gks tkrh gS rks bls ek¡x dk laoqQpu dgk tkrk gSA (Contraction of demand refers to fall in quantity demanded as a result of rise in price)tSlkfdrkfydk4esafn[kk;kgSfdtclscksadhdher1#i;kizfrfdyksgSrkslscksadhek¡x5fdyksgSA;fnlscksadhdherc<+dj5#i;sizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrksek¡xdklaoqQpugksdjubZek¡x1fdyksgkstkrhgSA
rkfydk 4- ek¡x dk laoqQpu (Contraction of Demand)
dher (#-) ek¡x dh ek=kk (fdyks) o.kZu
1
5
5
1
dheresao`f¼
↓ek¡xesalaoqQpu
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 31
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
0
Pric
e (R
s)
12
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 X
B
Contraction of DemandA
Y
Quantity
fp=k 2-10
ek¡xosQlaoqQpudksfp=k2-10}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaABlscksadkek¡xoØgSAtclscksadhdher1#i;kizfrfdyksgSrksek¡x5fdykslscgSAmiHkksDrkek¡xoØosQ‘B’¯cnqijgSAblosQfoijhrtclscksadhdherc<+dj5#i;sizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrkslscksadhek¡xdklaoqQpugksdjubZek¡x1fdyksgkstkrhgSvkSjmiHkksDrk‘A’fcanqijigq¡ptkrkgSAvr%ek¡xoØdkfupysfcanq(B)lsmQ¡ps¯cnq(A)dhvksjljdukek¡xosQlaoqQpudksizdVdjrkgSA
2- ek¡x esa ifjorZu ;k ek¡x oØ dk f[kldko
(Change in Demand or Shift in Demand Curve)
dherosQvfrfjDrek¡xosQfdlhHkhfuèkkZjdrÙoeasifjorZulaiw.kZek¡xoØdksnkb±;kckb±vksjf[kldknsrkgSAek¡xesao`f¼dksnkb±vksjf[kldko}kjkvkSjek¡xesadehdksckb±vksjf[kldko}kjkfn[kk;ktkrkgSAvFkZ'kkL=khblsek¡x esa ifjorZu dgrsgSaAek¡xesaifjorZu]vk;]#fp;ksa;klacafèkroLrqvksadhdheresaifjorZuvkfnosQdkj.kgksrsgSaAla{ksiesaaek¡xoØdknkb±vksjf[kldkoek¡xesao`f¼vkSjckb±vksjf[kldkoek¡xesadehizdVdjrkgSA
vk;] #fp;ksa ;k osQoy dherksa esa ifjorZu
ek¡x esa ifjorZu
ek¡x oØ dk f[kldko
fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x osQ foLrkj rFkk laoqQpu dh O;k[;k mldh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ lanHkZ esa dh tkrh gSA ek¡x esa o`f¼ rFkk deh dh O;k[;k ek¡x dh dher osQ vfrfjDr fuèkkZfjr djus okys vU;rÙoksaosQlanHkZesadhtkrhgSA
ek¡x esa deh (Decrease in Demand)vFkok ek¡x oØ dk ckb± vksj f[kldko (Left-ward Shift in Demand Curve)osQeq[;dkj.kfuEufyf[krgSaµ
1-vk;esadeh
2-izfrLFkkiuoLrqdhdheresadeh
3-iwjdoLrqvksadhdheresao`f¼
4-#fp;ksa]ilanksavkSjizkFkfedrkvksaesaizfrowQyifjorZu
5-Hkfo";esadher?kVusdhlaHkkouk
6-tula[;k(oszQrkvksa)esadeh
32 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k blhHkk¡frek¡x esa o`f¼ (Increase in Demand)vFkokek¡x oØ osQ nkb± vksj f[kldko (Rightward Shift in Demand Curve)osQeq[;dkj.kfuEufyf[krgSaµ
1-vk;esao`f¼
2-izfrLFkkiuoLrqdhdheresao`f¼
3-iwjdoLrqvksadhdheresadeh
4-#fp;ksa]ilanksavkSjizkFkfedrkvksaesavuqowQyifjorZu
5-Hkfo";esadher?kVusdhlaHkkouk
6-tula[;k(oszQrkvksa)esao`f¼
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; iz'u(Multiple Choice Questions)µ
4- lkekU;oLrqogoLrqgSftldhek¡x----------------------dhvk;osQc<+usosQlkFkc<+rhgSA
(v)miHkksDrk (c)O;fDr
(l)izfrLFkkiu (n)vkeO;fDr
5- fuEudksfVdhoLrqogoLrqgSftldhek¡xmiHkksDrkdhvk;c<+usij----------------------tkrhgSA
(v)degks (c)?kV
(l)vfèkdgks (n)c<+
6- dherosQc<+uslsek¡xesagksusokyhdehdksek¡xdkdgktkrkgSµ
(v)laoqQpu (c)oØ
(l)lapyu (n) forj.k
7- oLrqek¡xesao`f¼rcgksrhgStcoLrqdhdherfLFkjjgusijog[kjhnhtkrhgSµ
(v)vfèkdek=kkesa (c)deek=kkesa
(l)larqfyrek=kkesa (n) fcyoqQyughaA
2-8- ek¡x esa foLrkj rFkk o`f¼ esa varj (Distinction between Extension and Increase in Demand)
ek¡x esa foLrkj lsvfHkizk;gS]vU;ckrsalekujgusij],doLrqdhdheresafxjkoVosQdkj.kek¡xdkc<+ukAbldks,dghek¡xoØosQmQ¡psfcanqlsfupysfcanqijlapyu;kgjdr (Movement) }kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSAnwljhvksjek¡x esa o`f¼ lsvfHkizk;gSdherosQfLFkjjgusijek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙoksa(tSls#fp;ksa]miHkksDRkkdhvk;]izfrLFkkiuoLrqdhdher)esaifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xdkc<+ukAblslaiw.kZek¡xoØosQmQijdhvksjf[kldko;kljdus}kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA
ek¡x esa foLrkj rFkk o`f¼ esa varj
fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x esaa foLrkj rc gksrk gS tc oLrq dh dher de gksus ij mldh vfèkd ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA oLrq dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ rc gksrh gS tc oLrq dh dher fLFkj jgus ij mldh vfèkd ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA
fp=k2-11ek¡xesafoLrkjrFkkek¡xesao`f¼osQvarjdksLi"VdjjgkgSADDizkjafHkdek¡xoØgSAfp=k2-11lsKkrgksrkgSfdDDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanqlsek¡xesanksfofHkUuo`f¼laHko
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 33
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
gSA,d ;ggSfd,dghek¡xoØDDosQ‘A’fcanqlslapyudjosQ‘B’fcanqijek¡xdhek=kkdkOQlsc<+djOQ1gksukAek¡xhxbZek=kkesa;go`f¼dherosQOPls?kVdjOP1gksusosQdkj.kgqbZgSAblsek¡x esa foLrkj dgktkrkgSAnwljk ;ggSfdlaiw.kZek¡xoØDDdkljddjD1 D1gkstkukAizkjafHkddherOPijmiHkksDrkOQek=kk[kjhnrkFkkftlsDDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgS]ijarqdherosQvfrfjDrek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙoksaesaifjorZugkstkusosQiQyLo:imiHkksDrkOQ1ek=kk[kjhnrkgSftlsD1 D1ek¡xoØosQ‘C’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAblifjorZudksek¡x esa o`f¼ dgktkrkgSA
Y
P
P1
OQ Q1
DD1
X
C
D1D
Extension inDemand
Increase inDemand
Pric
e (R
s)
Quantity
fp=k 2-11
2-9- ek¡x esa laoqQpu rFkk deh esa varj (Distinction between Contraction and Decrease in Demand)
ek¡x esa laoqQpu ls vfHkizk; gS] vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] ,d oLrq dh dher c<+us osQ dkj.k ek¡x dk de gks tkukA bldks ,d gh ek¡x oØ osQ fupys fcanq ls mQ¡ps fcanq ij lapyu }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] ek¡x esa deh lsvfHkizk;gSdherosQvfrfjDrek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙoksaesaifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xdkdegkstkukAblslaiww.kZek¡xoØosQuhps;kihNsdhvksjf[kldko}kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA
ek¡x esa laoqQpu rFkk ek¡x esa deh esa varj
fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x esa laoqQpu rc gksrk gS tc oLrq dh dher vfèkd gksus ij mldh de ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA oLrq dh ek¡x esa deh rc gksrh gS tc dher fLFkj jgus ij mldh de ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA
fp=k2-12ek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkek¡xesadehosQvarjdksLi"VdjjgkgSADDizkjafHkdek¡xoØgSADDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanqlsek¡xesanksfofHkUudehlaHkogSA,d ;ggSfd,dghek¡xoØDDosQ‘A’fcanqlslapyudjossQ‘B’fcanqijek¡xdhek=kkdkOQlsdegksdjOQ1gkstkukAek¡xhxbZek=kkdkdegksukdherosQOPlsc<+djO P1gksusosQdkj.klaHkogqvkgSAbls ek¡x esa laoqQpu dgktkrkgSAnwljk ;ggSlaiw.kZek¡xoØDDdkljddjD1 D1gkstkukAizkjafHkddherOPijmiHkksDrkoLrqdhOQek=kk[kjhnrkFkk]ftlsDDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAijaarqvcogbldherijOQ1ek=kk[kjhnrkgSAftlsD1 D1oØosQ‘C’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAek¡xoØesa;gf[kldko(DDlsD1 D1)dheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kughacfYdek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrRoksaosQdkj.klaHkogqvkgSAek¡xesa;gifjorZuek¡x esa deh dgykrkgSA
34 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
B
Y
P
P1
OQQ1
DD1 X
C
D1D
Contraction inDemand
Pric
e (R
s)
Quantity
A
fp=k 2-12
2-10- ek¡x dh yksp (Elasticity of Demand)
fdlhoLrqdhek¡x]fo'ks"k:ils]mldhdher]miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklacafèkroLrqdhdherijfuHkZjdjrhgSAvr%^ek¡xdhyksp*ls;gKkrgkssrkgSfdfdlhoLrqdhdhervFkokmiHkksDrkdhvk;vFkoklacafèkroLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmloLrqdhek¡xdhek=kkesafdrukifjorZugqvkgSAMwyh osQ'kCnksaesa]^^,d oLrq dh dher] miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk lacafèkr oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus ls ml oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ eki dks ek¡x dh yksp dgk tk,xkA** (The elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to change in its price, price of other goods and changes in consumer’s income, —Dooley)vr%ek¡xdhykspeq[;:ilsrhuizdkjdhgkstkrhgSµ1- ek¡x dh dher yksp (Price Elasticity of Demand)]2- ek¡x dh vk; yksp (Income Elasticity of Demand)]vkSj3- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp (Cross Elasticity of Demand)A
ek¡x dh yksp dk vFkZ
ek¡x dh yksp] ek¡x osQ fdlh la[;kRed fuèkkZjd esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu rFkk blosQ iQyLo:i ek¡x dh ek=kk esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu dk vuqikr gSA
2-11- ek¡x dh dher yksp (Price Elasticity of Demand)
;fnvU;ckrsalekujgsa,doLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesagksusokysifjorZuosQekidksek¡x dh dherykspdgktkrkgSA;g dher esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu rFkk ek¡x esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu osQ vuqikr osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA (It is equal to the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to a percentage change in the price.);gblckrdksekirhgSfdoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmldhek¡xhxbZek=kkesafdrukifjorZugksrkgSAek¡xdhykspmlvuqikrdksizdVdjrhgSftlijdherc<+usijek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkdher?kVusijek¡xesafoLrkjgksrkgSAek¡xhxbZek=kkvkSjdheresafoijhrlacaèkik;ktkrkgSAblhfy,ek¡xdhykspdks½.kkRed(–)fpÉ}kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSAfyIlh osQ'kCnksaesa]^^pw¡fd ek¡x oØ dk <yku ½.kkRed gksrk gS] blfy, dher vkSj ek=kk esa lnk foijhr fn'kkvksa esa ifjorZu gksxkA ,d ifjorZu èkukRed rFkk nwljk ½.kkRed gksxk tks ek¡x dh yksp osQ eki dks ½.kkRed cuk nsxkA** (Because of the negative slope of the demand curve, the price and the quantity will always change in opposite directions. One change will be positive and the other
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 35
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
negative, making the measured elasticity of demand negative. – Lipsey)AijarqizFkkosQvuqlkj½.kkRedfpÉdksNksM+fn;ktkrkgSvkSjek¡xdhdherykspdksla[;kesaO;Drdjfn;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnvkblØhedhdheresa10izfr'krdehbldhek¡xhxbZek=kkesa15izfr'kro`f¼ykrhgS]rcek¡xdhykspfuEufyf[krgksxhµ
Ed = (–)15%
(–)10%= 1.5
½.kkRed fpÉ dksblfy,NksM+fn;ktkrkgSrkfddksbZlafnXèkrk (Ambiguity)iSnkugksA;gdgukHkzkafriw.kZgksldrkgSfd(–)4dkykspxq.kkad(Elasticity Co-efficient)&2lsvfèkdgksxk]bllaHkkforHkzkafrlscpktkldrkgSA;fngeosQoy;gdgsa]fd4dkxq.kkad2osQxq.kkaddhrqyukesavfèkdykspdksO;DrdjrkgSAvr%ek¡xdhdheryksposQewY;lsigys?kVkus(–)osQfpÉdklkekU;r;kiz;ksxughafd;ktkrkA
Ed = (–)ek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZu(Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded)
dheresaizfr'krifjorZu(Percentage Change in Price)
ekuyksdheresa10izfr'krdehgksusosQiQyLo:iek¡xesa20izfr'krdkfoLrkjgksrkgSArcek¡xdhykspgksxhµ
Ed = (–)20%
(–)10%= 2
bldkvFkZ;ggSfdoLrqdhdheresagksusokys1izfr'krifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xdhek=kkesa2izfr'krifjorZugksrkgSA
ek'kZy osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^ek¡x dh yksp dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh tk ldrh gSS fd ;g ek¡x dh ek=kk esa izfr'kr ifjorZu dks dher osQ izfr'kr ifjorZu ls Hkkx nsus ij izkIr gksrh gSA** (Elasticity of demand may be defined as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price. —Marshall) cks¯YMx osQ vuqlkj] ^ek¡x dh dher yksp dher eas gksus okys ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i ek¡x esa gksus okys ifjorZu dh izfrfØ;k dks ekirh gSA** (Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the change in its price.
—Boulding)
VkLd ek¡xdhyksposQckjsesaviusfopkjO;Drdhft,A
2-12- ek¡x dh dher yksp dh nks vafre lhek,¡ (Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)
ek¡xdhdherykspdhnksvafrelhek,¡'kwU;rFkkvuUr(Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand Zero and Infinity)µek¡xdhewY;lkis{krkdhnksvafrelhek,¡(1)'kwU; (Zero) rFkk(2)vuar (Infinity)A
1- ek¡x dh 'kwU; dher yksp (Zero Price Elasticity of Demand)ek¡xdhyksp'kwU; rcgksrhgStcdheresadksbZHkhifjorZugksusijoLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesadksbZifjorZuughagksrkAbldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdoLrqdhdheresapkgsfdrukHkhifjorZuD;ksau
36 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k gksmldhek¡xhxbZek=kkessadksbZfoLrkj;klaoqQpuughaagksrkAblfLFkfrdksiw.kZr;kcsykspnkjek¡x(Perfectly Inelastic Demand)dgktkrkgSA
Zero Price Elasticity of Demand (E = 0)
fp=k2-13esa,d[kM+hgqbZljyjs[kk(Vertical Straight Line)izdVdhxbZgSAmllsLi"VgksrkgSfddheresafdrukHkhifjorZuD;ksaugksoLrqdhek¡xOD osQcjkcjfLFkjjgsxhAblizdkjosQek¡xoØdksiw.kZr;kcsykspnkjek¡xoØ(Perfectly Inelastic Demand Curve)dgktkrkgSAblek¡xoØ}kjkek¡xdkdksbZfoLrkj;klaoqQpuizdVughagksrkA
Y
O DX
E = 0
Perfectly InelasticDemand Curve
D
Pric
e (R
s.)
Quantity
fp=k 2-13
2- ek¡x dh vuUr dher yksp (Infinity Price Elasticity of Demand)ek¡xdhykspvuUrrcgksrhgStcdheresacgqrFkksM+klkifjorZugksusijHkhfdlhoLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesavuUrifjorZugksrkgSAek¡xdhykspvuUrrcgksrhgStcfdlhoLrqdhizpfyrdherij,diQeZosQmRiknudhfdruhHkhek=kkdhek¡xdhtkrhgSijarq;fniQeZdheresaFkksM+h&lho`f¼djnsrhgSrksiQeZosQmRiknudhfcYoqQyHkhek¡xughadhtkrhA
Infinite Price Elasticity of Demand (E = ∞)
Perfectly Elastic Demand Curve
Y
P DE = ∞
XQuantity
O
Pric
e (R
s.)
fp=k 2-14
fp=k2-14esa,d iM+h gqbZ ljy js[kk (Horizontal Straight Line)izdVdhxbZgSAbllsLi"VgksrkgSfdOP dherijoLrqdhfdruhHkhek=kk[kjhnhtkldrhgSijarqOP lsFkksM+hHkhdherc<+kusijoLrqdhdksbZHkhek=kkugha[kjhnhtk,xhAnwljs'kCnksaesa;gdgktkldrkgSfdoLrq dh vuUr ek¡x ls 'kwU; ek¡x gksus ij vuUr ifjorZu gqvk gSA (There is infinite change from infinite demand to zero demand.)AblizdkjosQek¡xoØdksiw.kZr;k ykspnkj ek¡x oØ (Perfectly elastic demand curve)dgktkrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 37
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)2-13- ek¡x dh dher yksp dh lkekU; fLFkfr;k¡
(Normal Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)
lkekU;r%ek¡xdhdherykspdhfuEufyf[krrhufLFkfr;k¡gksldrhgSaµ
1- ek¡x dh yksp = 1 (blsbdkbZek¡xdhykspdgktkrkgSA)
2- ek¡x dh yksp > 1 (blsbdkbZlsvfèkdek¡xdhykspdgktkrkgSA)ek¡xdhbldherykspdksbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjHkhdgktkrkgSA
3- ek¡x dh yksp < 1 (blsbdkbZlsdeek¡xdhykspdgktkrkgSA)blsdeykspnkjek¡xHkhdgktkrkgSAek¡xdhykspdhmijksDrlHkhfLFkfr;ksadksfuEufyf[krfp=kksa}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSA
2-14- ek¡x dh yksp dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa E = 1, E>1 rFkk E<1 dks izdV djus okyh ek¡x oozsaQ (Demand Curves Showing E = 1, E>1 and E<1)
vkxsfp=k2-15]2-16rFkk2-17}kjkek¡xdhykspdhfofHkUufLFkfr;k¡izdVgksjghgSaµ
1- bdkbZ ykspnkj ek¡x E = 1 (Unitary Elastic Demand)µbdkbZykspnkjek¡xrcgksrhgStcdherosQc<+us;kdegksusijoLrqijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;fLFkjjgrkgSAoqQyO;;PQA;gk¡P dher_Q = ek¡xAfp=k2-15esaDD ek¡xoØbdkbZykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjghgSAbllsLi"VgksrkgSfdtcdherOP1 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ1 MP1 gksxkAblosQfoijhrtcdherdegksdjOP2 gksxbZgksrksoqqQyO;;OQ2 NP2 gksxkA
{ks=kiQyOQ1 MP1 = {ks=kiQyOQ2 NP2
bldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfdoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusijHkhoqQyO;;fLFkjjgrkgSAblfy,ek¡xdhykspbdkbZosQcjkcjgSvFkkZr~E = 1 (Unitary)A
DY
P1
P2
0
Pric
e (R
s.)
Q1 Q2X
D
NE = 1
M
Quantity
DY
P1
P2
0
Pric
e (R
s.)
Q1 Q2X
D
E > 1
M
N
Quantity
fp=k 2-15 fp=k 2-16
2- bdkbZ ls vfèkd ykspnkj ek¡x E > 1 (Greater than Unitary Elastic Demand)µbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjek¡xrcgksrhgStcoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;c<+tkrkgSrFkkdherosQc<+usijoqQyO;;degkstkrkgSAfp=k2-16esaDD ek¡xoØbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjghgSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdtcdherOP1 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ1 MP1 gksxkAblosQfoijhrtcdherdegksdjOP2 gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;OQ2 NP2 gkstk,xkAvr%
38 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k {ks=kiQyOQ2NP2 > {ks=kiQyOQ1 MP1
bldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;c<+x;kgSAvr,oek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkd(E > 1) ;kvfèkdykspnkjgSA
3- bdkbZ ls de ykspnkj ek¡x E < 1 (Lesser than Unitary Elastic Demand E < 1) % bdkbZlsdeykspnkjek¡xrcgksrhgStcoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;HkhdegkstkrkgSrFkkdherosQc<+usijoqQyO;;Hkhc<+tkrkgSAfp=k2-17esaDDek¡xoØbdkbZlsdeykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjghgSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdtcdherOP1 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ1 MP1 gksxkAblosQfoijhrtcdherOP2 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ2 NP2 gkstk,xkAvr%
{ks=kiQyOQ2NP2 < {ks=kiQyOQ1 MP1
bldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;Hkhdegksx;kgSAvr,oek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsde(E < 1) ;kdeykspnkjgksxhA
D
Y
P1
P2
0
Pric
e (R
s.)
Q1 Q2XD
E < 1
M
N
Quantity
fp=k 2-17
2-15- ek¡x dh dher yksp dh eki (Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand)
ek¡xdhyksposQekils;gKkrgksrkgSfdlhoLrqdhek¡x(i)bdkbZ;k(ii)bdkbZlsvfèkd;k(iii)bdkbZlsdeykspnkjgSSAek¡xdhyksposQekiusdhdbZfofèk;k¡gSaµ
1- oqQy O;; fofèk (Total Outlay or Total Expenditure Method)
2- vkuqikfrd ;k izfr'kr fofèk (Proportionate or Percentage Method)
3- fcanq yksp fofèk (Point Elasticity Method) xzkfiQd fofèk
4- pki yksp fofèk (Arc Elasticity Method) Graphic Method
5- vk; fofèk (Revenue Method)
1- oqQy O;; fofèk (Total Outlay or Total Expenditure Method)
ek¡xdhykspekiusdhoqQy O;; fofèk dkizfriknuMk- ek'kZy usfd;kFkkAblfofèkosQvuqlkj]ek¡xdhykspdksekiusosQfy,;gekywedjukpkfg,fdfdlh oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus ls ml ij fd, tkus okys oqQy O;; esa fdruk ifjorZu fdl fn'kk esa gksrk gSµ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 39
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
(i)tcfdlhoLrqdhdherosQde;kvfèkdgksuslsmlijfd,tkusokysoqQyO;;esadksbZifjorZuughagksrkrksek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ osQcjkcj(Ed = 1)gksxhA
(ii) tcfdlhoLrqdhdherdegksuslsoqQyO;;c<+tkrkgSvkSjdherosQc<+uslsoqQyO;;degkstkrkgSvFkkZr~oqQyO;;]dheresagksusokysifjorZulsfoijhrfn'kkesa]pyrkgSrcek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ ls vfèkd (Ed > 1)gksxhA
(iii) tcfdlhoLrqdhdherdegksuslsoqQyO;;degkstkrkgSrFkkdherc<+uslsoqQyO;;c<+tkrkgSvFkkZr~oqQyO;;mlfn'kkesapyrkgSftlesadheresaifjorZugksrkgS]rcmloLrqdhek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ ls de (Ed < 1)gksxhA
ek¡xdhykspdksekiusdhoqQyO;;fofèkdksrkfydk1}kjkHkhLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSµ
rkfydk 1- oqQy O;; fofèk
oLrq dh dher(#-)
[kjhnh xbZ ek=kk(fd- xzk-)
oqQy O;;(#-)
oqQy O;; esa ifjorZu ek¡x dh yksp
2
4
1
4
2
8
8
8
8
oqQyO;;esaifjorZuughagksrkA bdkbZyksp
2 4 8 tcdherc<+rhgSrksoqQyO;;degksrkgSA
bdkbZlsvfèkdyksp;kykspnkj
4 1 4 tcdherdegksrhgSrksoqQyO;;c<+rkgSA
1 10 10
2 3 6 tcdherc<+rhgSrksoqQyO;;Hkhc<+rkgSA
bdkbZlsdeyksp;kcsykspnkj
4 2 8 tcdherdegksrhgSrksoqQyO;;HkhdegksrkgSA
1 4 4
rkfydk1-lsfuEufyf[krdhtkudkjhizkIrgksrhgSµ
(i) bdkbZ ykspnkj ek¡x (Unitary Elastic Demand)rkfydk1osQHkkx,dlsKkrgksrkgSfdtcoLrqdhdher2#i,gSrksoLrqijoqQyO;;8#i,gSAblosQfoijhr;fndherc<+dj4#i;sgkstkrhgS;kdegksdj1#i;kgkstkrhgS]rksHkhoqQyO;;8#i,ghjgrkgSAvU; 'kCnksa esa] dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk oqQy O;; ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA
(ii) bdkbZ ls vfèkd ykspnkj (Greater than Unitary Elasticity)rkfydk1osQnwljsHkkxlsKkrgksrkgSfdtcoLrqdhdher2#i,gSrksoqQyO;;8#i,fd;ktkrkgSA;fnoLrqdhdherc<+dj4#i,gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;8#i,lsdegksdj4#i,gkstkrkgSvkSjtcdherdegksdj1#i;kgkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;c<+dj10#i,gkstkrkgSAvU; 'kCnksa eas] dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i oqQy O;; esa ifjorZu foijhr fn'kk (Opposite Direction) esa gksrk gSA
40 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (iii) bdkbZ ls de ykspnkj (Less than Unitary Elasticity)rkfydk1osQrhljsHkkxlsKkrgksrkgSfdtcoLrqdhdher2#i,gSrksoqQyO;;6#i,gSAtcdherc<+dj4#i,gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;c<+dj8#i,gkstkrkgSAtcdherdegksdj1#i;kgkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;degksdj4#i,gkstkrkgSAvU; 'kCnksa esa] dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i oqQy O;; esa ifjorZu leku fn'kk (Same Direction) esagksrkgSA
fp=k2-18}kjkek¡xdhykspdksekiusdhoqQyO;;fofèkdksLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaOX-v{kijoqQyO;;vkSjOY-v{kijdherdksizdVfd;kx;kgSAST js[kk oqQy O;; js[kk(Total Expenditure Curve) gSAST js[kkosQchpdkBC HkkxbdkbZykspdksizdVdjjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcdherOM gS]rksoqQyO;;MC gSAtcdherc<+djON gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;NB (= MC) vFkkZr~igysftrukghjgrkgSAST js[kkdkTB HkkxbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcdherON lsc<+djOR gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;BN lsdegksdjRA gkstkrkgSvFkkZr~blesafoijhrfn'kkesaifjorZugksrkgSAST js[kkdkSC HkkxbdkbZlsdeykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcdherOM lsdegksdjOP gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;MC lsdegksdjPD gkstkrkgSvFkkZr~lekufn'kkesacnyrkgSA
NR
MPO Total Expenditure
SD C
Ed = 1
BEd > 1AT
Y
XEd < 1
Pric
e (R
s.)
fp=k 2-18
2- izfr'kr ;k vkuqikfrd fofèk (Percentage or Proportionate Method)
ek¡xdhdherykspdksekiusdhnwljhfofèkizfr'krvFkokvkuqikfrdfofèkdgykrhgSAbl fofèk osQ vuqlkj] ek¡x dh dher yksp dk vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, ek¡x esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu dks dher esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu ls Hkkx dj fn;k tkrk gSA bldklw=k(Formula) fuEufyf[krgSµ
Ed = X − oLrqdhekx¡ h xbZ ek=kkesaifz r'krifjorZu
oLrqdhdhereasizfr'krifjoruZ
Ed = 100×
ekx¡ hxbZek=kkeasifjoruZ
izkjfa Hkdekx¡dhereasifjorZu
ikz jfa Hkdekx¡
1(Q Q) Q100 100Q Q− ∆× ×
1
Q Q( ) ( )(P P) P100 100P P
− = − ∆× ×
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 41
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply) Ed =
Q P Q P( ) ( )Q P Q P
∆ ∆ ∆− ÷ = − ×∆
Ed = P Q( )Q P
∆− ×∆
(;gk¡Q = oLrqdhek¡xhxbZizkjafHkdek=kk_Q1 = ifjofrZrek¡xhxbZek=kk_P = oLrqdhizkjafHkddher_P1 = ifjofrZrdher_∆Q = Q1 – Q(ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZu)]∆P = P1 – P = dheresaifjorZu_∆ = MsYVk(;gfpÉifjorZudksizdVdjrkgSA)
X-oLrqdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZudksX–oLrqesa100xq.kkifjorZuosQ:iesaifjHkkf"krfd;ktkrkgSvFkkZr~100∆X dksX }kjkHkkxdjfn;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnek=kk10lsc<+dj15gkstkrhgSrcgedgsaxsfd∆X = 15 –10 = 5 rFkkX esaizfr'kr
o`f¼ = X
X∆
× 100 = 5
10 × 100 =
50010
= 50%, blh Hkk¡fr dher esa izfr'kr
ifjorZudksP
P∆
× 100 osQ:iesaizdVfd;ktkrkgSA
mnkgj.k (Illustration) 1.
,doLrqdhdheresa10% dehosQdkj.kek¡xdhek=kkesagksusokysizfr'krifjorZudkvuqekuyxkb,A;gekuyhft,oLrqdhek¡xdhdheryksp(–) 2-5gSA
gy (Solution) :
ekuyhft,ek¡xesaizfr'krifjorZuX gksrkgSA
ek¡xdhyksp = ( )− ekx¡ hxbZek=kkeasifz r'krifjoruZ
dhereasifz r'krifjoruZ
2.5 = X( )
10%−
X = 2.5 × 10% = 25%
mÙkjµek¡xhxbZek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZu25% gksxkA
3- fcanq yksp fofèk (Point Elasticity Method)
ek¡xoØosQfdlhfcanqijek¡xdhyksp¯cnqykspdgykrhgSA
ysÝVfop osQvuqlkj]^^ek¡x oØ osQ fdlh fcanq ij dher osQ lw{e ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i tks yksp ekih tkrh gS mls fcanq yksp dgrs gSaA** (Elasticity computed at a single point on the curve for infinitely small change in price is point elasticity.–Leftwitch)A
ljyek¡xoØijdheryksp]oØosQ<ykurFkkmlfcanq]ftlijekifd;ktkrkgS]ijfuHkZjdjrhgSAvr%,dek¡xoØosQfofHkUufcanqvksaijdherykspfHkUugksxhAblfy,ek¡xoØosQizR;sdfcanqijek¡xdhykspvyxlsekihtkrhgSA
ljy ek¡x oØ (Linear Demand Curve)µfp=k2-19esaMN ek¡xoØ,dljyjs[kkgSA
blek¡xoØosQ‘A’ fcanqijek¡xdhykspANAM
osQcjkcjgksxhtksfdfuEufyf[krfofèk
}kjkKkrdhtkldrhgStSlkfdgetkursgSafd
è;ku jf[k,
izfr'kr fofèk dk iz;ksx ml fLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlesas dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu rFkk mlosQ iQyLo:i ek¡x esa gksus okyk ifjorZu cgqr gh de gksrk gSA
42 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Ed = (–)
PQ
× QP
∆∆
fp=k2-19lsKkrgksrkgSfdP = OP (= AQ); Q = OQ (= AP);∆P = PP1 (= AB); ∆Q = QQ1 (= BC);
Ed = AQAP
× BCAB
...(i)
pw¡fd∆ABC rFkk∆AQN le:if=kHkqt(Similar triangles) gSablfy,budhHkqtkvksa(Sides)
dkvuqikrcjkcjgksxkµvFkkZr~BCAB
= QNAQ
BCAB
osQLFkkuijlehdj.k(i) esaQNAQ
fy[kuslsgesaizkIrgksrkgS
Ed = AQ QN QN QNAP AQ AP OQ
× = = (AP = OQ)
pw¡fd∆AQN rFkk∆MPA le:if=kHkqtgSa]blfy,budhHkqtkvksadkvuqikrcjkcjgksxkµ
Ed = QN QN AN (Lower Segment)OQ AP AM (Upper Segment)
= = = fupykHkkx
mQijdkHkkx
ljy js[kk osQ fofHkUu fcanqvksa ij dher yksp fp=k2-19lsKkrgkstkrhgSA
P
P1
OQ Q1
XN
C
A
B
∆Q
Y
Pric
e (R
s.)
M
∆P
Quantity
fp=k 2-19
(i) fcanq Pek¡xjs[kkMN osQeè;esafLFkrgSblfy,PN (uhpsdkHkkx)rFkkPM (mQijdkHkkx)cjkcjgksaxsAvr%
Ed =PNPM
= 1(Unity)vFkkZr~P¯cnqijek¡xdhykspbdkbZgksxhA
4- pki yksp fofèk(Arc Elasticity Method)
pkiykspdherifjorZudhvkSlrvuqfØ;k (Responsiveness) dk,dekigStks,dek¡xoØijnksfcanqvksaosQchposQHkkxdksiznf'kZrdjrkgSA,d ek¡x oØ ij nks fcanqvksa osQ chp osQ Hkkx dks pki dgk tkrk gSA (An Arc is the portion between two points on a demand curve)Afp=k2-20esaDD ek¡xoØijA vkSjC fcanqvksaosQchpdkHkkxpkigSAtceè;fcanq;kvkSlrdherrFkkek=kkosQiz;ksxdjuslstksykspizkIrgksrhgSmlspki dher yksp dgktkrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 43
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)D
Y
P
P1
OQ Q1
X
DC
ARC
Pric
e (R
s.)
Quantity
A
Arc Elasticity
fp=k 2-20
okVlu osQ vuqlkj] ^^pki dher yksp ek¡x oØ pki osQ eè; fcanq dh dher yksp gSA** (Arc elasticity is the elasticity at the mid point of an arc of a demand curve. –Wastson.) iQxwZlu osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^pki dher yksp ,d ek¡x oØ ij nks fcanqvksa osQ chp vkSlr yksp dh ,d eki gSA** (Arc elasticity is a measure of the average elasticity between two points on the demand. —Ferguson)A
lw=k (Formula)
dheryksposQlw=kosQvuqlkjµ
Ed = P QQ P
∆×∆
;gLi"VgSfd∆Q = Q1 – Q [kjhnhxbZek=kkesaifjorZuvkSj∆P = P1 – P dheresaifjorZuijarqP vkSjQ osQewY;D;kgSa\pw¡fdpkiAC osQfofHkUufcanqvksaijP rFkkQ osQfofHkUuewY;gksrsgSablfy;sbuosQfdlh,dfuf'prewY;dkiz;ksxdjukvko';dughagSAijaijkosQvuqlkjP vkSjQ osQnksewY;ksaosQvkSlrdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrkfd
Q = 1(Q Q)2+
rFkkP = 1(P P)1+
A
vr%ek¡xdhpkidherykspfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsvk¡dhtkrhgSµ
Ed = (Changein Quantity)
1 (Sumof Quantities)2
ek=kkeasifjoruZ
ek=kkvkasdktkMs + +
(Changein Price)1 (Sumof Prices)2
dheresaifjoruZ
dherksadktksM+
Ed = 1
1 1 1
1 (P P)Q P Q 2( ) ( )1 1 1 P(Q Q) (P P) (Q Q)2 2 2
+∆ ∆ ∆− ÷ = − ×∆+ + +
;k
Ed = 1
1 1 1
1 1 11
1 (P P)Q Q Q Q P P2( ) ( )1 P P Q Q P P(Q Q)2
+− − +− × = − ×− + −+
(;gk¡Q = izkjafHkdek¡x_Q1 = ubZek¡x_P = izkjafHkddher_P1 = ubZdherA)
44 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k pkiykspfofèkosQvuqlkj;fn,doLrqdhdheresalekuvuqikresao`f¼;kdehgksrhgSvkSjifj.kkeLo:ioLrqdhek¡xesaHkhmlhvuqikresalaoqQpu;kfoLrkjgksrkgSrcek¡xdhyksp,dlekujgsxhAijarq;fnizfr'krfofèkdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrcmijksDrvoLFkkvksaessaek¡xdhykspfofHkUugksxhA
igysesa;gbdkbZlsvfèkd(6);kykspnkjgksxhvkSjnwljsesa;gbdkbZlsde34
;kcsykspnkjgksxhAvr% pki yksp fofèk] izfr'kr yksp fofèk dh rqyuk esa] vfèkd okLrfod rFkk fuHkZj fofèk gSA
ek¡xdhpkiyksprFkkfcanqyksposQchpvarjHkhgSApki yksp] ek¡x oØ osQ ,d fo'ks"k Hkkx ij yksp dk vkSlr ewY; gS] tcfd fcanq yksp] ek¡x oØ osQ ,d fo'ks"k fcanq ij yksp dk ewY; gSA ckeksy osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x dh ¯cnq yksp ek¡x oØ osQ izR;sd fcanq ls lacafèkr èkkj.kk gS] ijarq ,sls fdlh Hkh fcanq ij dher (∆P = 0) esa vFkok ek=kk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha (∆Q = 0) gksrkA vr% ge facanq yksp dks pki dh lhek eku ysrs gSa D;ksafd tSls&tSls pki dks NksVs ls NksVk fd;k tkrk gS og fcanq cu tkrk gSA** (Point elastictiy of demand is the corresponding concept, for each point on the demand curve. But at any such point there is no change in price (∆P = 0) or in quantity (∆Q = 0). We, therefore, take point elasticity to be the limit of the arc elasticity figure as the arc is made smaller and smaller. —Baumol
5- vk; fofèk (Revenue Method)
ek¡xdhykspKkrdjusdhik¡pohafofèkvk;fofèkgSA,diQeZdksmlosQmRiknudhfcØhlstksfcØhewY;izkIrgksrkgS]mlsiQeZdhvk;(Revenue) dgktkrkgSAekuyhft,10ehVjdiM+kcspdj,diQeZdks50#i,izkIrgksrsgSaAbu50#i;ksadksiQeZdhoqQy vk; (Total Revenue) dgktk,xkA;fnoqQyvk;dksmRiknudhcsphxbZbdkb;ksadhek=kklsHkkxns fn;ktk,rkstksHktuiQyvk,xkmlsvkSlr vk; (Average Revenue) vFkokizfrbdkbZdherdgktk,xkAmijksDriQeZdhvkSlrvk;
5010
=5#i,izfrehVjgksxhAvr%vkSlrvk;vkSjdherlekukFkZd'kCngSaAfdlh
oLrqdh,dvfèkdbdkbZcspuslsoqQyvk;esatksvarjvkrkgSmlslhekar vk; (Marginal Revenues)dgrsgSaA;fn11ehVjdiM+kcspdjiQeZdks54#i,izkIrgksrsgSarksbldkvFkZgSfd11osaehVjdiM+sdhlhekarvk;54#i,–50#i,= 4#i,gksxhA,diQeZdhvkSlrvk;oØdksek¡xoØHkhdgktkrkgSAvkSSlrvk;rFkklhekarvk;osQ}kjkek¡xdhykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=k}kjkekiktkldrkgSµ(;gk¡
Ed = A
A M−ek¡xdhdheryksp_A = vkSlrvk;_M = lhekarvk;)
ek¡xdhyksposQbllw=kdksfp=k2-21dhlgk;rklsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaOY-v{kijvk;rFkkOX-v{kijoLrqdhek=kkizdVdhxbZgSAABvkSlrvk;(AR) ;kek¡xoozQgSvkSjANlhekarvk;oozQ(MR) gSAek¡xoozQ(vkSlrvk;)osQ‘P’fcanqijek¡xdhykspfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsKkrdhtkldrhgSµ
Ed = PBPA
=uhps dkHkkx
mQijdkHkkx
∆PMBrFkk∆AEPle:igSa]blfy,budhHkqtkvksadkvuqikrcjkcjgksxkA
Ed = PB PMPA AE
= ... (1)
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 45
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
∆AETrFkk∆TPLle:if=kHkqt(Congruent Triangles)gSa]blfy,PL = AEA
PTE
O
A
Y
Rev
enue
LMR
M N XAR
B
Quantity
fp=k 2-21
lehdj.k(1)esaAE osQLFkkuijPLfy[kusls
Ed = PMPL
D;ksafd PL = PM – LM
blfy, Ed = PM
PM LM−
;gk¡ PM = AR vkSjLM = MR
vr% Ed = PM AR A
PM LM AR MR A M=
− − −;k
= vklS rvk;
vklS rvk;&lhekra vk;
;fnmQijdklw=kiz;ksxdjuslsEddkewY;,dgksrkgS]rksek¡xdhykspbdkbZgksxhA;fn;g,dlsvfèkdgSrksek¡xdhdherykspbdkbZlsvfèkd;kykspnkjgksxhvkSj;fn;g,dlsdegSrksek¡xdhdherykspbdkbZlsde;kcsykspnkjgksxhA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lgh@xyr Nk¡fV,
(State whether the following statements are True/False)—
8- O;fDrxrek¡xoØogoØgStksfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUudherksaij,dmiHkksDrk}kjkmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkdksizdVdjrkgSA
9- cktkjek¡xoØO;fDrxrek¡xoØksadkleLrjh;tksM+gSA
10- vU;ckrsalekujgusijtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresadehgksusosQiQyLo:imldhek¡xdegkstkrhgS]rksblsek¡xdkfoLrkjdgktkrkgSA
11- vU;ckrsalekujgusij]tcfdlhoLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksusosQiQyLo:imldhek¡xvfèkdgkstkrhgS]rksblsek¡xdklaoqQpudgktkrkgSA
12- ,doLrqdhdher]miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklacafèkroLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesagksusokysifjorZudhekidksek¡xdhykspdgktk,xkA
46 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k2-16- ek¡x dh yksp ls lacafèkr oqQN izes; (Some Theorems on Elasticity of Demand)
izes; (Theorem) 1-
,d ljy ek¡x oozQ ij mQij ls uhps dh vksj ek¡x dh yksp dk ewY; 'kwU; ls ysdj vuUr rd gksrk gSA (The Elasticity of Demand on a straight line demand curve varies downward from zero to infinity.)
ek¡xdhykspdkewY;ml¯cnqij'kwU;gksrkgSftlijek¡xoozQOX-v{kdksNwrhgSvkSjmlfcanqijvuUrgksrkgSftlijoozQOY-v{kdksNwrhgSAvr%dhervfèkdgksusij],dljyek¡xoØij]ek¡xdhykspHkhvfèkdgksrhgSAblrF;dksfp=k2-22}kjkLi"Vfd;kx;kgSA
R
T
Quantity
N B X
E=0
SM
O
K
A
Y
Pric
e (R
s.)
E=∞
fp=k 2-22
ek¡xdhdherykspdksfuEuizdkjlsekiktkrkgSµ
Ed = X -
X -oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesaizfr'krifjoruZ
oLrqdhdhereasizfr'krifjoruZ
= P Q( )Q P
∆− ×∆
mijksDrlehdj.kfuEufyf[kr<axlsHkhfy[kktkldrkgS
Ed = P 1Q
× ek¡xoozQdk<yku
D;ksafd,dljyek¡xoozQdk<ykuPQ
∆∆
osQcjkcjgksrkgSAgetkursgSafd,dljyek¡x
oozQdk<ykumlosQlHkhfcanqvksaij,dlekujgrkgSblfy,<ykudkfoykse(Reciprocal)
1
ek¡xoozQdk<ykuHkh,dlekujgsxkAek¡xoozQABosQfofHkUufcanqvksadhek¡xdhyksp
dhrqyukPQ
dhrqyuk}kjkdhtkldrhgSA
(i) fcanqA ij;gvuqikr¾OP
Zero¾∞ (vuUr)A
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 47
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply) (ii) fcanqB ij;gvuqikr¾
ZeroOB
¾'kwU;(Zero)A
(iii) tSls&tSlsgeAfcanqlsuhpsdhvksjBfcanqrdxfr'khygksrsgSagesaKkrgksrkgSfdPQ
dkvuqikrvuUr(Infinity)ls'kwU;(Zero)rdfxjrktkrkgSAfp=klsLi"V
gksrkgSfdfcanqR ij;gvuqikrOKOT
osQcjkcjgSvkSjfcanqSij;gvuqikrOMON
osQcjkcjgSAOMON
dhrqyukesaOKOT
dkewY;fuf'pr:ilsvfèkdOK OMOT ON
>
gSAvr%;gfl¼gkstkrkgSfdtSls&tSlsge,dljyek¡xoozQijuhpsdhvksjxfr'khygksrsgSaoLrqdhdher?kVrhtkrhgSvkSjmllslacafèkrek¡xdhykspdkewY;degksrktkrkgSA
2-17- ek¡x dh dher yksp dks izHkkfor djus okys rRo (Factors Determining the Price Elasticity of Demand)
okLrfodthouesagens[krsgSafdoqQNoLrqvksadhek¡xdhykspbdkbZgksrhgS]oqQNoLrqvksadhek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkd;kykspnkj(Elastic) gksrhgSrFkkoqQNoLrqvksadhek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsdevFkokcsykspnkj (Inelastic) gksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdek¡xdhykspdbZrÙoksa}kjkizHkkforgksrhgSAek¡xdhykspdksfuèkkZfjrdjusokyseq[;rÙofuEufyf[krgSaµ
1- oLrq dh izÑfr (Nature of the Commodity)µvFkZ'kkL=kesaoLrqvksadkoxhZdj.keq[;:ilsrhuJsf.k;ksaesafd;ktkrkgS]osgSa(i) vko';drk dh oLrq,¡ (Necessaries), (ii)vkjkenk;d oLrq,¡ (Comforts) vkSj (iii) foykflrk dh oLrq,¡ (Luxuries)AlkekU;r;k;gns[kkx;kgSfdvfuok;ZoLrq,¡tSlsued]feV~Vhdkrsy]ekfplvkfndhek¡xbdkbZlsde;kcsykspnkj (Inelastic) gksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd,dmiHkksDrkbuoLrqvksadh,dfuf'prek=kk[kjhnrkgS]pkgsbudhdheressao`f¼gksvFkokdehAblfy,budhdherksaesagksusokysifjorZudkbudhek¡xijfo'ks"kizHkkoughaiM+rkAblosQfoijhrfoykflrkdhoLrqvksatSls,;jdaMh'kuj]dherhiQuhZpjvkfndhek¡xbdkbZlsvfèkdvFkokykspnkj (Elastic) gksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdbudhdheresagksusokykifjorZubudhek¡xdksdkiQhizHkkfordjrkgSAvkjkenk;doLrqvksatSlsVªkaftLVj]owQyj]ia[kkvkfndhdherykspbdkbZosQcjkcj;kbdkbZosQlehigksrhgSA
2- LFkkukiUu oLrqvksa dh miyCèkrk(Availability of Substitutes)µftuoLrqvksaosQftrusvfèkdLFkkukiUumiyCèkgksaxs]mudhek¡xdhykspHkhmruhghvfèkdgksxhAftuoLrqvksaosQLFkkukiUutSlspk;dkLFkkukiUudkWiQh]isudkLFkkukiUuckWyisu]feYd'ksddkLFkkukiUuyLlh]lSafMyksadkLFkkukiUupIiyvkfn];smfprdherijmiyCèkgksrsgSa]blfy,budhek¡xykspnkjgksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd;fnfdlhoLrqdhdhermlosQLFkkukiUudhrqyukesadegkstkrhgSrksyksxmloLrqdhvfèkdek=kk[kjhnsaxsAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fndkWiQh]pk;dhrqyukesa]lLrhgkstkrhgSrksdkWiQhdhek¡xesadkiQho`f¼gksxh]rFkkpk;dhek¡xesadkiQhdehgkstk,xhAftuoLrqvksaosQLFkkukiUuughagSatSlsflxjsV]'kjkcvkfnbudhek¡xcsykspnkjgksrhgSA
3- fofHkUu mi;ksxksa okyh oLrq,¡ (Goods with Different Uses)µ,d oLrq osQ ftrus vfèkd mi;ksx gksrs gSa mruh gh mldh ek¡x vfèkd ykspnkj gksrh gSA osoLrq,¡ftudks
48 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fofHkUumi;ksxksaesabLrsekyfd;ktkrkgS]budhek¡x ykspnkjgksrhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]fctyhosQfofHkUumi;ksxgSaAbldkiz;ksxcYc]ghVj]izslxeZdjusvkfndbZdk;ks±esafd;ktkrkgSA
;fnfctyhdhdherc<+tk,xhrksbldkiz;ksxegÙoiw.kZdk;ks±tSlsjks'kuhosQfy,cYctykusesaghfd;ktk,xkAblizdkjdheresagksusokyho`f¼dhrqyukesafctyhdhek¡xesavfèkddehgksxhA
4- ek¡x dk LFkxu(Postponement of Demand)µftu oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dks Hkfo"; osQ fy, LFkfxr fd;k tk ldrk gS mudh ek¡x ykspnkj (Elastic) gksrh gSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnedkucukusdhek¡xdksHkfo";osQfy,LFkfxrfd;ktkldrkgSrksedkudhlkexzhtSlsb±V]jsr]lhesaV]pwukvkfndhek¡xykspnkjgksxhAblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksadhek¡xdksHkfo";osQfy,LFkfxrughafd;ktkldrk]tSlsHkw[kyxusijHkkstuvkSjI;klyxusijis;inkFkZ]rksbudhek¡xcsykspnkj (Inelastic)gksrhgSA
5- miHkksDrk dh vk; (Income of the Consumer)µftu yksxksa dh vk; cgqr vfèkd ;k cgqr de gksrh gS] mudh ek¡x lkekU;r;k csykspnkj gksrh gSA bldkdkj.k;ggSfddherosQ?kVus;kc<+usdk]buyksxksa}kjkdhtkusokyhek¡xijdksbZfo'ks"kizHkkoughaiM+rkAblosQfoijhreè;oxZosQyksxksadhek¡xykspnkj gksrhgSAbuyksxksa}kjkek¡xhtkusokyhoLrqvksadhdheresao`f¼gksusijmudhek¡xesavis{kkÑrdehgkstkrhgSA
6- miHkksDrk dh vknr (Habit of the Consumer)µmu oLrqvksa dh ek¡x csykspnkj gksrh gS ftuosQ fy, yksxksa dh vknr cu tkrh gS tSls flxjsV] dkWiQh vkfnA bldkdkj.k;ggSfdbuoLrqvksadhdheresao`f¼gksusijHkhmiHkksDrkvksadhek¡xesadehughavkrhA
7- fdlh oLrq ij [kpZ dh tkus okyh vk; dk vuqikr (Proportion of Income Spent on a Commodity)µvk; dk ftruk vfèkd vuqikr fdlh oLrq ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS mruh gh ml oLrq osQ fy, ek¡x vfèkd ykspnkj gksxhAftuoLrqvksaijmiHkksDrkviuhvk;dkcgqrdevuqikr[kpZdjrkgStSlsv[kckj]VwFkisLV]cwVikfy'kvkfn]budhek¡xcsykspnkj (Inelastics)gksrhgSAbuoLrqvksadhdhersac<+usijbudhek¡xesadehughagksrhAblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksaijmiHkksDrkviuhvk;dkdkiQhvfèkdHkkx[kpZdjrkgStSlsdiM+s]cf<+;kHkkstu]MStVZowQyj]iQyvkfn]budhek¡xykspnkj gksrh gSA budhdherc<+us ij budhek¡xdegkstkrh gS D;ksafdmiHkksDrk budhLFkkukiUuoLrq,¡[kkstusyxrkgSA
8- dher Lrj (Price Level)µcgqr vfèkd dher vkSj cgqr de dher okyh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x csykspnkj gksrh gSAvfèkddherokyhoLrq,¡tSlsghjs]tokgjkr]dherhxyhpsvkfndhek¡xcsykspnkjgksrhgSAbuoLrqvksadhdherksaesaifjorZubudhek¡xesacgqrFkksM+kifjorZuykrkgSAblhizdkjftuoLrqvksadhdhercgqrdegksrhgStSlsekfpl]iksLVdkMZ]lLrhlfCt;k¡vkfn]budhek¡xHkhcsykspnkj gksrhgSAbudhdherksaesaifjorZugksusdkbudhek¡xijdksbZfo'ks"kizHkkoughaiM+rkAblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksadhdher eè;e Js.kh(Medium Priced goods)dhgksrhgS]vFkkZr~tksurkscgqrlLrhvkSjughcgqreg¡xhgksrhgS]mudhek¡xykspnkj (Elastic) gksrhgSAbuoLrqvksadhdherdegksusijbudhek¡xesavis{kkÑrvfèkdo`f¼gksrhgSA
izfrLFkkiUu oLrqvksa dh miyCèkrk rFkk oLrq dh dher Lrj ek¡x dh yksp osQ nks lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ fuèkkZjd gSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 49
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
9- le; (Time)µvYidky dh rqyuk esa nh?kZdky esa ek¡x vfèkd ykspnkj gksrh gSAle;dhvofèkftruhyachgksrhgSmrukghmiHkksDrkdksubZdherosQlkFkleUo;(Adjust)djusdkle;feytkrkgS]blfy,ek¡xvfèkd ykspnkj gkstk,xhA;fnleUo;osQfy,cgqrdele;feyrkgSrcek¡xcsykspnkjgksxhAvr%vYidkyesafdlhoLrqdhek¡xcsykspnkjvkSjnh?kZdkyesaykspnkjgksrhgSA
10- iwjd oLrq,¡ (Complementary Goods)µos oLrq,¡ ftudh la;qDr ;k iwjd ek¡x gksrh gS] mudh ek¡x lkis{kr;k csykspnkj gksrh gStSlsdkjvkSjisVªksy]isuvkSjL;kgh]oSQejkvkSjfiQYeAisVªksydhdherc<+usijHkhisVªksydhek¡xesadehughagksxh];fndkjksadhek¡xesadehughagksrhgSA
2-18- ek¡x dh vk; yksp (Income Elasticity of Demand)
vU;ckrsavFkkZr~oLrqfo'ks"kdhdher]lacafèkroLrqvksadhdhersarFkkmiHkksDrkdh#fpvkfnosQfLFkjjgusij,d miHkksDrk dh vk; esa fuf'pr izfr'kr ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k dh ek¡x esa tks izfr'kr ifjorZu vkrk gS mlosQ vuqikr dks ek¡x dh vk; yksp dgk tkrk gSA
okVluosQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^ek¡x dh vk; yksp ls vfHkizk; vk; esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu osQ vuqikr ls gSA** (Income elasticity of demand means the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to percentage change in income. —Watson)fjpMZ th- fyIlhosQ vuqlkj]^^vk; osQ ifjorZu osQ dkj.k ek¡x dh vuqfØ;k'khyrk dks ek¡x dh vk; yksp dgrs gSaA** (The responsiveness of demand to change in income is termed as income elasticity of demand. —Richard G. Lipsey)
2-19- ek¡x dh vk; yksp dh eki (Measurement of Income Elasticity of Demand)
ek¡xdhvk;ykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsekiktkldrkgSµ
Ey = ekx¡ hxbZek=kkeasvkuiq kfrd;kifz r'krifjoruZ
vk;esavkuiq kfrd;kifz r'krifjoruZ
= Proportionateor Percentagechangein QuantityDemanded
Proportionateor Percentagechangein Income
Ey =
QQ Y Y QQ
Y Y Q Q YY
∆∆ ∆= × = ×∆ ∆ ∆
Ey = Y QQ Y
∆×∆
(;gk¡Ey = ek¡xdhvk;ykspQ = izkjafHkdek¡x_Y = izkjafHkdvk;_∆Q = ek¡xdhek=kkesaifjorZu_∆Y = vk;esaifjorZuA)
mnkgj.k (Illustration)tcvkidhekfldvk;(Y)300#i;sgSrksvki10vkblØhe(Q)[kjhnrsgSa];fnvkidh
ekfldvk;c<+dj(Y1) 600#i;sgkstk,rksvkidhek¡xc<+dj30vkblØhegkstkrhgSAvkblØhedhek¡xdhvk;ykspKkrdjsaA
50 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k gy (Solution)
ek¡xdhvk;ykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsekiktkldrkgSµ
Ey = Y QQ Y
∆×∆
(;gk¡Y = 300#-_Y1 = 600#-_∆Y = Y1 – Y = 600#-– 300#=300#-_Q = vkblØhedh10bdkb;k¡_Q1 = vkblØhedh30bdkb;k¡%∆Q = Q1 – Q = 30bdkb;k¡– 10bdkb;k¡= vkblØhedh20bdkb;k¡A)
Ey = 300 2010 300
× = 2 (bdkbZlsvf/d)
2-20- ek¡x dh vk; yksp dh Jsf.k;k¡ (Degrees of Income Elasticity of Demand)
ek¡xdhvk;yksprhuizdkjdhgksrhgSµ
1- ek¡x dh èkukRed vk; yksp(Positive Income elasticity of Demand)µfdlh oLrq dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa èkukRed gksrh gS tc miHkksDrk dh vk; osQ c<+us ls oLrq dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS vkSj vk; osQ ?kVus ls ek¡x de gks tkrh gSAek¡xdhvk;yksp lkekU; inkFkks± (Normal Goods) osQfy,èkukRedgksrhgSAbldhO;k[;kfp=k2-23dhlgk;rklsdhtkldrhgSAfp=k2-23esaOX-v{kijoLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkvkSjOY-v{kijmiHkksDrkdhvk;dksizdVfd;kx;kgSAoozQDYDYek¡xdhèkukRedvk;ykspdksizdVdjrkgSAbloozQdk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡mQijdhvksjmBjgkgS]tks;glaosQrnsrkgSfdvk;osQc<+usijek¡xc<+rhgSvkSjvk;osQdegksusijek¡xdegksrhgSA
DY
XQ1Q
Quantity
DYO
B
A
Y
Positive Income Elasticity
Inco
me
fp=k 2-23
ek¡xdhèkukRedvk;yksprhuizdkjdhgksldrhgSµ
lkekU; oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp èkukRed gksrh gS tcfd ?kfV;k oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp ½.kkRed gksrh gSA
(i) ek¡x dh bdkbZ vk; yksp (Unitary Income Elasticity of Demand): ek¡x dh èkukRed vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa bdkbZ gksrh gS tc vk; esa ftrus izfr'kr ifjorZu gks ek¡x dh ek=kk esa Hkh mrus gh izfr'kr ifjorZu gksA ekuyks;fnvk;100izfr'krc<+tkrhgSrFkkek¡xHkh100izfr'krc<+tk,rks
Ey = 100%100%
= 1 bdkbZ (Unitary)
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 51
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
(ii)ek¡x dh bdkbZ ls de vk; yksp vFkok vk; csykspnkj ek¡x (Less than Unitary Income Elasticity of Demand or Income Inelastic Demand)%ek¡xdhèkukRed vk; yksp bdkbZ ls de ml voLFkk esa gksrh gS tc ek¡x esa gksus okyk izfr'kr ifjorZu vk; esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu ls de gSA ;fnvk;100izfr'krc<+tk,ijarqek¡xesaosQoy50izfr'krgho`f¼gksrhgSrks
Ey = 50%
100% =
12
bdkbZlsde (Less than Unitary)
(iii) ek¡x dh bdkbZ ls vfèkd vk; yksp ;k vk; ykspnkj ek¡x(More than Unitary Income Elasticity of Demand or Income Elastic Demand)%ek¡x dh èkukRed vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa bdkbZ ls vfèkd gksrh gS tc ek¡x esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu vk; esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu ls vfèkd gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kosQfy,];fnvk;100izfr'krc<+tk,rFkkek¡x200izfr'krc<+tk,rks
Ey = 200%100%
= 2 bdkbZlsvfèkd (Greater than Unitary)
2- ek¡x dh ½.kkRed vk; yksp (Negative Income Elasticity of Demand)µek¡x dh vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa ½.kkRed gksrh gS tc miHkksDrk dh vk; esa o`f¼ gksus ls fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x esa deh gksrh gS rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; esa deh gksus ls oLrq dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA ek¡xdh½.kkRedvk;ykspfuEudksfV dh oLrqvksa (Inferior Goods) dhgksrhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]?kfV;kvukt]eksVkdiM+kvkfndhek¡xdhvk;yksp½.kkRedgksrhgSAfp=k2-24esaDYDY ek¡xoozQ½.kkRedvk;ykspdksizdVdjjgkgSAbldk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksjgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcvk;10#i,gSrksoLrqdhek¡x4bdkb;ksadhgSvkSjtcvk;c<+dj20#i,gkstkrhgSrksoLrqdhek¡xdegksdj2bdkb;k¡gkstkrhgSA
20
15
10
5
01 2 3 4
Quantity
X
DY
Inco
me
DY Negative IncomeElasticity
Y
fp=k 2-24
3- ek¡x dh 'kwU; vk; yksp (Zero Income Elasticity of Demand)µfdlh oLrq dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp ml le; 'kwU; gksrh gS tc ml oLrq osQ ozsQrk dh vk; esa ifjorZu vkus ij ml oLrq dh ek¡x esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA blsfp=k2-25}kjkLi"Vfd;kx;kgSAfp=kesaDYDY oozQ'kwU;vk;ykspdksizdVdjjgkgSA;goozQOY-v{kosQlekukUrjgS]bllsizdVgksrkgSfd;fnvk;10#i,lsc<+dj20#i;sgkstkrhgSrksHkhoLrqdhek¡x4bdkb;k¡ghjgrhgSAvfuok;Zvko';drkvksatSls]feV~Vhdkrsy]uedvkfndhek¡xdhvk;yksp'kwU;gksrhgSaA
52 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Y
20
15
10
5
01 2 3 4
Quantity
XDY
Inco
me
DY
5
Zero Income Elasticity
B
fp=k 2-25
2-21- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp (Cross Elasticity of Demand)
fdUghankslacafèkroLrqvksa(Related Goods) dhek¡xdhek=kkvkSjdheressagksusokysifjorZuesaijLijlacaèkgksrkgSA,doLrqdhdheresaifjorZunwljhoLrqdhek¡xdhek=kkesaifjorZudkdkj.kculdrkgS]tSlsµpk;dhdheresaifjorZugksusijdkWiQhdhek¡xesaifjorZuvktkrkgSA,doLrqdhek¡xdhek=kkvkSjnwljhoLrqdhdherosQifjorZudkikjLifjdlacaèkek¡xdhvkM+hyksp}kjkekiktkldrkgSAek¡x dh vkM+h yksp X-oLrq dh dher esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i mlls lacafèkr Y-oLrq dh ek¡x esa gkssus okys vkuqikfrd ifjorZu osQ vuqikr dk eki gSA
iQxwZluosQ'kCnksaesa] ^ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp lacafèkr oLrq-Y dh dher esa gksus okys vkuqikfrd ifjorZu osQ dkj.k X-oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa gksus okyk vkuqikfrd ifjorZu gSA** (The cross elasticity of demand is the proportional change in the quantity demanded of goods-X divided by the proportional change in the price of the related goods-Y. —Ferguson)AyhHkkiQLdh osQ vuqlkj] ^ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp Y-oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i X-oLrq dh [kjhnh tkus okyh ek=kk dh vuqfØ;k'khyrk dk eki gSA** (The Cross elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of purchases of goods-X to change in the price of goods-Y. —Leibhafasky)
2-22- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp dh eki (Measurement of Cross Elasticity of Demand)
ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=k}kjkekiktkrkgSµ
Ec =
X(Pr oportionateor PercentageChangein theQuantityDemandedof Goods X)
Y(Pr oportionateor PercentageChan
−−
−
oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkeasvkuqikfrd;kifz r'krifjorZu
oLrqdhdheresavkuqikfrd;kizfr'krifjorZu
gein thePrice of Goods X)−
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 53
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
=
X(Changein QuantityDemandedof X) 100
Y(OriginalQuantityDemandedof X)
Y(Change in Pr ice of Y)Y
−
×−
−
−
oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkeasifjorZu
oLrqdhizkjafHkdek=kk
oLrqdhdheresaifjoruZ
oLrqdhikz jfa Hk
(Orignal Pr ice of Y)ddher
=
x
yx x
y x y
y
QPQ Q
P Q PP
∆∆= =∆ ∆
Ec = y x
x y
P QQ P
∆×∆
(;gk¡Ec = ek¡xdhvkM+hyksp_Py = Y-oLrqdhizkjafHkddher_∆Py = Y-oLrqdhdheresaifjorZu_Qx = XoLrqdhizkjafHkdek=kk_∆Qx = X-oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZu)
2-23- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp dh izÑfr rFkk Jsf.k;k¡ (Nature and Degrees of Cross Elasticity of Demand)
(i) èkukRed (Positive):LFkkukiUu oLrqvksa (Substitutes) osQ fy,ek¡xdhvkM+hykspèkukRedgksrhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]tcoLrq,¡,d&nwljsdhLFkkiUugksrhgSarks,slhfLFkfresa,doLrqdhdheresaizfr'kro`f¼gksusijnwljhoLrqdhek¡xesaHkho`f¼gksxhAmnkgj.kosQfy,]dkWiQhdhdherc<+usijpk;dhek¡xc<+tk,xhD;ksafd;s,dnwljsdhfudVLFkkukiUugSaA
mnkgj.k (Illustration)
ekuyhft,dkWiQhdhdhertc50iSlsizfrI;kykgSrkspk;dhek¡x50I;kysgSA;fndkWiQhdhdherc<+dj70iSlsizfrI;kykgkstkrhgSrkspk;dhek¡xc<+dj100I;kysgkstkrhgSAvr%pk;dhek¡xdhvkM+hykspdkvuqekufuEufyf[krlw=kosQvkèkkjijyxk;ktkldrkgSµ
Ec = y x
x y
P QQ P
∆×∆
Qx = 50I;kys_ Qx1 = 100I;kys_∆Qx = 100I;kys – 50I;kys = 50I;kys
Py = 50iSls_ Py1 = 70iSlss_∆Py = 70iSlss – 50iSls = 20iSls
Ec = c50 50 5 2.5(E 1)50 20 2
× = = >
vr%pk;osQfy,ek¡xdhvkM+hykspbdkbZlsvfèkd;kykspnkjgSALFkkukiUuoLrqvksa]tSlspk;vkSjdkWiQhosQfy,ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksfp=k2-26}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaOX-v{kijpk;dhek=kkvkSjOY-v{kijdkWiQhdhdherizdVdhxbZgSAtcdkWiQhdhdherOB gSrkspk;dhek¡xOQdigSAtcdkWiQh
54 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dhdherc<+djOAgkstkrhgSrkspk;dhek¡xHkhc<+djOQ1gkstk,xhADCDCoozQdkWiQhdhfofHkUudherksaijpk;dhek¡xhxbZfofHkUuek=kkvksadksizdVdjjgkgSA;goozQuhpsck,¡lsmQijnkb±vksjmBjgkgSAbllsfl¼gksrkgSfddkWiQhdhdherc<+usijpk;dhek¡xc<+sxhvkSjdkWiQhdhdherdegksusijpk;dhek¡xdegksxhA
Positive Cross Elasticity
A
B
ODC
DC
E1
Q1Q
Quantity of Tea
X
Pric
e of
cof
fee
(Rs.
)
E
Y
fp=k 2-26
(ii) ½.kkRed (Negative)% iwjd oLrqvksa (Complementary Goods) osQ fy, ek¡xdhvkM+h yksp ½.kkRed gksrh gSaA tks oLrq,¡ ,d nwljs dh iwjd (Complementary) ;k ftudh ek¡x la;qDr ek¡x (Joint demand) gksrh gS] buesa ls fdlh ,d oLrqdhdher esa vkuqikfrd o`f¼ gksus ij nwljh oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrddeh gkstkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ek¡xdhvkM+h yksp½.kkRed gksrh gSAvr,o bl fLFkfresa ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdhla[;kls igys ?kVkus dk fpUg (Sign of Minus “–”) yxkrsgSaA
mnkgj.k (Illustration)
McyjksVhvkSjeD[ku,dnwljsdhiwjdoLrq,¡gSaAtcMcyjksVhdhdher80iSlsgSrkseD[kudhek¡x10fd-xzk-gSA;fnMcyjksVhdhdherc<+dj1#-20iSlsgkstkrhgSrkseD[kudhek¡xdegksdj5fd-xzk-gkstkrhgSAeD[kudhvkM+hek¡xdhykspKkrdhft,A
eD[kudhek¡xdhvkM+hykspdkvuqekufuEufyf[krizdkjlsyxk;ktkldrkgSµ
Ec = y x
x y
P QQ P
∆×∆
Py = 80 iSls_Py1 = 120 iSls_
∆Py = 120iSls&80iSls¾40iSls
Qx = 10 fd-xzke_Qx1 = 5fd-xzke_
∆Qx = 5fd-xzke&10fd-xzke= &5fd-xzke
Ec = 80 –510 40
× = – 1
(;gk¡xdkiz;ksxeD[kuosQfy,vkSjydkiz;ksxMcyjksVhosQfy,fd;kx;kgSA)
½.kkRedek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksfuEufyf[krfp=k2-27}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=kesaOX-v{kijeD[kudhek=kkvkSjOY-v{kijMcyjksVhdhdherizdVdhxbZgSADCDCjs[kkek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksizdVdjjghgSAbljs[kk dk <yku ck,¡ ls nk,¡
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 55
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
uhps dh vksj gS tks;gfl¼djrkgSfdMcyjksVhdhdherc<+usijeD[kudhek¡xdegkstk,xhAfcanqE rFkkE1lsKkrgksrkgSfdtcMcyjksVhdhdherOP gSrkseD[kudhek¡xOQ gSrFkktcMcyjksVhdhdherc<+djOP1gkstkrhgSrkseD[kudhek¡xdegksdjOQ1gkstkrhgSA
(iii) ek¡x dh 'kwU; vkM+h yksp (Zero Cross Elasticity of Demand): ek¡xdhvkM+hykspmlfLFkfresa'kwU;gksrhgStcnksoLrqvksaesaijLijdksbZlacaèkugksAmnkgj.kosQfy,]xsgw¡dhdherc<+usdkfdrkcksadhek¡xijdksbZizHkkoughaiM+sxkAvr%budhek¡xdhvkM+hyksp'kwU;gksxhA
Y
P1
P
OQ1 Q
Quantity of Butter
XDC
E
E1Negative Cross Elasticity
DC
Pric
e of
Bre
ad
fp=k 2-27
rkfydk 2-2
ek¡x dh fofHkUu yksp & ,d n`f"V (Elasticities at a Glance)
izdkj (Kind)la[;kRed eki (Numerical Measure)
fooj.k (Description)
(A) ek¡x dh dher yksp (Price Elasticity of Demand)
(1) iw.kZr;kcsykspnkj 'kwU;(Ed = 0) dherifjorZulsek¡xdhek=kkesadksbZHkhifjorZuughagksrk
(2) csykspnkj ;k bdkbZlsde
'kwU;lsvfèkdijarqbdkbZlsde(0 < Ed < 1)
ek¡xdhek=kkesavkuqikfrdifjorZudheresavkuqikfrdifjorZulsde
(3) bdkbZyksp ,dEd = 1 ek¡xdhek=kkesavkuqikfrdifjorZudheresavkuqikfrdifjorZuosQleku
(4) ykspnkj ;k bdkbZ lsvfèkd
,d ls vfèkd ijarqvuUr(Infinity)lsde(1 < Ed < ∞)
ek¡xdhek=kk esa gksus okykvkuqikfrdifjorZudheresavkuqikfrdifjorZulsvfèkd
(5) iw.kZr;kykspnkj vuUr (Infinity) (Ed = ∞)
,d fuf'pr dher ij dksbZ Hkh ek=kk[kjhnhtk,xhijarqm¡QphdherijoqQNHkhughaA
56 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k(B) ek¡x dh vk; yksp (Income Elasticity of Demand)
(1) lkekU;inkFkZ(Normal Good)
èkukRed(Positive) vk; esa o`f¼ gksus ij ek¡x dh ek=kk esao`f¼gksrhgSA
(a) bdkbZ ,d(Ey = 1) ek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZuvk;osQizfr'krifjorZuosQlekuA
(b) bdkbZlsde;kcsykspnkj
,dlsde(Ey < 1) vk;esaizfr'krifjorZudhrqyukesaek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZudeA
(c) bdkbZ ls vfèkd ;kykspnkj
,dlsvfèkd(Ey > 1) vk;esaizfr'krifjorZudhrqyukesaek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZuvfèkdA
(2) fuEudksfVoLrq(Inferior Good)
½.kkRed(Negataive) vk;esao`f¼gksuslsek¡xhxbZek=kkdegksrhgSA
(C) ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp (Cross Elasticity of Demand)
(1) LFkkukiUu(Substitutes)
èkukRed(Positive) LFkkukiUuoLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksuslslacafèkroLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesa o`f¼gksrhgSA
(2) iwjdoLrq(Complementary)
½.kkRed(Negative) iwjdoLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksuslslacafèkroLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesadehvkrhgSA
2-24- ek¡x dh dher yksp dk egÙo (Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand)
ek¡xdhdherykspdklS¼kafrdrFkkO;kogkfjdegÙofuEufyf[krgSµ
1- ,dkfèkdkj osQ varxZr dher fuèkkZj.k (Determination of Price Under Monopoly)µ,d,dkfèkdkjhviuhoLrqdhdherfuèkkZfjrdjrsle;ek¡xdhykspdksè;kuesaj[krkgSA;fn
(i)ek¡xykspnkj gSrks,dkfèkdkjhmloLrqdhdherdej[ksxkAdherdegksuslsoLrqdhfcØhvfèkdgksxhvkSjmllsizkIrgksusokyhoqQy vk; vfèkdgksxhA
(ii);fnek¡xcsykspnkj gSrks,dkfèkdkjhmloLrqdhdhervfèkdj[ksxkAdherosQvfèkdgksuslsmloLrqdhfcØhrksdegksxhijarqmllsizkIrgksusokyhoqQy vk; (Total Revenue)esao`f¼gksxhA
2- dher foHksn (Price Discrimination)µ,dkfèkdkjhtcfdlhoLrqdksfofHkUuoszQrkvksadks fofHkUudherksaijcsprkgS]rks bl fLFkfrdksdher foHksndgktkrkgSA,d,dkfèkdkjhdherfoHksndhuhfrdksmlle;viukldrkgStcfdlhoLrqdhek¡xdhykspfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,vFkokfofHkUumiHkksDrkvksaosQfy,fHkUu&fHkUugksrhgSAogmumiHkksDrkvksalsoLrqdhdhervfèkdysxkftudhmloLrqosQfy;sek¡xcsykspnkj gSvkSjmuyksxksalsmloLrqdhdherdeysxkftudhmloLrqosQfy,ek¡xykspnkj gSAmnkgj.kosQfy,],dx`gLFkhosQfy,fctyhdhek¡xcsykspnkjgS]blfy,fctyhoaQifu;k¡?kjsywmi;ksxosQfy,fctyhdhdhervfèkdysrhgSaAblosQfoijhr,dm|ksxosQfy,fctyhdhek¡xykspnkjgS];fnfctyhdhdhervfèkdgksrhgSrks,dm|ksxviuhe'khuksadkspykusosQfy,fctyhosQLFkkuijrsy]Mhty;kdks;ysdkiz;ksxdjldrkgSAblfy,fctyhoaQiuh@cksMZ}kjkm|ksxksadksnhtkus
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 57
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
okyhfctyhdhdherdeyhtkrhgSA
3- la;qDr iwfrZ okyh oLrq dk dher fuèkkZj.k (Price Determination of Joint Supply)µla;qDriwfrZokyhoLrq,¡osoLrq,¡gSaftudkmRiknu,dlkFkgksrkgStSlsµ#bZrFkkfcukSyk]rsyrFkk[kyvkfnAbuoLrqvksadhdherfuf'prdjusesaek¡xdhykspdksè;kuesaj[kktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fn#bZdhek¡xcsykspnkjgSvkSjmldhrqyukesafcukSysdhek¡xykspnkjgSrks#bZdhdhervfèkdj[khtk,xhvkSjfcukSysdhdherdej[khtk,xhA
4- dj uhfr (Taxation Policy)µu,djyxkrsle;foÙkea=khdksek¡xdhykspdksè;kuesaj[kukiM+rkgSA(i)ftuoLrqvksadhek¡xykspnkj gSmuijvfèkddjyxkuslsdjksalsgksusokyhvk;c<+usosQLFkkuijdegksxhAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdvfèkddjyxkuslsmudhdheresao`f¼gksxh]dheresao`f¼gksuslsmudhek¡xdegkstk,xhA(ii)ftuoLrqvksadhek¡xcsykspnkj gS]muijfoÙkea=khvfèkddjyxkldrkgS]vfèkddjyxkuslsmudhdherrksc<+sxhijarqek¡xesafo'ks"kdehughagksxhAvr%djvk;vfèkdek=kkesaizkIrgkslosQxhA
5- djksa osQ Hkkj dk forj.k (Distribution of Burden of Taxation)µek¡xdhdheryksp}kjk;gHkhfuèkkZfjrfd;ktkldrkgSfdvizR;{kdjksatSlsfcØhdj]mRiknudjvkfndkmRikndksarFkkmiHkksDRkkvksaijfdruk&fdrukHkkjiM+sxkA;fnfdlhoLrqdhek¡xcsykspnkj gSrksvizR;{kdjksadkvfèkdHkkjvis{kkÑrmiHkksDrkvksaijiM+sxkAbudjksaosQiQyLo:ioLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksxhijarqek¡xesacgqrFkksM+hdehgksxhAblosQfoijhr;fnoLrqdhek¡xykspnkj gSrksmiHkksDrkvksadksvizR;{kdjksadkHkkjvis{kkÑrdemBkukiM+sxkA
6- varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj (International Trade)µvarjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjosQ {ks=kesa Hkhek¡xdhykspdhèkkj.kkdkcgqrvfèkdegÙogSA,dns'kviusfu;kZrksasdhdheresao`f¼djosQrcghykHkizkIrdjsxktcvk;krdjusokysns'kksaesabufu;kZfrroLrqvksadhek¡xcsykspnkj gSA;fnvk;krdjusokysns'kesabudhek¡xykspnkj gSrcfu;kZrdrkZns'kbufu;kZfrroLrqvksadhdherdensxkvkSjviusoqQyfu;kZrksadksc<+k,xkvkSjblrjglsykHkizkIrdjsxkAblhizdkj,dns'kmuoLrqvkasdksdedherijvk;krdjsxkftudhek¡xmlosQfy,ykspnkj gSA
7- fuèkZurk dk fojksèkkHkkl (Paradox of Poverty)µftudklacaèkÑf"klsgSosHkyhHkk¡frtkursgSafddbZÑf"kinkFkks±dhvPNhiQlygksusosQckotwnHkheqnzkosQ:iesamulsizkIrgksusokyhvk;cgqrdegksrhgSAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfdfdlhoLrqmRiknuesao`f¼gksuslsmllsizkIrvk;c<+usosQLFkkuijigyslsdegqbZgSAblvLokHkkfodvoLFkkdksfuèkZurk dk fojksèkkHkkl dgktkrkgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdvfèkdka'kÑf"kinkFkks±dhek¡xcsykspnkjgksrhgSAtcbuoLrqvksadhiwfrZc<+usijbudhdheresadehgkstkrhgSrcbudhek¡xesafo'ks"ko`f¼ughagksusikrhAblosQiQyLo:ibudhfcØhlsizkIrvk;degkstkrhgSA
2-25- iw£r ,oa lacaf/r fopkj (Supply and Related Concepts)
iw£r ls rkRi;Z fdlh dhey ,oa le; fo'ks"k esa foØ; osQ fy, miyCèk oLrqvksa dh ek=kk gSAoLrqdhdheroLrqdhiw£rdksizHkkfordjrhgSAlkekU;r;k]vfèkddherijoLrqvksadkvfèkdfoØ;fd;ktkrkgS]vFkkZr~dheresao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkiw£resao`f¼gkstkrhgSAblhizdkjdheresadehgksusijiw£resaHkhdehgkstkrhgSAle;≤ijdheresaifjorZugksuslsoLrqvksadhiw£rHkh?kVrh&c<+rhjgrhgSA
58 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k iw£r dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Supply)
eqjkn vukrksy osQvuqlkj]¶iw£r ls rkRi;Z nh xbZ dher ij fn, x, le; ,oa ck”kkj fo'ks"k esa foØ; osQ fy, is'k dh xbZ Lorq dh ek=kk gSA¸ (“Supply refers to the quantity of a commod-ity offered for sale at a given price in a given market at a given time.”)
Fkkse;osQ'kCnksaesa]¶oLrq dh iw£r fofHkUu dherksa ij fn, x, le; ,oa fn, x, ck”kkj esa foØ; osQ fy, is'k dh xbZ ek=kk gSA¸ (“The supply of goods is the quantity offered for sale in a given market at a given time at various prices”)
LVkWd ,oa iw£r esa varj (Difference between Stock and Supply)
iw£rdkfopkjLVkWdlsfHkUugSAiw£rlsrkRi;ZfoØ;osQfy,is'kdhxbZoLrqdhek=kklsgS]tcfdLVkWdck”kkjesamiyCèkoLrqvksadhfoØ;osQfy,is'kdhxbZoLrqvksaijvfèkdrkgSA
iw£rdksLVkWddk,dHkkxekuktkldrkgS]tksfdck”kkjesafdlhle;esafoØ;osQfy,gksrkgSAoLrqvksadk,dcM+kHkkxHkfo";esac<+hgqbZdherksaijfoØ;djusosQfy,jksdfy;ktkrkgS]vFkokck”kkjlsokileaxkfy;ktkrkgS]buoLrqvksadksLVkWddgktkrkgSALVkWdlnSoiw£rlsvfèkdgksrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]iw£rLVkWddk,dHkkxgSA
iw£r ,oa iw£r dh xbZ ek=kk esa varj (Difference between Supply and Quantity Supplied)
,dO;fDrxriQeZ}kjkfdlhfo'ks"kle;esafdlhfo'ks"koLrqdhck”kkjesaiw£rdksO;fDrxriw£rdgktkrkgSA
ck”kkj iw£r (Market Supply)
leLriQeks±}kjkmRikfnroLrqfo'ks"kdhfdlhfo'ks"kle;ijck”kkjesaizLrqrdhxbZek=kkdksck”kkjiw£rdgktkrkgSA
O;fDrxr iw£r rkfydk (Individual Supply Schedule)
fdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhfoØ;osQfy,izLrqrdhxbZek=kk,oamldhfofHkUudherksaosQchplacaèkdkrkfydk}kjkizn'kZudksO;fDrxriw£rrkfydkdgktkrkgSA
rkfydk 2-3- O;fDrxr iw£r
dher (#i;s) ek=kk (bdkb;k¡)
5 100
10 200
15 300
20 400
ck”kkj iw£r rkfydk (Market Supply Schedule)
ck”kkjesaleLriQek±s}kjkfdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhfdlhfo'ks"kdherijfoØ;oSQfy,izLrqrdhxbZek=kkosQchplacaèkdkrkfydk}kjkizn'kZudksck”kkjiw£rrkfydkdgktkrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 59
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)rkfydk 2-4- ck”kkj iw£r
dher (#i;s) iQeZ A iQeZ B cktkj (A + B)
5 100 200 300
10 200 400 600
15 300 600 900
20 400 800 1200
iw£r oØ (Supply Curve)
iw£rrkfydkdkfp=k}kjkizn'kZuiw£roØdgykrkgSAbldksO;fDrxriw£roØ,oack”kkjiw£roØesaoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSA
S
Y
SO
X
dher
ek=kk
fp=k 2-28 O;fDrxriw£r
(a) O;fDrxr iw£r oØ (Individual Supply Curve)µO;fDrxriw£rrkfydkosQfp=k}kjkizn'kZudksO;fDrxriw£roØdgktkrkgSA
(b) ck”kkj iw£r oØ (Market Supply Curve)µck”kkjiw£rrkfydkosQfp=k}kjkizn'kZudksck”kkjiw£roØdgktkrkgSA
S
Y
SO X
dher
ek=kk
S
Y
SO X
dher
ek=kk
S
Y
SO X
dher
ek=kk
+ =
iQeZ A iQeZ B cktkj (A + B)+ + +
fp=k 2-29 ck”kkjiw£r
iw£r iQyu (Supply Function)
fdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhiw£r,oablosQfofHkUurÙoksaosQfØ;kRedlacaèkdksiw£riQyudgktkrkgSA
Sx = f (Px, Pr, Pf, T, G, E, N, C, Tp, A)
60 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k ;gk¡% Sx = x oLrqdhiw£r
f = lacaèk
Px = oLrqdhdher
Pr = lacafèkroLrqvksadhdher
Pf = mRiknuosQlkèkuksadhdher
T = rduhdhesaifjorZu
G = iQeZdkmís';
E = dheresaifjorZudkvuqeku
N = izkÑfrddkjd
C = ifjogurFkklapkjosQlkèku
Tp = djuhfr
A = mRikndksaosQchplafèk
,d oLrq dh iw£r dks izHkkfor djus okys rÙo@iw£r esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k@iw£r osQ fuèkkZjd rÙo
iw£r osQ fuèkkZjd rÙo (Determinants of Supply)
(i) oLrq dh dher (The price of the commodity) (Px)µoLrqiw£rmldhdherijcgqrvfèkdfuHkZjgksrhgSAoLrqdhdher,oamldhiw£resaizR;{k,oaèkukRedlacaèkgksrkgSA
(ii) LFkkukiUu oLrqvksa dh dher (The price of the substitutes) (Pr)µfdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhiw£rvU;oLrqvksadhdherlsvizR;{k:ilslaacafèkrgksrhgS]tSlspkoydhdheresao`f¼gksuslsxsgw¡dhiw£rfxjtkrhgSA;g,drF;osQdkj.kgSfdpkoydhdheresao`f¼fuekZrkvksadkspkoyosQvfèkdmRiknuosQfy,izksRlkfgrdjrhgSAblfy,xsgw¡dkmRiknudegksxk,oamldhiw£r?kVtk,xhA
(iii) mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa dh dher (The price of factors of production) (Pf)µmRiknuosQlkèkukasdhdheresao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkmRiknudhykxresaHkho`f¼gksxh]ftlosQifj.kkeLo:iiw£rc<+tk,xhA
(iv) rduhd esa ifjorZu (Change in techonology) (Tf)µ;fnrduhdhesaifjorZuvFkokubZ[kkstksadhykxresadehgqbZ,oamRiknuesao`f¼rksbllsiw£rosQLrjesaHkho`f¼gksxhA
(v) iQeZ dk mís'; (Goal of the firm) (G)µlkekU;r;k]iQeZdkmís';ykHkdksvfèkdredjukgSAblosqvfrfjDrvfèkdrefoØ;]vfèkdremRiknvFkokvfèkdrejks”kxkjHkhiQeZosQmís';ekustkrsgSaA;smís';,oabuesaifjorZuoLrqdhiw£rdksizHkkfordjrkgSAdHkh&dHkhfuekZrkykHkugksusijHkhosQoylektesaviuhb””krosQfy,oLrqdhiw£rtkjhj[krkgSA
(vi) dher esa ifjorZu dk vuqeku (Expected change in price) (E)µ;fnfuekZrkvksadksHkfo";esadheresao`f¼dhvk'kkgksrhgS]rksogck”kkjlsoLrqvksadksgVkysrsgSa]ifj.kkeLo:iiw£r?kVtkrhgSA
;fnHkfo";esaoLrqdhdheresao`f¼dhvk'kkgksrksiw£rviusvkic<+tkrhgSA
(vii) izkÑfrd dkjd (Natural factors) (N)µoLrqvksadhiw£rmRikfnroLrqvkasdkHkkxgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 61
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
bldkrkRi;ZgSfdoLrqvksaosQmRiknuvfèkdgksusdkifj.kkevfèkdiw£rgksrkgS,oaoLrqvksadkmRiknudegksusijdeiw£rgksxhAÑf"kmRiknufofHkUuizkÑfrddkjdksaijfuHkZjgksrkgSAtSlsµcjlkr]mRikndrk]ekSlevkfnAmRiknulw[kk]vdky]vfèkdo"kkZ]ck<+,oarwiQkuvkfnosQdkj.kHkhizHkkforgksrkgSA
(viii) ifjogu ,oa lapkj osQ lkèku (Means of transportation and communication) (C)µ;fnifjogu,oalapkjosQlkèkufodflrgksarksoLrqvksadhi;kZIriw£rgksrhgSA;fnifjogu,oalapkjosQlkèkuvfodflrgksarks?kjsywck”kkjesaoLrqvksadhnqyZHkrkgksxhA
(ix) dj uhfr (Taxation Policy) (Tp)µ;fnmRiknuijvfèkddjyxsxkrksoLrqdkmRiknuvizksRlkfgrgksxkAblhizdkjdjdhNwVfuekZrkvksadksvfèkdmRiknuosQfy,izksRlkfgrdjrhgSA
(x) fuekZrkvksa osQ chp lafèk (Agreement among producers) (A)µdHkh&dHkhleLriQes±lekuoLrqdkmRiknudjosQ,oala?kcukrhgS]ftllsoLrqdhfujarjiw£rgks]blfy,ogvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjldrsgSaA
2-26- iw£r dk fu;e (Law of Supply)
vFkZ (Meaning)
lkèkkj.kr;kfdlhlsok;koLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksusijmldhiw£resaHkhgksrhgSrFkdheresadehgksusijbldhiw£resaHkhdehgksrhgSAiw£rdkfu;eHkhek¡xosQfu;edhHkk¡fr,dxq.kkReddFkugSAvarjosQoybrukgSfdiw£rosQfu;eesaiw£rvkSjdher,dghfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSa]tcfdek¡xosQfu;eesaek¡xvkSjdherfoijhrfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSaA;gvko';dughafdiw£rdkifjorZuvkuqikfrdgksA
oLrqdkewY;vfèkdgksusijykHkdhek=kkc<+tkrhgSAblfy,oLrqosQorZekumRikndmldhiw£rc<+krsgSarkfdvfèkdykHkdeklosaQAoLrqdkmRiknuu;smRikndksa}kjkHkhfd;ktkrkgSAblizdkjiw£rc<+tkrhgSA
,dck”kkjesa,dfuf'prle;esaoLrqdhfofHkUudherksaijfdhoLrqdhfofHkUuek=kk,¡foozsQrkcspusdksrS;kjgksaxsA;fngeoLrqdhfofHkUudherksarFkkoLrqdhfofHkUuiw£r;ksadksrkfydk}kjkizn£'krdjsarksmlsiw£rrkfydk;kvuqlwphdgrsgSaAoLrqdhdhervkSjoLrqdhiw£resaizR;{klacaèkgksrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]bunksuksapj&ewY;ksa(Variables)osQchplg&lacaèkxq.kkadKkrdjsarksèkukRedgksxkA
fuEufyf[krekU;rkvksaosQvkèkkjijfdlhlsok;koLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksusijmldhiw£resaHkho`f¼gksrhgSrFkkdheresadehgksusijmldhiw£resaHkhdehgksrhgSAiw£rdkfu;eHkhek¡xosQfu;edhHkk¡fr,dxq.kkReddFkugSAvarjosqoybrukgSfdiw£rosQfu;eesdhervkSjiw£r,dghfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSa]tcfdek¡xosQfu;eesadhervkSjek¡xfoijhrfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSaA;gvko';dughadhiw£rdkifjorZuvkuqikfrdgksA
iw£r fu;e dh ekU;rk,¡µ
(i) ozsQrkvkSjfoozsQrkdhvk;esaifjorZuugksukA
(ii) ozsQrkdh#fp;kiSQ'kuovknrksaesaifjorZuugksukA
(iii) mRiknuosQlkèkuksadhdhersalekujgukA
(iv) rduhdhKkuesaifjorZuugksukA
(v) dherrFkkiw£rosQlacaèkksaesavR;arlw{eifjorZuekuukvkfnA
62 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k iw£r rkfydk }kjk fu;e dh izLrqfr
,d iw£r rkfydk og dFku gS tksfd fdlh fo'ks"k ck”kkj esa fo'ks"k le; ij fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k dh oqQy ek=kk ,oa bldh fofHkUu dhersa izLrqr djrk gSA
iw£rdkfu;eiw£rrkfydkdhlgk;rklsvPNhrjgle>ktkldrkgSAfuEufyf[kroSd-fYidiw£rrkfydkiw£rosQfu;edksn'kkZjghgS]tksfd‘x’oLrqdhdher,oamldhiw£rosQchplacaèkgSaAfo|k£Fk;ksadks;gijke'kZfn;ktkrkgSfdtcogiw£rosQfu;edksle>k,¡rks^vU;ckrsalekujgusij*dkmi;ksxvo';djsaA
rkfydk 2-5- ‘X’ oLrq dh dher ,oa mldh iw£r dk lacaèk n'kkZ jgh gSA
X oLrq dh dher X oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡)
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1000
iw£r osQ fu;e dh oØ }kjk izLrqfr
iw£rrkfydkdhfp=k}kjkizLrqfriw£roØgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]iw£roØrkfydkdhfp=ke;izLrqfrgSAbldksfuEufyf[krfp=k}kjkn'kkZ;kx;kgSA;g,dÅijhdvksjfn'kkokykoØgStksfdck,¡lsnk,¡gksrkgSA
blizdkjiw£roØ,oaiw£rrkfydknksuksaiw£rosQfu;edksn'kkZrsgSaAnwljs'kCnksaesa];sdher,oaiw£resaèkukRedlacaèkn'kkZrsgSaadheresao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkiw£rdhxbZek=kkesao`f¼gksrhgSA
iw£r osQ fu;e osQ viokn (Exceptions of the Law of Supply)
iw£rdkfu;efuEufLFkfr;ksaesaykxwughagksxkA
(i) fu;eÑf"k oLrqvksa dh fLFkfr esa ykxwugha gksxk] ftldhiw£rizkÑfrddkjdksalsizHkkforgksA
(ii) 'kh/zk u"V gksus okyh oLrqvksa dhfLFkfresafu;eykxwughagksxkAbuoLrqvksadhfLFkfresafoozsQrkdedherijHkhiw£rosQfy,rS;kjgksxkA
(iii) lkekftd egkurk okyhoLrqvksadhfLFkfresaHkhfu;eykxwughagksxkAbuoLrqvksadhiw£rlhfergksrhgS,oamudhdheresao`f¼gksusijHkhmudhiw£rlhferghjgsxhA
S
Y
S
OX
dher
iw£r
fp=k 2-30 iw£roØdhfLFkfrn'kkZjgkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 63
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
2-27- iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu rFkk iw£r esa ifjorZu (Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply)
iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oozQ ij lapyu(dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k)
iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oozQ ij lapyu(dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k)
iw£r dk foLrkj(Åij dh vksj)
iw£r dk laoqQpu(uhps dh vksj)
iw£r esa o`f¼(ckb± vksj)
iw£r esa deh(nkb± vksj)
iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu rFkk iw£r esa ifjorZu(Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply)
iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oØ dk [email protected]
;fnewY;esao`f¼;kdehosQifj.kkeLo:iiw£rdhek=kkesifjorZugksrkgSrksblfLFkfrdksiw£rdklapj.k@lapyudgrsgSaAblvoLFkkesaewY;osQvykokiw£rdksizHkkfordjusokyslHkhrÙofLFkfrekustkrsgSaAblfLFkfresaiw£roØdklapj.k(Movement)mlhiw£roØijÅij;kuhpsdhvksjgksrkgSAblvoLFkkesaiw£rdhnkslaHkkouk,¡gksrhgSµ
(a) iw£r dk foLrkj (Extension of Supply)µ;fnewY;esao`f¼osQifj.kkeLo:ioLrqdhiw£resao`f¼gksrhgSrksblfLFkfrdksiw£rdkfoLrkjdgrsgSaAewY;osQvykoklHkhiw£rdksizHkkfordjusokysrÙofLFkjgksrsgSaAgemlhiw£roØijÅijdhvksjlapj.kdjrsgSaAblfLFkfrdksvxzfyf[krrkfydkesaizn£'krfd;kx;kgSA
(b) iw£r dk laoqQpu (Contraction os Supply)µ;fnewY;esadehosQdkj.koLrqdhiw£resadehgksrhgSrksblfLFkfrdksiw£rdklaoqQpudgrsgSaAewY;osQvykokvU;iw£rdksizHkkofrdjusokyslkèkufLFkjgksrsgSaAblfLFkfresagemlhiw£roØijÅijlsuhpsdhvksjlapj.kdjrsgSaA
iw£roØijlapj.kdksfuEufyf[krrkfydklsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 2-6- iw£r oØ osQ lapj.k (Movement) dh rkfydk
oLrq dk ewY; oLrq dh iw£r lapj.k (Movement)
A 10 100 iw£rdkfoLrkjA lsB
B 12 150
C 8 80 iw£rdklaoqQpuA lsB
js[kkfp=k }kjk izn'kZuµ
S
Y
S
O X
dher
iw£r
B
A
C
P1
P
P2
Q2
Q1
Q
iw£r dk foLrkj ls BA
A Ciw£r dk laoqQpu ls
fp=k 2-31 iw£roØijlapj.k(Movement alongside Supply Curve)
64 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k iw£r esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oØ dk f[[email protected]
;fn oLrq dh iw£r esa mlosQ ewY; osQ vfrfjDr vU; dkj.kksa ls ifjorZu gks rks blosQifj.kkeLo:iiw£resaifjorZudksiw£rdho`f¼;kdehdgrsgSaAiw£resao`f¼;kdehdkizn'kzu,dvU;iw£roØcukdjdjrsgSaA;ghdkj.kgSfdblsiw£rdkLFkkukarj.kdgrsgSaA;gLFkkukarj.kekSfydiw£roØosQnkfguhvksj(uhps);kckb±vksjÅijgksldrkgSAiw£rosQ LFkkukarj.kosQfuEufyf[krnks:igksldrsgSaµ
(a) iw£r esa o`f¼ (Increase in Supply)µ;fnewY;osQvykokvU;dkjdksaesaifjorZuosQdkj.kiw£resao`f¼gksrhgSrksblsiw£rdho`f¼dgrsgSaAblfLFkfresaiw£roØekSfydoØosQnkfguhvksjvFkkZr~uhpsdhvksjgksrkgSAekSfydiw£roØosQLFkkuijnwljkiw£roØcutkrkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfdblsiw£roØdkLFkkukarj.kdgrsgSaArkfydkvkSjjs[kkfp=kesaAlsBdhfLFkfrblsizn£'krdjrhgSA
iw£r eas o`f¼ osQ dkj.kµ
(i) mRikndksaosQmís';esaifjorZu
(ii) LFkkukiUuoLrqvksaosQewY;easdeh
(iii) mRiknuosQlkèkuksaosQewY;esadeh
(iv) rduhdhesalqèkkjA
(b) iw£r esa deh (Decrease in Supply)µ;fnewY;osQvykokvU;dkjdksaosQizHkkoLo:imlhewY;ijoLrqdhdeiw£rdhtk,rksmlsiw£rdhdehdgrsgSaAblvoLFkkesaiw£roØekSfydiw£roØosQckb±vksj;kÅijdhvksjgksrkgSAu;soØdkfuekZ.kiw£roØdkLFkkukarj.kgksrkgSAfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=kesaAlsCrddhfLFkfrek¡xdhdehdksizn£'krdjrhgSA
iw£r eas deh osQ dkj.kµ
(i) mRikndksaosQmís';esaifjorZu
(ii) LFkkukiUuoLrqvksaosQewY;easo`f¼
(iii) mRiknuosQlkèkuksaosQewY;esao`f¼
(iv) rduhdhosQLrjesafxjkoVA
iw£roØosQLFkkukarj.kdksfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=klsizn£'krfd;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 2-7- iw£r esas o`f¼@deh dh rkfydk
oLrq dk ewY; (#i;s esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;ksa esa) ifjorZu
A 10 100 iw£resao`f¼A lsB
B 10 125
C 10 80 iw£resadehA lsC
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 65
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
js[kkfp=k }kjk izn'kZuµ
C BA
P
S
S1
S2
S2
S
S1
Q1
Q2
QX
O
iw£r
Y
dher
iw£r dh o`f¼ ls ( ls )= SS S S A B1 1
ewY;—OP
iw£r ls—OQ OQ1
iw£r esa deh ls ( ls )= SS S S A C2 2
ewY;—OP
iw£r ls—OQ OQ2
fp=k 2-32 iw£roØdkLFkkukarj.k(Shift)
blfo'ys"k.kls;gLi"VgSfdµ
iw£roØijlapj.k(Movement)dhvoLFkkesagemlhiw£roØijlapj.kdjrsgSaA;glapj.kewY;esaifjorZuosQifj.kkeLo:igksrkgSA
iw£roØosQLFkkukarj.k (Shifting)dhvoLFkkesaekSfydoØosQvfrfjDrvU;oØdhLFkkiukgksrhgSA;gLFkkukarj.kewY;osQvfrfjDriw£rizHkkfordjusokysvU;dkjdksaosQizHkkoLo:igksrkgSA
iw£r esa ifjorZu ;k iw£r oØ dk LFkkukarj.k ,oa iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu ;k iw£r oØ dk lapyu esa varj
varj osQ vkèkkj
(Points of Difference)
iw£r esa ifjorZu
(Change in Supply)
iw£r dh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu
(Change in the quentity Suppled)
1- vFkZ (Meaning) fdlhoLrqdhdherdksNksM+djvU;
dkjdksaesaifjorZugksusosQdkj.koLrq
dh iw£r esa gksus okyh o`f¼ ;k deh
dks iw£r esa ifjorZu ;k iw£r oØdk
LFkkukarj.kdgrsgSaA
vU;ckrsalekujgusijfdlhoLrqdh
dheresa ifjorZu gksus osQdkj.k ml
oLrqdhiw£resao`f¼;kdehdksiw£r
dhxbZek=kkesaifjorZu;kiw£roØdk
lapyudgrsgSaA
2- oØ (Curve) Y
X
BA
P
Q2
Q1
QO
S2 S
1
S
S1
S2
S
dher
iw£r esa d
eh
iw£r esa o`f¼
ek=kk
Y
X
P
Q2
Q1
QO
P2
S
P1
S
dher
ek=kk
3- iw£r oØ dh fLFkfr
(Situation of
Supply Curve)
bl fLFkfr eas iw£r oØ Lo;a nkb± ;k
ckb±vksjLFkkukarj.kdjrkgSAnkb±vksj
LFkkukarj.k iw£r esa o`f¼ izn£'krdjrk
gS]tcfdckb±vksjLFkkiukarj.kiw£resa
dehizn£'krdjrkgSA
blfLFkfresaiw£roØdklapyuÅij
dh vksj rFkk uhps dh vksj gksrk gSA
ÅijdhvksjLFkkukarj.kiw£rdkfoLrkj
gS]tcfduhpsdhsvksjLFkkukarj.kiw£r
dklaoqQpugSA
66 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k2-28- iw£r dh yksp (Elasticity of Supply)
vFkZ (Meaning)
iw£rdkfu;e,dxq.kkReddFkugS]la[;kRedugha]D;ksafdblesa;girkughayxrkfdoLrqdhdheresaifjorZulsolrqdhiw£resafdrukifjorZugksxk\iw£rdhykspbunksuksapj&ewY;ksaosQlkisf{kdifjorZudkekidjrhgSAblsfuEulw=k}kjkfy[kktkldrkgSµ
iw£rdhyksp(Es) = oLrqdhiw£resaizfr'krifjorZu
oLrqdhdheresaizfr'krifjorZu
;k = oLrqdhiw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu
oLrqdhdheresavkuqifrdifjorZu
;k = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
blizdkjdheresaifjorZulsiw£resagksusokysifjorZudksiw£rdhykspdgrsgSaA
ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Definitions)
lSE;wylu osQ'kCnksaesa]¶iw£rdhykspoLrqdhiw£resamldhdherosQlkFkifjorZudhrhozrkgSA¸(Elasticity of supply is the degree of the responsiveness of supply of a commod-ity to a change in its price)
izksú fcykl osQvuqlkj]¶iw£rdhykspoLrqdhiw£rdhxbZek=kkvksaesaizfr'krifjorZudksdheresaizfr'krifjorZudkHkkxiQygSA¸(Elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantities supplied divided by percentage change in price.)
xq.kkad(Coefficient)osQewY;ijfuHkZjgksdj]geiw£rdhyksplslacafèkrik¡pizdkjdhifjfLFkfr;k¡lkspldrsgSaAbudksiw£rdhykspdhrhozrkHkhdgktkrkgSA;gfuEufyf[krgS%
iw£r dh yksp osQ izdkj (Types of elasticity of supply)
(i) iw.kZ csyksp iw£r (Perfectly Inelastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsoLrqdhiw£resadksbZifjorZuughagksrkrksmln'kkesaoLrqdhiw£rdhyksp'kwU;gksrhgSAEs = 0
vlkèkkj.kiqLrosaQ]fVdVsa]flDosQ,oavU;oLrq,¡bldkmnkgj.kgSaAfuEufyf[krrkfydkofp=klsblsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 2-8- iw.kZr;k csyksp iw£r dh fLFkfr
izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;s esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡)
5]000 100
10]000 100
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 67
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
Y
XO
S
S
E = 0s
iw£r
iw.kZr% csykspnkjiw£r
dher
fp=k 2-33
(ii) bdkbZ ykspnkj iw£r (Unit Elastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusosQlkis{kmldhiw£resamlhvuqikresaifjorZugksrksoLrqdhiw£rdhyksp,dgksrkgSA
blfLFkfresaewY;vkSjiw£resaifjorZu,dghvuqikresagksrkgSAmnkgj.kLo:iewY;esa50»dkifjorZugksAblsvxzfyf[krrkfydkvkSjjs[kkfp=k}kjkizn£'krfd;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 2-9- bdkbZ osQ cjkcj yksp dk izn'kZu
izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;s esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡ esa)
40 400
60 600
Y
XO
S
bdkbZ ykspnkj= 1E
s
iw£r
dher
fp=k 2-34
(iii) iw.kZ ykspnkj iw£r (Perfectly Elastic Supply)µblvoLFkkesafdlhfo'ks"kewY;ijfoozsQrkvuarek=kkesaoLrqdhiw£rdjldrkgSijarqewY;esadehgksusijoLrqdhdksbZHkhiw£rdjusdksrS;kjughagSA
;gosQoydkYifudfopkjgSAO;kogkfjdthouesablizdkjdhfLFkfrughaikbZtkrhgSAfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=klsblsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 2-10- iw.kZr;k ykspnkj iw£r dks izn£'kr djrh gqbZ rkfydk
izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;s) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡)
7 10
7 15
68 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k lkFkfn,js[kkfp=kls;gekywegksrkgSAfdewY;osQfLFkfrjgusosQcknHkhiw£rvfèkdek=kkesac<+xbZgSA
tcfdlhoLrqdhdheresadksbZifjorZuugks;kcgqrlw{eifjorZugksvkSjoLrqdhiw£rc<+djvuar;k?kVdj'kwU;gkstk,rksoLrqdhiw£rdksiw.kZr%ykspnkjdgrsgSaAbln'kkesaEs = ∞
XO iw£r
dher
Y
SS
iw.kZr% ykspnkj iw£rE =
s�
fp=k 2-35
(iv) lkis{kr% ykspnkj ;k bdkbZ ls vfèkr iw£r (Relatively Elastic or More than Unit Elastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusosQlkis{kmldhiw£resavfèkdvuqikresaifjorZugksrksoLrqdhiw£rdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkdgksrhgSAblslkis{kr%ykspnkjiw£rdgrsgSaAblfLFkfresaiw£rdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkd(Es > 1)gksrhgSA
blvoLFkkesaewY;esagksusokysifjorZudhrqyukesaiw£resaifjorZudkizfr'krvfèkdgksrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,ewY;esa20»dho`f¼gksusijiw£resa50»dho`f¼gkSmlsfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=klsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 2-11- lkis{kr% ykspnkj iw£r dk izn'kZu
izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;ksa esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡ esa)
20 100
24 150
XO
S
S
iw£r
dher
Y vfèkd ykspnkj iw£rE > 1
s
fp=k 2-36
(v) lkis{kr% csyksp iw£r (Relatively Inelastic or less than Unit Elastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusosQlkis{kmldhiw£reafdevuqikresaifjorZu
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 69
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
gksrksoLrqdhiw£rdhykspbdkbZlsdegksrhgSAblslkis{kr%csykspiw£rdgrsgSaA
blfLFkfresaewY;esagksusokysifjorZuosQvuqikresaiw£resaifjorZudegksrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,;fnewY;esa50»dho`f¼gksijarqiw£resaosQoy20»dho`f¼gksAblfLFkfrdksfuEufyf[krrkfydkojs[kkf=k=klsizn£'krfd;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 2-12- bdkbZ ls de yksp dh fLFkfr dk izn'kZu
izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;ksa esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡ esa)
50 100
75 120
Y
XO
S
S
de ykspnkjE < 1
s
dher
iw£r
fp=k 2-37
Øe la[;k yksp xq.kkad (Coefficient) yksp osQ izdkj iw£r dk dher osQ lkFk lacaèk
1- Es = 0 iw.kZr%csykspnkj iw£resaifjorZuughagksrkA
2- Es < 1 csykspnkj vFkok bdkbZ
ykspnkjlsde
dherosQifjorZudhrqyukesaiw£r
esalekuifjorZuA
3- Es = 1 bdkbZykspnkj dherosQizfr'krifjorZuosQlkFk
iw£resalekuifjorZuA
4- Es > 1 bdkbZykspnkjlsvfèkd iw£resadherosQifjorZulsvfèkd
izfr'kresaifjorZuA
5- Es = ∞ iw.kZr%ykspnkj iw£resavlhfero`f¼vFkokdehA
iw£r dh yksp dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors Affecting Elasticity of Supply)
iw£rdhykspfuEufyf[krdkjdksa}kjkizHkkforgksrhgSA
1- oLrqdhizÑfr
2- mRiknuykxr
3- le;rÙo
4- Hkfo";esadheresalaHkkforifjorZu
5- mRiknudhrduhdh
6- tksf[keLohdkjdjuk
iw£r dh yksp dks izHkkfor
djus okys dkjd
70 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 1- oLrq dh izÑfr (Nature of Commodity)µ'kh?kzu"VgksusokyhoLrqvksadhiw£rcsykspgksrhgSvkSjfVdkÅoLrqvksadhiw£rykspnkjgksrhgSA
2- mRiknu ykxr (Cost of Production)µ;fnfdlhoLrqdhvfrfjDrbdkbZdkmRiknudjuslslhekarykxrc<+srksoLrqdhiw£rcsykspgksxhvkSj;fnlhekarykxr?kVsrksiw£rykspnkjgksxhA
3- le; rÙo (Cost of Production)µle; vofèk ftruh ftruh vfèkd gksxh] iw£rykspnkjgksxhvkSjle;vofèkftruhdkgksxh]iw£rcsykspgksxhA
4- Hkfo"; esa dher esa laHkkfor ifjorZu (Expected change in future price)µ;fnfuekZrkHkfo";esadheresao`f¼dhvk'kkdjrkgSrksoLrqdhiw£rcsykspgksxhAogorZekuesaoLrqdhiw£r?kVknsxk]ftllsogHkfo";esamloLrqdksÅ¡phdherijfoØ;djlosQA;fnfuekZrkdksoLrqdhdherdegksusdhvk'kkgksrhgS]rksogvfèkdlsvfèkdfoØ;djsxk,oaiw£rykspnkjgksxhA
5- mRiknu dh rduhdh (Technique of production)µftuoLrqvksadkmRiknuljyrduhdh}kjkgksrkgSmudhiw£rykspnkjgksrhgSblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksadkmRiknumy>hgqbZdfBurduhdhlsgksrkgSmudhiw£rcsykspgksrhgSA
6- tksf[ke Lohdkj djuk (Risk taking)µ;fnm|ehvfèkdtksf[keysusdksrS;kjgSrksiw£rykspnkjgksxhAblosQfoijhrdetksf[kegksusijiw£rcsykspgksxhA
iw£r dh yksp dk ekiu
tcgedheresaifjorZuosQdkj.koLrqdhiw£rdhxbZek=kkesavkuqikfrdifjorZudkekidjrsgSa]rksblsiw£rdhykspdgktkrkgSA
iw£r yksp ekius dh fofèk;k¡
A. izfr'krfofèk B. js[kkxf.krfofèk
izfr'kr fofèk (Percentage Method)
ekiu dh fofèkµiw£rdhykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsekiktkldrkgS%
iw£rdhyksp(Es) = oLrqdhiw£resaizfr'krifjorZu
oLrqdhdheresaizfr'krifjorZu vFkok
Es = oLrqdhiw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu
oLrqdhdheresavkuqifrdifjorZu vFkok
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
;gk¡] P =dher
Q =iw£rdhek=kk
∆P =oLrqdhdheresaifjorZu
∆Q =oLrqdhiw£rdhek=kkesaifjorZu
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 71
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
js[kkxf.kr; i¼fr (Geometric Method)
iw£rykspdkekijs[kkxf.krh;lw=kksa}kjkHkhfd;ktkldrkgSAblx.kukdksfuEufyf[krfp=k(A),(B)vkSj(C)}kjkle>k;kx;kgSA
Y Y Y
(A) (B) (C)A A A
PO
PO
PO
dher
dher
dher
O O O XXXB C C CB
–Y
–X
iw£r iw£r iw£r
fp=k 2-38 fp=k 2-39 fp=k 2-40
mijksDrfp=krhuljyjs[kk(straight line)okysiw£roØizn£'krdjrsgSaA
fp=k (A)µiw£roØdksx-v{kdhvksjc<+k;kx;kgSA;gx-v{kdksblosQudkjkRed{ks=kfcanqBijdkVrkgSA
;gk¡iw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZlsvfèkdgS]D;ksafdBC > OC
fp=k (B)µiw£roØx-v{kdksblosQèkukRed(Positive){ks=kesaBfcanqijdkVrkgSA
;gk¡iw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZlsdegS]D;ksafdBC < OC
fp=k (C)µiw£roØx-v{kdksmlosQmn~xe(origin) OfcanqijdkVrkgSAiw£roØdhljyjs[kk(straight line)mn~xelsxqtjrhgSA
;gk¡iw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZosQckjkcjgksxh]D;ksafdBC = OCAblls;gKkrgksrkgSfddksbZHkhiw£roØpkgsmldkvkdkjoqQNHkhgks;fnmn~xe(origin)lsgskdjxqtjrkgSArksiw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZosQcjkcjgksxhA
lHkhrhuksafp=kksaesaP0ekSfydewY;gS]OCiw£rdhxbZek=kkgSvkSjiw£roØij‘A’fcanqLFkkfirgSA
iw£r dh yksp dk ekiu (Measurement of Elasticity of Supply)
iw£rdhyksposQekiudksfuEufyf[krmnkgj.kksalsvkSjvPNhrjgle>ktkldrkgSA
mnkgj.k 1-
dher (#i;s) Px iw£r (bdkb;k¡) Sx
8 20
6 16
gyµ ;gk¡ ∆Q = 4, ∆P = 2
Q = 20, P = 8
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
72 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Es =
42
× 820
= 45
= 0.8(csykspnkjiw£r)
(bdkbZlsdeyksp)
mnkgj.k 2-
dher (#i;s) Px iw£r (bdkb;k¡) Sx
10 20
8 15
gyµ ;gk¡ ∆Q = 5, ∆P = 2
Q = 20, P = 10
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
Es = 52
× 1020
= 54
= 1.25(ykspnkjiw£r)
(bdkbZlsvfèkdyksp)
iw£rykspdksfuEufyf[krrjhosQlsHkhekiktkldrkgS%
Es = iw£resaizfr'krifjorZu
dheresaizfr'krifjorZu
blizdkj];fndher20»?kVrhgS,oaiw£r25»?kVrhgSrksyksp2520
= 1.25gksxhA
mnkgj.k 3- ;fn,doLrqdhck”kkjdhdher4#i;sgS],dfoozsQrkbldh600bdkb;k¡foØ;djrkgSAtcdherc<+dj5#i;sgkstkrhgSrksogoLrqdh750bdkb;k¡foØ;djrkgSAfoozsQrkdhiw£rdhykspD;kgS\
gyµiw£r rkfydk
dher (#i;s) iw£r (bdkb;k¡)
4 600
5 750
;gk¡ ∆Q = 750 – 600 = 150, ∆P = 5 – 4 = 1
Q = 600, P = 4
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
Es = 1501
× 4
600 = 1(bdkbZyksp)
mnkgj.k 4-fuEufyf[krfLFkfr;ksaesaiw£rdhykspdhx.kukdhft,%
(a) dher iw£r
50 100
75 150
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 73
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
(b) dher iw£r
4 2
4 4
(c) dher iw£r
15 100
20 200
(d) dher iw£r
1]000 2
2]000 3
(e) dher iw£r
4 40
6 40
gyµ
(a) ∆Q = 50, ∆P = 25, P = 50, Q = 100
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
Es = 5025
× 50100
= 25002500
= 1 (bdkbZyksp)
(b) ∆Q = 2, P = 4, ∆P = 0, Q = 2
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
Es = 20
× 42
= ∞ (iw.kZr;kykspnkj)
(c) ∆Q = 100, P = 15, ∆P = 5, Q = 100
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
Es = 1005
× 15100
= 3 (bdkbZlsvfèkdyksp)
(d) ∆Q = 1, P = 1000, Q = 2, ∆P = 1,000
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
Es = 1
1,000 ×
1,0002
= 12
= 10.5 (bdkbZlsdeykspnkj)
(a) ∆Q = 0, P = 4, ∆P = 2, Q = 40
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
= 02
× 440
= 0 (iw.kZr%csykspiw£r)
74 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k mnkgj.k 5-,doLrqdhiw£r12#i;sizfrbdkbZij1]200bdkb;k¡FkhA;fnoLrqdhiw£rc<+dj1]600bdkbZgkstk,rks]iw£ryksp2gksusdhfLFkfresaoLrqdhubZdherD;kgksxh\
gyµ
dher (#i;s) iw£r (bdkb;k¡)
12 1]200
\ 1]600
Es = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
= 2
2 = 400∆P
× 12
1200
2 = 4
∆P 2∆P = 4
∆P = 42
= 2
ubZdher= 12 + 2 = 14 #i;s
oSdfYid :i ls
iw£resavkuqikfrd(Proportionate)ifjorZu400
1,200 =
13
;fniw£rdhyksp2gSrksiw£resavkuqikfrd(Proportionate)ifjorZudheresaifjorZudknksxqukgksxkAnwljs'kCnksaesadheresavkuqikfrd(proportionate)ifjorZuiw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu
dkvkèkkgksxktSlkfdiw£resavkuqikfrdifjroZu13gS]dhereasvkuqikfrdifjorZu
13
× 12
= 16
= 2 gksxkAblfy,dheresaifjorZu= 12 × 16
= 2vcubZdher12 + 2 = 14#i;sA
mnkgj.k 6-,doLrqdhiw£r12#i;sizfrbdkbZij800bdkb;k¡gSaA;fndherc<+dj14izfrbdkbZgkstk,,oaiw£rdhyksp1-2gksrksoLrqdhubZiw£rD;kgksxh\
gyµiw£rdhykspEs = ∆ Q∆ P
× PQ
= 1.2
dher (#i;s) iw£r (bdkbZ)
12 800
14 \
1.2 = ∆ Q
2 ×
12800
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 75
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply) 1.2 =
3∆ P400
1.2 × 400 = 3∆Q
480 = 3∆Q
∆Q = 4803
= 160
oLrqdhubZiw£r= 800 + 160 = 960bdkb;k¡
oSdfYid :i ls (Alternatively)
dheresavkuqikfrd(Proportionate)ifjorZu= 212
= 16D;ksafdiw£rdhyksp1-2gS]iw£r
esavkuqikfrd(proportionate)ifjorZudheresavkuqikfrd(proportionate)ifjorZuls1-2ckj
vfèkdgksxkAdheresavkuqikfrdifjorZu16gS]blfy,iw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu
16
× 1.2 = 02ckjgksxkA
blizdkjubZiw£r = 800 + (800 × 0.2)
= 800 + 160 = 960 (bdkb;k¡)
iw£r dh yksp dk egÙo (Importance of Elasticity of Supply)
iw£rdhykspfuEufyf[kr{ks=kksaesaegÙoiw.kZgSA
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E = 0s
dher
iw£r
fp=k 2-45 iw£resao`f¼,oadehn'kkZjgkgSA fp=k 2-46 csykspnkjiw£rn'kkZjgkgSA
iw£r XO
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s
Y
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dher
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ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
S
S
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s
iw£r
dher
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de ykspnkjE < 1
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fp=k 2-49 bdkbZlsvfèkdyksp fp=k 2-50 bdkbZlsdeyksp
BB XXXO O O CCC
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iw£r iw£r iw£r
dher
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fp=k 2-51 fp=k 2-52 fp=k 2-53
ikB esa mi;ksx dh xbZ egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh (Important terms used in Lesson)
iw£r(Supply) iw£rdklaoqQpu(Contraction of Supply)
HkaMkj(Stock) iw£resao`f¼(Increase in Supply)
oS;fDrdiw£r(Individual Supply) iw£resadeh(Decrease in Supply)
ck”kkjiw£r(Market Supply) iw£roØdklapyu(Movement of
Supply Curve)
iw£rdkfu;e(Law of Supply) iw£resavarj.k(Shift in Supply)
iw£rdkfoLrkj(Extension of Supply) iw£rdhyksp(Elasticity of Supply)
2-29- iw£r dk vFkZ
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78 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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rkfydk 2-13- iw£r vuwlwph
dher (#i;s) ek=kk dh iw£r
225 100
275 200
325 300
375 400
425 500
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,dvU;egÙoiw.kZdkjdftlosQdkj.koLrqdhiw£resadehvkbZgS]oghdkjdksadkmi;ksxdjrsgq,vU;oLrqvksadhdherksaesao`f¼Amnkgj.kosQfy,];fnxsgw¡dhdherrsthlsc<+tkrhgS]rksfdlkuksadksblsfodflrdjusosQfy,];gvfèkdykHknk;dgksxkA;gfdlkuksadksvU;iQlyksaosQrgr[ksrhokys{ks=kdksdedjusosQfy,izsfjrdjsxk]xUukdgrsgSavkSjxsgw¡osQmRiknuosQfy,blsle£irdjrsgSaAbllsxUukdhiw£resadehvk,xhftlosQiw£rdhoØckb±rjiQc<+tk,xhA
blosQvykok]HkkjresaÑf"kmRIkknucgqrekulwuosQdkj.ko"kkZijfuHkZjdjrkgSA;fnekulwule;ijvkrsgSavkSjo"kkZi;kZIrgS]rksHkjiwjiQlysagSa]Ñf"kmRiknksadhiw£rc<+tkrhgSAgkyk¡fd],do"kZesatcekulwuvlkèkkj.k;kvR;fèkdvi;kZIrgS]Ñf"kmRiknuesarstfxjkoVvkbZgSftllsÑf"kmRIkknudhiw£resadehvkbZgSvkSjblizdkjÑf"kmRiknudhiw£roØckb±rjiQcnytkrhgSAgeblizdkjns[krsgSafdewY;osQvykokdbZdkjdgSatksoLrqdhiw£rdkfuèkkZj.kdjrsgSavkSjmuesadksbZHkhcnykoiwjhiw£roØesacnykodkdkj.kcurkgSA
82 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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1- mRiknurduhdmRiknudhykxrifjorZudjosQizkS|ksfxdhesacnykoiw£rlekjksgdksizHkkfordjrkgSAvxjiQeks±}kjkiz;qDrizksMD'kuVsDuksykWthesadksbZlqèkkjgksrkgS]rksmRiknudhykxresafxjkoVvkrhgSvkSjblosQiQyLo:ioaQifu;k¡nhxbZdherlsigysdhiw£rdjrhgSaAvFkZ;ggSfdiw£resao`f¼dkeryc;sc<+tk,xkfdiw£roØlghLFkkuijvktk,xkA
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3- vU; mRiknksa dh dherastcgeiw£rdhoØvkd£"krdjrsgSarksge;gekursgSafdvU;mRiknksadhdhervifjo£rrjgrhgSAvc]vU;mRiknksadhdherksaeasfdlhHkhcnykolsmRikndhiw£rdksnwljsmRiknosQizfrLFkkiuosQdkj.kizHkkforgksxkAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnxsgw¡dhcktkjewY;c<+tkrhgS]rks;gfdlkuksa}kjkxzkedhmRiknuvkSjiw£resadehyk,xkD;ksafdosxzkeosQmRiknulsoqQNtehuvkSjvU;lalkèkuksadksokilysysaxsvkSjmUgsaxsgw¡osQmRiknuosQfy,le£irdjsaxsAbllsxzkedhiw£roØ,dck;hrjiQcnykogksxkA
4- iQeZ dk mís'; ,diQezdkmís';blosQ}kjkmRikfnrmRikndhiw£rdksHkhfuèkkZfjrdjrkgSAvxjoaQifu;k¡urhtksadhctk;fcØh;kjktLodksvfèkdredjusdky{;j[krhgSa]rksblosQ}kjkmRikfnrmRikndkmRiknugksrkgSvkSjblfy,cktkjesabldhiw£rvfèkdgksxhA
5- izksM~;wllZ (;k iQeks±) dh la[;kvxjfdlhmRikndkmRiknudjusokyhoaQifu;ksadhla[;kc<+tkrhgS]rksmRikndhcktkjiw£riw£roØesalghcnykodhotglsc<+tk,xhAtc]vYikfofèkesa]m|ksxesaoaQifu;k¡cM+hequkiQkdekjghgSa]rksubZoaQifu;k¡mlm|ksxdksyacsle;rdpykrhgSavkSjmlm|ksxosQmRiknosQoqQymRiknuvkSjiw£rdkfoLrkjdjrhgSaAnwljhvksj]tcoqQNoaQifu;k¡m|ksxNksM+nsrhgSarksuqdlkuosQdkj.k]blosQmRikndhiw£resadehvkrhgSvkSjoØdhiw£rck;havksjc<+tk,xhA
6- Hkfo"; ewY; mEehnsafdlhHkhle;cktkjesafdlhoLrqdhiw£rHkhHkfo";dhdherksadhfoozsQrkvksadhvis{kkvksa}kjk fuèkkZfjrdhtkrhgSAvxj]tSlkfdeqnzkLiQhfrdhvofèkosQnkSjkugksrkgS]foozsQrkvksadksHkfo";esadhersac<+usdhmEehngksrhgS]oscktkjesamRiknksadhiw£rdksdedjnsaxsvkSjblosQcnysmUgsatekdjukgksxkAO;kikfj;ksa}kjkekydhHkkjhek=kkesatekgksusdhotglscktkjesaiw£rdedjusesa,degÙoiw.kZdkjdgSvkSjblizdkjmudhdherksaesavkSjo`f¼gqbZgSA
uksV
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7- dj vkSj lfClMhdjvkSjlfClMhmRikndhiw£rijHkhizHkkoMkyrhgSaA;fndksbZmRikn'kqYd;kfcØhdjfdlhmRiknijykxk;ktkrkgS]rksoaQifu;k¡mlhdherij,dlekudherij;kmllsdeek=kkesamlhjkf'kdhiw£rdjsxhAbldkvFkZgSfdfcØhdj;kmRikn'kqYdijyxkoosQdkj.kiw£roØes,dck;k¡rjiQcnykogksrkgSAfoijhr,doLrqdhiw£rdkekeykgksrkgSftlijljdkjdedjrhgSA
;gmlrduhdlsmQij]dkjdksavkSjvU;mRiknksadhdherksa]Hkfo";dhdherksavkSjiQeks±osQmís';osQckjsesavis{kk,¡iw£rosQegÙoiw.kZfuèkkZjdgSatksiwjsiw£roØesalgh;kck;k¡cnykodkdkj.kcurhgSaA
2-31- iw£r dh yksp
tcoLrqdhdheresa,dNksVklkfxjkoViw£resa,dcM+slaoqQpudhvkSjtkrkgS]rksiw£rvis{kkÑrykspnkjgSysfdutcdheresa,dcM+kfxjkoViw£resacgqrdelaoqQpudhvksjtkrkgS]rksiw£rvis{kkÑrvfLFkjrkekuktkrkgSAblosQfoijhr]iw£resa,dcM+kfoLrkjdhvksjvxzljdheresa,dNksVklko`f¼ykspnkjiw£rfn[kkrhgS]vkSjiw£resa,dNksVklkfoLrkjdjusokyvxz.khdherksaesacM+ho`f¼lsfLFkjiw£rdklaosQrfeyrkgS
fp=k2-31vkSj2-32ijfopkjdjsatgk¡nksiw£r?kVrkSSrS;kjfd;kx;kgSAewY;OP1esaek=kkNfoesaiw£rdhAfp=k2-31OQ1 vkSjek=kkNfoesaiwrhZdhgSAfp=k2-32ON1 gSmRikndhdheresao`f¼osQlkFk]OQ lsek=kkdhiw£rc<+tkrhgSNfoesa2 OQ djusosQfy,Afp=k2-31esaON1 lsON2 rdfp=k2-32tcfdewY;easlkis{kifjorZunksuksavkadM+ksaesalekugS]ek=kkesac<+ksrjhusfp=kesaQ1Q2 dhiw£rdhgSAfp=k2-32esaN1N2 dhek=kkesao`f¼dhrqyukeasscgqrvfèkdgSblfy,fp=kesaiw£r2-31ykspnkjdgktkrkgS]tcfdmlesafp=k2-32fLFkjgSfofHkUumRiknksadhiw£rdhyksp,d&nwljslscgqr&fHkUugksrhgSD;kdkjdgSatksmRiknksadhiw£rdhykspdksfuèkkZfjrdjrsgSa]oqQNfoLrkjesacknesale>k;ktk,xkA
Y
P2
P1
O
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Q1
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X
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ek=kk
ewY;
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fp=k 2-57 ykspnjiw£r fp=k 2-58 fLFkjiw£r
ek¡xdhykspdhrjgiw£rdhykspdhvoèkkj.kk],dlacafèkrekrgS]tksbldhdheresacnykoosQfy,oLrqdhiw£rdhek=kkddhizfrlkfnrkdkgSAbldhdheresaifjorZuksaosQfy,oLrqdhiw£rdhek=kkdkvfèkdlsvfèkd]vfèkdiw£rdhbldhykspAlVhd'kCnksaesa]iw£rdhykspdks,dmRikndhek=kkesaizfr'kresacnykoosQ:iesaifjHkkf"krfd;ktkldrkgS]tksmlek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZulsfoHkkftrgksrkgSftlosQdkj.kek=kkesaifjorZugqvkFkkA
iw£rdhyksp= izfr'krifjorZuiw£rdhek=kkesa
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∆Q
Q × 100 ÷
∆P
P × 100
= ∆Q
Q ×
P
∆P
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∆P ×
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Q;fnjsfizQtjsVjdhdher#i;slsc<+rhgSizfr;wfuV2]000#i;s2]100izfr;wfuVvkSjdher
esablo`f¼]blosQckjsesaiw£rdhek=kk2]500bdkb;ksals3]000bdkb;ksaosQfy,c<+tkrhgSosQtokcesa]iw£rdhykspgkstk,xk,doLrqdhiw£roØ>qdkgqvkgSA
es = 500
100 ×
2000
2500 = 5 ×
20
25 = 4
vkerkSjijekeyk;ggSfd(fp=kns[ksa2-31vkSj2-32)]iw£rosQyksposQxq.kkadij,dldkjkRedlaosQrgksxktciw£rdhvoLFkkÅijdhvkSj<yrhgS]rksiw£rdkyksp'kwU;vkSjvuarrkosQchpoqQNHkhgksxkAek=kk,doLrqdhiw£rdhbldhdheresaifjorZudhizfrfØ;kesafcYoqQyHkhughacnyrkgStc]iw£rdhyksp'kwU;gSAiw£rdh'kwU;yksposQekeysesaiw£roØY-v{kosQfy,,dÅèokZèkjlhèkhjs[kklekukarjgkstkxkAvkSj(fp=k2-33ns[ksa)iwjhrjglsfLFkj gksukdgktkrkgSAnwljhvksj]vxj,dvPNkosQfdlhHkhek=kkdhdherijiw£rdhtkldrhgS]blosQykspvuarosQcjkcjgksxkvkSjbldhiw£roØek=kkv{kosQfy,,d{kSfrtlhèkhjs[kklekukarjgkstk,xkvkSjiwjh rjg ls ykspnkjgksukdgktkrkgS(ns[ksafp=k2-34)A
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ek=kkfp=k 2-59 iw.kZfLFkjiw£r fp=k 2-60 iw.kZykspnkjiw£r
iw£r oØ ij ,d fcanq ij iw£r dh yksp dks ekiuk
vc],degÙoiw.kZloky;ggSfdiw£rdhyphyrkfdlhfn,x,iw£roØij,dfcanqijekiktkldrkgSA,djs[kh;iw£roØSSijfopkjfp=kesa[khapk2-35tgk¡gesaiw£rdhykspdksfcanqRijmRiknuOQvkSjdherOPosQvuq:idjusosQfy,vko';dgSAfcanqRijiw£rykspdksekiusosQfy,geiw£roØdkfoLrkjdjrsgSarkfd;gfcanqTijX-v{klsfeyrkgSAfiQjfcanqRijiw£rdhykspdksnwjhOQlsnwjhTQdksfoHkkftrdjosQizkIrfd;ktkldrkgSAblizdkj]
iw£roØijfcanqRijiw£ryksp SS(es) = TQ
OQ
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fp=k 2-61 iw£rdhykspdkekiu
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es = 1
<yku .
PQ
vcfp=k2-35ijfopkjdjsa]iw£roØdk<ykuSS,RQRQ
osQcjkcjgS],d¯cnqRij
dhersaRQgSvkSjiw£rdhek=kkOQosQcjkcjgksrhgSAiw£rykspTxq.kkadosQlw=kosQbuewY;ksadksizfrLFkkfirdjsa
es = 1
<yku .
PQ
= 1 RQ TQ RQ TQ
RQ TQ RQ OQ OQTQ
× = × =
blizdkjiw£rdhyksp]TQvkSjOQlsnwjhosQvuqikr}kjknhxbZgSA
fp=k2-35esatciw£rdhoØfoLrkfjrdjrsgSarksX-v{kdksewy¯cnqijckbZvksjls
feyrhgSArcOQlsTQvfèkdgS]blfy,ykspxq.kkadTQOQ
,dlsvfèkdgksxkA
fp=k2-36easiw£roØtcfoLrkfjrgksrhgS]X-v{kdksewyosQ¯cnqosQnkb±vksjlsfeyrh
gSrcOQlsTQNksVkgksrkgSAblfy,fp=k2-36esaiw£rdhykspTQOQ
,dlsdegSA
fp=k2-37esatciw£roØfoLrkfjrdjrsgSarksX-v{kdksewyosQ¯cnqijfeyrkgSrcTQ,OQosQcjkcjgksrkAblfy,fp=k3-37esaykspkdhiw£r1osQcjkcjgksxhA
fp=k2-35esaiw£rdhykspiw£roØosQgj¯cnqqij,dlsvfèkdgkstk,xk]ysfdu;g¯cnq
86 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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fp=k 2-62 es < 1 fp=k 2-63 es = 1
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blfy,]iw£roØij¯cnqAijiw£rdhykspTQ
OQgSA
fp=k 2-64 iw£roØijfofHkUu¯cnqvksadhyksp
blhrjg]gelIykbZoØij¯cnqBijiw£rdhykspikldrsgSAblosQfy,]Li'kZjs[kkt2t2
¯cnqBij[khapkx;kgSvkSjblsX-v{kdks¯cnqt2ijfeyusosQfy,c<+kfn;kx;kgSAblizdkj]
iw£roØSSij¯cnqBijewY;yksp 2 2
2
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2
T QOQ
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1
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mRiknudhlhekarykxresaifjorZu,doLrqdhiw£rdhykspekeysftlosQlkFkmRiknuesac<+tkrhgSmRiknudhykxresao`f¼osQckjsesaykusosQfcukizkIrfd;ktkldrkijfuHkZjdjrkgSA;fnmRIkknuesao`f¼osQlkFk]mRiknudhlhekarykxrc<+tkrhgS]rksmllhekrdiw£rdhykspdegksxhAvYikfofèkesa]mRiknuosQoqQNigyqvksaosQlkFk],dvLFkkbZdkjddhek=kkesao`f¼varr%?kVrhlhekarokilhdkdkj.kcurhgSvkSjifj.kkeLo:imRiknuesao`f¼osQmRiknuosQlhekUrewY;osQfoLrkjosQifj.kkeLo:ic<+tkrkgSAbllsdevofèkesadeykspnkjoLrqdhiw£rdkdkj.kcurkgSAgkyk¡fd]yacsle;esa]oaQifu;k¡lHkhdkjdksadkscnydjmRiknuc<+kldrhgSavkSjubZoaQifu;k¡m|ksxesaizos'kdjldrhgSavkSjblizdkj^,doLrqdhiw£resa'kkfeydjldrhgSaAblfy,]deksfMVhdhyachvofèkdhiw£rdhvoLFkkvYikfofèkdhrqyukesavfèkdykspnkjgSA
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88 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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le;dhyackbZ,dmRikndhiw£rdhykspHkhle;ftlosQnkSjkumRikndksa,dmRikndhdheresafn,x,ifjorZudktokcdjusosQfy,gSdhyackbZijfuHkZjdjrkgSAlkekU;r;k]le;osQmRiknddheresaifjorZuosQtokcesamRiknuosQLrjdkscnyusosQfy,lek;kstudjusyxrsgSa]mRiknudhftruhvfèkdizfrfØ;kgksrhgS]mruhgh]iw£rdhykspvfèkdgksrhgSAiw£rosQykspijle;dhyackbZosQizHkkoosQn`f"Vdks.klsgerhule;vofèkosQchpvarjdjrsgSaµ(1)cktkjdhvofèk;kcgqrghdele;](2)'kkWVZjuvkSj(3)yachvofèkA
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Nk=k xfrfofèk
1- vkiiw£rlsD;kle>rsgSa\iw£resacnykoosQdkj.kD;kgSa\
2- iw£rdhvoèkkj.kkdksLi"VdjsaAiw£rvkSjLVkWdosQchpHksnA
2-32- lkjka'k (Summary)
• LVkWd ,d deksfMVh dh oqQ=k ek=kk gS ftls ,d laf{kIr lwpuk ij fcØh osQ fy, Vh cktkj esa yk;k tk ldrk gSvkSjiw£rdkvFkZgSfdokLroesacktkjesayk;ktkusokykek=kkA
• dher ftl ij foozsQrkvksa }kj deksfMVh dh ek=kk nh tkrh gS] mls lIykbZ ewY; dgk tkrk gSA
• tcoLrqdhdheresa,dNksVk&lkfxjkoViw£resa,dcM+slaoqQpudhvksjtkrkgS]rksiw£rvis{kkÑrykspnkjgSysfdutc,dcM+hfxjkoVesadheresaiw£resacgqrdelaoqQpudhvksjtkrkgS]rksiw£rdksvis{kkÑrvfLFkjrkughadgktkrkgSA
• ek¡xdhykspdhèkkj.kkdkmRikndkssaosQfy,vktdycgqrvfèkdegÙogSAviuhvk;c<+kusosQfy,mUgsaviusmRiknudhdhermlle;dedjuhpkfg,tcmuosQmRiknudhek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkdgksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdfdlhoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd,tkusokysoqQyO;;esarHkho`f¼gksrhgStcmldhek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkdgksrhgSAek¡xdhyksposQbdkbZlsdegksusdhfLFkfresamRikndksadksoLrqdhdheresao`f¼djuhpkfg,A
2-33- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- iw£rlsD;kerycgS\iw£rdk;ZØevkSjoØdhlgk;rklsiw£rosQfu;edksle>k,¡A
2- iw£rdhvofèkykspdksifjHkkf"krdjsaA,dmnkgj.kosQlkFkbldhekile>kvksA
3- D;kdkjdiw£rdkfuèkkZj.kdjrsgSa\mnkgj.kksaosQlkFkle>k,¡A
4- iw£rdhykspdko.kZudjsaAblosQeq[;izdkjksaijppkZdjsaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 89
ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)
5- iw£rdhykspdhvoèkkj.kkdksle>kvksvkSjiw£rosQykspdksizHkkfordjusokysdkjddko.kZudjsaA
6- lIykbZosQle;dhiw£roØdhlgk;rklsiw£rosQfu;edhO;k[;kdjsaA
7- iw£rdhykspoSQlsekiktkrkgS\iw£ryksposQfofHkUufuèkkZjdD;kgSa\
8- iw£rosQfu;ejkT;vkSjiw£roØosQvkdkjdko.kZuA
9- fLFkfrdhO;k[;kdjrsle;iw£rdhyksp,dlsdevkSjdelsdegSA
10- la{ksiesafuEufyf[krdktokcnsaµ
(a)iw£rvkSjLVkWddhvoèkkj.kkvksadksifjHkkf"krdjsaA
(b)iw£rdhykspLi"VdjsaA
(c)iw£rosQfu;ejkT;A
(d)iw£rosQyksposQfuèkkZjdksadkscrk,¡A
(e)iw£roØosQvkdkjD;kgS\
(f )iw£rosQlaoqQpuvkSjfoLrkjdhO;k[;kdjsaA
11- ek¡xdhèkkj.kklsD;krkRi;ZgS\Li"Vdhft,A
12- ek¡xdhdheryksplsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\
13- ¯cnqykspfofèkD;kgS\mnkgj.klfgrcrkb,A
14- ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdhizÑfrrFkkJsf.k;ksadkmYys[kdhft,A
mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers : Self Assessment)
1-dherksa 2-dher 3-izR;{k 4-(v) 5-(c) 6-(v) 7-(v) 8-lgh 9-lgh 10-xyr 11-xyr 12-lghA
90 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
bZdkbZ&3(Unit–3)
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk(House Holds, Firms and Market Structure)
#ijs[kk3.1 mís';(Objectives)3.2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 3.3 rVLFkrkoØD;kgS\(What is an Indifference Curve?)3.4 rVLFkrkvuqlwph(Indifference Schedule)3.5 rVLFkkrkoØfp=kh;izLrqrhdj.k(Graphical Presentation of Indifference Curve) 3.6 rVLFkkekufp=k(Indifference Map)3.7 lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj(Marginal Rate of Substitution) 3-8 lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj?kVrhD;ksagS\(Why does the Marginal Rate of Substitution
Diminish?)3.9 ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;erFkk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;edhrqyuk (Comparison of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing
Marginal Rate of Substitution)3.10 rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdhekU;rk,¡(Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis)3.11 rVLFkrkoØksadhfo'ks"krk,¡ (Properties of Indifference Curves) 3.12 rVLFkrkoØksa osQvkdkjosQoqQNviokn (Some Exceptional Shapes of Indifference
Curves) 3.13 ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kk (Budget Line or Price Line)3.14 ctVjs[kkdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Properties of Budget Line)3.15 ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdkLFkkukarj.k(Shifting of the Budget Line or Price Line)3.16 miHkksDrklarqyu(Consumer’s Equilibrium) 3.17 miHkksDrklarqyudhnksvkèkkjHkwr'krs±(Two Basic Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium) 3.18 miHkksDrklarqyuijoLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZudkizHkko(Effect of Change in
Commodity Price on Consumer’s Equlibrium) 3.19 dherizHkko(Price Effect) 3.20 vk;izHkko(Income Effect) 3.21 izfrLFkkiuizHkko(Substitution) 3.22 izfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkodhigpku;kdherizHkkodkizfrLFkkiuizHkkovkSjvk;
izHkkoesafoHkktu(Identification of Substitution Effect and Income Effect of Splitting Price Effect into Substitution Effect and Income Effect)
3.23 fgDldkn`f"Vdks.k(The Hicksian Approach) 3.24 fxÝiQudkfojksèkkHkkl(Giffen’s Paradox) 3.25 fxÝiQuoLrqvksadhfLFkfresavk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkko(Income and Substitution Effects
in Case of Giffen Goods)
G:\Avnish\Laxmi\Vyasthigath arthashatra R.K. Sharma ji 01-07-2020\ Ist 04\09\2020
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 91
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk 3.26 vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkkoksa osQ laHko la;ksx (Possible Combinations of Income and
Substitution Effects) 3.27 ,dkfèkdkjD;kgS\(What is Monopoly?) 3.28 ,dkfèkdkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Features of Monopoly) 3.29 ,dkfèkdkjesalarqyu(Monopoly Equilibrium) vFkok,dkfèkdkjesadherrFkkmRiknu
dkfuèkkZj.k(Determination of Price and Output under Monopoly) 3.30 oqQyvk;rFkkoqQyykxroØn`f"Vdks.k (Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach) 3.31 lhekarvk;rFkklhekarykxrn`f"Vdks.k(Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach) 3.32 dherfoHksn;kHksnewyd,dkfèkdkj(Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly)3.33 dherfoHksnosQizdkj(Types of Price Discrimination) 3.34 dherfoHksnhdj.kdhJsf.k;k¡ (Degrees of Price Discrimination) 3.35 dherfoHksndhvko';d'krs±(Essential Conditions for Price Discrimination)3.36 dherfoHksndcykHknk;dgksrkgS\(When Price Discrimination is Profitable)3.37 Hksnewyd ,dkfèkdkj esa dher&mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination
under Discriminating Monopoly)3.38 D;k,dkfèkdkjhdherlnSoiw.kZizfr;ksxhdherlsvfèkdgksrhgS\ (Is Monopoly Price always Higher than the Perfectly Competitive Price?)3.39 viw.kZo,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk(Imperfect and Monopolistic Competition) 3.40 vYikfèkdkj(Oiligopoly)3.41 lkjka'k(Summary) 3.42 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)
3-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• miHkksx],olmi;ksfxrkdhvFkZtkuusgsrqA
• rVLFkrkoØtkuusgsrqA
• lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjle>usgsrqA
• dherizHkkodkvè;;udjusgsrqA
• vkeizHkkodkvè;;udjusgsrqA
• ek¡xfl¼kartkuusgsrqA
3-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
mi;ksfxrkfo'ys"k.kblekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfdoLrqdhmi;ksfxrkdkx.kukokpd eki (Cardinal Measurement)laHkogSvFkkZr~mi;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kvksatSls1]2]3]4vkfnosQ:iesaizdVfd;ktkldrkgSAijarq;g,dO;kogkfjdO;k[;kughaagSA,slkdksbZHkhekinaMughaagSftllsgefdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxlsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VdksO;DrdjlosaQAijarqmiHkksDrkfofHkUuoLrqvksavFkok,dghoLrqdhfofHkUubdkb;ksalsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VdhrqyukdjldrkgSA;gmi;ksfxrkdkØeokpdekidgykrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnvki,ddipk;vkSj,ddidkWiQhdkmiHkksxdjrsgSarksvkibrukdgldrsgSafdnksuksaesalsfdlis;lsvkidkssvfèkdmi;kssfxrkizkIrgqbZgSAijarqvkimlmi;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kvksa]tSls50bdkb;ksavFkok40bdkb;ksa]esaO;DrughaadjldrsAØeokpd'kCndkvFkZgS^izFke*]^f}rh;*]^r`rh;*]vkfnØensukrVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kmi;ksfxrkosQØeokpdekiijvkèkkfjrgSA
viw.kZ o ,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk (Imperfect and Monopolistic Competition)vYikfèkdkj(Oiligopoly)
92 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdkizfriknulclsigysvaxzstvFkZ'kkL=kh,stoFkZ (Edgeworth)uslu~1881esaviuhiqLrd‘Mathematical Psychics’esafd;kFkkAblèkkj.kkdkfodklbVyhosQvFkZ'kkL=khisfjVks (Pareto)uslu~1906esa]fczfV'kvFkZ'kkL=khMCyw- bZ- tkWulu (W. E. Johnson)uslu~1913esavkSj:lhvFkZ'kkL=khLyVLdh (Slutsky)uslu~1915esafd;kFkkAblfo'ys"k.kdksek¡xfl¼kardkegÙoiw.kZmidj.kcukusdkJs;lu~1934osQcknfgDl rFkk ,syu (Hicks and Allen)dkstkrkgSAbUgksausvius,dys[k^ewY; fl¼kar ij iqufoZpkj* (A Reconsideration of the Theory of Value)esablsoSKkfud:iesaizLrqrfd;kgSAfgDl usviuhiqLrd^ewY; rFkk iw¡th* (Value and Capital)esabldhfoLr`rfoospukdhgSA
3-3- rVLFkrk oØ D;k gS\ (What is an Indifference Curve?)
rVLFkrkoØogoØgStksnksoLrqvksaosQmufofHkUula;ksxksadksizdVdjrkgSftulsmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfd,drVLFkrkoØijftrus¯cnqgksrsgSaosnksoLrqvksaosQmula;ksxksadksizdVdjrsgSaftulsmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSApw¡fdizR;sd¯cnq}kjkizdVfd,x,la;ksxlslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgS]blfy,miHkksDrkmuosQpqukoosQlacaèkesarVLFk (Indifferent) gkstkrkgSvFkkZr~,drVLFkrkoØijfn,x,lHkhla;ksxksadkslekuegÙonsrkgSA
,p- ,y- osfj;u osQvuqlkj]^^,d rVLFkrk oØ nks oLrqvksa osQ lHkh la;ksxksa dks izdV djrh gS ftuls O;fDr dks larqf"V dk leku Lrj izkIr gksrk gSA blfy, oØ ij ¯cnqvksa }kjk O;Dr lHkh la;ksxksa osQ lacaèk esa ,d O;fDr rVLFk gksrk gSA** (An indifference curve represents all combinations of two commodities that provide the same level of satisfaction to a person. That person is therefore indifferent among the combinations represented by the points on the curve.)
—H. L. Varian
rVLFkrk dk vFkZ gS varj dk vHkko
oLrq X rFkk oLrq Y osQ nks fofHkUu la;ksx X1Y1 rFkk X2Y2 gSa ftuls miHkksDrk dks leku larqf"V izkIr gks
jgh gSA miHkksDrk bu nksuksa la;ksxksa osQ fo"k; esa rVLFk gksxk vFkkZr~ larqf"V osQ Lrj osQ lanHkZ esa mlosQ fy,
la;ksx X1Y1 rFkk X2Y2 osQ chp esa dksbZ varj ughaa gksxkA
rVLFkrk oØ og oØ gS tks nks oLrqvksa X rFkk Y osQ mu fofHkUu la;ksxksa dks izdV djrh gS ftuls mls leku larqf"V izkIr gksrh gSA
dkSrlqo;kuhosQvuqlkj]^^,d rVLFkrk oØ ¯cnqvksa dk og iFk gS] tks oLrqvksa osQ mu fo'ks"k la;ksxksa dks izdV djrk gS tks miHkksDRkk dks leku larqf"V iznku djrs gSa] vr,o buosQ izfr miHkksDRkk rVLFk gksrk gSA** (An indifference curve is the locus of points ..... particular combination of goods .......... which yield the same utility to the consumer, so that he is indifferent as to the particular combinations he consumes.’’) —Koutsoyiannis
3-4- rVLFkrk vuqlwph (Indifference Schedule)
,drVLFkrkrkfydklsvfHkizk;mlrkfydklsgStksnksoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksadksn'kkZrhgSftllsmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSAblfy,miHkksDrkbuesalsizR;sdla;ksxdkslekuegÙonsrkgSvFkkZr~buosQizÑfrogrVLFkgksrkgSAes;lZ osQ'kCnksaesa]^^rVLFkrk rkfydk oLrqvksa osQ ,sls fofHkUu la;ksxkas dh rkfydk gksrh gS tks fdlh O;fDr dks leku :i ls larqf"V iznku djsaxsA** (An indifference schedule may be defined as a schedule of various combinations of goods that will be equally satisfactory to the individual concerned.) – Meyers
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 93
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
fuEufyf[krrkfydklscksarFkklarjksaosQmufofHkUula;ksxksadksn'kkZrhgSftuls,dmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSA
rkfydk 3-1- rVLFkrk vuqlwph (Indifference Schedule)
lsscksa rFkk larjksa osQ la;ksx lsc larjs
A 1 10
B 2 7
C 3 5
D 4 4
mijksDrrkfydk;gn'kkZrhgSfdlscksarFkklarjksaosQpkjksala;ksxksaA, B, C, DlsmiHkksDrklekularqf"VizkIrdjsxkAla;ksx‘A’esa1lsc+10larjsgSa_la;ksx‘B’esa2lsc+7larjsgSa_la;ksx‘C’esa3lsc+5larjsgSavkSjla;ksx‘D’esa4lsc+4larjsgSaAmiHkksDrkvfèkdlscysusosQfy,larjksadhoqQNek=kkdkR;kxblizdkjlsdjjgkgSfdizR;sdla;ksxlsfeyusokyhlarqf"VosQLrjesadksbZifjorZuugksA
3-5- rVLFkkrk oØ fp=kh; izLrqrhdj.k (Graphical Presentation of Indifference Curve)
rVLFkrkoØrVLFkrkrkfydkdkizLrqrhdj.kdjrkgSArkfydk1ijvkèkkfjrrVLFkrkoØdksfp=k3-1}kjkizdVfd;kx;kgSAblfp=kesaOX-v{kijlscksadhla[;krFkkOY-v{kijlarjksadhla[;kizdVdhxbZgSAICoØrVLFkrkoØgSAblosQfofHkUu¯cnqA, B, CrFkkDlscksarFkklarjksaosQ,slsla;ksxksadksizdVdjjgsgSaftulsfdmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksjghgSAblfy,bloØdksleku mi;ksfxrk oØ (Iso-Utility Curve)HkhdgktkrkgSA
Y
10987654321
O 1 2 3 4 5X
IC
A(1, 10)
B(2, 7)
C(3, 5)D(4, 4)
IC
IndifferenceCurve
Ora
nges
Apples
fp=k 3-1
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, (Fill in the blanks)µ
1- rVLFkrkdkvFkZgSfd,dghoØij,d¯cnqlsnwljsdhvksj----------------------gksukA
2- vukfèkekudkvFkZgSfdfupyh----------------------oozQosQm¡QphrVLFkrkoØijf[kldukA
3- m¡QphrVLFkrkoozQ----------------------osQm¡QpsLrjdksizdVdjrhgSA
94 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-6- rVLFkk ekufp=k (Indifference Map)
,drVLFkrkoØnksoLrqvksaosQmufofHkUula;ksxksadksizdVdjrkgSftulsmiHkksDrkdks,dfuf'prLrjdhlarqf"VizkIrgksrhgSA;fnfofHkUuoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksalsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VdksmQ¡ps;kuhpsLrjijfn[kkukgSrksgesavyx&vyxrVLFkrkoØksadkiz;ksxdjukiM+sxkA;fnburVLFkrkoØksa;kbuosQlewgdks,dfp=kosQ:iesaizdVfd;ktk,rksmlsrVLFkrkekufp=kdgktkrkgSAvr% rVLFkrk ekufp=k og xzkiQ gS tks rVLFk oØksaosQ ,d lewg dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ftlesa izR;sd oØ larqf"V osQ ,d fuf'pr Lrj dks crykrk gSA (Indifference map is that graph which represents a group of indifference curves each of which expresses a given level of satisfaction)]fp=k3-2esarVLFkrkekufp=kdksizdVfd;kx;kgSfp=kesaOX-v{kij
,d rVLFkrk oØ nwljh rVLFkrk oØ osQ nk;ha vksj rFkk mQij gS] larqf"V osQ mQ¡ps Lrj dks izdV djrh
gSA rVLFkrk dk vFkZ gS ,d gh oØ ij ,d ¯cnq ls nwljs ¯cnq dh vksj xfr'khy gksuk ijarq vukfèkeku
(Preference) dk vFkZ gS ,d fupyh rVLFkrk oØ osQ mQ¡ph rVLFkrk oØ ij f[kldukA bldk dkj.k ;g gS
fd mQ¡ph rVLFkrk oØ vk; osQ mQ¡ps Lrj dks izdV djrh gSA
lscksadhla[;krFkkOY-v{kijlarjksadhla[;kizdVdhxbZgSAI1, I2, I3,rFkkI4fofHkUurVLFkrkoØgSaAizR;sdrVLFkrkoØlarqf"VosQfofHkUuLrjksadksizdVdjjgkgSAtSls&tSlsrVLFkrkoØnkb±vksjf[kldrstkrsgSaoSls&oSlslarqf"VdkLrjc<+rktkrkgSAblfp=kesaI4ijizdVla;ksxlclsvfèkdlarqf"VdksizdVdjjgsgSaAI3 oØosQla;ksxI4oØosQla;ksxksadhrqyukesalarqf"VosQdeLrjdksizdVdjjgsgSaAI1oØosQla;ksxlclsdelarqf"VdksizdVdjjgsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]fp=k3-2esaI2osQ¯cnq‘D’ijmiHkksDrk4lscksa+4larjksadkmiHkksxdjrkgSA;fnogmiHkksDrk4lscksa+5larjksadkmiHkksxdjsrksLokHkkfod:ilsmldklarqf"VdkLrjigyslsvfèkdgksxkvkSjblizdkjogI3osQ¯cnq‘F’ijf[kldtk,xkAblhizdkj;fnogmiHkksDrk6lscksa+4larjksadkmiHkksxdjsrksmldhlarqf"V cnq‘D’lsvfèkdgksxh]vkSjblizdkjogI3osQG cnqijf[kldtk,xkAblfy,gedgldrsgSafd¯cnq‘F’rFkk‘G’tksfdrVLFkrkoØI3ijgS¯cnq‘D’dhvis{kkÑrtksfdI2ijgSvfèkdlarqf"VosQLrjdksn'kkZrsgSaA;fnmiHkksDrk8lscksa+4larjksadkmiHkksxdjrkgSmldhlarqf"V¯cnq‘G’lsvfèkdgksxhvkSjogI4osQ¯cnq’E’ijf[kldtk,xkAvr%larqf"VosQn`f"Vdks.klsI4 >I 3 > I2 > I4AvU;'kCnksaesa]dksbZHkhrVLFkrkoØtksnwljhlsnkb±vksjgksxkmlsmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØdgktk,xkvkSjogvfèkdlarqf"ViznkudjsxkAmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØijfLFkrfdlhHkhla;ksxdksuhphrVLFkrkoØijfLFkrla;ksxlsvfèkdilanfd;ktk,xkA
Y
l4
l1l2
l3l4
l1l2
l3
F
DG E
XO
10987654321
Ora
nges
Apples
IndifferenceMap
1 8765432
fp=k 3-2
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 95
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk3-7- lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj (Marginal Rate of Substitution)
rVLFkrkoØosQvè;;ulsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrktc,doLrq-Xdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjrkgSrksmldhlarqf"Vesao`f¼gksrhgSA;fnmiHkksDrkviuslarqf"VosQLrjdkslekuj[kukpkgrkgSvFkkZr~ogmlhrVLFkrkoØijjgukpkgrkgSrksmiHkksDrkdksY-oLrqdhoqQNbdkb;ksadkR;kxdjukiM+sxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lscdhvfrfjDrek=kklsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VosQcnysesamlslarjsdhmruhek=kkdkR;kxdjukiMs+xkftldhlarqf"VlsclsizkIrvfrfjDrlarqf"VosQcjkcjgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]
lscksa ls izkIr larqf"V (Satisfaction gained of Apples)=larjksa osQ R;kx ls izkIr larqf"V (Satisfaction lost from Oranges)
;fnmiHkksDrklscdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,larjsdhrhubdkb;ksadkR;kxdjrkgSvFkkZr~og,dlscosQfy,3larjksadkizfrLFkkiudjrkgSrks;gdgktk,xkfd,dlsclsizkIrlarqf"V3larjksalsizkIrlarqf"VosQcjkcjgSAvr%lscosQfy,larjksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj1%3gSAblizdkj;gdgktkldrkgSfdlscksadhlarjksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunjlarjksadhogla[;kgSftldklscksadh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,blizdkjR;kxdjukiM+rkgSfdmiHkksDrkdksizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VlekujgrhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj (MRS)og nj gS ftl ij miHkksDrk] larqf"V osQ vius Lrj esa ifjorZu fd, fcuk] ,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu dj ldrk gSA ;g rVLFkrk oØksa osQ <yku dks izdV djrh gSA (Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the rate at which the consumer can substitute one good for another without changing the level of satisfaction. It indicates the slope of indifference curves.)
fcykl osQvuqlkj] ^^oLrq&X dh oLrq&Y osQ fy, lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj (MRSxy) oLrq&Ydh ek=kk gS tks miHkksDrk oLrq&X dh ,d vfèkd bdkbZ izkIr djus osQ fy,] R;kx djus dks rS;kj gksrk gS ftlls mldk larqf"V Lrj igys ftruk cuk jgsA** (The marginal rate of substitution of X for Y (MRSxy) is defined as the amount of Y, the consumer is just willing to give up to get one more unit of X and maintain the same level of satisfaction. —Bilas
MRSxy = ( )Gain of XLoss of Y
XY– D
D=
(;gk¡ MRSxy) Y osQ fy, X dh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj_ ∆Y = oLrq&Y esa ifjorZr]∆X = oLrq&XesaifjorZu)
vU;'kCnksaesa];fnmiHkksDrklarqf"VosQlekuLrjdkscuk,j[kukpkgrkgSrkslhekarizfrLFkkiunjoLrq&YrFkkoLrq-Xdhek=kkdkogvuqikrgSftlsoLrq-X dh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,vo';R;kxukiM+sxkA;gvuqikrlkekU;r%½.kkRedgksrkgSD;ksafdoLrq-Xdho`f¼osQlkFktqM+koLrq-Y esaifjorZu½.kkRedgksrkgSA
(i) lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh fLFkj nj (Constant Marginal Rate of Substitution)
lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrcfLFkjgksrhgStcoLrq-Xdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,]oLrq-YdhosQoy,dbdkbZdkR;kxdjukiM+rkgSrkfdlarqf"VdklekuLrjcukjgsAvU;'kCnksaeasa]izfrLFkkiudhnjlekujgrhgSAiw.kZ izfrLFkkiu oLrqvksa dh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj leku gksrh gSA
lhekar izfrLFkku dh nj rVLFkk oØ osQ <yku dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA fLFkj lhekar izfrLFkkiu dk vFkZ gS <yku dk fLFkj gksuk ;k lhekar nj rVLFkrk oØ dk ,d ljy js[kk gksukA ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj dk vFkZ gS ?kVrk gqvk <yku ;k rVLFkrk oØ dk mUurksnj (Conves) gksuk vFkkZr~ ewy fcanq dh vksj mUurksnj gksukA
96 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kfLFkj lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj osQoy ,d lS¼kafrd laHkkouk gS
tc oLrq-X dk oLrq-Y osQ fy, c<+rh gqbZ nj ij izfrLFkkiu fd;k tkrk gS rks miHkksDrk osQ ikl
oLrq Y dh ek=kk de gksrh tkrh gS rFkk oLrq X dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gSA tc miHkksDrk osQ ikl
oLrq X dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gS rks mldh izR;sd vfrfjDr bdkbZ ls igyh bdkbZ dh rqyuk esa
de larqf"V izkIr gksrh gSA blosQ foijhr oLrq Y dh bdkb;ksa esa deh gksrs tkus osQ iQyLo:i
mldh izR;sd vfrfjDr bdkbZ osQ R;kx osQ iQyLo:i igyh bdkbZ dh rqyuk esa larqf"V dh
vfèkd gkfu gksrh gSA tc oLrq Y dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ dk R;kx djus osQ iQyLo:i larqf"V
esa gksus okyh gkfu oLrq X dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ izkIr djus osQ iQyLo:i larqf"V esa gksus
okyh o`f¼ ls vfèkd gksrh gS rks oLrq X rFkk oLrq Y esa fLFkj nj fofue; oSQls gks ldrk gSA
fuEufyf[krrkfydk2rFkkfp=k3-3}kjkO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA
rkfydk 3-2- lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh fLFkj nj(Constant Marginal Rate of Substitution)
la;ksx lsc larjs lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj
A 1 10
B 2 9 1%1
C 3 8 1%1
D 4 7 1%1
rkfydk2lsizdVgksrkgS fdlscksadhizR;sdvfrfjDrbdkbZizkIrdjusosQ fy,miHkksDrkdks,dlarjsdkR;kxdjukiM+sxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjlekuvFkkZr~1%1ghjgsxhA
fp=k3-3esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdmiHkksDrktc¯cnqAls¯cnqBijf[kldrkgS],dvfrfjDrlscizkIrdjusosQfy,og,dlarjsdkR;kxdjrkgSAblfLFkfresalarjksaosQfy,miHkksDrkdhlsckasdhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj1%1gSAblhizdkjtcogBlsC;kClsDijf[kldrkgSvFkkZr~,d¯cnqlsnwljs¯cnqijljdrkgSrkslhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjlekuvFkkZr~1%1jgsxhA,slhfLFkfresarVLFkrkoØck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhfxjrhgqbZlhèkh js[kk (Straight Line)gksxhtSlkfdfp=k3-3esafn[kk;kx;kgSA
Y
Ora
nges
10
9
8
7
O
A
B
C
D
IC
1 432X
Apples
[1:1]
CONSTANTMRSXY
fp=k 3-3
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 97
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
(ii) lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh c<+rh nj(Increasing Marginal Rate of Substitution)
lhekarizfrLFkkiudhc<+rhnjlsvfHkizk;gSfdmiHkksDrkosQikltcfdlhoLrqdkLVkWdc<+tkrkgSrkslarqf"VosQlekuLrjdksdk;ej[kusosQfy,ogmloLrqdknwljhoLrqosQfy,c<+rhgqbZnjijizfrLFkkiudjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,oLrq -Xdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,oLrq-Ydh2bdkb;ksadkR;kxfd;ktkrkgSvkSjoLrq-Xdh,dvkSjbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,oLrq-Ydh3bdkb;ksadkR;kxfd;ktkrkgSA,slhfLFkfresarVLFkrkoØdk<ykuewy¯cnqdhvksjurksnj (Concave)gksrkgStSlkfdfp=k3-4esafn[kyk;kx;kgSA
lhekarizfrLFkkiudhc<+rhnjdhO;k[;kfuEufyf[krrkfydk3rFkkfp=k3-4}kjkdhtkldrhgSµ
rkfydk 3-3- lhekar izfrLFkku dh c<+rh nj(Increasing Marginal Rate of Substitution)
la;ksx lsc larjs lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj
A 1 10
B 2 9 1%1
C 3 7 2%1
D 4 4 3%1
rkfydk3lsizdVgksrkgSfdlscdhnwljhbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,miHkksDrkdks1larjsdkR;kxdjukiM+rkgS]lscdhrhljhbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,2larjksadkR;kxdjukiM+rkgSvkSjlscdhpkSFkhbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,3larjksadkR;kxdjukiM+rkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]lsckasosQfy,larjksadhizfrLFkkiudhnjc<+jghgSA
fp=k 3-4esa ;g izdV fd;k x;k gS fdmiHkksDrktc 2lsc [kjhnrk gS] rks og 9larjs[kjhnsxkAvU;'kCnksaesaa],dvfrfjDrlscizkIrdjusosQ fy,og,dlarjsdkR;kxdjsxkAtcog3lsc[kjhnrkgSrcog7larjs[kjhnsxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]og,dvfrfjDrlsc[kjhnusosQfy,2larjksadkR;kxdjsxkAblhizdkjtc4lsc[kjhnrkgS] rc og larjs Hkh 4 gh [kjhnsxk vFkkZr~ ,dvfèkd lsc izkIrdjus osQ fy, og3larjksadkR;kxdjsxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjc<+jghgSA,slh fLFkfr esa rVLFkrk oØ ewy ¯cnq dh vksj urksnj(Concave to the Point of Origin)gksrh gSA
Y
A
B
C
DIC
X4321
10987654
O
Apples
Ora
nges
fp=k 3-4
98 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (iii) lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh ?kVrh nj (Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)
lhekarizfrLFkkiudh?kVrhnjlsvfHkizk;gSfdmiHkksDrkosQikltcfdlhoLrqdkLVkWdc<+rkgSrksviuslarqf"VosQLrjdkslekucuk,j[kusosQfy,ogbloLrqdknwljhoLrqosQfy,izfrLFkkiu?kVrhgqbZnjijdjsxkA,slhfLFkfresarVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnj (Convex to the Origin)gksrhgSArVLFkrkoØdh;g,dvkèkkjHkwrekU;rkgS]blsfp=k3-5esan'kkZ;kx;kgSA;g,dlkekU;fo'ks"krkHkhgSvkSjbldhO;k[;k,dfu;eosQ:iesauhpsdhxbZgSA
blfu;edksrkfydk4vkSjfp=k3-5}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSµ
rkfydk 3-4- ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkku nj(Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)
la;ksx lsc larjs lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj
A 1 10 µ
B 2 7 3%1
C 3 5 2%1
D 4 4 1%1
rkfydk4lsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrknwljslscosQfy,3larjs]rhljslscosQfy,2larjsrFkkpkSFkslscosQfy,1larjsdkizfrLFkkiudjsxkvFkkZr~tSls&tSlslsckssadhvfèkdla[;kysrktk,xk]larjksadhlscksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunjdegksrhtk,xhA
fp=k3-5lsKkrgksrkgSfdtcmiHkksDrk¯cnq‘A’ls¯cnq‘B’dhvksjtkrkgSrksoglscdh,dvfrfjDrbdkbZosQfy,3larjksadkR;kxdjrkgSAblfLFkfresamiHkksDrkdhlscosQfy,larjksadhizfrLFkkiunj(MRS)3%1gksxhAblizdkjtcogBlsCdhvksjtkrkgSrkslscdh,dvfrfjDrbdkbZosQcnysesa2larjksadkR;kxdjusosQfy,rS;kjgS]vFkkZr~mldhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj2%1gSAblmnkgj.klsLi"VgSfdmiHkksDrktSls&tSlslscksaosQmi;ksxdksc<+krktkrkgSrksmldhizR;sdvfrfjDrbdkbZosQfy,ogØe'k%delarjksadkR;kxdjrkgSvFkkZr~izfrLFkkiunj3%1]2%1]1%1gkstkrhgSApw¡fd ;g vo';aHkkoh gksrk gS] blfy, bls ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj dk fu;e dgk tkrk gSA
Y
A
B
CD
IC
X1 2 3 4
10987654321O
Apples
Ora
nges
DiminishingMRSxy [3:1, 2:1, 1:1]
fp=k 3-5
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 99
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk3-8- lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj ?kVrh D;ksa gS\
(Why does the Marginal Rate of Substitution Diminish?)
?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiunjdkfu;e]okLroesa]?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;edkgh,dfoLr`r:igSA?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;eosQvuqlkj,dmiHkksDrktcfdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxdhek=kkdksc<+krktkrkgSrksmloLrqlsizkIrgksusokyhlhekarmi;ksfxrk?kVrhtkrhgSvkSjblosQfoijhrtcogfdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxdhek=kkdks?kVkrkgS]rksmloLrqlsfeyusokyhlhekarmi;ksfxrkc<+rhtkrhgSAfp=k3-5lsKkrgksrkgSmiHkksDrk¯cnq‘A’ij1lscvkSj10larjksadkmiHkksxdjrkgSA¯cnq‘B’ijmiHkksDrk7larjsvkSj2lsckasdkmiHkksxdjrkgSvFkkZr~mlus1lscosQfy,3larjkasdkR;kxfd;kA?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;eosQvuqlkjlscksadhc<+rhgqbZla[;kdhlhekarmi;ksfxrk?kVjghgSvkSjlarjksadh?kVrhgqbZla[;kdhlhekarmi;ksfxrkc<+jghgSAblosQiQyLo:imiHkksDrklscdhizR;sdvxyhbdkbZosQcnysesalarjksadhØe'k%deek=kkdkR;kxdjusosQfy,rS;kjgksxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lscksadhlarjksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj(MRS)?kVjghgSAblfu;eosQykxwgksusosQosghdkj.kgSatks?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;eosQgSavFkkZr~(i)fo'ks"kvko';drkdhlarqf"V](ii)oLrq,¡iw.kZLFkkukiUugksrhgSarFkk(iii)oLrqvksaosQoSdfYidmi;ksxgksrsgSaA;gfu;e(i) iw.kZ LFkkukiUu (Perfect Substitutes)rFkk(ii)iw.kZ iwjd oLrqvksa (Perfect Complementary Goods)osQ lacaèk esa ykxw ughaa gksrk gSA
3-9- ?kVrh lhekar mi;ksfxrk dk fu;e rFkk ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj dk fu;e dh rqyuk (Comparison of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)
?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;erFkk?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;emiHkksDrkosQO;ogkjdh,degÙoiw.kZizo`fÙkdksizdVdjrsgSaAbufu;eksaosQvuqlkj,dmiHkksDrkosQikltSls&tSlsfdlhoLrqdkLVkWd;kek=kkc<+rhtkrhgS]mldhvfrfjDrbdkb;ksadkegÙodegksrktkrkgSAvr%?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;e?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQ fu;eosQghvuq:igSAijarqfgDlosQvuqlkj]?kVrhlhekarizzfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;emiHkksDrkosQO;ogkjdhblizo`fÙkdh?kVrhlhekarmi;kssfxrkosQfu;edhrqyukesadeekU;rkvksaosQvkèkkjijO;k[;kdjrkgSAblfy, ;g fu;e fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls ?kVrh lhekar mi;ksfxrk osQ fu;e dh rqyuk esa vfèkd okLrfod gSA
1- mi;ksfxrk osQ x.kukokpd eki dh vko';drk ughaa gS (No Need of Measuring Utility in Cardinal Numbers)µ?kVrh lhekar mi;ksfxrk dk fu;e mi;ksfxrk osQx.kukokpdekidhvokLrfodekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSA blosQ foijhr ?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eesami;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kesaekiusdhvko';drkghughaagSAblfy,;gfu;evfèkdokLrfodgSA
2- Lora=k oLrqvksa dh ekU;rk ls eqDr (Free from the Assumption of Independent Commodities)µ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;eblvokLrfodekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfd,doLrqlsizkIrgksusokyhmi;ksfxrkosQoymloLrqdhmiyCèkek=kkijfuHkZjdjrhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]pk;lsizkIrgksusokyhmi;ksfxrkijlacafèkroLrqdkWiQhlsizkIrgksusokyhmi;ksfxrkdkdksbZizHkkoughaaiM+rkA?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eesa;gèkkj.kkekuusdhvko';drkghughaagSA;gfu;elacafèkroLrqvkasaosQ,d&nwljsdhmi;ksfxrkijiM+usokysizHkkodksè;kuesaj[krkgSA
100 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 3- eqnzk dh fLFkj lhekar mi;ksfxrkdh ekU;rk ls Lora=k (Free from the Assumption of Constant Marginal Utility of Money)µ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;edhrhljhvokLrfodekU;rkeqnzkdhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdksfLFkjekuukgSA?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eosQfy,blvokLrfodekU;rkdhdksbZvko';drkughaagSA
ijarqdkSrlqfo;kuh (Koutsoyiannis)dk;gekuukgSfdlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjlhekarmi;ksfxrkdhèkkj.kk(MRS)esafufgrgSD;ksafd;gfl¼fd;ktkldrkgSfdmi;ksfxrkiQyuesavarfuZfgrlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjoLrqvksadhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQvuqikrosQcjkcjgSA
MRSxy = MUMU
Y
X or MRSyx = MUMU
X
Y
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)
4- lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrVLFkrkoØosQ----------------------dksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSA
(v) vFkZ (c)<yku (l)larqf"V (n)mís';
5- fLFkjlhekarizfrLFkkiudkvFkZgS<ykudk----------------------gksukA
(v) vfLFkj (c) fLFkj (l)oØ (n)lhèkk
6- ?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudkvFkZgSrVLFkrkoØdk----------------------gksukµ
(v) mUurksnj(Convex)(c)oØ (l) fLFkj (n)vfLFkj
7- iw.kZizfrLFkkiuoLrqvksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj----------------------gksrhgSµ
(v) vleku (c)oØ (l) fLFkj (n)lekuA
3-10- rVLFkrk oØ fo'ys"k.k dh ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis)
rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kfuEufyf[krekU;rkvksaijvkèkkfjrgSµ
1- foosdiw.kZ miHkksDrk (Rational Consumer)µ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd miHkksDrkdkO;ogkjfoosdiw.kZgksxkAge;gekuysrsgSafdmiHkksxfu.kZ;ksalslacafèkrfLFkfr;ksaosQckjsesamiHkksDrkdksiw.kZlwpukizkIrgSAcktkjesamiyCèklHkhoLrqvksarFkklsokvksaosQckjsesa]mudhdherrFkkviuhekSfnzdvk;osQckjsesamiHkksDrkdkstkudkjhizkIrgSAbllwpukosQvkèkkjijmiHkksDrk;gfu.kZ;ysldrkgSfddkSu&lkla;ksxcsgrjgSvFkokdkSu&lkla;kssxlekularqf"ViznkudjrkgSAizR;sd miHkksDrk viuh lhfer vk; ls vfèkdre larqf"V izkIr djus dk iz;kl djsxkA
2- Øeokpd mi;ksfxrk (Ordinal Utility)µrVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kØeokpdmi;ksfxrkdhekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSAblsØeokpdmi;ksfxrkblfy,dgktkrkgSD;ksafdblsØeokpdla[;kvksaosQ:iesaO;Drfd;ktkrkgSAØeokpdla[;k,¡osla[;k,¡gSatksÜk`a[kykvksa esa Js.kh dks (Ranks in Series)O;DrdjrhgSatSlsizFke] f}rh; vkSjr`rh;A blosQvuqlkjmiHkksDrkoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksaosQfy,viuhizkFkfedrkvksa (Preferences)dksJsf.k;ksa (Ranks)dks O;DrdjldrsgSaAmUgsa fdlhoLrqdhmi;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kvksaesaO;Drdjusdhvko';drkughaagSA,dmiHkksDrkfofHkUuoLrqvksalsfeyusokyhmi;ksfxrkdhrqyukdjosQmi;ksfxrkdks^vfèkd*;k^de*osQ:iesaO;DrdjrkgSufdmldks2]4]6]8vkfnla[;kvksaosQ:iesaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 101
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
3- ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj (Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)µckseksy (Baumol)osQvuqlkj]^^rVLFkrk oØ fo'ys"k.k dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj ?kVrh tkrh gSA** bldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfd,dmiHkksDrkosQikltSls&tSlsfdlhoLrqdhek=kkc<+rhgSogmloLrqdkvU;oLrqlsizfrLFkkiu?kVrhnjijdjrkgSA
4- iw.kZ larqf"V ughaa (Non-Satiety)µmiHkksDrkiw.kZlarqf"V osQ Lrj (Level of Satiety)ijughaaigq¡prkAmiHkksDrk,doLrqdhvfèkdek=kkdksdeek=kkdhrqyukesavfèkdilandjrkgSAtSlsnksjlxqYyksaosQLFkkuijik¡pjlxqYysA;fnmiHkksDrkdksfdlhoLrqdhdeek=kkdhrqyukesavfèkdek=kkdksilandjukgS]rcmlosQiklmloLrqdhbruhek=kkgksuhpkfg,fdvkSjvfèkdysuslsmlsdksbZHkhlarqf"VizkIrugksA
5- pquko esa lkeatL; (Consistency in Selection)µmiHkksDrkosQ O;ogkjesalkeatL;ik;ktkrkgSAbldvFkZgqvkfdmiHkksDrk;fnfdlh,dle;esaoLrqvksaosQAla;ksxdksoLrqvksaosQBla;ksxlsvfèkdilandjrkgSrksogfdlhnwljsle;esaHkhoLrqvksaosQAla;ksxdhrqyukesaoLrqvksaosQBla;ksxdhvfèkdilanughaadjsxkA
;fn A > B, rc B A
(blsi<+ktk,xk;fnA, Blsvfèkd(>)gSrksB, A vfèkd( ) ughaagksldrkA
6- ldeZdrk (Transitivity)µbl fo'ys"k.k dh ;g Hkh ekU;rk gS fd rVLFkrk vkSjizkFkfedrkosQlacaèkesaldeZdrkikbZtkrhgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfd;fnmiHkksDrk‘A’la;ksxls‘B’la;ksxdksvfèkdilandjrkgSrFkk‘B’la;ksxdks‘C’la;ksxlsvfèkdilandjrkgSrksog‘A’la;ksxdks‘C’la;ksxdhrqyukesavo';ghvfèkdilandjsxkAblizdkj;fnmiHkksDrk‘A’rFkk‘B’osQchprVLFkgSrFkk‘B’vkSj‘C’osQchprVLFkgSrksog‘A’vkSj‘C’osQchpHkhrVLFkgksxkA
3-11- rVLFkrk oØksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Properties of Indifference Curves)
rVLFkrkoØdheq[;fo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ
1- rVLFkrk oØ dk <yku lkekU;r;k ck,¡ ls nk,¡ uhps dh vksj gksrk gS (An indifference Curve Generally Slopes Downwards from Left to the Right)µ,drVLFkrkoØdk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksjvFkkZr~½.kkRed(Negative)gksrkgSArVLFkrkoØdh;gfo'ks"krkblekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfdmiHkksDrk;fn,doLrqdhvfèkdek=kkdkmi;ksxdjrkgSrksognwljhoLrqdhdeek=kkdkmi;ksxdjsxk]rHkhoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksalsfeyusokyhlarqf"VlekugksxhA
Y
D A
MB
IC
OR S
X
Apples
Ora
nges
fp=k 3-6
102 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fp=k3-6esaICoØck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksj<ykuokysrVLFkrkoØdksizdVdjjgkgSAtSlkfdoØIC}kjkizdVgksjgkgSArcmiHkksDrkdksArFkkBla;ksxksalslekularqf"VizkIrgksldrhgSD;ksafdAla;ksxesaBla;ksxdhrqyukesalarjksadhla[;kvfèkdgSrksBla;ksxesalscksadhla[;kdegSAvr%rVLFkrk oØ dk <yku IC js[kk dh Hkk¡fr ½.kkRed gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ck,¡ ls nk,¡ uhps dh vksj >qdk gqvk] ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj gksrk gSA
2- ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj (Convex to the Point of Origin)µrVLFkrk oØlkekU;r;kewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnj(uhpsdhvksj>qdkgqvk)gksrkgSAoØmUurksnjgksuslsvfHkizk;ewy¯cnqdhvksjblosQvanjdks>qosQgksus(Bowing inward)lsgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]rVLFkrkoØdk<ykupiVk (Flatter)gksrktkrkgStSls&tSlsmloØijvkxsdhvksjljdrstkrsgSaArVLFkrkoØdk<ykulhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj dgykrkgSD;ksafd;gmlnjdksizdVdjrkgSftlijmiHkksDrklarqf"VosQlekuLrjdksdk;ej[kusosQfy,,doLrq(tSlslsc)dknwljhoLrq(tSlslarjk)osQfy,izfrLFkkiudjrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]rVLFkrkoØdh;gfo'ks"krk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eijvkèkkfjrgSA
rVLFkrkoØdhmUurksnjrk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQdkj.kgksrhgSA
fp=k3-7esarVLFkrkoØewy¯cnq‘O’dhvksjmUurksnj (Convex)gSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdlscksadhlarjksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj?kVrhtkjghgSAbldkvFkZgSfdmiHkksDrklsckasadhtSls&tSlsvfèkdek=kkysrktk,xk]oglarjksadhdeek=kkdkR;kxdjukpkgsxkAmiHkksDrkigysvfrfjDrlscosQfy,3larjksa(AB)dkR;kxdjsxk]nwljslscosQfy,2larjksa(CD)dkrFkkrhljslscosQfy,1larjs(EF)dkR;kxdjukpkgsxkAokLrfodthouesablhizdkjdhghfLFkfrgksrhgSAblhfy,rVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnjgksrhgSA
Y
10 A
7 C
IC
O1 2
X
Apples
Ora
nges
EG
3 4
54
BD
F
fp=k 3-7
3- nks rVLFkrk oØ ,d nwljs dks u rks Nwrs vkSj u gh dkVrs gSa (Indifference Curves Never Touch or Intersect Each Other)µizR;sdrVLFkrkoØlarqf"VosQfofHkUuLrjdksizdVdjrkgS]blfy,;s,dnwljsdksurksNwrsvkSjughdkVrsgSaAfp=k3-8esanksrVLFkrkoØIC1rFkkIC2,dnwljsdks¯cnq‘A’ijdkVrsgq,fn[kk,x,gSa]ijarqokLroesa,slklaHkoughaagSArVLFkrkoØIC1ij¯cnq‘A’rFkk¯cnq‘C’lekularqf"Vokysla;ksxkasdksizdVdjjgsgSavFkkZr~‘A’la;ksx ls izkIr larqf"V = ‘C’la;ksx ls izkIr larqf"VA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 103
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
X
Y
5
4
3
2
1
O1 2 3 4 5
A
B
C IC2
IC1
Apples
Ora
nges
fp=k 3-8
blhizdkjrVLFkrkoØIC2ij¯cnq‘A’rFkk¯cnq‘B’lekularqf"VdksizdVdjjgsgSavFkkZr~‘A’la;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"V=Bla;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"VAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfd‘B’la;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"V‘C’la;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"VosQcjkcjgS]ijarq ;g laHko ughaa gS D;ksafdla;ksx‘B’esala;ksx‘C’dhrqyukesalarjksadhek=kkvfèkdgScs'kdlscksadhek=kklekugSA
4- mQ¡pk rVLFkrk oØ larqf"V osQ mPp (vfèkd) Lrj dks izdV djrk gS (Higher Indifference Curve Indicates Higher Satisfaction)µrVLFkrkoØksadh;gfo'ks"krkgSfd,drVLFkrkekufp=kesamQ¡pkrVLFkrkoØviuslsuhpsrVLFkrkoØdhvis{kkvfèkdlarqf"VizdVdjrkgSAblfo'ks"krkdksfp=k3-9dhlgk;rklsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=kesaIC2 mQ¡pkrFkkIC1uhpkrVLFkrkoØgSAIC2rVLFkrkoØdkB ¯cnq]IC1rVLFkrkoØosQ¯cnqAdhvis{kklsckasdhvfèkdek=kkrFkklarjksadhlekuek=kkizdVdjjgkgSAvr,oIC2 rVLFkrkoØosQ¯cnqBlsIC1 rVLFkrkoØosQ¯cnqAdhvis{kkvfèkdlarqf"VizkIrgksxhAbllsLi"VgkstkrkgSfdrVLFkrkoØftrukmQ¡pkgksxkmruhghvfèkdlarqf"VizdVdjsxkA
5
4
3
2
1
O
Ora
nges
Y
A B
IC2IC1
X1 2 3 4 5
Apples
fp=k 3-9
5- rVLFkrk oØ lkekU;r;k u rks OX-v{k dks vkSj u gh OY-v{k dks Nwrk gS (Indifference Curve should Generally not Touch X-axis or Y-axis)µ;g ekufy;ktk;sfdmiHkksDrkoLrqvksaosQla;ksx[kjhnrkgSArksrVLFkrkoØurksOX-v{kvkSjughOY-v{kdksNwrkgSA;fnrVLFkrkoØfdlhHkhv{kdksNwrkgSrksbldkvFkZ;ggksxkfdmiHkksDrkosQoy,dghoLrqizkIrdjukpkgrkgSAmldhnwljhoLrq
104 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQfy,ek¡x'kwU;gSA,slkosQoymlle;gksldrkgStcnksoLrqvksaesals,doLrqeqnzkgSA;fnOY-v{kijeqnzkdhek=kkizdVdhxbZgSrksrVLFkrkoØOY-v{kdksLi'kZdjldrkgSAtSlkfdfp=k3-10esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdICrVLFkrkoØOY-v{kdks¯cnqMijNwjgkgSAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfdmiHkksDrkeqnzkdhOMek=kkviusiklj[kukpkgrkgSvkSjoglscksadhdksbZHkhek=kk[kjhnukughaapkgrkAblosQfoijhr¯cnqNlsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrkeqnzkdhOPek=kkrFkklscksadhOQek=kkosQla;ksxdksilandjrkgSAblla;ksxlsmiHkksDrkdksmruhghlarqf"VizkIrgksxhftruhmlsosQoyeqnzkdksviusiklj[kuslsvFkkZr~OMla;ksxlsizkIrgksrhgSA
Apples
Y
X
N
IC
M
P
OQ
Mon
ey
fp=k 3-10
6- rVLFkrk oØksa dk ,d&nwljs osQ lekukarj gksuk vko';d ughaa (Indifference Curve Need not be Parallel to Each Other)µtSlkfdfp=k3-11esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdrVLFkrkoØ,dnwljsosQlekukarjgksHkhldrsgSavFkokughaaHkhgksldrsA;gblckrijfuHkZjdjrkgSfdrVLFkrkoØekufp=kijcukbZxbZnksrVLFkrkoØksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunjD;kgSA;fnnksoØksaosQfofHkUu¯cnqvksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj,dfLFkjvuqikresagh?kVrhgSrks;soØlekukarjgksaxsvU;Fkk;slekukarjughaagkasxsA
Y
XOQ
Apples
IC3IC2
IC1
Ora
nges
fp=k 3-11
3-12- rVLFkrk oØksa osQ vkdkj osQ oqQN viokn (Some Exceptional Shapes of Indifference Curves)
fuEufyf[krfp=krVLFkrkoØksaosQoqQNvioknksadksizdVdjrsgSaµ
1- viokn 1% lhèkh js[kk rVLFkrk oØ&iw.kZ izfrLFkkiu oLrq,¡ (Exception 1: Straight Line Indifference Curve-Perfect Substitutes)µ;fn oLrqX rFkk oLrqY iw.kZ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 105
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
izzfrLFkkiu gSarksmudhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj(MRS)1%1gksxhAnks oLrq,¡ LFkkukiUu rc gksrh gSa tc miHkksDrk ,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq osQ fy, leku nj ij izfrLFkkiu djsxkA iw.kZizfrLFkkiuoLrqvksaosQfy,rVLFkrkooszaQtSlkfp=k3-12esafn[kk;kx;kgS]ljyjs[kk,¡gksrhgSaAbuoØksaosQIyku}kjknksoLrqvksadhizfrLFkkiunjLi"VgkstkrhgSA
Y
O X
IC2IC1
Y-C
omm
odity
X-Commodity
X & Y are Perfect Substitutes:IC for Perfect Substitutes
is Straight Line
fp=k 3-12
2- viokn 2% L izdkj dh (ledks.kh;) rVLFkrk oØ&iw.kZ iwjd oLrq,¡ (Exception 2: L Shaped (Right Angled) Indifference Curve : Perfect Complements)µiw.kZiwjdoLrqvksadhrVLFkrkoØtSlkfdfp=k3-13esafn[kk;kx;kgSAL-izdkj dh (ledks.kh;)gksrhgSaAiw.kZ iwjd oLrq,¡ os gSa ftudk ,d fuf'pr vuqikr esa ,d lkFk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kossQfy,]nk,¡iSjdktwrkrFkkck,¡iSjdktwrkiw.kZizfrLFkkiugSD;ksafdbuesals,dosQfcuknwljsdkdksbZmi;ksxughaagSAtcmiHkksDrkosQiklbudh,dU;wurela[;kgSrks,slhdksbZnjughaagSftlij,dtwrsdknwljsosQfy,izfrLFkkiufd;ktkldrkgSA
Y
O X
IC2IC1
Perfect Complements L-Shaped IC Curve
Rig
ht S
hoe
Left Shoe
fp=k 3-13
3- viokn 3% iM+h gqbZ ljy js[kk rVLFkrk oØ oLrq ftlls 'kwU; larqf"V izkIr gksrh gS (Horizontal Indifference Curve - A Good that Gives Zero Satisfaction)µtcfdlhoLrqls'kwU;larqf"VizkIrgksrhgSrksmiHkksDrkmloLrqdh,dbdkbZHkhizkIrdjusosQfy,nwljhoLrqdhU;wureek=kkdkHkhR;kxughaadjukpkgsxkAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]èkwezikuughaadjusokys O;fDrosQ fy, flxjsVdhrVLFkrkoØ]tSlk fdfp=k3-14esafn[kk;kx;kgS]iM+hgqbZljyjs[kkgksxhAmloLrqdhrVLFkrkoØftlls'kwU;larqf"VizkIrgksrhgSOX(ftlij'kwU;larqf"VokyhoLrqdksfn[kk;kx;kgS)osQlekukarjgksxhA
106 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Y
O XCigarette
Oth
er G
oods
IC1
IC2
Cigarette gives zero satisfaction, so the IC is horizontal
fp=k 3-14
4- viokn 4% Uvkdkj dk rVLFkrk oØ % ½.kkRed mi;ksfxrk okyh oLrq (Exceptional 4: U Shaped Indifference Curve A Good that Gives Negative Utility)µ;fnfdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxls,dlhekosQi'pkr½.kkRedmi;ksfxrkizkIrgksrhgSrksmldhrVLFkrkoØ]mnkgj.kosQfy,]tSlkfdfp=k3-15esafn[kk;kx;kgS‘U’vkdkjdhgksxhAmnkgj.kosQfy,]¯cnqQijmiHkksDRkkdksftrukHkkstupkfg,ogfeytkrkgSA¯cnqQosQi'pkrrVLFkrkoØdk<ykuèkukRed(Positive)gkstkrkgSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdvfrfjDrHkkstudkmiHkksxdjuslsmiHkksDrkdks½.kkRedmi;ksfxrkizkIrgksxhAblfy,ogmloLrqosQmi;ksxlscpusosQfy,nwljhoLrqdhoqQNek=kkdkR;kxdjusosQfy,bPNqdgksxkAblfy,fdlhoLrqdk,dlhekrdmiHkksxdjusosQi'pkrmlosQizfr,dmiHkksxlsizkIrmi;ksfxrk½.kkRedgkstkrhgSrksrVLFkrkoØdk<ykuèkukRedgkstkrkgSA
All
Oth
er G
oods
Good
X
IC1IC2
O Q
Y
fp=k 3-15
3-13- ctV js[kk ;k dher js[kk (Budget Line or Price Line)
rVLFkrkoØLo;amiHkksDRkkosQO;ogkjdhlkekU;r;kHkfo";ok.khughaadjldrkD;ksafd;gnksegÙoiw.kZlwpukvksadksNksM+nsrkgS]osgSamiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkoLrqvksadhdherasAdhervkSjvk;dhlwpuk,drVLFkrkfp=kesa,dvU;js[kk}kjkiznkudhtkrhgS]bljs[kkdksctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdgktkrkgSA
rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.k}kjkmiHkksDrklarqyudh fLFkfrdkKkuizkIrdjusosQ fy,ctV
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 107
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
js[kkdkvè;;uvko';dgSA bl js[kkdksdher js[kk (Price Line)]miHkksx laHkkfor js[kk (Consumption Possibility Curve)vFkok izkIr gksus okys la;ksxksa dh js[kk (Line of Attainable Combinations)HkhdgktkrkgSA
fgCMu osQvuqlkj]^^ctV js[kk og js[kk gS tks nks oLrqvksa osQ fofHkUu la;ksxksa dks izdV djrh gS ftUgsa miHkksDrk ,d nh gqbZ ekSfnzd vk; rFkk nks oLrqvksa dh nh gqbZ dher ij [kjhn ldrk gSA** (The budget line is that line which shows all the different combinations of the two commodities that a consumer can purchase given his money income and the price of two commodities. —Hibbdon)
O;k[;k (Explanation)
ekuyhft,miHkksDrkdhvk;`4-00gS]oglscksarFkklarjksaijviuhlkjhvk;[kpZdjukpkgrkgSAlarjsdhdher50iSlsizfrlarjkrFkklscdhdher` 1-00izfrlscgSAviuhfuf'prvk;rFkklscksaa,oalarjksadhfuf'prdherlsmiHkksDrkbunksuksaoLrqvksaosQtksfofHkUula;ksx[kjhnldrkgSmUgsarkfydk5vkSjfp=k3-16}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSA
rkfydk 3-5- oSdfYidmiHkksx laHkkouk,¡
(Alternative Consumption Possibilities)
la;ksx vk; (#i;s) lsc dher = (` 1-00)
larjs dher = (50 iSls)
A 4-00 0 + 8
B 4-00 1 + 6
C 4-00 2 + 4
D 4-00 3 + 2
E 4-00 4 + 0
rkfydk5lsKkrgksrkgSfd;fnmiHkksDrkosQoylarjs[kjhnukpkgrkgSrksogviuh` 4dhfuf'prvk;lsvfèkdlsvfèkd8larjs[kjhnldrkgSAblosQfoijhr;fnmiHkksDrkosQoylscgh[kjhnukpkgrkgSrksogviuhfuf'prvk;lsvfèkdlsvfèkd4lsc[kjhnldrkgSAlscksarFkklarjksadhbulhekvksaosQchpcuusokysdbZla;ksxtSls6larjs+1lsc]4larjs+2lsc]2larjs+3lscHkh[kjhnldrkgSA
X
Y
A
B
C
D
E
1 2 3 4
8
6
4
2
0
Apples
Budget Line
Ora
nges
fp=k 3-16
108 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fp=k3-16esanksoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksadksAEjs[kk}kjkn'kkZ;kx;kgSAbljs[kkdksctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdgktkrkgSApw¡fdgeekudjpyrsgSafdmiHkksDrkviuhlkjhvk;bunksuksaoLrqvksaosQmiHkksxij[kpZdjrkgS]blfy,AEctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkmiHkksDrkdhlhekjs[kk(Limit Line)gSActVjs[kkdk<ykumlosQ}kjkizdVdhxbZnksuksaoLrqvksalscksarFkklarjksadhdherksadkvuqikrgS_vFkkZr~
ctV js[kk dk <yku (Slope of Budget Line)= PP
o
a _(;gk¡Pa = lscksadhdherrFkkPo= larjksadhdher)
fyIlh osQvuqlkj]^^ctV js[kk dk <yku nks dherksa osQ vuqikr dk ½.kkRed gksrk gSA (ml oLrq dh dher dks ftls iM+s ;k OX-v{k }kjk izdV fd;k x;k gS] va'k (Numerator)osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA)** (The slope of the budget line is the negative of the ratio of two prices with the price of the goods that is placed on the horizontal OX-axis appearing in the numerator. —Lipsey)
3-14- ctV js[kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Properties of Budget Line)
;fnnksuksaoLrqvksadhdhersafuf'pr;kfLFkjgSarcctVjs[kkesafuEufyf[krfo'ks"krk,¡ikbZtkrhgSaµa
1- ;g,dlhèkh;kljyjs[kkgksxhA
2- bldk<yku½.kkRedgksxkA
3- bldk<ykunksoLrqvksavFkkZr~larjksavkSjlscksadhdherksaosQvuqikrosQ½.kkRedfoijhr
(Negative Inverse)osQcjkcj= (–) PP
o
a gksxkA
4- ;fnnksctVjs[kk,¡oLrqdhlekudhersaijarqvk;osQfofHkUuLrjksadksiznf'kZrdjrhgSa]rcnksuksajs[kk,¡lekukarj(Parallel)gksaxhA
3-15- ctV js[kk ;k dher js[kk dk LFkkukarj.k (Shifting of the Budget Line or Price Line)
ctVjs[kkdhfLFkfrrFkk<ykunksrÙoksaijfuHkZjdjrhgSµ(1)miHkksDrkdhvk;vkSj(2)munksoLrqvksasdhdherksaftUgsamiHkksDrk[kjhnukpkgrkgSActVjs[kkesafuEuizdkjosQifjorZugksldrsgSaµ
1- vk; esa ifjorZu (Change in Income)µ;fnnksuksaoLrqvksadhdherksaesaifjorZuughaagksrkrcvk; c<+us ls ctV js[kk mQij dh vksj ljd tk,xh vkSj vk; osQ de gksus ls ctV js[kk uhps dh vksj ljd tk,xhA vU;'kCnksaesa]tcnksuksaoLrqvksadhdhersafLFkjjgrhgSaijarqmiHkksDrkdhvk;esaifjorZuvktkrkgSrcctVjs[kkdhfLFkfresaifjorZuvktkrkgSijarq<ykuesadksbZifjorZuughaavkrkAfp=k3-17lsKkrgksrkgSfdtcmiHkksDrkdhvk;` 4-00FkhrksogABjs[kk}kjkizdVfd,x,lscksavkSjlarjksa osQla;ksx[kjhnldrkFkkA;fnmiHkksDrkdhvk;c<+dj` 5gkstkrhgSrFkklscksavkSjlarjksadhdhersavifjofrZrjgrhgSarksmiHkksDrklscvkSjlarjsnksuksaghoLrq,¡igyslsvfèkd[kjhnlosQxkAvcog4lscksaosQLFkkuijvfèkdlsvfèkd5lscvkSj8larjksaosQLFkkuijvfèkdlsvfèkd10larjs[kjhnlosQxkAvk; c<+us ls ctV js[kk mQij nkb± vksj ljd dj CD gks tk,xhA blh izdkj vk; osQ de gksus ij ctV js[kk uhps ckb± vksj ljd dj EFgks tk,xh] ijarq budk <yku leku
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 109
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
jgsxkA fyIlh osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^,d x`gLokeh dh vk; esa ifjorZu gksus ls ctV js[kk esa lekukarj f[kldko gksxk] vk; c<+us ij ctV js[kk ckgj dh vksj vkSj vk; de gksus ij ;g vanj dh vksj ljosQxhA** (A change in household’s income shifts the budget line parallel to itself, outwards when income rises and inwards when income falls.–Lipsey)
Y
C
A
E
X
10
8
6
4
2
O
Ora
nges
Apples
3 4 521F B D
Rise in Income : from AB to CDFall in income : from AB to EF
fp=k 3-17
2- lHkh dherksa esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu (A Proportionate Change in All Prices)µtcekSfnzdvk;osQfLFkjjgusij]lHkhdherksaesa,dghvuqikresaifjorZugksrkgSrcctVjs[kkesalekukarjf[kldkogksrkgSAdhersac<+usij;gewy¯cnqdhvksjvkSjdhersa?kVusij;gewy¯cnqlsnwjdhvksjljdrhgSAvr,o dherksa esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i ctV js[kk dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk,xk ijarq ctV js[kk osQ <yku esa ifjorZu ughaa vk,xkA dherksaosQ?kVusij;gmQijdhvksjrFkkdherksaosQc<+usij;guhps;kihNsdhvksjljosQxhAbldkoghizHkkoiM+sxktksokLrfodvk;esaifjorZudkizHkkoiM+rkgSAfp=k3-18lsizdVgksrkgSfdtcmiHkksDrkdhvk;` 4vkSjlscksadhdher1#i;kizfrlscrFkklarjksadhdher50iSlsizfrlarjkFkh]rcctVjs[kkABFkhAtclscksarFkklarjksadhdherksaesa50izfr'krdehvktkrhgSvkSjvk;fLFkjjgrhgS]rcctVjs[kkmQijdhvksjljddjCDgkstk,xhAblosQfoijhrtcnksuksaoLrqvksadhdherksaesalekuvuqikresao`f¼gksrhgSrcctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjEFgkstk,xhA
Y
C
A
E
F B D XO
16
12
8
6
4
Ora
nges
Apples
Rise in Prices : from AB to EF Fall in Prices : from AB to CD
2 4 8
fp=k 3-18
110 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 3- osQoy ,d oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu (Change in the Price of One Commodity only)µtc miHkksDrkdhvk; rFkk ,d oLrq dhdher fLFkj jgrh gS ijarq nwljhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuvkrkgSrc ctV js[kk osQ <yku esa Hkh ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA bldkizHkko;ggksxk fddherjs[kkdk,dfljkviusigysLFkkuijghcukjgsxk]ijarqftloLrqdhdheresaifjorZuvk;kgSmloLrqdhvksjokykfljk;fndherc<+rhgSrksviusizkjafHkdLFkkulsihNsvFkkZr~ewy ¯cnqdhvksjljdtk,xkA ijarq ;fndherdegksrh gS rksvius izkjafHkd LFkkulsvkxsvFkkZr~X-v{kijvkxsdhvksjljdtk,xkAfp=k3-19lsLi"VgkstkrkgSfd;fnlscksadhdherdegkstk,ijarqmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklarjksadhdherlekujgs]rcctVjs[kkviusiwoZLFkkuABlsgVdjACgkstk,xhAblubZfLFkfresamiHkksDrkvfèkdlsc[kjhnusosQ;ksX;gkstk,xkA;fnlscksadhdherc<+dj` 2izfrlscgkstkrhgS]rcctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjADgkstk,xh]vcmiHkksDrkdelsc[kjhnik,xkA
Y
A
OD B C
X
Apples
Ora
nges
Fall in Price of Apples : from AB to ACRise in Price of Apples : from AB to AD
fp=k 3-19
Fall in Price of Oranges : from AB to ACRise in Price of Oranges : from AB to AD
Y
C
O X
Ora
nges
B
D
A
Apples
fp=k 3-20
vcekuyhft,fdlscksadhdherfLFkjjgrhgSijarqlarjksadhdheresaifjorZuvkrkgSA;gekufy;ktkrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;4-00#i;sfLFkjjgrhgS]tSlkfdfp=k3-20esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdizkjafHkdctVjs[kkABgSAlarjksadhdherksaesafxjkoVvkuslsctVjs[kkljddjACgkstk,xh]tks;gO;DrdjsxhfdmiHkksDrkviuhlekuvk;osQLrjlsvcvfèkdlarjs[kjhnldrkgSAblosQfoijhr;fnlarjksadh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 111
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
dheresao`f¼gksrhgSrcctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjADgkstk,xhtks;glaosQrnsxhfdmiHkksDrkviuhfLFkjvk;lsvclarjksadhdela[;k[kjhnldrkgSAla{ksiesa]vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij nks oLrqvksa esa ls ,d oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i ctV js[kk osQ <yku eas ifjorZu gksrk gSA
3-16- miHkksDrk larqyu (Consumer’s Equilibrium)
izR;sdmiHkksDrkvius,dfuf'prO;;lsvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjukpkgrkgSA,dmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdhlgk;rkls;gKkrdjldrkgSfdfofHkUuoLrqvksaosQla;ksxksaijmlsviuhlhfervk;fdlizdkjO;;djuhpkfg,ftllsfdogvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjlosQAtcmiHkksDrkviuhlhfervk;lsvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjjgkgksrkgSrksblvoLFkkdksmiHkksDrklarqyudhvoLFkkdgktkrkgSAvr%miHkksDrk larqyu ls vfHkizk; ,slh fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa miHkksDrk ,d fuf'pr vk; rFkk fuf'pr dherksa ij oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dk ,d ,slk la;ksx [kjhnrk gS ftlls mls vfèkdre larqf"V izkIr gks jgh gks vkSj og mlesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ifjorZu djus dk bPNqd u gksA
dkSrlqo;kuh osQ'kCnksaesa]^^miHkksDrk ml le; larqyu esa gksrk gS tc og viuh fuf'pr vk; rFkk cktkj dherksa ij viuh larqf"V dks vfèkdre djrk gSA** (The consumer is in equilibrium when he maximises his satisfaction given his income and the market prices.
—Koutsoyiannis)
3-17- miHkksDrk larqyu dh nks vkèkkjHkwr 'krs± (Two Basic Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium)
miHkksDrklarqyuogk¡ik;ktkrkgStgk¡ctVjs[kkvkSjmUurksnjrVLFkrkoØosQchpLi'kZ(Tangency)ik;ktkrkgSA
dkSrlqo;kuhosQvuqlkj]^^miHkksDrk larqyu dh eq[; 'krs± nks gSa**µ
(i) dher js[kk rVLFkrk oØ dh Li'kZ js[kk (Tangent)gksuh pkfg, vFkkZr~ XosQ fy, Ydh lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj mudh dherksa osQ vuqikrksa osQ cjkcj gks
MRSxy = PP
y
x A
(ii) rVLFkrk oØ ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj gksuh pkfg,A
(i) ctV js[kk vFkok dher js[kk rVLFkrk oØ dh Li'kZ js[kk gksuh pkfg, (Budget Line or Price Line should be Tangent to Indifference Curve)µfp=k3-21esaABctV;kdherjs[kkgSAIC1, IC2rFkkIC3rVLFkrkoØgSaA,dmiHkksDrkABdherjs[kkijO;DrlsckssavkSjlarjksaosQA, B, C, DrFkkEfdlhHkhla;ksxdks[kjhnldrkgSAogIC3ijdksbZHkhla;ksxughaaysldrkD;kssafdogdherjs[kkABlsnwjgSAogmUghala;ksxksadks[kjhnldrkgStksuosQoydherjs[kkABijfLFkrgSacfYdmllslacafèkrlclsmQ¡psrVLFkrkoØijgSaA;gk¡;goØIC2gSAA, B, C, DrFkkE la;ksxksaesalsmiHkksDrkDla;ksx (4 larjs +2 lsc) ij larqyu dh fLFkfr esagksxkD;ksafdbl¯cnqijdherjs[kk(AB) lclsmQ¡psrVLFkrkoØIC2dhLi'kZjs[kkgSAblesadksbZ'kdughaafdmiHkksDrk‘C’;k‘E’la;ksxksadksHkh[kjhnldrkgSAijarq;smlsvfèkdrelarqf"ViznkuughaadjsaxsD;ksafd;sfupyhrVLFkrkoØIC1 ijfLFkrgSaAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfddherjs[kkrFkkrVLFkrkoØdkLi'kZ js[kk ¯cnq (Point of Tangency)miHkksDrklarqyu¯cnqgSAokVlu osQ'kCnksaesa]^^tc miHkksDrk larqyu
112 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dh voLFkk esa gksrk gS rks mldh lcls mQ¡ph izkIr gksus ;ksX; rVLFkrk oØ] ctV js[kk dh] Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gSA** (When consumer is in equilibrium, his highest attainable indifference curve is tangent to budget line.–Watson)Alarqyu¯cnq‘D’ijdherjs[kkrFkkrVLFkrkoØdk<yku,dnwljsosQcjkcjgSArVLFkrkoØdk<ykuXoLrqdhYoLrqosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj(MRSxy)gSrFkkdherjs[kkdk<ykuX-oLrqdhdherPxrFkkY-oLrqdhdherPydkvuqikrgSA
Y
A
CD
8
4
O
2
6
21 3 4X
EB
IC1
IC2
IC3
Apples
Consumer’s Equilibrium
fp=k 3-21
larqyudhfLFkfresaµ
Slope of Indifference Curve = Slope of Budget or Price Line or MRSxy = PP
y
x
la{ksiesa]miHkksDrklarqyudhigyh'krZ;ggSfddherjs[kkrVLFkrkoØdhLi'kZjs[kkgksuhpkfg,vFkkZr~X-oLrqosQfy,Y-oLrqdhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrFkkXvkSjYoLrqvksadhdherksadkvuqikrcjkcjgksukpkfg,A
(ii) rVLFkrk oØ ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj gksuh pkfg, (Indifference Curve must be Convex to the Origin)µlarqyudhnwljh'krZ;ggSfdlarqyu¯cnqijrVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnjgksuhpkfg,AbldkvFkZ;ggSfdX-oLrqdhY-oLrqosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj?kVrhgqbZgksuhpkfg,A;fnlarqyu¯cnqijrVLFkrkoØmUurksnj (Convex)ugksdjurksnj (Concave)gSrks;glarqyudhLFkkbZfLFkfrughaagksxhAblrF;dksfgDl usfp=k3-22}kjkLi"Vfd;kgSA
Y
XRB
O
E
A IC2
IC1
Point of Tangency
Apples
Ora
nges
fp=k 3-22
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 113
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
fp=k3-22esaABdherjs[kkgSAIC1rVLFkrkoØgSA¯cnq‘E’ijdherjss[kkABrVLFkrkoØIC1dhLi'khZ;js[kkgSAvr,o¯cnq‘E’ijlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrFkkoLrqvksadhdherksadkvuqikrcjkcjgSijarq¯cnq‘E’,dLFkkbZlarqyu¯cnqughaagSAbl¯cnqijlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj?kVrhgqbZughaacfYdc<+rhgqbZgSAvFkkZr~¯cnqEijrVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqOdhvksjurksnj (Concave)gSvkSjblfy,larqyudhnwljh'krZdk;gmYya?kugSAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfd¯cnqElsck,¡;knk,¡gVusijmiHkksDrkmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØijigq¡ptk,xkAvr,o¯cnqEijlarqyuLFkkbZughaagksxkALi'khZ;¯cnqEfn,gq,oØijvfèkdrelarqf"VdksO;DrughaadjrkAvlyesaLi'khZ;¯cnqE fupyh rVLFkrk oØ ij U;wurelarqf"Vdk ¯cnq gksxk]tcfd lcls m¡Qpk rVLFkrk oØ ctV js[kk osQ fljs okys ¯cnqvkssa esa ls ,d ¯cnq ij ij gksxk (tSlkfdfp=kesaR¯cnqlsizdVgksrkgS)ActVjs[kkABijckb±;knkb±vksjljddjmQ¡psrVLFkrkoØksadksrcrdizkIrfd;ktkldrkgStcrdfdmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØ IC2osQ ¯cnqRijughaa igq¡ptkrkA;g ¯cnq fdukjs okys larqyu (Corner Equilibrium)dhfLFkfrdkscrykrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa];fnrVLFkrkoØurksnjgSrclarqyudhvoLFkk,dfdukjsvFkoknwljsfdukjsijgksxh]tks;gizdVdjsxhfdosQoy,dghoLrqdkmiHkksxgksxkAfdukjsokyslarqyuosQ¯cnqRijmiHkksDrkosQoylscgh[kjhnrkgS]larjsughaaAvr%miHkksDrkfLFkjlarqyurcghizkIrdjsxkAtcrVLFkrkoØuosQoyctVjs[kkdksLi'kZdjjgkgkscfYdewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnjHkhgksA
3-18- miHkksDrk larqyu ij oLrq dh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk izHkko (Effect of Change in Commodity Price on Consumer’s Equlibrium)
fdlhoLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZudkmldhek¡xhxbZek=kkijiM+usokykizHkkodher&izHkko (Price Effect)dgykrkgSA bls izk;%nks Hkkxkssa esa ck¡VktkrkgSA (i)vk;izHkko](ii)izfrLFkkiuizHkko
dher izHkko =vk; izHkko vkSj izfrLFkkiu izHkko
3-19- dher izHkko (Price Effect)
dher izHkko oLrqvksas osQ miHkksx esa gksus okys ml ifjorZu dks izdV djrk gS tks nks oLrqvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dh dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k laHko gksrk gS tcfd nwljh oLrq dh dher rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; fLFkj jgrh gSA (The Price effect may be defined as the change in the consumption of the goods, when the price of either of the two goods changes while the price of the other goods and the income of the consumer remains constant.)
fjpMZ th- fyIlh osQ'kCnksaesa] ^dher izHkko ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd miHkksDrk dh ekSfnzd vk; rFkk ,d oLrq dh dher fLFkj jgus ij nwljh oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ dkj.k nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ miHkksx esa ifjorZu gksus dk miHkksDrk osQ larqyu vFkok larqf"V ij fdruk izHkko iM+rk gSA** (The Price effect shows how much satisfaction of the consumer varies due to change in the consumption of two goods as the price of one changes, the price of the other and money income remains constant. —Richard G. Lipsey)
ekuyhft,miHkksDrkdhvk;`4-00fLFkjjgrhgSvkSjlarjksadhdher50iSlsizfrlarjkHkhfLFkjjgrhgSijarqlscksadhdheresaifjorZuvkrkgSAlscksadhdheresaifjorZulsmiHkksDrkosQlarqyuijiM+usokysizHkkodksdher izHkkodgktkrkgSAdherizHkkodhO;k[;kfp=k3-23dhlgk;rkls
114 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dhtkldrhgSAekuyhft,IC izkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØgSrFkkABizkjafHkddherjs[kkgSvkSjmiHkksDrk¯cnq‘E’ijlarqyuesagSAtcmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklarjksadhdherfLFkjjgrhgSijarqlscksadhdher` 1-00izfrlsclsdegksdj50iSlsizfrlscgkstkrhgS]rcubZdherjs[kkADcutkrhgS];gADdherjs[kkmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØIC1dks¯cnqGijLi'kZdjrhgS]¯cnqGu;klaarqyu¯cnqgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]lscksaosQfy,ek¡xONlsc<+djOTgkstk,xhvFkkZr~lscksadhek¡xesaNTdho`f¼gkstk;sxh]ftlsdher esa deh osQ dkj.k ^dher izHkko* (Price Effect a Fall in Price)dgktk,xkAnwljhvksj;fnlsckasdhdherc<+dj` 2-00izfrlscgkstkrhgS]vU;ckrsalekujgsa]rcdherjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjACgkstk,xhA;grVLFkrkoØIC2dksu,laarqyufacanqFijLi'kZdjsxhAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdlscksadhek¡xONls?kVdjOMgkstk,xhvFkkZr~lscksadhek¡xesaMNdhdehgksxhtksdher esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k dher izHkko (Price Effect of a Rise in Price)dksiznf'kZrdjrhgSA
X
Y
A
S
R
P
OM C N T B D
IC1E
F
PCC
G
ICIC2
Apples
Ora
nges
Price Effect
fp=k 3-23
fofHkUularqyu¯cnqvksaE, F, GdksfeyknsuslstksoØizkIrgksrkgSmlsdher miHkksx oØ (Price Consumption Curve-PCC)dgktkrkgSAoLrq-Xdh dher miHkksx oØ miHkksDrk osQ mu fofHkUu laarqyu ¯cnqvksa dks iznf'kZr djrh gS tc osQoy oLrq-Xdh dher esa ifjorZu vkrk gS tcfd oLrq-Ydh dher rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; nksuksa fLFkj jgrs gSaA (The Price effect consumption curve for commodity-X represent the points of the consumer’s equilibrium when only the price of ‘X’ is varied, the price of ‘Y’ and income of the consumer remaining constant.)vU; 'kCnksa esa] dher miHkksx oØ (PCC)og oØ gS ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk fdlh ,d oLrq dh dher fLFkj jgus ij] osQoy nwljh oLrq dh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk miHkksDrk osQ larqyu ij D;k izHkko iM+sxkA dhermiHkksxoØ(PCC)osQfofHkUu<ykugksldrsgSaAlkekU;r;kbldk<ykuèkukRed (Positive)gksrkgSAijarqfxÝiQuinkFkks±lslacafèkrPCCdk<ykuihNsdkseqM+kgqvk(Backward Sloping)gksrkgSAijarqè;kunsusokyh;gckrHkhgSfd;gvko';dughagSfdfuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksasosQfy,bldk<ykuihNsdhvksj(Backward)vo';ghgksAdhermiHkksxoØ(PCC) dhfoLrkjlfgrO;k[;kvkxsdhxbZgSA
3-20- vk; izHkko (Income Effect)
vk; izHkko ls vfHkizk; fdlh oLrq dh ek¡xh tkus okyh ek=kk esa gksus okys ml ifjorZu ls gS tks oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ dkj.k miHkksDrk dh okLrfod vk; esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i mRiUu gksrk gSA dher izHkko esa ls vk; izHkko dk vyx ls vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, gesa ;g eku ysuk pkfg, fd oLrqvksa dh rqyukRed dher vFkkZr~ YoLrq dh dher dh rqyuk esa XoLrq dh dher) esa ifjorZu ughaa gksrkA vU; 'kCnksa esa rqyukRed dher fLFkj jgrh gSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 115
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
;gekU;rk]fdXoLrqrFkkYoLrqdhrqyukReddhersafLFkjjgrhgSa]rHkhfl¼gksrhgStcnksdherjs[kk,¡,dnwljsosQlekarj[khaphtkrhgSaD;ksafdlekarjljyjs[kkvksadk<ykucjkcjgksrkgSrFkkdherjs[kkdk<ykuoLrqXrFkkYoLrqdhrqyukReddherizdVdjrkgSA
3-21- izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Substitution)
izfrLFkkiuizHkkolsvfHkizk;fdlhoLrqdhek¡xhtkusokyhek=kkesagksusokysmlifjorZulsgStc,doLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZuosQdkj.kognwljhoLrqdhrqyukesalLrh;keg¡xhgkstkrhgSAizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.klLrhoLrqvksadkges'kkeg¡xhoLrqosQfy,izfrLFkkiufd;ktkrkgSAdherizHkkoesalsizfrLFkkiuizHkkodksvyxdjusosQfy,;s eku fy;k tkuk pkfg, fd miHkksDrk dh okLrfod vk; fLFkj jgrh gSA ;fn ,slk ughaa fd;k x;k rks dher ifjorZu osQ dkj.k vk; izHkko dks izfrLFkkiu izHkko ls vyx djuk laHko ughaa gksxkA
3-22- izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko dh igpku ;k dher izHkko dk izfrLFkkiu izHkko vkSj vk; izHkko esa foHkktu (Identification of Substitution Effect and Income Effect of Splitting Price Effect into Substitution Effect and Income Effect)
dherizHkkolsizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkoesafoHkkftrgksuslslacafèkrfuEufyf[krnksn`f"Vdks.kgSaA
(a) fgDl dk n`f"Vdks.k (The Hicksian Approach)] vkSj (b) LVyLdh dk n`f"Vdks.k (The Slutsky’s Approach)
3-23- fgDl dk n`f"Vdks.k (The Hicksian Approach)
1- lkekU; oLrqvksa osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko dk vyxko
(Separation of Substitution Effect and Income Effect for Normal Goods)
lkekU;oLrq,¡osoLrq,¡gSaftudkizfrLFkkiuizHkko½.kkRedijarqvk;izHkkoèkukRed (Positive)gksrkgSAokLroesa]izfrLFkkiu izHkko lnSo ½.kkRed gksrk gSA bldkvFkZgSfdfdlhoLrqdhek¡sxhxbZek=kkesao`f¼gksrhgStcoglkisf{kd:iesalLrhgkstkrhgSvkSjek¡xesadehgkstkrhgStcoglkisf{kd:iesaeg¡xhgkstkrhgSAèkukRed vk; izHkko dkvFkZgSfdoLrqdhdherosQfxjuslsokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gksrhgSftllsek¡xhxbZek=kkc<+rhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]vk;izHkkookLrfodvk;rFkkek¡xhxbZek=kkesalnkizR;{klacaèkdksizdVdjrkgSijarqdhervkSjek¡xhxbZek=kkosQchp½.kkRedlacaèkdklaosQrnsrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]èkukRed vk; izHkko mlh fn'kk esa lapkfyr gksrk gS ftl fn'kk esa ½.kkRed izfrLFkkiu izHkko lapkfyr gksrk gSA (Positive income effect moves in the same direction as the negative substitution effect.)bldkvfHkizk;;ggSfddherifjorZuosQdkj.kizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkonksuksalkekU;oLrqosQvfèkdmiHkksxdksO;DrdjrsgSatcmloLrqdhdheresafxjkoVvkrhgSApw¡fddherizHkko]vk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkkodkla;ksxgSblfy,yksxlkekU;oLrqdhek¡xvfèkddjrsgSatcmloLrqdhdher?kVrhgSAla{ksiesa]izfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkonksuksaghdhervkSjek¡xhxbZek=kkosQchpfoijhrlacaèkdksO;DrdjrsgSaAblfy,lkekU;oLrqvksaosQfy,ek¡xoØdk<ykulnkck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksj(Downwards Slope)gksrkgSA
116 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (a)dher o`f¼ dh fLFkfr esa lkekU; oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu vkSj vk; izHkkoksa dk vyxko (Separation of Substitution and Income Effects for a Normal Goods in Case of Price Rise)µlkekU;oLrqvksadhdhero`f¼dhfLFkfresaizfrLFkkiurFkkvk;izHkkoosQvyxkodhfp=k3-24osQ}kjkO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA
Y
L
OO
rang
es
C
BIC
A
IC1
R
Price Effect = SQSubstitution Effect = TQIncome Effect = ST
ST NQ P MIncomeEffect
Price Effect
ApplesSubstitution Effect
fp=k 3-24
fp=k3-24;gO;DrdjrkgSfdLMizkjafHkd dher js[kk gSA miHkksDrk rVLFkrk oØ ICosQ¯cnqBlarqyuesagSAoglsckasadhOQbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSAtclsckasdhdheresao`f¼gksrhgSrksdherjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddj(Shifting Inwards)LNgkstkrhgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØIC1 osQ¯cnqAiju,larqyudhfLFkfrdksizkIrdjrkgSAbl¯cnqijoglscksadhOSbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSA¯cnqBlsAijlapyu(Movement)lsdherizHkkodklaosQrfeyrkgS
vFkokek¡xhxbZek=kkdkOQlsdegksdjOSgkstkukdherizHkkodkscrykrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]dherizHkko= OQ – OS = SQAlscksadhdheresao`f¼miHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esadehdkscrykrhgStksrVLFkrkoØICosQljddjuhphrVLFkrkoØIC1gkstkuslsKkrgksrhgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;bruhc<+knhtk;sfdogizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØICijcukjgsvFkkZr~mldhokLrfodvk;fLFkjjgs]rcubZdherjs[kkRPgksxhA;grVLFkrkoØICdks¯cnqCijLi'kZdjjghgSA;gdherjs[kkLNosQlekukarjgSvFkkZr~tkslscksadhdhero`f¼osQcknLN}kjkizdVfd;stkusokysu,dhervuqikrosQvuq:igSA
1- izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Substitution Effect)µizkjafHkd larqyu ¯cnq B ls C ijlapyu}kjkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoizdVgksrkgS]nksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØijfLFkrgSaAizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQiQyLo:ilsckasdhek¡xhxbZek=kkOQlsdegksdjOTgkstk;sxhAvU;'kCnksaesa
izfrLFkkiu izHkko = OQ – OT = TQ
2- vk; izHkko (Income Effect)µ¯cnqC ls¯cnqAijlapyu}kjkvk;izHkkoizdVgksrkgSAvU;'kCnkasesa];gSTgksxkA
∴ dher izHkko = SQizfrLFkkiu izHkko=TQ;vk; izHkko = ST
vr% SQ (dher izHkko) = TQ(izfrLFkkiu izHkko)+ST(vk; izHkko)
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 117
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
(b) dher esa deh dh fLFkfr esa lkekU; oLrq osQ izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko dk vyxko (Separation of Substitution Effect and Income Effect in Case of a Normal Goods for a Price Fall)µdherosQ fxjusosQiQyLo:ioLrqosQizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkoosQvyxkodhO;k[;kfuEuizdkjdhtkldrhgSA
ts- vkj- fgDl (J. R. Hicks) }kjk izLrqr izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko osQvyx&vyxgksusdhO;k[;kfp=k3-25}kjkdhtkldrhgSA
ekuyhft,ABizkjafHkdctVjs[kkrFkkICizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØgSAmiHkksDrk¯cnqEijlarqyuesagSAtclscksadhdher?kVrhgS]rFkklarjksadhdhervkSjmiHkksDrkdhvk;fLFkjjgrhgSrcubZctVjs[kkABlsljddjACgkstkrhgSAubZctVjs[kkrVLFkrkoØIC1dks¯cnqE1ijLi'kZdjrhgStksfdmiHkksDrkdku;klarqyu¯cnqgSAlarqyu¯cnqElsu,larqyu¯cnqE1ijlapyulscksadhdheresaifjorZuosQizHkkodksO;DrdjrkgSAlscksaosQmiHkksxosQ:iesadherizHkkoOT rFkk OMosQvarjMTosQcjkcjgSAlscksadhdherosQ?kVusdkvFkZmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gksukgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;bllhekrd?kVknhtk,fdogizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØijghcukjgsvFkokmldhokLrfodvk;igysftruhghcuhjgs]rcubZctVjs[kkPHgksxhvkSju;klarqyu¯cnqE2gksxkA
Y
AI
P
O
E1
IC1IC
M N B T H C X
Apples
Price Effect = MTSubstitution Effect = MNIncome Effect = NT
Substitution EffectIncome Effect
Price Effect
fp=k 3-25
1- izfrLFkkiu izHkkoµizkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqE lsE2ijlapyu}kjkO;DrgksrkgSD;ksafdnksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØ(IC)ijfLFkrgSaA
2- vk; izHkko NT(¯cnqE1ls¯cnqE2rd)}kjkizdVgksjgkgSA¯cnqE2 }kjkizdVfd;sx;sla;ksxdks[kjhnusdkeq[;dkj.k;ggSfdcs'kdmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;fLFkjgSfiQjHkhogeg¡xslarjkssaosQfy,lLrslscksadkizfrLFkkiudjrkgSAlarqyu¯cnqE lsu,larqyu¯cnqE2 ijlapyu (Movement)larjksadhdherdhrqyukesalscksadhdheresagksusokyhdehosQizHkkodksizdVdjrkgSAlscksadhek¡xijMN osQcjkcjizHkkoiM+rkgSAftlsizfrLFkkiu izHkko dgktkrkgSA
vU;'kCnksaesa]lscksadhdheresadehosQdkj.kmiHkksDrklsckssadhvfèkdbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgS]blsdher izHkko dgktkrkgSA fp=kesamiHkksDrklscksadhMT vfèkdbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSAbuesalsMN vfèkdbdkb;k¡izfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.kvkSjNT
118 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k vfèkdbdkb;k¡vk;izHkkoosQdkj.k[kjhnrkgSAbldkvFkZgSfdlscksadhek¡xosQlanHkZesa%
vk; izHkko ,d rVLFkrk oØ ls nwljh rVLFkrk oØ ij f[kldko osQ }kjk izdV gksrk gSA blosQ
}kjk lkis{k dherksa osQ fLFkj jgus ij vk; esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk izHkko izdV gksrk gSA
dher izHkko = MT; izfrLFkkiu izHkko = MT; vk; izHkko = NT
vr%MT (dher izHkko)= MN (izfrLFkkiu izHkko)= NT (vk; izHkko)
la{ksiesa]½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.kek¡xesaifjorZudheresaifjorZuosQfoijhrgqvkgSA;fndherfxjrhgSrksizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.koLrqdhek¡xc<+rhgSAnwljhvksj];fndherc<+rhgS]rksizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.koLrqosQfy,ek¡x?kVrhgSA
2- fuEudksfV oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu izHkko vkSj vk; izHkko dk vyxko
(Separation of Substitution Effect and Income Effect for an Inferior Goods)
,dfuEudksfVoLrq]ogoLrqgSftldkvk;izHkko½.kkRedvkSjizfrLFkkiuizHkkoHkh½.kkRedgksrkgSA½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsvfHkizk;;ggSfd,doLrqdhdheresafxjkoVokLrfodvk;esao`f¼ykrhgS]ftlosQiQyLo:iek¡xhxbZek=kkesadehvktkrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdvk;osQc<+usijmiHkksDrkfuEudksfVdhoLrqdhdeek=kkdhek¡xdjrkgSAvr,o½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsizdVgksrkgSfddherosQ?kVusosQdkj.kek¡xhxbZek=kkesadehvktkrhgSAblosQfoijhr½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkodkvFkZ gS fddheresa fxjkoVek¡xhxbZek=kkesa o`f¼ykrhgSA½.kkRed izfrLFkkiu izHkko vkSj ½.kkRed vk; izHkko foijhr fn'kkvksa esa dke djrs gSaA vr,o~] ½.kkRed izfrLFkkiu izHkko osQ dkj.k ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksrh gS tcfd ½.kkRed vk; izHkko osQ dkj.k ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa deh vkrh gSA vfèkdrjfuEudksfVdhoLrqvksadk½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkko]½.kkRedvk;izHkkodhrqyukesavfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgSA,slhfLFkfresa½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkovfèkdizcy (Dominant)gksxkvkSjvk;izHkkodksfuf"Ø;(Neutral)djnsxkAblizdkjdhfuEudksfVdhoLrqvksadhlkekU;oLrqvksadhrjgek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa dher osQ fxjus osQ dkj.k of¼ gksrh gS vkSj dher esa of¼ osQ dkj.k ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa deh gksrh gSA
(a)dher o`f¼ osQ dkj.k ,d fuEu dksfV dh oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu rFkk vk; izHkko dk vyxko (Separation of Substitution and Income Effects for an Inferior Goods in Case of Price Rise)µdhero`f¼osQdkj.kfdlhfuEudksfVdhoLrqosQfy,izfrLFkkiurFkkvk;izHkkoksaosQvyxkodhO;k[;kfuEuizdkjlsdhtkldrhgSA
fp=k3-26esaLM izkjafHkdctVjs[kkgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØICosQ¯cnqBijlarqyuesagSAogfuEudksfVoLrq-XdhOQek=kk[kjhnrkgSAtcoLrq-Xdhdheresao`f¼gksrhgS]ctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjLNgkstkrhgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØIC1ij¯cnqAiju,larqyudhfLFkfresagksxkAbl¯cnqijogoLrq-XdhOSbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSAlarqyu¯cnqBlsArdlapyu;kek¡xhxbZek=kkesaOQlsOSrddhdehdherizHkkodksizdVdjrhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]dherizHkko= OQ – OS = SQAoLrq-Xdhdheresao`f¼miHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esadehyk,xhtSlkfdrVLFkrkoØICosQljddjIC1gksuslsizdVgksjgkgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;dksbrukc<+kfn;ktk,fdogizkjafHkdoØICijghcukjgsvFkkZr~okLrfodvk;igysftruhghcuhjgsrksblvoLFkkesaubZctVjs[kkRPgksxhA;grVLFkrk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 119
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
oØICdksC¯cnqijLi'kZdjjghgSvkSjLNjs[kkosQlekukarjgSAu;klarqyu¯cnqCgksxkAblls;girkpyrkgSfdµ
Y
L
O
C
B
IC
X
A
T S N Q P M
IC1
Com
mod
ity Y
Commodity X
Price Effect = SQSubstitution Effect = TQIncome Effect = (–) TS
R
fp=k 3-26
(i)izfrLFkkiu izHkko ¾ izkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqBosQCijlapyuizfrLFkkiuizHkkodksizdVdjrkgSAnksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØICijgSaAdheresao`f¼osQdkj.kek¡xhxbZek=kkosQOQls?kVdjOTgksusdksizfrLFkkiuizHkko}kjkizdVfd;ktkjgkgSAvU;'kCnksaesaµ
izfrLFkkiu izHkko = OQ – OT = TQA
(ii)vk; izHkko ¾ ¯cnqCls¯cnqAijlapyu}kjkvk;izHkkoizdVgksjgkgSAfuEudksfVdhoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesavk;izHkko½.kkRedgStks(– ST)}kjkizdVgksjgkgSAijarq½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkko½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsvfèkdgSAblfy,dherc<+usijek¡x?kVrhgSvkSjek¡xdkfu;efuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaHkhykxwgksrkgSA
dher izHkko = SQ;izfrLFkkiu izHkko = TQ;vk;izHkko= (–) TS
rcSQ(dher izHkko) = TQ(izfrLFkkiu izHkko) + (–) TS(vk; izHkko)= SQ
(b)dher esa deh osQ dkj.k ,d fuEudksfV okyh oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko (Substitution Effect and Income Effect for an Inferior Good in Case of Price Fall)µdheresadehgksusosQdkj.k,dfuEudksfVokyhoLrqosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiurFkkvk;izHkkoksaosQvyxkodhfuEuizdkjlsO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA
è;ku nhft,
izfrLFkkiu izHkko lnSo vis{kkÑr eg¡xh oLrq osQ LFkku ij vis{kkÑr lLrh oLrq osQ vfèkd miHkksx dks izdV
djrk gSA blls dksbZ iQoZQ ughaa iM+rk fd lacafèkr oLrq lkekU; oLrq gS ;k ?kfV;k oLrq gSA blfy, izfrLFkkiu
izHkko osQ igys (+) ;k (–)dk fpÉ ughaa yxk;k tkrkA
fp=k3-27esaLMizkjafHkdctVjs[kkgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØICosQ cnqBijlarqyuesagSAogfuEudksfVoLrq-XdhOQek=kk[kjhnrkgSAtcoLrq-Xdhdher?kVrhgS]ctVjs[kkljddjLNgkstkrhgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØIC1osQ¯cnqAiju,larqyudhfLFkfresagSAdherizHkkolarqyu¯cnqBlsArdosQlapyuvFkokOQ
120 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k lsOSrdek¡xhxbZek=kkesao`f¼}kjkizdVgksjgkgSAvU;'kCnksaessadher izHkko = OS – OQ = QSA
oLrq-XdhdherdegksusijmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gksxhtSlhfdrVLFkrkoØICosQljddjIC1}kjkizdVgksjgkgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;dksbrukdedjfn;ktk,fdogizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØICijghcukjgsvFkkZr~mldhokLrfodvk;igysftruhghjgs]rksblvoLFkkesaubZctVjs[kkRPrFkku;klarqyu¯cnqCgksxktgk¡ubZctVjs[kkRPiqjkuhrVLFkrkoØICdksC¯cnqijLi'kZdjjghgSARPjs[kkLNjs[kkosQlekukarjgSD;ksafd;goLrq-XdhdherdegksusosQi'pkr~u,dhervuqikrdksvuq:idjjgkgSA
Y
L
R A
C
ICO
Q S T M P NX
B
IC1
Commodity X
Com
mod
ity Y
Price Effect = SQSubstitution Effect = TQIncome Effect = (–) TS
fp=k 3-27
1- izfrLFkkiu izHkkoµizkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqBls¯cnqCijlapyu}kjkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoizdVgksjgkgS]nksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØICijfLFkrgSaAdherfxjusosQdkj.kizfrLFkkiuizHkkoek¡xhxbZek=kkosQOQlsc<+djOTgkstkus}kjkizdVgksjgkgSAvU;'kCnkssaesa]izfrLFkkiu izHkko = OT – OQ = QTA
2- vk; izHkkoµ¯cnqClsAdhvksjlapyu}kjkvk;izHkkoizdVgksjgkgSAfuEudksfVoLrqosQlacaèkeasvk;izHkko½.kkRedgksrkgS]tks(–ST)}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAijarq½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkko½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsvfèkdgSAvr%dheresadehosQdkj.k]ek¡xc<+rhgSvkSjek¡xdkfu;efuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaHkhykxwgksrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa
dher izHkko = OS – OQ = QSA
izfrLFkkiu izHkko = QT;
vk; izHkko = (–ST)
vr%QSdher izHkko = QT(izfrLFkkiuizHkko)+ (–ST)vk;izHkko= QT – ST
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lgh@xyr Nk¡fV,
(State whether the following statements are True/False)µ
8- izR;sdmiHkksDrkviuhlhfervk;lsvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjusdkiz;kldjrkgSA
9- rVLFkrkoØdk<ykulkekU;r;knk,¡lsck,¡uhpsdhvksjgksrkgSA
10- rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdh;gekU;rkgSfdlhekarizfrLFkkiunj?kVrhgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 121
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
11- rVLFkrkoØdhmUurksnjrk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQdkj.kgksrhgSA
12- izfrLFkkiuizHkkolnSoèkukRedgksrkgSA
3-24- fxÝiQu dk fojksèkkHkkl (Giffen’s Paradox)
19oha'krkCnhosQizkjafHkdo"kks±esafczVsuesafuEuetnwjhvftZrdjusokysetnwjksa}kjkxsg¡wdhdhervkSjcszMdhek¡xhxbZek=kkosQO;ogkjijvkèkkfjrlj izQkafll fxÝiQu (Sir Francis Giffen)usek¡xosQfu;eosQlacaèkesa,degÙoiw.kZviokn (Exception)dh[kkstdhftlsfxÝiQu dk fojksèkkHkkl (Giffen’s Paradox)dkukefn;kx;kA;g fojksèkkHkkl crykrk gSfd fuEudksfV okyh oLrq tks fuèkZu yksxksa dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ [kk| en (Food Item)gS vkSj ftl ij os viuh vk; dk ,d cM+k izfr'kr O;; djrs gSaA (tSls baXySaM esa 19oha 'krkCnh esa cszM vkSj orZeku fnuksa esa jktLFkku osQ e#LFky {ks=k essa cktjk) ml ij (i)dher ifjorZu dk vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gS vkSj (♠)½.kkRed vk; izHkko izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS blfy, buosQ lacaèk esa ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkA ,slhoLrqvksadksfxÝiQu oLrq,¡ (Giffen Goods)dgktkrkgSAvU;'kCnksa esa] fxÝiQu oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudh dher de gksus ls ek¡x de gksrh gS rFkk dher c<+us ij ek¡x c<+rh gSA vr,ofxÝiQu inkFkZ fuEudksfV dk og fo'ks"k inkFkZ gS ftl ij ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrk vFkkZr~ dher de gksus ij mldh ek¡x de gksrh gS rFkk dher c<+us ij ek¡x c<+rh gSA
fxÝiQu osQ fojksèkkHkkl ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ek¡x dk fu;e fdl ifjfLFkfr esa ykxw ughaa gksrkA fxÝiQu inkFkks± dh
ek¡x oØ dk <yku uhps ls mQij dh vksj gksrk gSA blls izdV gksrk gS fd oLrq dh de dher ij mldh
ek=kk dh vfèkd ek¡x dh tkrh gS rFkk vR;fèkd dher ij de ek¡x dh tkrh gSA
3-25- fxÝiQu oLrqvksa dh fLFkfr esa vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Income and Substitution Effects in Case of Giffen Goods)
lHkhoLrqvksaµlekU;]fuEudksfVrFkkfxÝiQuosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkolnk½.kkRedgksrkgSA½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkodkvFkZgSfdtcoLrq-XlLrhgkstkrhgSrcoLrq-YosQLFkkuijoLrq-Xvo';ghvfèkd[kjhnhtk,xhvFkkZr~oLrq-YosQfy,oLrq-XdkizfrLFkkiufd;ktk,xkA
fuEudksfVdhoLrqvksaosQfy,vk;izHkko½.kkRedgksrkgSA½.kkRedvk;izHkkodkvFkZgSfdoLrqdhdherfxjusosQdkj.kmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gkstkrhgSblfy;sogoLrqdhdeek¡xdjrkgSA
;|fiokLrfodvk;esagksusokyho`f¼miHkksDrkdksmPpdksfVdhizfrLFkkiuoLrqvksadkvfèkdmiHkksxdjusosQfy,izsfjrdjrhgSAfuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksaosQfy,vk;izHkko½.kkRedgksrkgSijarq;gvko';dughaagSfdogizfrLFkkiuizHkkolsvfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgks]blhfy,'kq¼ izHkko(Net Effect)vFkokdherizHkko(izfrLFkkiuizHkko&vk;izHkko)izfrLFkkiuizHkko}kjkvfèkdizHkkforgksrkgSA,slhfLFkfresavk;izHkkoosQ½.kkRedgksusijHkhek¡xdkfu;eykxwgksrkgSAijarqfxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQlacaèkesa_
(a) vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gS vkSj
(b) izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa ½.kkRed vk; izHkko vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA blfy, 'kq¼ izHkko (Net Effect) vFkkZr~ dher izHkko (izfrLFkkiu izHkko&vk; izHkko) ½.kkRed vk; izHkko }kjk izHkkfor gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd oLrq dh dher vkSj bldh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk osQ chp èkukRed lacaèk LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] fxÝiQu inkFkks± ij ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkA
122 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kfxÝiQu inkFkks± osQ lacaèk esa Hkh izfrLFkkiu izHkko ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd vis{kkÑr lLrh oLrq Hkh vfèkd
ek=kk esa [kjhnh tkrh gS] ijarq bl fLFkfr esa ;g bruk vfèkd ½.kkRed gksrk gS fd og izfrLFkkiu izHkko dks
fuf"Ø; dj nsrk gSA blfy, oLrq dh dher de gksus ij Hkh mldh de ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA
'kq¼izHkkoijtc½.kkRedvk;izHkko(½.kkRedizHkko èkukRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkodhrqyukesavfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgS)vfèkdizHkqRookyk(Dominating)gksrkgSrcek¡xdkfu;evizHkkohgkstkrkgSSAfxÝiQuoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkoosQvyxkodksfuEuizdkjlsO;Drfd;ktkldrkgSµ
fp=k3-28fxÝiQuoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkodksizdVdjrkgSA
Y
A
Q3T
OK L R B T C
X
Q1
Q2
IC1
Commodity X
Com
mod
ity Y
Price Effect = KLSubstitution Effect = LRIncome Effect = – RK
IC2
fp=k 3-28
fp=k3-28esaABizkjafHkdctVjs[kkgSvkSjIC1izkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØgS]miHkksDrkdkizkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqQ1gStgk¡ogfxÝiQuoLrq-XdhOLbdkb;ksaadhek¡xdjrkgSAtcoLrq-XdhdherfxjrhgSrksctVjs[kkvkxsnkb±vksjljddj‘AC’gkstkrhgS]Q3miHkksDrkdku;klarqyu¯cnqgSAgetkursgSafdQ1 ls Q3rdljdukizfrLFkkiuizHkkovkSjvk;izHkkodk'kq¼izHkkogSAACosQlekukarjTTjs[kk[khapdjtksrVLFkrkoØIC1dks(Q2 ¯cnqij)Li'kZdjrhgSgeizfrLFkkiuizHkkoKkrdjldrsgSatksLRosQcjkcjgSAoLrq-Xdhdherdegksusij;goLrq-YdhrqyukesalLrhgkstkrhgS]vr%oLrq-XosQmiHkksxesaLRek=kkosQcjkcjo`f¼gksrhgSAfp=klsKkrgksrkgSfdvk;izHkko½.kkRedgSvkSj;g(–RK)osQcjkcjgSA
Li"VgS](–RK)>(RL)Abldkvarj–KLgSA
'kq¼ izHkko vFkok dher izHkko = –KL
izfrLFkkiu izHkko = LR
vk; izHkko = (–) RK
fuEudksfV oLrqvksa rFkk fxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQ chp varj
1- fxÝiQu oLrq,¡ (Giffen Goods)µfxÝiQu oLrq,¡ os fuEudksfV okyh oLrq,¡ gSa ftu ij miHkksDrk dh vk; dk ,d cM+k izfr'kr O;; gksrk gSA buosQ lacaèk esa
(i) vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gSA blfy, fxÝiQu oLrq,¡ oLrq -X dh dher osQ fxjus osQ dkj.k miHkksDrk dh okLrfod vk; esa tc o`f¼ gksrh gS] rks oLrq dh de ek=kk essa ek¡x dh tkrh gSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 123
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk (ii) ½.kkRed vk; izHkko izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA
blfy, 'kq¼ izHkko ;k dher izHkko lnk èkukRed gksrk gS] bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd oLrq-X dh dher esa o`f¼ gksus ls mldh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(iii) fxÝiQu oLrqvkssa osQ lacaèk esa ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkA
2- fuEudksfV oLrq,¡ (Inferior Goods) fxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQ vfrfjDr ckdh fuEudksfV oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftuosQ lacaèk esa
(i) vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gSA
(ii) ½.kkRed vk; izHkko] izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa] de 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS blfy, dher izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gSA
(iii) ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA
½.kkRedvk;izHkkoosQizcygksusdkvFkZ;ggSfdoLrqq-Xdh?kVhgqbZdher
osQiQyLo:ioLrq-Xdhek¡xHkhOLlsdegksdj OKgkstkrhgSA;gghfxÝiQu
fojksèkkHkkl dkvFkZgSAla{ksiesa]fxÝiQuoLrqvksadhdherdegksusijtksizfrLFkkiu
izHkkogksrkgSogvfèkdmiHkksxdksizksRlkfgrdjrkgSijarqvk;izHkkouosQoyfoijhr
fn'kk(demiHkksx)esadk;ZdjrkgScfYdizfrLFkkiuizHkkodhrqyukesavfèkdizcy
HkhgksrkgS]blosQiQyLo:idher?kVusdkoqQyizHkkovFkkZr~dherizHkkoek¡xesa
dehdkdkj.kcutkrkgSA,slhfLFkfresaek¡xoØdk<ykuèkukRed (Positive)gksxkA
3-26- vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkkoksa osQ laHko la;ksx (Possible Combinations of Income and Substitution Effects)
vk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoksaosQlaHkola;ksxksadklkjka'kuhpsfn;kx;kgSµ
rkfydk 6- lkekU;] fuEudksfV rFkk fxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQ lacaèk esa vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkko
(Income and Substitution Effects in case of Normal, Inferior and Giffen Goods)
oLrqvksa dh izÑfr (Nature of Goods)
vk; izHkko (Income Effect)
izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Substitution
Effect)
oqQy izHkko (Total Effect)
1-lkekU;oLrq,¡ èkukRed ½.kkRed ek¡xdkfu;eykxwgksrkgSA
2-fuEudksfV oLrq,¡tksfxÝiQuoLrq,¡ughaagSa
½.kkRed ½.kkRed ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSD;ksafd½.kkRedvk;izHkkodhrqyukesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkovfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgSA
3-fxÝiQuoLrq,¡ ½.kkRed ½.kkRed ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkD;ksafd ½.kkRed vk; izHkkoizfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esavfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgSA
3-27- ,dkfèkdkj D;k gS\ (What is Monopoly?)
vaxzsthHkk"kkdkeksuksikWyh'kCnxzhd'kCnosQeksuksikWfy;u(Monopolion)'kCnlsfy;kx;k
124 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k gSAbldkvFkZgS fcØhdk,dek=kvfèkdkjAvr,o'kq¼,dkfèkdkjcktkj dh og fLFkfr gS ftlesa osQoy ,d iQeZ fdlh oLrq dh ,dek=k mRiknd gksrh gS rFkk ml oLrq dk dksbZ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrkApwafd,dkfèkdkjhfdlhoLrqdkcktkjesa,dek=kfooszQrkgksrkgSblfy,mlosQurksdksbZizfr}a}hgksrsgSavkSjughizR;{kizfr;ksxhgksrsgSaA
'kq¼ ,dkfèkdkj D;k gS\
;g cktkj dk og izdkj gS ftlesa fdlh oLrq dk osQoy ,d gh fooszQrk gksrk gS ftldk oLrq dh dher
ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kosQ fy,vius?kj;kiSQDVªhosQ fy,fctyhvkiosQoyfo|qrcksMZlsizkIrdjldrsgSaAvkiosQoyHkkjrljdkjdhjsyksaesa;k=kkdjldrsgSaA;slHkh,dkfèkdkjosQmnkgj.kgSaA,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresadksbZnwljhiQeZm|ksxesaizos'kughadjldrhA,dkfèkdkjesaiQeZrFkkm|ksxesadksbZvarjughagksrkAiQeZghm|ksxgksrhgSD;ksafdcktkjesaoLrqdh;ggh,dek=kmRikndgksrhgSA,dkfèkdkjhdher fuèkkZjd (Price Maker)gksrkgSAogdherdkfuèkkZj.kdjrkgSAmlosQ}kjkfuèkkZfjrdherij;gfuHkZjgksrkgSfdogfdruhek=kkcsplosQxkA,dkfèkdkjhdhek¡xoØdk<ykuÅijlsuhpsdhvksjgksrkgSA
dkSrlqo;kuhosQvuqlkj]¶,dkfèkdkj og cktkj gS ftlesa fdlh oLrq dk osQoy ,d gh fooszQrk gksrk gSA og ftl oLrq dk mRiknu djrk gS mlosQ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrs rFkk vU; iQeks± osQ izos'k ij izfrcaèk gksrk gSA¸ (Monopoly is a market situation in which there is a single seller, there are no close substitutes for commodity it produces, there are barriers to entry. —Koutsoyiannis)
ckeksyosQ'kCnksaesa]¶,d 'kq¼ ,dkfèkdkjh dh ifjHkk"kk ml iQeZ osQ :i esa dh tkrh gS tks m|ksx Hkh gSA ;g fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq ftlosQ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrs dh ,dek=k fooszQrk gksrh gSA¸(A pure monopoly is defined as the firm that is also an industry. It is the only supplier of some particular commodity for which there exists no close substitute. —Baumol)
3-28- ,dkfèkdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Monopoly)
,dkfèkdkjdheq[;fo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ
1- ,d fooszQrk rFkk vfèkd oszQrk (One Seller and Large Number of Buyers)µ,dkfèkdkjesaoLrqdk,dghmRikndgksukpkfg,pkgsogvosQykgks;klk>snkjksadklewggks;kla;qDriwathoaQiuh;kjkT;gksAvr%,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaosQoy,dghiQeZgksrhgSijarqoLrqosQoszQrkdkiQhla[;kesagksuspkfg,ftlosQiQyLo:ioLrqdhdherdksoszQrkizHkkforughadjlosaQijarqfooszQrkizHkkfordjrkgSA
2- ,dkfèkdkjh iQeZ m|ksx Hkh gS (Monopoly is also an Industry)µ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaosQoy,dghiQeZgksrhgSAvr,oiQeZrFkkm|ksxdkvarjlekIrgkstkrkgSvFkkZr~,dkfèkdkjhiQeZrFkkm|ksxosQvè;;uesadksbZvarjughagksrkA
3- ubZ iQeks± osQ izos'k ij izfrcaèk (Restrictions on the Entry of the New Firms)µ,dkfèkdkjh{ks=kesaubZiQeks±osQcktkjesaizos'kdjusijizfrcaèkgksrkgSAbuizfrcaèkksaosQdbZ:igksrsgSatSlsisVsUVvfèkdkj]ljdkjhfu;e]iSekusdhcprsavkfnA
4- fudVre LFkkukiUu dk vHkko (No Close Substitutes)µ,dkfèkdkjhftloLrqdkmRiknudjjgkgSmloLrqosQfudVreLFkkukiUuughagksukpkfg,vU;Fkk,dkfèkdkjhviuhoLrqdhdherviuhbPNkuqlkjfuèkkZfjrughadjlosQxkAcks¯YMx (Boulding)
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 125
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
osQvuqlkj]¶,d fo'kq¼ ,dkfèkdkjh iQeZ og gS tks ,slh oLrq dk mRiknu dj jgh gS ftldk nwljh iQeks± osQ mRiknu esa dksbZ izHkko'kkyh LFkkukiUu ugha gSA¸
5- dher fuèkkZjd (Price Maker)µ,dkfèkdkjh dher fuèkkZjd gksrk gS vFkkZr~ viusmRiknudhdherdkfuèkkZj.kogLo;adjrkgSA,slkblfy,D;ksafdogoLrqdk,dek=kfoozsQrkgksrkgS]ijarqoszQrkvksadhla[;kdkiQhvfèkdgksrhgSA,doszQrkdhek¡x]oqQyek¡xdkcgqrFkksM+klkHkkxgksrhgSAblfy,ozsQrkdherdksizHkkforughadjikrsmUgsa,dkfèkdkjh}kjkfuèkkZfjrdherdkHkqxrkudjukiM+rkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]oLrqdhdheriw.kZ:ils,dkfèkdkjhosQfu;a=k.kesagksrhgSA;fn,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhiw£rdksc<+knsrkgSrksmldhdheresadehgksldrhgSAblosQfoijhr;fnogiw£rdksdedjnsrkgSrksdheresao`f¼gksldrhgSA
,dkfèkdkjh dher fuèkkZjd gS
gk¡] ,dkfèkdkjh dher fuèkkZjd gSA ,dkfèkdkjh dk oLrq dh dher ij iwjk fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k
;g gS fd
µ ,dkfèkdkjh oLrq dk ,dek=k fooszQrk gksrk gS] tcfd blosQ cgqr ls ozsQrk gksrs gSaA
µ ,dkfèkdkjh osQ mRiknu dk dksbZ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrkA
µ cktkj esa ubZ iQeks± osQ izos'k ij dbZ dkuwuh] izkÑfrd rFkk rduhdh izfrcaèk gksrs gSaA
6- dher foHksn (Price Discrimination)µ,d,dkfèkdkjh,doLrqdhfofHkUuoszQrkvksalsvFkokfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,vyx&vyxdhersaysldrkgSAblizdkj,dkfèkdkjhdherfoHksndjldrkgSA
7- iw£r oØ dk vHkko (Absence of Supply Curve)µ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresadksbZiw£roØughagksrkA,dkfèkdkjhek¡x(lhekarvk;)rFkkykxr(lhekarykxr)nksuksadks,dlkFkè;kuesaj[kdjgh;gr;djrkgSfdfdrukmRiknudjukgSrFkkmldhD;kdherfuèkkZfjrdjuhgSAvr%,dkfèkdkjesadksbZiw£roØughagksrkA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDrLFkkuHkfj,(Fill in the blanks)µ
1- ,dkfèkdkjh----------------------fuèkkZjdgksrkgSA
2- vaxzsthHkk"kkdkeksuksikWyh'kCnxzhd'kCnosQ----------------------'kCnlsfy;kx;kgSA
3- ,dkfèkdkjhdhek¡xoØdk<ykumQijls----------------------dhvksjgksrkgSA
4- ,dkfèkdkjogcktkjgSftlesafdlhoLrqdkosQoy,dgh----------------------gksrkgSA
3-29- ,dkfèkdkj esa larqyu (Monopoly Equilibrium) vFkok ,dkfèkdkj esa dher rFkk mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Determination of Price and Output under Monopoly)
,dkfèkdkjhmlle;larqyudhvoLFkkesagksrkgStcogoLrqdhmlek=kkdkmRiknudjrkgS ftlijmldkoqQyykHkvfèkdregksrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhvoLFkkesadherrFkklarqyufuèkkZj.kdkfuEufyf[krnksn`f"Vdks.kksalsvè;;ufd;ktkldrkgSµ
126 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 1- oqQy vk; rFkk oqQy ykxr oØ n`f"Vdks.k (Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach)
2- lhekar vk; rFkk lhekar ykxr n`f"Vdks.k (Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach)
uksV~l ,dkfèkdkjcktkjdhogfLFkfrgSftlesaosQoy,diQeZfdlhoLrqdh,dek=kmRiknd
gksrhgSAmloLrqdkdksbZfudVreLFkkukiUuughagksrkA
3-30- oqQy vk; rFkk oqQy ykxr oØ n`f"Vdks.k (Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach)
,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhmlek=kkdkscspdjvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjldrkgSftlijoqQy vk;(Total Revenue)rFkkoqQy ykxr (Total Cost)dkvarjvfèkdregksrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhfofHkUudhersafuèkkZfjrdjosQvFkokoLrqdhiw£resaifjorZudjosQ;gekywedjusdhps"VkdjrkgSfdmRiknuosQfdlLrjijoqQyvk;(TR)rFkkoqQyykxr(TC)dkvarjvfèkdregSAvFkkZr~oqQyykHkvfèkdregSAmRiknu dh ml ek=kk ij ftlosQ mRiknu ls ,dkfèkdkjh dks vfèkdre ykHk izkIr gksaxs] ,dkfèkdkjh larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gksxkA blsfp=k3-29}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSA
Y
M
A
TC
NTR
B
C
E
D X
TPR
O
P
Cos
t/Rev
enue
QOutput
fp=k 3-29
fp=k3-29esaTC oqQyykxroØrFkkTR oqQyvk;oØgSATR oØewy¯cnqO ls'kq:gksjgkgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdtcdksbZmRiknuughagksxkrksoqQyvk;Hkh'kwU;gksxhAblosQfoijhroqQyykxroدcnqP lsvkjaHkgksjghgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd;fniQeZmRiknucanHkhdjnsrksHkhmlscaèkhykxrsaOP [kpZdjuhiM+sxhATP oØoqQyykHkoØgSA;goدcnqR lsvkjaHkgksjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdvkjaHkesaiQeZdks½.kkRed ykHk (Negative Profits)izkIrgksjgsgSavFkkZr~gkfu gksjghgSD;ksafdoqQyykxr]oqQyvk;lsvfèkdgSAfp=k3-29lsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZtSls&tSlsmRiknuc<+kjghgSoqQyvk;c<+rhtkjghgSAijarqvkjaHkesaoqQyvk;oqQyykxrlsde(TR < TC)gSAblfy,TP oØosQRC HkkxlsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZdksgkfugksjghgSA¯cnqM ijTR = TC gSblfy,tSlkfdTP oØosQ¯cnqC lsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZdksurksgkfugksjghgSvkSjughykHkgksjgkgSA¯cnqM dksle&foPNsn fcanq(Break Even Point) dgktk;sxkAiQeZtcfcanqMlsvfèkdmRiknudjsxhrksoqQyvk;oqQyykxrlsc<+rh(TR > TC)
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 127
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
tk,xhATP oØHkh¯cnqC lsÅijdhvksjmBjghgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZdksykHkfeyjgsgSaAtcTP oØviusmPpre¯cnqE ijgksxhrksiQeZdksvfèkdre ykHk (Maximum Profits)izkIrgksaxsAmRiknudhOQ ek=kkftlijiQeZdksvfèkdreykHkfeyjgkgS]larqyumRiknudhek=kkdgyk,xhA
lkoèkkuhiwoZd è;ku nsa
fp=k 3-29 esa TC oØ OY v{k ls 'kq: gksrh gS] blfy, ;g vYidkyhu ykxr oØ gksuh pkfg,A nh?kZdkyhu
TC oØ ewy ¯cnq O ls vkjaHk gksrh gSA
;fniQeZlarqyuek=kkOQ lsvfèkdmRiknudjsxhrksTR vkSjTC js[kkvksadkvarjdegksrkpyktk,xkrFkk¯cnqN ij;sjs[kk,a,d&nwljsdksdkVsaxhvFkkZr~TR = TC gksxkAbldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfdiQeZosQykHkdegksrstk,axsrFkk¯cnqN ijHkhiQeZdksudksbZykHkgksxkrFkkudksbZgkfugksxhAtSlkfdTP osQ¯cnqD lsKkrgksrkgSA;fniQeZbllsvfèkdmRiknudjsxhrksTR osQTC lsde(TR < TC)gksusosQiQyLo:iiQeZdksgkfugksusyxsxhAla{ksiesaiQeZ¯cnqE ijvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjsxhAiQeZosQvfèkdreykHkdksKkrdjusosQfy,TR rFkkTC js[kkijLi'khZ;js[kk,¡[khaphtkrhgSaAftu¯cnqij[khaphxbZLi'khZ; js[kk,¡ (Tangent Lines)lekukarjgSa]mudkiQklykvf/dregksxkAblfp=klsKkrgksrkgSfdArFkkBfcanqijLi'khZ; js[kk,¡ (Tangent)lekukarjgSa]vr%TR rFkkTC oØdkvfèkdrevarjAB lsizdVgksxkAblvoLFkkesa,dkfèkdkjhdksvfèkdreykHkizkIrgksaxstSlkfdTP oØosQ¯cnqE lsKkrgksjgkgSA,dkfèkdkjh}kjkdherrFkklarqyuizkIrdjusdhblfofèkdksTrial and Error MethodHkhdgktkrkgSD;ksafdblfofèk}kjk,dkfèkdkjhdksfofHkUudhersafuèkkZfjrdjosQ;gvuqekuyxkukiM+rkgSfddherosQdkSulsLrjijoglarqyudhfLFkfresagksxkvFkkZr~vfèkdreykHkizkIrdjsxkA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; iz'u(Multiple Choice Questions)µ
5- ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaosQoy,dghgksrhgS
(v) iQeZ (c)eqnzk (l)ykxr (n)oLrq
6- ,dkfèkdkjh{ks=kksaesaubZiQeks±osQcktkjesaizos'kdjusijgksrkgSµ
(v) dj (c)izfrcaèk (l) fu"ksèk (n)vuqefr
7- ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresadksbZ----------------------oØughagksrkA
(v) iw£rpØ (c)ykxroØ (l)oØ (n)iw£roØ
8- ,dkfèkdkjhosQmRiknudkdksbZughagksrkµ
(v) fudVreLFkkukiUu (c)LFkkukiUu
(l) ykxroØ (n)buesalsdksbZughaA
3-31- lhekar vk; rFkk lhekar ykxr n`f"Vdks.k (Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach)
bln`f"Vdks.kosQvuqlkj,dkfèkdkjhmlle;larqyudhvoLFkkesagksxktcnks'krs±iwjhgksaxhA
(i) lhekar vk; (MR) =lhekarykxr(MC)rFkk
(ii) lhekar ykxr (MC) oØdhlhekarvk;(MR)oØdksuhpslsdkVukA
128 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k blfLFkfresa,dkfèkdkjhdksvfèkdreykHkizkIrgksaxsAblfo'ys"k.k}kjk,dkfèkdkjesadherrFkklarqyufuèkkZj.kdkvè;;ule;dhnksvofèk;ksaesafd;ktk,xkA
(1)vYidky(Short-Run)rFkk(2)nh?kZdky(Long-Run)A
viuh cqf¼ dk ijh{k.k dhft,(fp=k3-29nsf[k,A)
tc TR rFkk TC dk varj vfèkdre gksrk gS rks TR dk <yku = TC dk <ykuATR dk <yku MR rFkk TC dk <yku MC gksrk gSA blfy, tgk¡ TR rFkk TC dk varj vfèkdre gksrk gS ogk¡ gh MR = MC gksrk gSA
1- vYidkyhu larqyu (Short-Run Equilibrium)
vYidkyle;dhogvofèkgSftlesale;brukdegksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjhcaèkslkèkuksatSlse'khujh]IykaVvkfndkscnyughaldrkA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhek¡xc<+usijosQoy?kVrs&c<+rslkèkudhvfèkdek=kkdkiz;ksxdjosQrFkkcaèkslkèkuksatSlse'khuksadhiw.kZ{kerkdkiz;ksxdjosQoLrqdhiw£rdksc<+kldrkgSAblhHkkafrek¡x?kVusij,dkfèkdkjhiQeZdh?kVrs&c<+rslkèkudhek=kkdksdedjnsxkvkSjcaèkslkèkudkHkhxguiz;ksxdedjnsxkA,d,dkfèkdkjhmlle;larqyuesagksxktcogoLrqdhmlek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkftlij(1) lhekar ykxr rFkk lhekar vk; cjkcj (MC = MR)gksxhrFkk(2) lhekar ykxr oØ lhekar vk; oØ dks uhps ls dkVsxhA (MC Curve cuts MR Curve from below.)vYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhosQlarqyudhvoLFkkesarhufLFkfr;k¡gksldrhgSaA,dkfèkdkjhdks(1) vlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profits)feyldrsgSaA(2) lkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits)izkIrgksldrsgSaAvkSj(3) U;wure gkfu (Minimum Loss)mBkuhiM+ldrhgSAbudko.kZugefuEufyf[krfp=kksadhlgk;rklsdjldrsgSaµ
(1) vlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profits)µ;fn ,dkfèkdkjh }kjk larqyu dhvoLFkk esa fuèkkZfjr oLrqvksadhdher (AR) mudhvkSlrykxr (AC)lsvfèkd(AR > AC)gSrks,dkfèkdkjhdksvlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profits)izkIrgksaxsA,dkfèkdkjh]mRiknurksmllhekrddjsxkftlijlhekarykxrrFkklhekarvk;(MC = MR)cjkcjgksaxhAblslarqyumRiknudgktk,xkA;fnlarqyumRiknudhdhermldhvkSlrykxrlsvfèkdgksxhrks,dkfèkdkjhdksvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsA
vlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profit) = AR > AC
larqyudhblfLFkfrdksfp=k3-30}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-30lsizdVgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyudhvoLFkkesagksxkAD;ksafdbl¯cnqijlhekar vk; (MR)rFkklhekarykxr(MC),dnwljsosQcjkcj(MR = MC) gSaA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhOM bdkbZdkmRiknudjsxk]mRiknudhblek=kkijoLrqdhdherBM mldhvkSlrykxrAM lsBA vfèkd (BM – AM = BA) gSAvr%bl fLFkfresa,dkfèkdkjhdksABPC oqQyvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsA
(2) lkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits)µ;fnvYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhlarqyudhfLFkfr(MC = MR)esaoLrqdhdher(AR),vkSlrykxr(AC)osQcjkcj(AC = AR)gSrksiQeZdksosQoylkekU;ykHk(Normal Profits)izkIrgksaxsA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 129
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
Y
PC
OM
X
Output
MRAR
ACMCB
A
Super Normal Profit
Rev
enue
/Cos
t
E
fp=k 3-30
lkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits) = AR = AC
,dkfèkdkjhlarqyudhblfLFkfrdksfp=k3-31}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-31lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyuesagksxkD;ksafd¯cnqE ijMC = MR gSA,dkfèkdkjhdklarqyumRiknuOM bdkb;k¡gSaAmRiknudhblek=kkijvkSlr ykxr oØ (AC)vkSlr vk; oØ (AR)dks¯cnqA ijNwjgkgSAvr%¯cnqA ijoLrqdhdherOP (AR)rFkkvkSlrykxrAM (AC),dnwljsosQcjkcjgSaAvr,o,dkfèkdkjhdkslarqyumRiknuijosQoylkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits)izkIrgksaxsD;ksafdlarqyuek=kkijvkSlrykxrrFkkdher(vkSlrvk;)cjkcj(AC = AR) gSaA
Y
P
OM
X
Output
MR
AR
AC
MC
A
Normal Profit
Rev
enue
/Cos
t
EMC = MR
fp=k 3-31
(3) U;wure gkfu (Minimum Loss)µvYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhdksgkfumBkdjHkhmRiknudjukiM+ldrkgS];fnvYidkyesaeanhosQdkj.koLrqdhek¡xdegkstk,vkSjiQyLo:idherdegkstk,rks,dkfèkdkjhbldedherijHkhmRiknudjrkjgsxkA;fnblijmlsvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxr(AVC)feyjghgksA;fn,dkfèkdkjhdksvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxrlsHkhdedherfuèkkZfjrdjuhiM+sxhrksogoLrqdkmRiknucandjnsxkAvr%,dkfèkdkjh vYidky esa larqyu dh voLFkk esa U;wure gkfu vFkkZr~ vkSlr caèkh ykxr dh gkfu Hkh mBk ldrk gSA larqyudhblfLFkfresadher(AR)oLrqdhvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxr(AVC)osQcjkcjgksrhgSAvr,o,dkfèkdkjhdksvkSlr caèkh ykxrksa (Fixed Costs)dhgkfumBkuhiM+rhgSA;ggkfurks,dkfèkdkjhdksrcHkhmBkuhiM+sxhtcogvYidkyesadkecandjnsrkgSAvr,o
130 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kU;wure gkfu (Minimum Loss) = AC – AVC = AFC
larqyudhblfLFkfrdksfp=k3-32}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-32lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyudhvoLFkkesagSAD;ksafd¯cnqE ijMC = MRA¯cnqE lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhOM ek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkAlarqyuek=kkOM dhdherOP (AM) fuèkkZfjrgksxhAbldherijvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxroØ(AVC Curve), AR oØdksA ¯cnqijNwjghgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdiQeZdksizpfyrdherlsosQoyvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxrizkIrgksxhAiQeZdkscaèkhykxrksavFkkZr~AN izfrbdkbZdhgkfumBkuhiM+sxhAiQeZdksoqQyNAPP1 dhgkfugksxhAtSlkfdNk;knkj{ks=k}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSA;giQeZdhU;wuregkfugksxhA;fn,dkfèkdkjhdksOP lsdedherfuèkkZfjrdjuhiM+sxhrksogoLrqdkmRiknucandjnsxkA
Y
P
OM
X
Output
MRAR
A
Rev
enue
/Cos
t
E
MR=MC
MC
SACAVC
Loss
P1N
fp=k 3-32
nh?kZdkyhu larqyu (Long-Run Equilibrium)
nh?kZdkyesa,dkfèkdkjhoghalarqyuizkIrdjsxktgk¡mldhnh?kZdkyhu lhekar ykxr] lhekar vk; (LMC = MR)osQcjkcjgksxhAnh?kZdkyesale;yackgksusosQdkj.k,dkfèkdkjhlcykxrksadkscnyldrkgSvkSjek¡xc<+usijiw£rek¡xosQvuqlkjlek;ksftrdhtkldrhgSAvYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhdhervkSlrykxrlsvfèkd]cjkcjodegksldrhgSA¯drq nh?kZdky esa dher nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr ls vfèkd gksrh gSA ;fndhernh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrlsdegksxhrks,dkfèkdkjhgkfumBkusosQLFkkuijmRiknucandjnsxkAnh?kZdky esa ,dkfèkdkjh vlkekU; ykHk izkIr djrk gSA ,slkblfy,D;ksafd]iw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQfoijhr]dksbZHkhiQeZcktkjesaizos'kughadjldrhAvr%tcnh?kZdkyesa,dkfèkdkjhiQeZvlkekU;ykHkizkIrdjjghgksrhgS]rcdksbZHkhvU;mRikndlaHkkO;vlkekU;ykHkizkIrdjusdhmEehnlscktkjesaizos'kughadjldrkAiQyLo:i,dkfèkdkjhiQeZdksnh?kZdkyesaHkhvlkekU;ykHkfeyrkjgrkgSA
,d iw.kZ izfr;ksxh iQeZ osQ foijhr ,d ,dkfèkdkjh nh?kZdky esa Hkh vlkekU; ykHk v£tr dj ldrk gS D;ksafd
cktkj esa ubZ iQeks± osQ izos'k ij izfrcaèk gksrk gSA
cktkj esa u rks fdlh iQeZ dk izos'k rFkk u fdlh izfrLFkkiu osQ ik, tkus osQ dkj.k ,dkfèkdkjh dks nh?kZdky esa b"Vre vkdkj (Optimum Size)osQ IykaV yxkus vFkok b"Vre mRiknu {kerk dk iz;ksx djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA IykaV dk vkdkj rFkk fdlh fuf'pr vkdkj okys IykaV dk fdl va'k rd mi;ksx fd;k tk, ;g loZFkk cktkj ek¡x ij fuHkZj djrk gSA oqQNcktkjfLFkfr;ksaesab"Vre{kerkizkIrdhtk,xh]¯drqoqQNvU;fLFkfr;ksaesa,dkfèkdkjhb"Vrelsde(Sub-Optimally)mRiknudjsxkAoqQNfLFkfr;ksaesab"Vrelsvfèkd{kerkdkmi;ksx
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 131
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
HkhgksldrkgSA;glccktkjek¡xijfuHkZjdjrkgSAfp=k3-33esa,dkfèkdkjhosQU;wurenh?kZdkyhularqyudhO;k[;kdhxbZgS]tccktkjdkvkdkj,dkfèkdkjhdksU;wurenh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrijmRiknudjuslsjksdrkgS]vkSj;gfLFkfrizk;%ns[kusdksfeyrhgSA
P
OM
X
Output
MRAR
A
Rev
enue
/Cos
tE
LMC
LACN
B
LMC = MR
Super Normal Profit
Y
fp=k 3-33
,dkfèkdkjhosQnh?kZdkyhularqyudhfLFkfrdks fp=k3-33dhlgk;rklsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-33lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyuesagksxkA¯cnqE ijMR = LMC, ogoLrqdhOM ek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkA;gmRiknudhlarqyuek=kkgksxhAblek=kkijdherON (= AM) gksxhrFkknh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrBM gksxhAdher(AM) osQnh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxr(BM)lsvfèkd(AR > AC)gksusosQdkj.k,dkfèkdkjhdksvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsAvr,o,dkfèkdkjhdksAM – MB = AB izfrbdkbZvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsA,dkfèkdkjhdksoqQyABPN vlkekU;ykHkfeysaxsAtSlkfdNk;knkjHkkx}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSA
3-32- dher foHksn ;k Hksnewyd ,dkfèkdkj (Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly)
dherfoHksnogfLFkfrgSftlesa,doLrqdks,dlsvfèkddherijcspktkrkgSA,d,dkfèkdkjhdbZckjfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUumiHkksDrkvksals;kfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,vyx&vyxdherysldrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhdhbldheruhfrdksdher foHksn (Price Discrimination)dgrsgSavkSjtks,dkfèkdkjh,slkdjrkgSmlsHksnewyd ,dkfèkdkjh (Discriminating Monopolist)dgrsgSaA
dher foHksn D;k gS\
dher foHksn og fLFkfr gS ftlesa ,d fooszQrk fdlh ,d oLrq dh fofHkUu oszQrkvksa ls fofHkUu dher ysrk
gSA ;g ml le; laHko gksrk gS tc cktkj esa dksbZ izfr;ksfxrk ugha gksrh rFkk fofHkUu oszQrkvksa osQ fy, oLrq
dh ek¡x dh yksp fofHkUu gksrh gSA
ts-,l-csal- osQ'kCnksaesa]¶dher foHksn ls vfHkizk; foozsQrk dh ml fØ;k ls gS ftlesa fd og ,d gh izdkj osQ inkFkks± osQ fy, fofHkUu oszQrkvksa ls fofHkUu dhersa ysrk gSA¸ (Price discrimination refers strictly to the practice by a seller to charging different prices from different buyers for the same goods Q.J.S. Bains)
dkSrlq;kuh osQvuqlkj]¶dher foHksn og fLFkfr gS ftlesa ,d oLrq fofHkUu [kjhnnkjksa dks fofHkUu dherksa ij csph tkrh gSA¸ (Price discrimination exists when the same product is sold at different prices to different buyers. —Koutsoyiannis)
132 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-33- dher foHksn osQ izdkj (Types of Price Discrimination)
dherfoHksneq[;:ilspkjizdkjdkgksrkgSµ
1- O;fDrxr dher foHksn (Personal Price Discrimination)µtc ,d ,dkfèkdkjhfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUuO;fDr;ksalsfofHkUudherysrkgSrksmlsO;fDrxrdherfoHksndgrsgSaAO;fDrxrdherfoHksn]miHkksDrkdhvKkurkosQdkj.k]dheresaekewyhvarjosQdkj.kvFkokoLrq;klsokdhizÑfrosQdkj.klaHkogksrkgSAtSlsµtc,dMkWDVj,dghizdkjosQvkWijs'kuosQfy,èkuhofuèkZuejhtksalsvyx&vyxiQhlysrkgSrks;gO;fDrxrdherfoHksndgykrkgSA
2- HkkSxksfyd dher foHksn (Geographical Price Discrimination)µtc,dkfèkdkjh,doLrqdhfofHkUuLFkkuksaijfofHkUudherysrkgSrksmlsHkkSxksfyddherfoHksndgrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,],dfu;kZrdviuhoLrqdhdherfons'khcktkjesafHkUurFkk?kjsywcktkjesaoqQNvkSjj[krkgS]tSlkfdjkf'kikru(Dumping)vFkkZr~fons'kksaesaoLrqdkslLrsnkeksaijcspukA
3- mi;ksx vuqlkj dher foHksn (Price Discrimination According to Use)µtc,dkfèkdkjh,doLrqosQfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,fofHkUudhersaysrkgSrksblsmi;ksx dher foHksn ;k O;kikj foHksn (Trade Discrimination)dgrsgSatSlsfctyhosQ?kjsyw mi;ksx (Domestic Use)osQfy,izfr;wfuVnjvfèkdgksrhgStcfdÑf"klacaèkhmi;ksx(Agricultural Use)osQfy,izfr;wfuVnjdegksrhgSA
4- le;kuqlkj dher foHksn (Price Discrimination According to Time)µdbZlkoZtfudmi;ksxosQm|ksx(Public Utilities),dghmRiknudksfofHkUule;ijfofHkUudherksaijcsprsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]VsyhiQksufoHkkxnsjjkr;kizkr%dkyosQle;dhtkusokyhVsyhiQksudkWyosQfy,de nj (Low Rate)ysrkgSijarqfnuesadhtkusokyhVsyhiQksudkWyosQfy,vfèkd nj (High Rate)yhtkrhgSA
3-34- dher foHksnhdj.k dh Jsf.k;k¡ (Degrees of Price Discrimination)
ihxw usviuhiqLrd‘Economics of Welfare’esadherfoHksnhdj.k (Price Discrimination)dksfuEufyf[krrhuJsf.k;ksaesackaVkgS%
1- izFke Js.kh dk foHksnhdj.k (Discrimination of the First Degree): izFkeJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kogfoHksnhdj.kgSftlesa,d,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhizR;sdbdkbZdhfofHkUudhersaolwydjrkgSAizR;sdbdkbZdhmruhdherfuèkkZfjrdhtkrhgSftruhdhmiHkksDrknsusosQfy,rS;kjgksrkgS]blizdkjmlsdksbZ Hkh miHkksDrk cpr izkIrugha(No Consumer Surplus) gksrhgSAvr%izFkeJs.khosQfoHksnhdj.kdkvFkZ,d,slhfLFkfrgSftlesamiHkksDrkdhcpr'kwU;gksrhgSA
2- nwljh Js.kh dk foHksnhdj.k (Discrimination of the Second Degree): f}rh;Js.khdk foHksnhdj.kogfLFkfrgS ftlesa,dkfèkdkjh fdlhoLrqdh fofHkUubdkb;ksadhfofHkUudhersaysrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]jkT;ksaosQfctyhcksMZfctyhdh,dlhekrdigyhoqQNbdkb;ksaosQmiHkksxdhnjdeysrhgSrFkkmllhekosQckndhbdkb;ksaosQmiHkksxdhnjvfèkdysrhgSAblfLFkfresamiHkksDrkdksoqQNmiHkksx dh cpr (Consumer's Surplus)izkIrgksrhgSA
3- rhljh Js.kh dk foHksnhdj.k (Discrimination of the Third Degree): rhljhJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kogfoHksnhdj.kgSftlosQvarxZr,dkfèkdkjhfdlhoLrqosQoqQycktkj
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 133
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
dksnks;krhulewgksa(Groups)esackaVnsrkgSrFkkizR;sdlewglsfofHkUudherolwydjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fn,dkfèkdkjh?kjsywcktkjesafdlhoLrqdhvfèkddherfuèkkZfjrdjrkgSrFkkfons'kh&cktkjesadedherfuèkkZfjrdjrkgSrksblsrhljhJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kdgktk,xkAokLrfodthouesablJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kvfèkdizpfyrgSA
3-35- dher foHksn dh vko';d 'krs± (Essential Conditions for Price Discrimination)
dherfoHksnrHkhlaHkogksldrkgStcfdcktkjesafuEufyf[kr'krs±iwjhgksrhgSaµ
1- ,dkfèkdkjh 'kfDr dk vfLrRo (Existence of Monopoly Power)µdherfoHksndhigyh'krZ;ggSfdfoozsQrk,dkfèkdkjhgksukpkfg,vFkkZr~mlosQikl,dkfèkdkjh'kfDrgksuhpkfg,A,dkfèkdkjh'kfDrosQvHkkoesafooszQrkoqQNoszQrkvksalsnwljksadhrqyukesavfèkddherughaysldrkAiw.kZizfr;ksxhiQes±,dle:imRikn(Homogeneous Product)osQfy,fofHkUudhersaughaysik,¡xhD;ksafdiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhifjHkk"kkosQvuqlkjcktkjesa,dghdherizpfyrgksusdhizo`fÙkgksrhgSA
2- i`Fkd cktkj (Separate Markets)µdherfoHksnosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdoLrqosQ nks;krhucktkjgksuspkfg, ftUgsa ,dnwljslsi`Fkd fd;ktkldrkgSrFkk,dkfèkdkjhmUgsai`Fkdj[kldrkgSA(One condition necessary for Discriminating Monopoly is that there must be two or more markets which can be separated and can be kept separate)cktkjksadksHkkSxksfydn`f"Vls];kczkaMosQ}kjk];kle;osQ}kjki`Fkdj[kktkldrkgSAO;fDrxrlsok,¡iznkudjusokysyksxtSlsMkWDVj]odhy]vkfnHkh,dlekulsokosQfy,fofHkUudhersaysldrsgSaA
3- ek¡x dh yksp esa varj (Difference in the Elasticity of Demand)µdherfoHksnmlle;laHkogksxktcfofHkUucktkjksaesaikbZtkusokyhek¡xdhykspfofHkUugksxhA;fn,slkgksrkgSrks,dkfèkdkjhcsykspnkjek¡xokyscktkjesavfèkddherfuèkkZfjrdjsxkvkSjvfèkdykspnkjek¡xokyscktkjesadedherfuèkkZfjrdjsxkA,slkdjuslsghogviuhoqQyvk;dksc<+kldrkgSD;ksafdek¡xesaifjorZudkdksbZMjughagksxkA;fnfHkUu&fHkUucktkjksaesaek¡xdhyksp,dtSlhgksrksdherfoHksndjuklaHkoughagkslosQxkA
4- iqu£cØh laHkkouk dk vHkko (No Possibility of Re-sale)µdherfoHksnosQvfLrRoosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdmloLrq;klsokdkizkjafHkdozsQrkmldhiqu£cØhughadjlosQA,slkrHkhgksldrkgStc,dvksjrks]oLrqdh,dbdkbZlLrscktkjlsegaxscktkjesagLrkarfjrugksrFkknwljhvksjoszQrkegaxscktkjlslLrscktkjesaughatklosQ]vFkkZr~oLrqdhbdkb;ksadkslLrscktkjlsegaxscktkjesagLrkarfjrughagksukpkfg,A;fn,slkgqvkrksoLrqdedherosQcktkjesa[kjhnhtk,xhvkSjÅ¡phdherosQcktkjesaiqu%cspnhtk,xh]bllsdherdkogvarjlekIrgkstk,xkftls,dkfèkdkjhcuk,j[kukpkgrkgSAblfy,dherfoHksnosQfy,;gvko';dgSfddedherokyscktkjlsvfèkddherokyscktkjesaoLrqdkgLrkarj.kughagksukpkfg,AfyIlhosQvuqlkj]¶dher foHksn djus dh ;ksX;rk dh eq[; 'krZ ;g gS fd de dher ij oLrq izkIr djus okyk oszQrk mldh iqu£cØh ml ozsQrk dks ugha dj ldrk ftls og oLrq Åaph dher ij izkIr gksrh gSA¸ (The key to being able to discriminate among buyers is that discrimination among buyers requires that the goods cannot be re-sold by the buyer who faces the low price to the buyer who faces the high price. —Lipsey)
la{ksiesa]dherfoHksnrclaHkogksldrkgStcoLrqdh,dbdkbZdklLrscktkjlsegaxscktkjesagLrkarj.kughafd;ktklosQrFkkfofHkUucktkjksaesaek¡xdhykspfofHkUugksA
134 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-36- dher foHksn dc ykHknk;d gksrk gS\ (When Price Discrimination is Profitable)
dher foHksn ,dkfèkdkjh osQ fy,mlle;ykHknk;dgksrk gS tcek¡xdhdheryksp,dcktkjlsnwljscktkjesafofHkUugksrhgSA(Price discrimination is profitable when the price elasticity of demand is different in different markets.)
;fnnkscktkjksaesaek¡xdhdherykspcjkcjgSrks,dkfèkdkjhdksbunksuksacktkjksaesadherfoHksnhdj.klsdksbZykHkughagksxkAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdtcnkscktkjksadhdheryksplekugksrhgSrksbunksuksaesalhekar vk; (Marginal Revenue)HkhlekugksxhAblosQfoijhr;fnnkscktkjksaesaek¡xdhdherykspfHkUu&fHkUugksrhgSrksbunksuksaesaoLrqdhlhekarvk;Hkhvyx&vyxgksxhA,dcktkjesalhekarvk;vfèkdgksxhrksnwljscktkjesadegksxhAblvoLFkkesaoLrqdksdelhekarvk;okyscktkjlsfudkydjvfèkdlhekarvk;okyscktkjesafHkUudherijcspuslsykHkgksxkAblizdkjnkscktkjksaesaoLrqdhek¡xdhdherykspesavarjgksuslsdherfoHksnhdj.kykHknk;dgksldrkgSAblrF;dksgefuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsLi"VdjldrsgSa%
MR = AR EE 1–d n
ekuyhft,cktkjA rFkkcktkjB esa,dkfèkdkjhdherlekuvFkkZr~`10gS];fnblleku,dkfèkdkjhdherijcktkjA rFkkB esaek¡xdhykspØe'k%2vkSj5gSrcmijksDrlw=kosQvkèkkjijbucktkjksalsizkIrlhekarvk;dkvuqekufuEufyf[kr<axlsyxk;ktkldrkgS%
cktkj A esa lhekar vk; (MRA) = AR EE 1–d n = 10 2
2 1–< F = 10 21< F = ` 5
cktkj B esa lhekar vk; (MRB) = AR EE 1–d n = 10 5
5 1 10 54 8– = =< <F F `8
mijksDrfooj.klsLi"VgkstkrkgSfdcktkjA rFkkcktkjB esadherykspfofHkUugksusijnksuksaesalhekUrvk;HkhfofHkUugSAcktkjA esaek¡xdhykspdevFkkZr~2gSblfy,lhekarvk;(MR)devFkkZr~` 5gSAblosQfoijhrcktkjB esaek¡xdhykspvfèkdvFkkZr~5gSblfy,lhekarvk;(MR)HkhvfèkdvFkkZr~ 8gSAblfy,,dkfèkdkjhcktkjA, ftlesalhekarvk; 5gS]lsoLrqdhoqQNek=kkcktkjB esaftlesalhekarvk;` 8gS]cspsxkAcktkjA esaoLrqdh,dbdkbZdecspusls,dkfèkdkjhdks` 5dhgkfugksxhAijarqcktkjB esa,dbdkbZvfèkdcspusls` 8dhvk;gksxhAblizdkj,dkfèkdkjhdks` 3vfèkdvk;izkIrgksxhA,dkfèkdkjhcktkjA lsoLrqdksgVkdjcktkjB esarcrdcsprkjgsxk]tcrdnksuksacktkjksaesaoLrqdklhekarvkxecjkcjughagkstkrkvFkkZr~MRA = MRBA
D;k vki tkurs gSa dherfoHksnogfLFkfrgSftlesa,dolrqfofHkUu[kjhnnkjksadksfofHkUudherksa
ijcsphtkrhgSA
3-37- Hksnewyd ,dkfèkdkj esa dher ,oe~ mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination under Discriminating Monopoly)
,dkfèkdkjh}kjkdherfoHksndhuhfrviukusdkmís';oqQyvk;rFkkykHkesao`f¼djukgSAdherfoHksndhfLFkfresadherfuèkkZj.kosQfo'ys"k.kdksgenks;knkslsvfèkdcktkjdhn'kkvksa
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 135
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
}kjkO;DrdjldrsgSaAge;gk¡dherfoHksndh,d,slhfLFkfrdkvè;;udjsaxsftlesa,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdksnksfofHkUudherksaijcspdjmiHkksDrkvksa dh cpr (Consumer's Surplus)dkoqQNHkkxLo;aizkIrdjysrkgSAihxw (Pigou)usblsrhljhJs.khdhdherfoHksn(Price Descrimination of Third Degree)dgkgSAizR;sdHksnewyd,dkfèkdkjhviusykHkksadksvfèkdredjusosQfy,mRiknuogk¡rdghdjsxktgk¡ijfdmldhlhekarvk;(MR)lhekarykxr(MC)osQcjkcjgkstkrhgSA,dkfèkdkjhvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjusosQfy,lhekarvk;vkSjlhekarykxrdhlekurkokyh'krZdksizR;sdcktkjesaviuk,xkA,dkfèkdkjhrcrdmRiknudjrkjgsxktcrdlhekarvk;lhekarykxrlsvfèkd(MR > MC)gSAgekjhekU;rk;ggSfd,dkfèkdkjhviusmRiknudksnksfofHkUucktkjksa‘A’rFkk‘B’esacspsxkftuesaek¡xdhykspfofHkUugSAHksnewyd,dkfèkdkjhdksr;djukiM+rkgSfdmls(1)oqQymRiknufdrukdjukgSrFkk(2)vyx&vyxcktkjksaesafdrukmRiknucspukgSrFkkfdldherijcspukgS]ftllsfdmlsvfèkdreykHkizkIrgkslosQAvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjusosQfy,,dkfèkdkjhdksnksfu.kZ;ysusgksaxsA
1- mRiknu fdruk djuk gS\ (How Much to Produce?)
pwafdgeekuysrsgSafd,dkfèkdkjhdkmRiknule:igS]blfy,ogleLrmRiknudhlhekar ykxr dksè;kuesaj[krkgSpkgsmldhfcØhfdlhHkhcktkjesadhtk,Aogml¯cnqrdmRiknudjsxkftlijlhekarykxrnksuksacktkjksadhla;qDr lhekar vk; (Combined Marginal Revenue-CMR)osQcjkcjgkstk,Ala;qDrlhekarvk;oØKkrdjusosQfy,cktkjA rFkkcktkjB dhlhekarvk;oØksaMRA rFkkMRB dkstksM+fy;ktkrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhmruhek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkftlijlhekarykxrrFkkla;qDrlhekarvk;cjkcjgkstk,AvFkkZr~
MC = MRA + MRB = MRA+B
2- fofHkUu cktkjksa esa fdruh ek=kk fdl dher ij csph tk,\
(How Much to Sell in Different Markets and at What Price?)
,dkfèkdkjh vius ykHk dksvfèkdre djus osQ fy,leLr mRiknu dh lhekarykxr (MC) dks cktkj A dhlhekarvk;(MRA)rFkkcktkj ‘B’ osQ lhekar vk;(MRB) osQ cjkcj djsxkAfp=k 3-34 ls Kkr gksrk gSfdcktkj‘A’esacktkjek¡xdeykspnkjgSrFkkcktkj‘B’esacktkjek¡xvfèkdykspnkjgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggS,dkfèkdkjhcktkj‘A’esaoLrqdhdeek=kkvFkkZr~‘OA’bdkb;ksadhvfèkddherOP1 ijfcØhdjsxkAblosQfoijhrogcktkj‘B’esavfèkdek=kk‘OB’bdkb;ksadhdedherOP2 ijfcØhdjsxkAla;qDrmRiknuOQ bdkb;ksa(tgk¡la;qDrlhekarvk;]lhekarykxrosQcjkcjgS)dhlhekarvk;nksuksacktkjksaesalekugksuhpkfg,D;ksafdmlsoqQymRiknudhlhekarykxrMC osQcjkcjgksukpkfg,vFkkZr~
MRA = MRB = MRA+B = MC
ekuyhft,;fn;g'krZiwjhughagksrhAcktkjA esa]cktkjB dhvis{kk]MR degSrksHksnewydosQ,dkfèkdkjhosQfy,;gykHknk;dgksxkfdogoLrqdhoqQNbdkb;k¡
,dkfèkdkjh cktkj esa oLrq dh vfèkd ek=kk (de dher
ij) ml le; cspsxk tc mldh ek¡x dh yksp vfèkd gksxh
rFkk oLrq dh de ek=kk (vfèkd dher ij) ml le;
cspsxk tc mldh ek¡x dh yksp de gksxhA bldk dkj.k
;g gS fd ek¡x ftruh vfèkd ykspnkj gksrh gS mruh dh
dher osQ c<+us ij ozsQrkvksa osQ de gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh
gSA blfy, ,dkfèkdkjh de dher fuèkkZfjr djosQ oLrq dh
vfèkd ek=kk cspuk ilan djrk gSA
136 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k cktkjA lsgVkdjcktkjB esacsps]tgk¡mlsvfèkdlhekarvk;(MR)izkIrgkslosQxhA;gfØ;krcrdpyrhjgsxhtcrdnksuksacktkjksaesalhekarvk;(MR),dnwljsosQcjkcjughagkstkrhA
3- dher fuèkkZj.k (Price Determination)
foHksnhÑr,dkfèkdkjhdhfLFkfresadherfuèkkZj.kdksfp=k3-34}kjkLi"Vfd;kx;kgSAfp=k3-34foHksnhÑr,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresalarqyudhfLFkfrdksLi"VdjrkgSA
fp=k3-34esaHksnewyd,dkfèkdkjhosQlarqyudhfLFkfrdksizdVfd;kx;kgSAekuyhft,cktkjdksnksHkkxksaA rFkkB esack¡Vfn;kx;kgSAtSlkfdARA rFkkARB oØksadh<ykulsLi"VgSfdA cktkjdhek¡xB cktkjdhek¡xdhvis{kkdeykspnkj(Less Elastic)gSAblfp=kesaARA oØcktkjA vkSjARB oØcktkjB osQek¡xoØgS]nksuksacktkjksadhlkewfgdfLFkfrdksfp=k3-34(A + B)esafn[kk;kx;kgSALi"VgSfd,dkfèkdkjhdklarqyuE ¯cnqijgksxktgk¡la;qDrlhekarvk;oØ(Combined MR Curve)lhekarykxr oØ (MC Curve)osQ cjkcj gSA ,dkfèkdkjhdh oqQymRiknuek=kkOQ gSAogblmRiknudksnkscktkjksaesablizdkjck¡VsxkfdizR;sdcktkjesalhekarvk;(MR)lekugkstk,¡A;fn,dcktkjesamldhlhekarvk;degSvkSjnwljscktkjesavfèkdgS]rks,slhn'kkesadelhekarvk;okyscktkjlsmRiknudksvfèkdlhekarvk;okyscktkjesaLFkkukarj.kdjukykHknk;dgksxkAbllhekarvk;dksizkIrdjusosQfy,,dkfèkdkjhcktkjA esaOA ek=kkrFkkcktkjB esaOB ek=kkcspsxkAogcktkjA esa]oLrqdhOP1 dherij]deek=kkrFkkcktkjB esaoLrqdhdedhervFkkZr~OP2 dherijvfèkdek=kkcspsxkrFkkmRiknudhoqQyek=kkOA + OB ,dkfèkdkjhosQoqQymRiknuOQ osQcjkcjgksxhA
Y
P1
OA
MRA
ARA
Market (A)
Pric
e/R
even
ue
Output
X
Y
P2
OB
MRB
ARB
Market (B)
Pric
e/R
even
ue
Output
X
Y
OQ
MRA+B
Market (A+B)
Cos
t/Rev
enue
Output
X
A
MC
fp=k 3-34
fp=k3-34lsLi"VgSfd(i) oqQy mRikn dh lhekar ykxr] la;qDr lhekar vk; osQ cjkcj gSA (ii)nksuksa cktkjksa dh lhekar vk; cjkcj gSA (iii)nksuksa cktkjksa dh lhekar vk; oqQy mRikn dh lhekar ykxr osQ cjkcj gSA
fp=k3-34lsKkrgksrkgSfdcktkjA esacktkjB dhvis{kkek¡xdhykspdegSAvr%cktkjA esa]cktkjB dhrqyukesa]dherÅ¡phrFkkfcØhdhek=kkdegksxhA
la{ksiesa]iQxZqlu osQvuqlkj]¶;fn ,dkfèkdkjh mRiknu osQ oqQy cktkj dks fofHkUu yksp okys mi&cktkjksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS rks ,dkfèkdkjh ykHkizn <ax ls dher foHksn dj ldrk gSA lhekar vk; rFkk lhekar ykxr dks cjkcj djosQ oqQy mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA oqQy mRiknu dks micktkjksa esa bl izdkj ck¡Vk tkrk gS fd izR;sd mi cktkj esa lhekar vk; la;qDr lhekar vk; osQ cjkcj gks tk, D;ksafd MC = MRA+B gksrh gSA var esa] mi&cktkjksa esa fcØh dh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 137
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
ek=kk osQ fn, gq, gksus ij izR;sd mi&cktkj esa dher izR;{k :i esa micktkj ek¡x oØ }kjk Kkr gksrh gSA¸ (If the aggregate market for a monopolist product can be divided into sub-markets with different price elasticities, the monopolist can profitably practice price discrimination. Total product is determind by equating marginal cost with combined monopoly marginal revenue. The output is allocated among the sub-markets so as to equate marginal revenue in each sub-market with combined marginal revenue as MC = MRA+B. Finally, price in each sub-market is determined directly from the sub-market demand curve given the sub-market allocation of sales. —Ferguson)
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lgh@xyr Nk¡fV,
(State whether the following statements are True/False)µ
9- lhekarvk;(MR)=lhekarykxr(MC)
10- U;wuregkfu=AC – AVC=AEC
11- ,dkfèkdkjhdksvkSlrc¡èkhykxrksadhgkfumBkuhiM+rhgSA
12- nh?kZdkyesadhernh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrlsdegksrhgSA
3-38- D;k ,dkfèkdkjh dher lnSo iw.kZ izfr;ksxh dher ls vfèkd gksrh gS\ (Is Monopoly Price always Higher than the Perfectly Competitive
Price?)
lkèkkj.kr;kizfr;ksfxrkdhvis{kk,dkfèkdkjhdhvoLFkkesaoLrqdhdherÅ¡phgksrhgSAmldkdkj.k;ggSfd,dkfèkdkjhviuhoLrqdhdherLo;afuèkkZj.kdjusdh'kfDrj[krkgS]tcfdizfr;ksfxrkesadherdkfuèkkZj.koqQyek¡xvkSjoqQyiw£rdh'kfDr;ksa}kjkgksrkgSAijarqbldk;gvFkZughagSfd,dkfèkdkjhdherlnkrFkkvo';ghÅ¡phgksxhAdbZ,dckrsa,slhgSatks,dkfèkdkjhdherdksÅ¡pkughagksusnsrhAdbZn'kkvksaesarks,dkfèkdkjhdhersaiw.kZizfr;ksxhiQeZ}kjkfuèkkZfjrdherksalsHkhuhphgksrhgSa]mnkjg.kosQfy,
(1) ,dkfèkdkjhcM+siSekusijmRiknudjldrkgSAblfy,cM+siSekusdhcprsarFkkykHkmldksizkIrgksldrsgSaAblosQfoijhrNksVh&NksVhizfr;ksxhiQes±iSekusosQfoLrkjdhcprsaizkIrughadjldrhaA
(2) ,dkfèkdkjhviukmRiknu;ksX;rkrFkklkglosQlkFkdjldrkgSvkSjmlsi;kZIrek=kkesa iwath C;ktdhdenjijizkIrgksldrhgSA,dkfèkdkjhdksvius fuos'k(Investment)esatksf[keHkhdemBkukiM+rkgSA
(3) dHkh&dHkh ,dkfèkdkjh tufgr dks lkeus j[kdj Hkh dher dks de dj nsrs gSaA,dkfèkdkjhdkslektesalEekuikusdhvkdka{kkgksrhgSAvr%og,slsdkelsnwjjgrkgStksfduSfrd:ilsxyrgksrkgSA
(4) ,dkfèkdkjhdksblckrdkHkhHk;jgrkgSfdmldkdHkhudHkhdksbZizfr}a}humRiUugkstk,A;gHk;HkhmlsÅ¡phdherysuslsjksdrkgSA
la{ksiesa]lkèkkj.kr;k ,dkfèkdkjh dher] iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh dher ls vfèkd gksrh gS] ijarq dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksaa esa ;g de Hkh gks ldrh gSA
138 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-39- viw.kZ o ,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk (Imperfect and Monopolistic
Competition)
okLrfod:ilsvFkZO;oLFkkesausrksiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkvkSju,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfrgksrhgSAvfirqbuosQchpdhfLFkfr,dkfèkdjkReddhik;htkrhgSA
ftlsloZizfkeizks-,MoMZ,p-pSEcjfyuus¶,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk¸dhfLFkfrdhlaKknhgS]ftlsJherhtkWujkfcUluusviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdgkgSAizks-pSEcjfyuuso"kZ1933esaizdkf'kriqLrd(The Theory of Monopolistic Competition)es,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkdkfopkjizLrqrfd;kgSA
viw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdkvFkZgSizfr;ksfxrkdklhfergksukvFkkZr~urksizfr;ksfxrkdkvHkkogksvkSjughizfr;ksfxrkiw.kZrkfy;sgq,gksAnwljs'kCnksaesatciw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhfofHkUun'kkvksaesalsfdlhHkh,dn'kkdkvHkkogksrkgSrcviw.kZizfr;ksfxrktUeysrhgSALi"VgSfdviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQfy,fo'kq¼izfr;ksfxrkeasviw.kZrkgksukt:jhgSA
isQ;j pkbYMusdgkgS]¶;fncktkjmfprizdkjlslaxfBrugks];fnozsQrkvkSjfooszQrkvksaosQikjLifjdlaiØesadfBukbZmRiUugksrhgksrFkkvU;O;fDr;ksa}kjk[kjhnhxbZoLrqvksavkSjfn,x,ewY;ksaosQKkrdjusesaleFkZu(\\)rks,slhfLFkfrdksgeviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdgrsgSaA
viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ dkj.k ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (Causes and Characteristics of Imper-fect Competition)
viw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdkstUensusokysizeq[kdkj.kfuEufyf[krgSa]ftUgsafo'ks"krkHkhdgktkrkgSµ
1- vYi la[;k eas ozsQrk o fooszQrkµviw.kzizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvkSjfooszQrkdhla[;kdegksrhgSvkSjO;fDrxroszQrk;kfoozsQrkoLrqdhdherdksizHkkfordjldrsgSaA
2- oLrq dh bdkb;ksa esa varjµviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesa fofHkUufoozsQrkvksa}kjk fu£eroLrq,¡fcYoqQy,dtSlhughagksrhcfYdmuesaoqQNvarjgksrkgSA;gvarjvkdkj]jax]:i]fdLe]iS¯dx]czkUM]VªsMekoZQ]foozsQrkosQO;ogkjvFkoknqdkudhfLFkfrosQdkj.kgksldrkgSAblvarjosQdkj.kfofHkUufoozsQrkvksadhoLrq,¡,dnwljsdhiw.kZLFkkukiUurksughagksrhgSijarqfudVLFkkiukiUugksrhgSaA
3- ozsQrkvksa vkSj foozsQrkvksa esa vKkurkµozsQrkvksavkSj foozsQrkvksadhvKkurkosQdkj.kviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhfLFkfrmRiUugkstkrhgSAmUgsacktkjdkiw.kZKkuugksusosQdkj.kvyx&vyxewY;ksaijoLrqdkØ;foØ;djrsgSaA
4- ozsQrkvksa esa vkyL;µ;glaHkogSfdozsQrkvksadksblckrdhtkudkjhgksfddkSulhoLrqfdlLFkkuijlLrhfeyjghgS]fiQjHkhosvkyL;osQdkj.kviusvkl&ikllsgheg¡xhoLrqdkØ;djysrsgksaA
5- vfèkd ;krk;kr O;;µviw.kzizfr;ksfxrkdk,degÙoiw.kzdkj.k;krk;krO;;gSA,dghoLrqdhfofHkUuLFkkuksaijykusystkusesaÅ¡ph;krk;krO;;vkrhgSvr%,dghoLrqosQfofHkUuLFkkuksaijvusdewY;izpfyrgksrsgSaA
viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ izdkj (Types of Imperfect Competition)
viw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQdbZ:igksldrsgSatkseq[;:ilsfoozsQrkvksadhla[;krFkkoaLrqfoHksnosQva'kijfuHkZjdjrsgSaAbln`f"Vlsviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhfuEurhucktkjfLFkfr;k¡crk;htkrhgSaµ
(i) ,dkfèkÑr;k,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk(Monopolistic Competition)
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 139
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
(ii) f}&vYikfèkdkj;k};kfèkdkjizfr;ksfxrk(Duopoly Competition)
(iii) vYikfèkdkj;kvYifoozsQrkfèkdkjizfr;ksfxrk(Oligopoly Competition)
1- ,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk dk vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk (meaning and Definitions of Monopolistic Competition)
,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk ls vfHkizk; mlvoLFkk ls gS ftlesa foozsQrk oLrqvksa esabrukfoHksnik;ktkrkgSfdos,d&nwljsdhiw.kzLFkkukiUuughagksrhAizR;sdmRiknd;k fooszQrkdkviuhoLrq ijiw.kz ,dkfèkdkjrks gksrkgSa] ijarqpw¡fdmlscktkjesaviw.kZLFkkukiUuoLrqvksaosQlkFkizfrLièkkZdklkeukdjukiM+rkgS]blfy,,slhvoLFkkdks,dkfèkdkjkRedvoLFkkdgrsgSaamnkgj.kosQfy,HkkjresaflxjsVosQoqQNmRikndgS]tksvyx&vyxizdkjosQflxjsV(dksbZiukek]dksbZpkjehukjbR;kfn)dkmRiknudjrsgSaAbufofHkUuizdkjosQflxjsVksaosQxq.kksaesadksbZfo'ks"kvarjughagS]osQoybuosQvyx&vyxVsªMekoZQgSavkSjvyx&vyxukels;scspstkrsgSaAnwljs'kCnksaesa]fofHkUuizkdjosQflxjsVksaosQczkaMksaosQchpizfr;ksfxrkrksgS¯drqiw.kZughaAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdflxjsVksaosQmRikndrkscgqrgS]ijarqbuosQmRiknuesafofHkUurkik;htkrhgSAvFkkZr~osvyx&vyxczkaMdhflxjsVksadkmRiknudjrsgSaA
pSEcjfyu osQ 'kCnksa esaµ¶,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkcktkjdkog:igSftlesacgqrlhNksVsiQesZgksrhgSavkSjmuesalsizR;sdfeyrh&tqyrhoLrq,¡csprhgSa]ijarqoLrq,¡,d:iughagksrhgSvkSjoLrqvksaesaFkksM+kvarjgksrkgSA¸
izks- fjpkMZ ,p- ysÝVfop osQ 'kCnksa esaµ¶,dkfèkdkjkRedizfrLièkkZosQcktkjesa,dfo'ks"kfdLedhoLrqosQvusdfoozsQrkgksrsgSarFkk,dfoozsQrkdhoLrqfdlhufdlh:iesanwljsfoozsQrklsfHkUugksrhgStcfooszQrkvksadhla[;kbruhvfèkdgksrhgSfd,dfoozsQrkosQdk;ks±dknwljsfoozsQrkosQdk;ks±ijdksbZLi"VizHkkouiM+srks;gm|ksx,dkfèkdkjkRedizfrLièkkZdkm|ksxcutkrkgSA¸
mi;qZDrifjHkk"kvksaosQvkèkkjdgktkldrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjkRedizfrLièkkZdkvfHkizk;cktkjdh,d,slhfefJrfLFkfrlsgSftlosQvarxZriw.kZizfrLièkkZrFkk,dkfèkdkjnksuksosqxq.kik;stkrsgSaA
2- ,dkfèkd izfr;ksfxrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition)
,dkfèkdjkRedizfr;ksfxcktkjeasfuEufo'ks"krk,¡ik;htkrhgSaµ
1-Lora=kfoozsQrkvksadhvfèkdla[;kA
2-,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZroLrqvksaesafoHksnik;ktkrkgSA
3-cktkjesaxSjewY;izfr;ksfxrkfo|ekugSA
4-u;hiQeksZdkizos'k,oac£gxeuA
5-nh?kZdkyesablizfr;ksfxrkesalkekU;ykHkizkIrgksrkgSAD;ksafdiQeks±dkizos'kLora=k,oac£gxeuvklkugkstkrkgSA
6-foKkiu,oafoØ;ykxrksadhmifLFkfrA
7-ozsQrkvksadkscktkjdkiw.kZKkudkvHkkogksrkgSA
8-izR;sdiQeZdhviuhuhfrgksrhgSiw.kzizfr;ksfxrkdhHkkafr,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksxhiQeZdherizkIrdrkZughagksrkA
140 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 3- ,dkfèkdjkRed izfr;ksfxrk esa ewY; ,oa mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination Under Monopolistic Competition)
,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkesaewY;dkfuèkkZj.kmlfcanqijgksrkgStgk¡mldhMRvkSjMCcjkcjgksrhgSA
,dkfèkdkjkREdizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZrvYidkyrFkknh?kZdkyesamRiknu,oaewY;dkfuèkkZj.kvyx&vyxgksrkgSµ
(i) vYidkyesamRiknuoewY;dkfuèkkZj.k(Price and Output Determination Under Short Period)
(ii) nh?kZdkyesa mRiknuoewY;dk fuèkkZj.k (price and Output Determination Under Long period)
,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZrnh?kZdkyesaiQeZdksosQoylkekU;ykHkghizkIrD;ksafduh;iQeksZosQvktkusosQdkj.kvfrfjDrykHkc<+tkrkgS]vkSjlkekU;ykHkxdkiQeks±dksizkirgksrkgSAnh?kZdkyesaiQeZdhlhekarvkxe(MR)vkSjlhekarykxr(MC)vkSjvkSlrvkxe(AR)ovkSlrykxr(AC)cjkcjgksuhvko';dgSAnh?kZdkyesaiQeZosQlarqyudksfp=k3-35esan'kkZ;kx;kgSftllsLi"VgksrkgSfdiQeZdksnh?kZdkyesalkekU;ykHkizkIrgksrkgSA
Y
PT
E
LMC
LAC
LAR
LMR
XMO
fp=k 3-35
nh?kZdkyesaiQeZdklkE;fcanq= E
oqQymRiknudhek=kk= OM
izfrbdkbZvkSlrykxr= MT
izfrbdkbZvkSlrvkxe= MT
vFkkZr~LAR = LAC
blfy,iQeZdksnh?kZdkyesalkekU;ykHkizkIrgksxkA
};kfèkdkj izfr;ksfxrk (Doupoly Competition)
};kfèkdkjlsvfHkizk;]cktkjdhmlfLFkfrlsgS]ftlesafdlh,dghloZFkklekuvFkokyxHkxlekuoLrqosQnksmRikndgksrsgSaAnksuksadhviusmRiknudk;ZesaLora=kgksrsgSa,oanksuksadhoLrq,¡,d&nwljslsizfr;ksfxrkdjrhgSaaA;fn,dfoozsQrkviuhmitvFkokdherlacaèkhuhfresaifjorZudjrkgS]rksnwljsdhvksjlsbldhcy'kkyhizfrfØ;kgksrhgSA
blizdkjnksuksafoozsQrkvksaesalsdksbZHkhfcuknwljsdhizfrfØ;kdksè;kuesaj[ksmRiknudhek=kkvFkokdherdksfuf'prughadjldrkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 141
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
MkW- tkus (Dr. John) osQ'kCnksaesa¶f}&foozsQrk,dkfèkdkjcktkjdhogfLFkfrgS]ftlesafdlh,dghloZFkklekuvFkokyxHkxlekuoLrqosQnksmRikndgksrsgSa]tksviuschpdhervFkokmRiknuek=kkosQfo"k;easfdlhHkhizdkjosQle>kSrslsckè;ughagksrsA¸
vYikfèkdkjdhHkk¡fr};kfèkdkjeasHkhnksuksafoozsQrkvksaosQchpikjLifjdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSysfdufiQjHkhbunksuksaosQchp¶dher;q¼¸dhlaHkkoukcgqrdegksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdosQoyek=knksfoozsQrkgksuslsbunksuksaosQchple>kSrkvklkuhlsgkstkrkgSvkSjnksuksaghÅ¡phdherdkykHkvkilesafeydjck¡VysrsgSaAgk¡]Hksfnr};kfèkdkjdhfLFkfresanksuksafoozsQrkdkcktkjvyx&vyxgksrkgSvkSjnksuksaghvius&vius{ks=kesa,dkfèkdkjhdhHkk¡frdk;ZdjrsgSavkSjoLrqdhdherHkh,dkfèkdkjhdhrjgfuèkkZfjrdjrsgSaA
};kfèkdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristic of Duopoly)
};kfèkdkjcktkjdhfuEufo'ks"krk,¡gksrhgSaµ
1- ;g,d,slhfLFkfrdk|ksrdgSftuesaosQoynksghmRikndgksrsgSaA
2- nksuksaloZFkklekuvFkokyxHkxlekuoLrqdkfoØ;djrsgSaA
3- nksuksadhviusmRiknudk;ZesaLora=kgksrsgSarFkknksuksadhoLrq,¡,dnwljslsizfr;ksfxrkdjrhgSaA
4- vr%izR;sdizfrLièkkZdksLo;aviuhuhfrdkfuèkkZj.kdjusesanwljsizfrLièkkZdhuhfrdksè;kuesaj[kukvko';dgksrkgSAvFkkZr~nksuksafoozsQrkvksaosQchpikjLifjdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSA
5- };kfèkdkjukedcktkjfLFkfr,dkfèkdkjosQvfèkdfudVekuhtkrhgS]D;ksafdoqQNfo'ks"krk,¡,dkfèkdkjtSlhgksrhgSaA
6- tcnksfoozsQrk,d:i,oa,dxq.ktSlhoLrqcsprsgSarcmlsfo'kq¼};kfèkdkjdgrsgSaA
izQkal osQ vFkZ'kkL=kh owQuksa (Cournot) rFkk baXyS.M osQ vFkZ'kkL=kh ,toFkz (Edgeworth) usloZizFke};kfèkdkjosQvarxZrdherfuèkkZj.kdhleL;kdkvè;;ufd;kvkSjmlleL;kosQlekèkuosQ fy,lqfu;ksftrekWMyizLrqrfd,AbuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa}kjkizLrqrlekèkkudhijaijkoknhfl¼karosQukelstkuktkrkgSAvkèkqfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesaftUgksaus};kfèkdkjosQvarxZrdherfuèkkZj.kdhleL;kdkvè;;ufd;kmuesapSEcjfyu(Chemberline)]ckWeksy(Banumol)]Lohth(Sweazy)vkfnvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQukemYys[kuh;gSA
,dkfèkdkj vkSj ,dkfèkÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa varj (Distinction between Monopoly and Mo-nopolistic Competition)
,dkfèkdkjvkSj,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkokyscktkjesafuEufyf[krlekurk,¡vkSjvlekurk,¡gSaµ
lekurk,¡ %
1- nksuksacktkjksaesalkE;ogk¡LFkkfirgksrkgStgk¡lhekarykxrlhekarvk;osQcjkcjgksrhgSA
2- nksuksaesaghekax&oØekax&oØosQuhpsfLFkrgksrkgSA
3- nksuksacktkjvoLFkkvksaesalka;fcanqvkSlrvk;js[kkvFkokekaxjs[kkvfkokdherjs[kklsuhpsfLFkrgksrkgSA
4- nksuksavoLFkkvksaesavfrfjDr{kerkik;htkrhgSvFkkZr~nh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxr&oØdksekax&oØblosQU;wurefcanqijLi'kZughadjrkA
142 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 5- nksuksacktkjksaesaghmRiknddher&fuekZrkgksrsgSavFkkZr~osviuhbPNkuqlkjdheresaifjorZudjldrsgSaA
vlekurk,¡%
1- ,dkfèkdkjosQvarxZr,doLrqdkosQoy,dghmRikndgksrkgStcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesamRikndksadhla[;kcgqrgksrhgSaA
2- ,dkfèkdkjesam|ksxvkSjiQeZesadksbZvarjughaik;ktkrktcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesavusdiQesZgksrhgSarFkkblesam|ksxdkslewgdgrsgSaA
3- ,dkfèkdkjesaoLrq&foHksnughaik;ktkrkD;ksafdblesa,dghoLrqdkmRiknufd;ktkrkgSAblosQfoijhr,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrq,¡vkdkj]fMtkbu]jax]iS¯dx]lqxaèkvkfnosQdkj.k,d&nwljslsfHkuujgrhgSaftllsoLrq&foHksnik;ktkrkgSA
4- ,dkfèkdkjesalkekU;r;kfoØ;ykxrksadkvHkkojgrkgSijarq,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaiQeksZdhla[;kvfèkdgksusijizfr;ksfxrkosQdkj.kfoØ;ykxrksaijO;;djukvfuok;ZgksrkgSA
5- ,dkfèkdkjesaoLrq,¡fudVLFkkukiUuughagksrhaftuosQdkj.koLrqdhekaxdeykspnkjgksrhgSAblosQfoijhr,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrq,¡fudVLFkkukiUugksrhgSaAftllsgjiQeZdhoLrqdhekaxvfèkdykspnkjgksrhgSA
6- oLrqdhdherfuf'prdjusesaftruhLora=krk,dkfèkdkjhdksgksrhgS]mruh,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksxh iQeZ dks ugha gksrhA ,dkfèkdkjh oLrq dh dher Hh lkekU;r;k ,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrqdhdherlsvfèkdgksrhgSaA
7- ,dkfèkdkj esa ,dkfèkdkjhdk oLrq dhdhervFkok iw£r ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksus osQdkj.kdksbZHkhiQeZ,dkfèkdkjhm|ksxesaizos'kughadjldrhblosQfoijhr,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesanh?kZdkyesaiQesZlewgesaizos'kdjldrhgSavkSjmllsckgjHkhtkldrhgSa]D;ksafdblcktkjvoLFkkesaizfr;ksfxrkdkva'kHkhik;ktkrkgSA
8- ,dkfèkdkjesa iQeks± osQ izos'kdk Hk;ugksus osQdkj.k ,dkfèkdkjh nh?kZdkyesa HkhvlkekU;ykHkdekrkgStcfdiQesZ,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesanh?kZdkyesalkekU;ykHkghv£trdjrhgSD;ksafdiQeks±dkcfgxZeuvkSjizos'klewgesagksrkjgrkgSA
iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk vkSj viw.kz vFkkok ,dkfèkÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa varj (Difference between Perfect and Imperfect or Monopolistic Competition)
1- ozsQrk vkSj foozsQrkvksa dh la[;kµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvkSjfoozsQrkcgqrvfèkdla[;keasgksrsgSa]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvksavkSjfooszQrkvksadhla[;kvis{kkÑrdegksrhgSA
2- oLrqµiw.kz izfr;ksfxrk es fu£er o fcØhr oLrq,¡ ,d:i gksrh gSa] tcfd ,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrqfoHksngksrkgSvFkkZr~oLrqesaxq.k]:i]iS¯dx]VªsMekoZQ]otuvkfnesavarjgksrkgSA
3- cktkj Kkuµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvksavkSjfoozsQrkvksadkscktkjdhiw.kztkudkjhgksrhgS]tcfdviw.kZvFkok,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvkSjfoozsQrkdkscktkjdkiw.kZKkuughagksrhgSA
4- iQeks± dk izos'k o cfgxZeuµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesam|ksxesau;hiQeks±dkizos'koiqjkuhiQek±sdkcfgxeZucgqrljygksrkgS]tcfdviw.kZvFkok,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaiQeks±dkizos'kocfgxZeugksldrkgSysfduiw.kzizfr;ksfxrkdhHkk¡frcgqrljyughagksrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 143
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
5- ewY; fuèkkZj.kµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesam|ksxewY;fuèkkZfjrdjrhgSvkSjizR;sdiQeZewY;xzg.kdjusokyh(Price Taker)gksrhgSvkSjizR;sdiQeZ}kjkLohÑrgksrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaizR;sdiQeZ,dlhekrdewY;dksizHkkforvkSjfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSA
6- ewY;ksa esa lekurkµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesalaiw.kZcktkjesa,dlekuewY;ik;ktkrkgSvkSj;gewY;lHkh{ks=kksaosQcktkjksaesa,dlekugksrkgS]tcfdviw.kZizfr;ksxhcktkjesaewY;vyx&vyxgksrkgSA
7- ek¡x js[kk dk Lo:iµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesa,diQeZosQ fy,ek¡xjs[kk(vFkkZr~vkSlrvkxejs[kk),dlekukarjiM+hjs[kkgksrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaek¡xjs[kkck;salsnk;sauhpsdhvkSj>qdrhgqbZgksrhgSA
8- lhekar vkSj vkSlr vkxeµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesvkSlrvkxe(AR)vkSjlhekarvkxe(MR)nksuksacjkcjgksrsgSavkSj,dghjs[kk}kjknksuksafn[kk;satkrsgSa]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesavkSlrvkxe(AR)lhekarvkxe(MR)lsvfèkdgksrhgSA
9- ifjogu ,oa foØ; ykxrµiw.kZizfr;ksxhcktkjdhbln'kkesaifjogu,oafoØ;ykxrsaughagksrhgSa]tcfdviw.kZcktkjesaifjogu,oafoØ;ykxrsagksrhgSaA
10- xSj ewY; izfr;ksfxrkµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkcktkjesaiQeks±osQchpxSjewY;izfr;ksfxrkughagksrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkcktkjesaxSjewY;izfr;ksfxrktSlsµvkd"kZdiS¯dx]vklkumèkkj]foKkiu]?kjijekyigq¡pkusvkfndkegÙoiw.kZLFkkugksrhgSA
11- okLrfodrkµiw.kZizfr;ksxhcktkj,ddkYifudfLFkfrgStksO;kogkfjdthouesaughaik;htkrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkcktkj,dokLrfodfLFkfrgStkscktkjesaik;htkrhgSA
3-40- vYikfèkdkj (Oiligopoly)
tc fdlhcktkjesoLrqosQ mRiknu;k foØ;ijoqQNiQeks±dkvkfèkiR;gksrk gS] mlsvYikfèkdkjdhvoLFkkdgrsgSaA(Oligopoly)'kCnxzhdHkk"kkosQ‘Oligo’rFkk‘Poly’lsfeydjcukgSAftldk'kkfCndvfkZ^vYi*rFkk^foozsQrk*vFkkZr~vYifooszQrkAlkekU;:ilsvYikfèkdkjhcktkjogcktkjgksrkgSa]ftlesankslsvfèkdrFkkchllsdefooszQrkgksrsgSa]mlsvYikfèkdkjcktkjdgrsgSaA
es;lZ osQ vuqlkjµ¶vYikfèkdkjcktkjdhmlvoLFkkdksdgrsgSa]tgk¡fooszQrkvksadhla[;kbruhdegksrhgSfdizR;sdfoozsQrkcktkjdhdherijizHkkoiM+rkgSrFkkizR;sdfooszQrkblckrdkstkurkgSA¸
izks- fLVxyj osQ vuqlkjµ¶vYikfèkdkjogfLFkfrgksrhgSftlesadksbZiQezviuhcktkjuhfroqQNfudVizfr;ksfxrkosQlaHkkforO;ogkjijLFkkfirdjrhgSA¸
izks- ysÝVfop osQ vuqlkjµ^cktkjdhmln'kkdksvYikfèkdkjdgrsgSaftlesaFkksM+hla[;kesafooszQrkik;stkrsgSarFkkizR;sdfoozsQrkdhfØ;k;sanwljksaosQfy,egÙoiw.kZgksrhgSA*
vYikfèkdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Oligopoly)
,dvYikfèkdkjhcktkjesafuEufo'ks"krk,¡ikbZtkrhgSµ
1- vYikfèkdkjcktkjesafoozsQrkvksadhla[;kvYigksrhgSA
2- vYikfèkdkjcktkjesadherfLFkjrkik;htkrhgSA
3- vYikfèkdkjhm|ksxesau;hiQeks±dkizos'kdfBugksrkgSA
144 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 4- vYikfèkdkjdhn'kkesaizk;%lHkhiQesZfoKkiuvkSjfoØ;izksRlkguijvfèkdè;kunsrhgSA
5- vYikfèkdkjcktkjesaiQes±le:i,oafoHksfnrnksuksaizdkjdhoLrqdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSA
6- cktkjosQvU;izdkjksadhrqyukesavYikfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaiQeks±dhekaxoØcgqrvfuf'prgksrhgSA
7- vYikfèkdkjesamRiknudk;ZesayxhgqbZlHkhiQesZ,dnwljsijfuHkZjgksrhgSavFkkZr~,dnwljsijvkfJrgksrhgSaA
8- iQeks±esa,d:irkdkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSA
vYikfèkdkj esa ewy; o mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination Under Oligopoly)
vYikfèkdkjcktkjosQvarxZrdheromRiknudkfuèkkZj.klkekU;r%fuEukafdrrhufofèk;ksalsgksldrkgSµ
(i) Lora=kewY;fuèkkZj.k(Independent pricing)
(ii) xqVcanhosQvarxZrewY;fuèkkZj.k(Pricing Under Collusion)
(iii) ewY;usr`RoosQvarxZrewY;fuèkkZj.k(Pricing Under Price Leadership)
Lora=k ewY; fuèkkZj.k (Independent Pricing)
lkekU;:ilscktkjesaLora=kizfr;ksfxrkgksrhgS]ftlosQdkj.km|ksx,oaiQes±vius&viusewY;fuèkkZj.kdjusesaLora=kgksrhgSAlHkhiQks±cktkjlsvfèkdykHkdekusosQpDdjesadeewY;ijHkhoLrqcspukizkjaHkdjnsrkgSaAftlosQdkj.kcktkjesadher;q¼izkjaHkgksatkrkgSAifj.kker%detksjiQeZcktkjlsckgjgkstkrhgSA
xqVcanh osQ varxZr ewY; fuèkkZj.k (Pricing Under Collusion)
Lora=kewY;fuèkkZj.kdhgkfu;ksa]vfuf'prrkvksarFkkvlqj{kkvkfntksmRiUugksrhgSmllscpusosQfy,vYikfèkdkjhiQesZewY;rFkkmRiknudhek=kkosQlacaèkesadHkh&dHkhvkilesale>kSrkdjysrkgSaftlsxqVcanhdgrsgSaAxqVcanhlsrkRi;ZgSfdmlosQvarxZrfooszQrkvksaosQchpdheromriknuek=kkvkfnosQlacaèkesafdlhufdlhizdkjdkizR;{kvFkokijks{kle>kSrkgkstkrkgSAxqVcanhnksizdkjdhgksrhgSµ
(v) iw.kZ xqVcanh (Perfect Collusion)
blosQvarxZr,dosQUnzh;laLFkkdhLFkkiukdhtkrhgSftlsdkVsZy(Cartel)dgrsgSaAdkVsZyosQ}kjkxqVosQdHkhiQeksZosQfy,mriknudhek=kkvkSjewY;fuèkkZfjrfd;ktkrkgSvkSjO;fDrxriQeksZdhLora=krklekIrgkstkrhgSAdkVsZymRiknudhek=kkvkSjewY;mlfcanqijfuèkkZfjrdjrhgStgk¡ijm|ksxdhoqQylhekarykxr(TMC)m|ksxdhoqQylhekarvkxe(TMR)osQcjkcjgkstkrhgSAblsvxzjs[kkfp=kesaizn£'krfd;kx;kgSA
(fp=k3-36)esaTMCvkSjTMCoØEfcanqijcjkcjgkstkrsgSvr%laiw.kZm|ksxosQ}kjkOQmRiknufd;ktkrkgSftldkewY;vkSlrvkxe(TAR)lsOP1KkrgksrhgSAbloqQymRiknuOQdkfoHkktunksvYikfèkdkjhiQeks±esaOQ1vkSjOQ2osQcjkcjgksxktksoqQNmRiknuek=kkosQcjkcjgksxkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 145
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
Y
P
P1
E1
E2
Q1
MC1
MC2
L
E
TMC
TAR
TMR
Q2
QXO
fp=k 3-36
iw.kZxqVcanhdhfLFkfrdkYifud,aovLFkk;hgksrhgSD;ksafdblesamRiknudksVkosQfoHkktuijlnL;iQeks±esaerHksngkstkrkgSvkSjosxBcaèkudksNksM+nsrhgSaAljdkjhgLr{ksiHkhiw.kZxBcaèkudhuhfresackèkkigq¡pkrkgSA
(c) viw.kZ xqVcaVh (Imperfect Collusion)
blosQvarxZrdksbZosaQnzh;laLFkk;kdkVsZyughagksrhgScfYdm|ksxdhleL;iQesZoLrqosQewY;vkSjmRiknuek=kkosQlacaèkesa^Hkysvknfe;ksadkle>kSrk*(Gentlemen’s Agreement)djysrhgSaAizR;sdiQeZdksoqQNlhekrddhervkSjmRiknuek=kkfuèkkZj.kdhLora=k.kgksrhgSijarqewY;;q¼lscpusosQfy,vkilhlgefrdkjkLrkviuk;ktkrkgSAokLrfodthouesaxqVcanhdk;gLo:ivfèkdns[kusdksfeyrkgSAviw.kZxqVcanhdklokZfèkdizpfyr:iewY;usr`RogksrkgSA
ewY; usr`Ro osQ varxZr ewY; fuèkkZj.k (Pricing Under Price Leadership)
ewY;usr`RomlfLFkfrdksdgrsgSaftlesafdlh,diQeZ}kjkr;fd,x,ewY;dksvU;vYikfèkdkjhiQes±LohdkjdjysrhgSaAtksiQeZewY;fuèkkZj.kvkSjifjorZuesaigydjrhgSmlsewY;usrk(Price Leader)dgrsgSaAckdhlciQes±tksusrkosQewY;dkvuqlj.kdgrhgSamUgsaewY;vuq;k;h(Price Follower)dgrsgSaAvFkkZjcUlZ(Arther Burns)osQvuqlkj]¶;fn,dghiQeZ}kjklnSo;kizk;%ewY;esaifjorZufd,tkrsgSavkSjvU;foozsQrkewY;osQbUghaifjorZuksadkvuqlj.kdgrsgSarksblizdkjdhewY;LièkkZewY;usr`RoosQvarxZrvkrhgSA¸ewY;usr`RooguhfrgSftlesam|ksxdhvfèkdka'kbdkb;k¡mlosQ,dlnL;}kjkfuèkkZfjrfd,x,ewY;dksviukrsgSaA
ewY;usr`RoosQvarxZrusr`RodjusokyhiQeZcM+hgksrhgSrFkkoLrqosQoqQymRiknuesamldkcM+kfgLlkgksrhgSA'ks"kiQes±NksVsvkdkjdhgksrhgSatksdeek=kkesamRiknudjrhgSaAvr%lHkhNksVhiQes±cM+h,oavuqHkohiQeZ}kjkfuèkkZfjrewY;ijfoØ;djrhgSaA;guhfr^lÙkk'kfDr'kkyhosQgkFkesa*(Survival of the fittest)osQfl¼karijvkèkkfjrgSAHkkjresalsy(Steel Authority of India Limited-SAIL)bLikrm|ksxesaewY;usr`Rodkmnkgj.kgSA
ewY;usr`RoosQvarxZrvYikfèkdkjewY;,oamRiknufuèkkZj.kdks(fp=k3-37)esaizn£'krfd;kx;kgSAMC1rFkkMC2nksiQeks±dhvyx&vyxlhekarykxrdhjs[kk,¡gSaa(AR)vkSj(MR)vkSlrvkxevkSjlhekarvkxedhjs[kk,¡gSatksnksuksaiQeks±osQfy,,dlekugSaiQeZftldhlhekarykxrMC1degSogE1fcanqijMR = MC1osQgksusijOQ1ek=kkdkmRiknuP1Q1ewY;ijdjsxhAnwljhiQeZftldhlhekarykxrMC2igyhiQeZlsvfèkdgSogE2larqyufcanqijMR = MC2gksusijOQ2ek=kkdkmRiknuP2Q2ewY;ijdjsxhAigyhiQezdkewY;nwljslsdegSvkSjmRiknuHkhvfèkdgSAvr%igyhiQeZewY;usrkgksxhvkSjmlosQ}kjkfuèkkZfjrewY;ghnwljhiQeZ}kjkvuqlj.kdjyhtk;sxhAblizdkjewY;usrkdkdeewY;ghizpfyrewY;gksxkA
146 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
MC2
P1
P2
Y
AR
MR
E1
E2
MC1
Q1
Q2
XO
vkxe
,oa
ykxr
mRiknu dh ek=kk
fp=k 3-37
vYikfèkdkj vkSj ,dkfèkdkj esa varj (Distinction between Oligopoly and Monopoly)
la[;k
vYikfèkdkjesa,doLrqosQFkksM+slsfoozsQrkgksrsgSatcfd,dkfèkdkjesaoLrqdkosQoy,dghfoozsQrkgksrkgSA
(v) vYikfèkdkjesaoLrqle:igksldrhgSvkSjoLrqfoHksnHkhik;ktkldrkgStcfd,dkfèkdkjesa,dfoozsQrkosQlkFk,dghoLrqijfopkjfd;ktkrkgSA
(c) vYikfèkdkjesaoLrqosQfudVosQLFkkukiUuinkFkZik,tkldrsgSatcfd,dkfèkdkjesaoLrqosQLFkkukiUuinkFkZughaik,tkrsA
izfr}a}h iQeZ dk izHkko
vYikfèkdkjesa,diQeZosQdher&mRifÙkfu.kZ;nwljhizfr}a}hiQeks±osQdhermRifÙkfu.kZ;ksadksvo';izHkkfordjrsgSatcfd,dkfèkdkjhosQdk;ks±ijvU;iQeks±osQdk;ks±dk,oamlosQdk;ks±dkvU;iQeks±osQdk;ks±ijfo'ks"kizHkkoughaiM+rkA
ek¡x&oØ
vYikfèkdkjesa,diQeZosQek¡x&oØ;kvkSlrvk;&oØdkirkyxkukizk;%dfBugksrkgStcfd,dkfèkdkjesaiQeZosQek¡x&oØ;kvkSlrvk;&oØdkirkyxk;ktkldrkgSA
foKkuiu
vYikfèkdkjesaiQes±foKkiudkO;kid:ilsmi;ksxdjrhgSavkSjviuhoLrqdhfMtkbulqèkkjusijHkhfo'ks"kè;kunsrhgSatcfd,dkfèkdkjhiQeZdkscgqèkkfoKkiudklgkjkughaysukiM+rkvkSjviuhoLrqdhfMtkbudkslqèkkjusijHkhfo'ks"kè;kuughansukiM+rkA
3-41- lkjka'k (Summary)
• iw.kZizfr;ksfxrkcktkjdhogfLFkfrgS]ftlesaozsQrkvkSjfoozsQrkvfèkdla[;kesagksrsgSa]muesaiw.kZ,oaLora=kizfr;ksfxrkikbZtkrhgSvkSjdksbZHkhdksbZHkhozsQrkvFkokfoozsQrkoLrqfo'ks"kdhdherdksviusØ;&foØ;}kjkizHkkfordjusdhfLFkfresaughagksrkA
• ,dkfèkdkjiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQfcYoqQyfoijhrgksrkgSA,dkfèkdkj'kCndkmnxenksxzhd
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 147
?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk
'kCn‘MONOS’rFkk‘POLUS’lsgqvkgSftldk'kkfCndvFkZgS^vosQyk*(Single)vkSj^foozsQrk*(Seller)gSAvr%,dkfèkdkjcktkjdhogvoLFkkgS]ftlesaoLrqdkosQoy,dghfoozsQrkgksrkgS]rFkkmloLrqdhmRiknu,oaiw£rijiw.kzfu;a=k.kgksrkgSA
• ewY;foHksnlsrkRi;ZgSfd,dghle;ij,dghoLrqdksfofHkUu&fofHkUuozsQrkvksadksvyx&vyxewY;ijcspukAblsfoospukRed,dkfèkdkj]Hksniw.kZ,dkfèkdkjrFkkfoHksndkjh,dkfèkdkjvkfnukeksalsHkhtkuktkrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhvfèkdykHkv£trdjusosQfy,oLrqvksaosQewY;esafoHksndjrkgSftllsoLrqdhiw£rijiw.kZfu;ar=k.kfd;ktklosQA
• viw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdkvFkZgSizfr;ksfxrkdklhfergksukvFkkZr~urksizfr;ksfxrkdkvHkkogksvkSjughizfr;ksfxrkiw.kZrkfy,gq,gksAnwljs'kCnksaesatciw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhfofHkUun'kkvksaesalsfdlhHkh,dn'kkdkvHkkogksrkgSrcviw.kZizfr;ksfxrktUeysrkgSALi"VgSfdviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQfy,fo'kq¼izfr;ksfxrkesaviw.kZrkgksukt:jhgSA
• vaxzsthHkk"kkdkeksuksikWyh'kCnxzhd'kCnosQeksuksikWfy;u(Monopolion)'kCnlsfy;kx;kgSAbldkvFkZgSfcØhdk,dek=kvfèkdkjAvr,o'kq¼,dkfèkdkjcktkjdhogfLFkfrgSftlesaosQoy,diQeZfdlhoLrqdh,dek=kmRikndgksrhgSrFkkmloLrqdkdksbZfudVreLFkkukiUuughagksrkApwafd,dkfèkdkjhfdlhoLrqdkcktkjesa,dek=kfooszQrkgksrkgSblfy,mlosQurksdksbZizfr}a}hgksrsgSavkSjughizR;{kizfr;ksxhgksrsgSaA
3-42- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- foHksnkRed,dkfèkdkjlsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\
2- ,dkfèkdkjvkSj,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaD;kvarjgS\
3- ,dkfèkdkjhizfr;ksfxrkdhfo'ks"krkvksadko.kZudhft,A
4- iw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesacktkjesadherdkfuèkkZj.kfdlizdkjgksrkgS\
5- lhekarvkxeolhekarykxrdhjhfr;ksadklfp=ko.kZudhft,A
6- iw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesaiQeZosQlarqyudhizeq[kfofèk;ksadko.kZudhft,A
7- iw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZrnh?kZdkyesaiQeZdhlafLFkfrdhfoospukdhft,A
8- vYikfèkdkjcktkjesaewY;omRiknuosQfuèkkZj.kdhewY;fofèk;ksadhfoospukdhft,A
9- iw.kZizfr;ksfxrkvkSjviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesaHksndhft,Aiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZriQeZosQlarqyudhfoospukdhft,A
10- ,dkfèkdkjD;kgS\le>kb,A
11- oqQyvk;rFkkoqQyykxroØn`f"Vdks.klsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\
12- lhekarvk;rFkklhekarykxrn`f"Vdks.klsD;krkRi;ZgS\
13- dherfoHksndhvko';d'krks±dkmYys[kdhft,A
mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers : Self Assessment)
1- dher 2-eksuksikWfy;u 3-uhps 4- foozsQrk
5- (v) 6-(c) 7-(n) 8-(v)
9- lgh 10-xyr 11-lgh 12-xyrA
148 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
bZdkbZ&4(Unit–4)
vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkj(Input Markets of Economy)
#ijs[kk4.1 JecktkjD;kgS\(What is Labour Market)4.2 JecktkjdhifjHkk"kk(Definition of Labour Market) 4.3 Jecktkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡%(Characteristics of Labour Market)4.4 JecktkjosQizdkj%(Types of Labour Market)4.5 Jecktkjdhek¡xvkSjvkiw£r%(Demand and Supply in Labor) 4.6 O;qRiUuek¡x(??????)4.7 fl¼kardhHkwfedk(Introduction to Ricardian Theory 4-8 Hkwfe(??????)4.9 lhekarjktLomRikn(??????)4.10 lhekarlalkèkuykxr(??????)4.11 fMekafMaxdoZdkfMjkbodjuk(??????)4.12 fiNM+k>qdrkvkiw£rozQj(??????)4.12 Jfedla?k(??????)4.14 ,df'k{kkdkvk£FkdewY;(??????)4.15 lkjka'k(Summary) 4.16 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)
4-1- Je cktkj D;k gS\ (What is labour market)
JecktkjftlsukSdjhcktkjosQukelsHkhtkuktkrkgS]JedhekaxvkSjiw£rdhvkSjlaosQrdjrkgSA;gk¡deZpkjh;kJfediw£riznkudjrsgSa,oafu;ksDrk(dkensusokyk)JedhekaxdjrkgSAJevFkZO;oLFkkdkvfHkUuvaxgSD;ksafdgjvk£Fkdxfrfof/esaJedk,dvge;ksxnkugksrkgSA
4-2- Je cktkj dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of labour market)
Jecktkj,d,slhtxggStgk¡Jedhek¡x,oaiw£r}kjkJedhek=k,oaJeosQewY;(osru)dkfuèkkZj.kfd;ktkrkgSA
vr%blcktkjesaJfedfu;ksDrk}kjkfn;kx;kdkedjosQviuk;ksxnkunsrsgsaA,oablosQcnysmUgsaosruosQ:iesaizfriQyfn;ktkrkgSAcrknsadhJfeddhdkedjusdh:fpdkscjdkjkjj[kusosQfy,mUgsafu;ferrkSjijosrunsusdhvko';drkgksrhgSA
G:\Avnish\Laxmi\Vyasthigath arthashatra R.K. Sharma ji 01-07-2020 31/07/2020
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 149
vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkj4-3- Je cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡% (Characteristics of labour market)
Jecktkjdheq[;fo'ks"krk,¡fuEugS%
1- dBksj,oavuE;
2- fofu;kferrk
3- viw.kZizfr;ksfxrk
1- rhu lrjh; cktkj% (Three level market)
cM+svFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkjJecktkj[kafMrgksrkgSAblosQrhueq[;HkkxgksrsgSaAburhuesafofHkUuJfedoxhZÑrgksrsgSaAlclsigysLrjesaosJfedvkrsgSaftuosQiklmPpLrjh;dkS'kygksrkgSAbuJfedksadkosrulclsvfèkdgksrkgS,oa;scgqjk"Vªh;oaQifu;ksaesadkedjrsgSaA
nwljkLrjgksrkgSmuJfedksadkftuosQiklmPpLrjh;f'k{kk,oadkS'kyughagksrkgSA;sigysLrjosQJfedksaosQuhpsdkedjrsgSa,oamulsdeosruikrsgSaA
rhljsLrjosQJfedosgksrsgSatksfdeq[;r%,lsJfedgksrsgSatksfdnSfudosruijdkedjrsgSaA
2- dBksj ,oa vuE;%
JecktkjosQdBksj,oavuE;gksuslsvfHkizk;gSfdvyx&vyxLFkkuksaijlekudkeosQfy,vyxosrugksrkgSA,slkeq[;r%HkkSxksfydvyxkoosQdkj.kgksrkgSaAgetkursgSaJedhvyxek¡x,eovkiw£rgksrhgSftlosQdkj.kyksxksadkvyxosrugksrkgSA
3- fofu;kferrk% (Regulatory)
,dJecktkjdkfofu;fergksuslsvfHkizk;gSdhfofHkUuJfedksaosQfofHkUulaxBugksrsgSatks;gfu.kZ;djrsgSaAdhJfedksadksdkeosQfy,fdrukU;wureosrufeyukpkfg,A;fn;s'krZughaekuhtkrhgSarks;slaxBuviusfglkclsblosQf[kykiQdk;ZokghdjrsgSa,oaJfedksaosQgdosQfy,yM+rsgSaA
4- viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk% (Imperfect competition)
JecktkjosQviw.kZizfr;ksxhbZgksuslsvfHkizk;gSdhJedhdher;kuhosrugjckjek¡x,oavkiw£rlsghfuèkkZfjrughagksrkgS;gdbZckjjk"Vªh;;kvarjkZ"Vªh;laLFkkutSlsetnwjlaxBuksalsHkhizHkkforgksdjfuèkkZfjrgksrkgSAtcoaQifu;k¡fu;eksadkikyuughadjrhgSarks;slaxBudk;ZoguesagLr{ksidjrsgSa,oaosrudkfuèkkZj.kdjrsgSaAvr%Jecktkjdksiw.kZizfr;ksxhcktkjughadgktkldrkgSA
4-4- Je cktkj osQ izdkj% (Types of labour market)
Jecktkjeq[;r%rhuizdkjdkgksrkgS%
1- izkFkfed]
2- f}rh;d
3- r`rh;d
;scktkjosQeq[;LrjgksrsgSaftuosQvkèkkjijcktkjdkoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSA
1- izkFkfed Je cktkj % (Primary labor market)
;gcktkjdkigykoxZgksrkgSAbloxZesa,slsJfedvkrsgSaftuosQiklvR;fèkdmUurdkS'kygksrkgS ,oa bUgsa mPpLrjh; f'k{kk izkIrgksrhgSA budkdkeeq[;r%
150 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k oaQifu;ksaosQfofHkUufu.kZ;ysukgksrkgSa,oa;scgqjk"Vªh;oaQifu;ksaosQcM+svksgnsijdkedjrsgSaAbudkosrulclsvfèkdgksrkgS,oale;ijbUgsainksaUurhHkhfeyrhgSA
2- f}rh;d Je cktkj % (Secondary labor market)
f}rh;dJecktkjogcktkjgksrkgStgk¡,slsLJfedgksrsgSaftuosQiklT;knkmPpLrjh;f'k{kkughagksrhgSAbuosQiklizkFkfedJfedftrukmUurdkS'kyHkhughagksrkgS,oabudkmulsdeosrugksrkgSaA
3- r`rh;d Je cktkj % (Tertiary labor market)
r`rh;dJecktkjesa,slsJfedvkrsgSaftuosQikllclsdef'k{kkgksrhgS;kukosQcjkcjf'k{kkgksrhgSAbudkosrulclsdegksrkgSD;ksafd;sfdlhHkhdkeesaoqQ'kyughagksrsgSa,oa,slsyksxeq[;r%nSfudosruijdkedjrsgSatksfdcgqrdegksrkgSA
4-5- Je cktkj dh ek¡x vkSj vkiw£r% (Demand and supply in labor)
fp=k 4-1
tSlkdhgeÅiji<+pqosQgSafdJecktkjesaosru,oaJedhek=kdkfuèkkZj.kek¡xvkSjvkiw£rdhotglsgksrkgSAge;gk¡tkusaxsdhek¡xvkSjvkiw£rJecktkjdksfdlrjgizHkkfordjrsgSaA
Je cktkj dh ek¡xlsvfHkizk;gSoaQifu;ksa}kjkfdlhdk;ZdksdjokusosQfy,tcJfeddht#jrgksrhgS;kmuosQ}kjkek¡xgskrhgSAosfofHkUudk;ks±osQfy,fofHkUuosrunsrsgSaA
Je cktkj dh vkiw£r lsvfHkizk;gSoslHkhyksxtksfdorZekule;esa,oaosrunjijdkedjusosQfy,rS;kjgSa,oaviusdkS'kydkiz;ksxdjosQfu;ksDrkosQizfrviuk;ksxnkunsukpkgrsgSaA
ek¡x iw£r
Je dh ek=kk (?kaVksa esa)
osru
nkj
fp=k 4-2
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 151
vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkjÅijfp=kesatSlkdhvkins[kldrsgSaek¡x,oaiw£rdh'kfDr;k¡fdlizdkjJecktkjesaosru,oaek=kkdksizHkkfordjrhgSaA;fnJedhek¡xvfèkdc<+tkrhgS,oaiw£rdegksrhgSrksbllsosrueasc<+ksrjhgkstkrhgSysfdu;fniwrhZdhek=kvfèkdgksrhgS,oat:jr;kek¡xdegksrhgSrksbllsosru?kVtkrkgSA
O;qRiUu ek¡x % vFkZ'kkL=keSa,doLrqdhek¡xlsnwljhoLrqdhek¡xdkmRiUugksukO;qRiUuek¡xdgykrhgSAnwljh'kCnksaesa]tcfdlhoLrqdhek¡x]oqQNewyoLrqvksadh[kjhnlstqM+hgksrhgSArksmldhek¡xO;qRiUuek¡xdgykrhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,tcxsgw¡dhek¡xc<+rhgSrksbllsJedhek¡xeSao`f¼gksrhgSAlkFk&gh&lkFkmRiknuosQvU;dkjdkStSlsmoZjddhek¡xc<+tkrhgSA
O;qRiUuek¡xfdlhHkhoLrqosQlacaèkesagksldrhgSAtSlsedkucukukgksrkgSrcmlscukusosQfy,fofHkUuoLrqvksadhek¡xLor%ghmRiUugkstkrhgSAtSlslhesaV]jksMh]cnjiwQjvkfnA
4-6- O;qRiUu ek¡x
oLrqvksavkSjlsokvksaosQmRiknuesalalkèkuksadkmi;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAbuiqV;klalkèkudhek¡xmloLrq;klsokdhek¡xlsizkIrgksrhgSAtkslalkèkudkmi;ksxdjrhgSAmiHkksDrklhèksvkSjviusvkiesaLVhydksegÙoughansrsgSa]ysfdutclsgedkjksadhek¡xdjrsgSa]gevizR;{k:ilsLVhydhek¡xdjrsgSaA;fndkjksadhek¡xc<+tkrhgS]rksdkjksadkscukusosQfy,mi;ksxgksusokysLVhydhek¡xesao`f¼gksxhA
S
D1
D0
Q
P Iron Ore S
D1
D0
Q
P Cars
The demand for resources are derived from the products they produce
Derived Demand
fp=k 4-3
O;qRiUuek¡xvkSjvknkuksadhvkiw£rdksle>uslsgesa;gle>usesaennfeyldrhgSfdvknkuksaosQfy,cktkjoSQlsdkedjrsgSa]vkSjcnysesa];scktkjvafrelkekuksaosQfy,cktkjksalsoSQlslacafèkrgksrsgSa(vFkkZr~ekymiHkksDrkvksadksokLroesa[kjhnrkgSA)buvoèkkj.kkvksadksle>ukgesa;gfuèkkZfjrdjusesal{kecukrkgSfdek£tuijLVhyosQfy,,diQeZfdrukHkqxrkudjusosQfy,rS;kjgksxh;k;fnogfdlhdks`20izfr?kaVsosQyk;dgSAlsmÙkjiz'uesabuiqVdh,dvfrfjDrjkf'kdkmi;ksxdjosQmRiUuewY;;kjktLoijfuHkZjdjrsgSa(;kuh,dvfrfjDrdk;ZdrkZ}kjkmRiUuewY;;kjktLoD;kgS)bldhrqyukesabuiqVdhmlvfrfjDrjkf'kdksfu;ksftrdjusdhykxr(;kuhetnwjhnj)AlhekarjktLovkSjlhekarykxrdhvoèkkj.kkosQlekugS]tksmRiknudh,dvkSjbdkbZosQmRiknuosQvfrfjDrykHkksavkSjykxrksadksekirkgS]gelhekarjktLomRiknvkSjlhekarlalkèkuykxrdhvoèkkj.kkdkmi;ksxdjrsgSatks,dvfrfjDrbuiqVdkmi;ksxdjuslsvfrfjDrjktLovkSjvfrfjDrykxdksekirkgSA
152 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k4-7- fl¼kar dh Hkwfedk (Introduction to Ricardian Theory)
fjdkMksZosQyxkufl¼kardks^yxkudkizfrf"Brfl¼kar*HkhdgktkrkgSAfjdkMksZlsiwoZizo`QfroknhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa(Physiocrats)usyxkulaca/hviusfopkjizLrqrfd;sFksAizo`Qfrokfn;ksaosQvuqlkjo`Qf"kgh,dek=k{ks=kgStgk¡vfrjsd(Surplus)mRiUugksrkgSAizo`Qfrokfn;ksauso`Qf"k{ks=kdhvfrjsd{kerkdkdkj.kizko`QfrdrRoksadk;ksxnkucrk;kFkkA
muosQvuqlkjekuoijizo`Qfrdkn;kyqgksukyxkudkeq[;dkj.kgSAMsfoMfjdkMksZigysvFkZ'kkL=khFksftudk;gfo'oklFkkfdizo`Qfrekuoijn;kyqughacfYdo`Qi.kgksrhgSAmuosQvuqlkjHkhizo`QfrdhmnkjrkosQdkj.kughacfYdo`Qi.krkosQdkj.kmRiUugksrkgSA
4-8- Hkwfe
19oha 'krkCnh esa fjdkMksZ us viuh izfl¼ iqLrd ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’esayxkufl¼kardkizfriknufd;kAfjdkMksZosQvuqlkj]¶yxkuHkwfedhmitdkogHkkxgStksekSfydrFkkvfouk'kh'kfDr;ksaosQmi;ksxosQfy,Hkw&Lokehdksfn;ktkrkgSA¸
fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar dh ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions of the Ricardian Theory)
1- fofHkUuHkw&[kaMksadhmoZjrkesavarjgksrkgSA
2- Hkwfedhiw£rfuf'prgksrhgSrFkkHkwfedkdksbZoSdfYidiz;ksx(Alternative Use)ughagksrkAfjdkMksZdhekU;rkuqlkjHkwfedkiz;ksxosQoyvukt(Corn)dkmRiknudjusosQfy,ghfd;ktkrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]HkwfedhgLrkUrj.kvk;(Transfer Earning)'kwU;gksrhgSA
3- Hkwfeij[ksrhmldhmitkmQ'kfDr(Fertility)osQozQeesadhtkrhgSvFkkZr~loZizFkelclsigysvf/dremoZjdrkokyhHkwfeij[ksrhdhtkrhgSrFkkmldklaiw.kZiz;ksxgksusijghmllsdemoZjdrkokyhHkwfedks[ksrhosQiz;ksxesafy;ktkrkgSA
4- HkwfedhmoZjdrk'kfDrekSfydrFkkvfouk'khgStksdHkhu"VughagksrhA
5- tula[;ko`f¼gksusijvuktdhek¡xc<+rhgSA
6- o`Qf"kesa?kVrsizfriQydkfu;e(Law of Diminishing Returns)ykxwgksrkgSA
7- oLrqcktkjesaiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkgSftlosQdkj.klaiw.kZcktkjesavuktdhdher,dlekugSA
fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar dh O;k[;k (Explanation of the Ricardian Theory)
fjdkMksZosQyxkufl¼kardhO;k[;krhu'kh"kZdksaosQvarxZrdhtkldrhgS%
(i) foLr`r[ksrhesayxku(Rent under Extensive Cultivation),
(ii) xgjh[ksrhesayxku(Rent under Intensive Cultivation),
(iii) fLFkfryxku(Situation Rent)A
(i) foLr`r [ksrh esa yxku (Rent under Extensive Cultivation):
fjdkMksZosQvuqlkjfoLr`r[ksrhesaHksnkRedyxkumRiUugksrkgSAHksnkRedyxkudhbl/kj.kkesafjdkMksZbliwoZekU;rkdksysdjpyrsgSafd,d}hiesavusd,slsHkw&[kaMgSftudhmoZjrk(Fertility)]xq.k(Quality)]fLFkfr(Location)vkfnesa,dlekurkugksdjfHkUurkgksrhgSA
nwljs'kCnksaesa],d}hiesafofHkUuJsf.k;ksaokysHkw&[kaMgSaAloksZÙkeJs.khdhHkwfedh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 153
vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkjmoZjdrklokZf/dgksrhgStgk¡Je,oaiw¡thdh,dfuf'prek=kklsvf/dremRiknufd;ktkldrkgSAblizdkjmoZjdrkosQvk/kjijHkw&[kaMksadkloksZÙkeJs.khlsysdjfuEureJs.khrdfoHkktufd;ktkrkgSA
fjdkMksZ us fuEure moZjdrk okyh Hkwfedks lhekar Hkwfe (Marginal Land) osQ :iesa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kgSA bl fuEuremoZjrkokyhHkwfelsJs"BHkwfe;ksadks fjdkMksZ usvf/&lhekarHkwfe(Intra-Margianl Land)dkukefn;kAlhekarHkwfeijdksbZvfrjsd(Surplus)mRiUuughagksrkD;ksafdblHkwfeijizkIrvkxe[ksrhdhykxrosQcjkcjgksrkgSA
fjdkMksZ osQ vuqlkj]
HksnkRedyxku¾vf/&lhekarHkwfedhmRikndrk&lhekarHkwfedhmRikndrk
foLr`r[ksrhesaHksnkRedyxkudhO;k[;kosQfy,geekudjpyrsgSafd}hiesarhuJs.khdhHkwfe&Js.khAloksZÙke]Js.khBeè;erFkkJs.khCfuEuremRikndrkokyhHkwfe;k¡miyC/gSaAtc}hiijoqQNyksxvkdjclrsgSarcekuoviuhmiHkksxizo`QfrosQvuqlkjlclsigysloksZÙkemRikndrkokyhAJs.khdhHkwfeij[ksrhvkjaHkdjrkgSA
vc;fntula[;kosQvkdkjesafujarjo`f¼gksusijvuktdhek¡xesaHkho`f¼gksxhAvuktmRiknuosQfy,BJs.khdhHkwfedkiz;ksxrcrdughagksxktcrdAJs.khdhleLrHkwfevuktmRiknuesaiz;ksxudjyhtk;sA
tcrdBJs.khdhHkwfeiz;ksxughadhtkrhrcrddksbZyxkumifLFkrughagksxk¯drqBJs.khdhHkwfeosQiz;ksxesavkusijAJs.khdhHkwfevf/&lhekarHkwfecudjlhekarHkwfeBdhrqyukesaoqQNvfrjsdmRiUudjsxhAfjdkMksZosQvuqlkjlhekarHkwfedhrqyukesavf/&lhekarHkwfedk;ghvfrjsdyxku(Rent)gSA
fjdkMksZ osQ mi;qZDr fopkj dks ,d dkYifud mnkgj.k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS%
rkfydk1lsLi"VgSfd;fn}hiijvuktdhek¡x100oqQUrylsvf/dgksrhgSrcfoLr`r[ksrhesaBJs.khdhHkwfeiz;ksxdhtk;sxhAblhizdkj180oqQUrylsvf/dvuktdhek¡xgksusijJs.khCdhHkwfeiz;ksxdhtk;sxhA
tSls&tSls fuEu mRikndrk Lrj okyh Hkwfe;ksa ij [ksrh vkjaHk gksrh gS oSls&oSls m¡QphmRikndrkokyhHkwfe;ksaijvfrjsd(Surplus)mRiUugksrktkrkgSftlsfjdkMksZusyxkudgkAHksnkRedizn£'krdjusokyhrkfydk1dksfp=k1esaizn£rfd;kx;kgSA
clip_image004_thumb2
fp=k1esaA, BJs.khdhHkwfe;k¡vf/&lhekarHkwfe;k¡cudjyxkumRiUudjjghgSaftlsNk;knkj{ks=kiQylsfn[kk;kx;kgSA
(ii) xgjh [ksrh esa yxku (Rent under Intensive Cultivation):
fjdkMksZosQfopkjesayxkuosQoyfoLr`r[ksrhesaghmRiUuughagksrkcfYdxgjh[ksrhesaHkhmRiUugksrkgSAHkwfedhiw£rlhfergksusosQdkj.ktctula[;kc<+usij,d,slhfLFkfrmRiUugkstkrhgStcfdfuEudksfVdhHkwfedkHkhvHkkomifLFkrgkstkrkgSvkSjvuktdhcM+hek¡xdksfoLr`r[ksrh}kjkiwjkughafd;ktkldrkA
,slhn'kkesatcHkwfeosQfuf'prvkSjlhefer{ks=kiQyijJerFkkiw¡thdhvfrfjDrbdkb;ksa dk iz;ksx djosq mRiknu o`f¼dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS rc bls xgu [ksrh(Intensive Cultivation)dgrsgSaA
fjdkMksZdk fopkj Fkk fdtSls&tSls HkwfeosQ fuf'pr{ks=kiQyijJerFkkiw¡thdh
154 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k vfrfjDr bdkb;ksa dk iz;ksx c<+k;k tkrk gS] Ékleku izfriQy dk fu;e (Law of Dimishing Returns)ykxwgkstkrkgSA
blfu;eosQykxwgksusdhn'kkesa,dHkw&LokehviuhHkwfeosQfuf'pr{ks=kiQyijJe,oaiw¡thdhvfrfjDrbdkb;k¡rcrdyxkrktk;sxktcrdlhekarmRiknudkewY;vkSjmRiknudhykxrlekuugkstk,a
JevkSjiw¡thdhblek=kkdkslhekarek=kk(Marginal Dose)dgktkrkgSAblhlhekarek=kkosQ}kjkvf/lhekarek=kkvksa(Intra-Marginal Dose)dkyxku,oaoLrq(vFkkZr~vukt)dkewY;fu/kZfjrgksrkgSA
blizdkjxgjh[ksrhesa^lhekarHkwfe*osQLFkkuij^lhekarek=kk*dkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAlhekarek=kkijdksbZyxkumRiUuughagksxkD;ksafdlhekarek=kkdhykxrmlosQmRikndrkewY;osQcjkcjgksrhgS¯drqvf/&lhekarek=kkvksa(vFkkZr~lhekarek=kklsiwoZdhJeoiw¡thbdkb;k¡)ijyxkumRiUugksrkgSD;ksafd;svf/&lhekarek=kk,¡viuhykxrlsvf/dmRikndrkmRiUudjrhgSaA
lhekarek=kkosQmQijvf/&lhekarek=kkvksadkstksHkhvfrjsdizkIrgksrkgSmldyxkudgktkrkgSA
mnkgj.k o js[kkfp=k }kjk Li"Vhdj.k%
clip_image006_thumb2
rkfydk2lsLi"VgSfdJerFkkiw¡thdhr`rh;ek=kklhekarek=kkgSftlijdksbZvfrjsdvFkokyxkumRiUuughagksrkA
rkfydk2dksfp=k2osQ:ieasO;DrdjosQHkhle>ktkldrkgsaJevkSjiw¡thdhigyhvkSjnwljhek=kk,¡vf/&lhekarek=kk,¡cudjlhekarek=kk(vFkkZr~r`rh;ek=kk)dhrqyukeavfrjsdmRiUudjjghgSatksyxkudkslwfprdjrkgSA
mi;qZDrfo'ys"k.klsLi"VgSfdxgjh[ksrhdkyxkulhferrkosQyxku(Scarcity Rent)dk|ksrdgSD;ksafdyxkuHkwfedhlhferrkosQdkj.kmRiUugksjgkgSA
(iii) fLFkfr yxku (Situation Rent):
fjdkMksZosQfopkjesa;fnHkwfeosQfofHkUuVqdM+ksadhmoZjrk,dlekuHkhgSrcHkhmudhfLFkfresavarjgksusosQdkj.kyxkumRiUugksldrkgSA;fndksbZHkwfedkVqdM+kvPNsLFkkuijcktkjosQfudVrFkk;krk;krlqfo/kvksalslaiUugSrc,slhn'kkesaHkhyxkumifLFkrgksxkA
mnkgj.kosQfy,]rhuHkw&[kaMA, BrFkkCesalsAloZJs"BfLFkfresa]Beè;efLFkfresarFkkCfuEurefLFkfresagSA;krk;krykxrbuHkw&[kaMksaijozQe'k%`10]`30rFkk`50gSA
,slhn'kkesatcrhuksaHkw&[kaMksadkmRikfnrvuktcktkjvkdj,dghdherijfcrkgSrcHkw&[kaMCdhrqyukesaHkw&[kaMArFkkBdksozQe'k%`40rFkk`20vfrjsdvFkokvprizkIrgksrhgStcfdHkw&[kaMCijdksbZcprizkIrughagksrhA
HkwfeCviuhfuEurefLFkfrosQdkj.klhekarHkwfecutkrhgSrFkkHkwfeArFkkHkwfeBviuhcsgrjfLFkfrosQdkj.kvf/&lhekarHkwfecudjyxkumRiUudjrhgSaA
fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar dh vkykspuk (Criticisms of Ricardian Theory)
vusdvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausfuEufyf[kr¯cnqvksaijfjdkMksZosQfl¼kardhvkykspukdhgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 155
vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkj 1- ekSfyd rFkk vfouk'kh 'kfDr;ksa dk u gksuk (No Original and Indestructible Powers of Soil):
LVksfu;j,oagsxvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaus fjdkMksZdhblekU;rkdksxyrcrk;kgS fdHkwfedhmoZjk'kfDrekSfydvkSjvfouk'khgksrhgSAvk/qfudoSKkfud;qxesablizdkjdhekU;rkdksdksbZvFkZughagSD;ksafdo`Qf"kesafoKku,oarduhdhdkiz;ksxdjosQmoZjrkdksc<+k;ktkldrkgSAlkFkghvk/qfud;wxesadksbZoLrqvfouk'khughagS_Hkw&L[kyu(Landscape)bldkmnkgj.kgSA
2- Hkwfe tksrus dk xyr ozQe (Wrong Order Cultivation of Land):
fjdkMksZdhekU;rkuqlkjlclsvf/dmoZjrkokyhHkwfelsvkjaHkdjosQozQe'k%varesalclsfuEudksfvdhHkwfedkstksrktkrkgSavk£FkdbfrgklesabllanHkZdkdksbZizek.kughafeyrkAfofHkuuHkw&[kaMksaij[ksrhdjusosQckngh;girkyxrkgSfdmuesamoZjrkdhn`f"VlsloZJs"BdkSugS\[ksrhosQigys;gdgukxyrgSfdveqdHkw&[kaMloksZÙkemoZjrkokykHkw&[kaMgSA
3- yxku dk laca/ osQoy Hkwfe ls ugha (Rent has no Relation only with the Land):
fjdkMksZosQfopkjesayxkudklaca/osQoyHkwfelsgSvU;lk/uksalsughaAvk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQvuqlkjyxkumRiUugksusdkdkj.klk/udh nqyZHkrk gS rFkk ;glhferrkdkrRomRiknuosQizR;sdlk/uosQlkFkgksldrkgSvr%lHkhlk/uksaijyxkumRiUugksldrkgSA
4- lhekar vFkok yxku&jfgr Hkwfe (Marginal Land or No-Rent Land):
fjdkMksZdh;gekU;rkgS fdizR;sdns'kesa,dHkw&[kaM,slkvo';ik;ktkrkgSftlijdksbZyxkuizkIrughagksrkA,slhHkwfedksfjdkMksZuslhekarHkwfedkukefn;kAokLrfodrkesalhekarHkwfevFkokyxkujfgrHkwfeughaik;htkrhA
5- dher ,oa yxku (Price and Rent):
fjdkMksZosQvuqlkjdheryxkudksfu/kZfjrdjrhgSufdyxkudherdksAvk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkjyxkudkj.kgSrFkkdherifj.kke(Rent is the Cause and Price is the Result)AyxkumRifÙklk/uksaesaHkwfedhlsokvksaosQcnysiqjLdkjgSvkSj;gmRiknuykxrdksfu/kZfjrdjrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]vk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQfopkjesayxkudheresalfEefyrgksrkgSA
6- vokLrfod ekU;rk,¡ (Unrealistic Assumptions):
fjdkMksZdkfl¼karvusdvokLrfodekU;rkvksaijvk/kfjrgSAiw.kZizfr;ksfxrk]o`Qf"kesa?kVrsizfriQyfu;edkfozQ;kUo;u]ekYFklosQtula[;klaca/hfl¼karvkfnekU;rk,¡okLrfodthouesaughaik;htkrhaAfjdkMksZdkfl¼karnh?kZdkyhugStcfdnh?kZdkyO;ogkjesadHkhughavkrkA
blesadksbZlansgughafdfjdkMksZosQfl¼kardhvusdlhek,¡gSaftUgsafofHkuuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa}kjkizdk'kesayk;ktkrkgSAijarqbuosQjgrsgq,HkhfjdkMksZusdbZegRoiw.kZrF;ksadkslekusj[kkgStSlsyxku,dvuk£trvk;(Unearned Income)gSA
vk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausHkhyxkufl¼karfjdkMksZosQyxkufl¼kardksghvk/kjekudjfn;kgSAfoHksnkRedyxkuosQLFkkuijvk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausgLrkUrj.kvk;dkfopkjnsdjfjdkMksZlsfl¼kardkfoLrkj,oalq/kjfd;kgSA
izks-jkWcVZludk;gdFkuBhdghgS]¶fjdkMksZosQyxkufl¼karusviuhekU;rk,oalR;rkfdlhHkhekin.Mijugha[kks;hgSA¸
156 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k4-9- lhekar jktLo mRikn
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Marginal Revenue product
MRP = DTRDX
MP * MR
Labor Output MP Price Total Revenue MRP
0 0 ** 5 0 ***
1 12 12 5 60 60
2 22 10 5 110 50
3 30 8 5 150 40
4 36 6 5 180 30
5 40 4 5 200 20
6 42 2 5 210 10
4-10- lhekar lalkèku ykxr
lhekarlalkèkuykxrbuiqVdh,dvkSjbdkbZdksfu;ksftrdjosQvfrfjDrykxrgSabldhx.kukbuiqVdhla[;kesaifjorZuls foHkkftroqQyykxresaifjorZulsgksrhgSA,dizfrLièkhZlalkèku;kbuiqVcktkjeas]geekursgSafdiQezcktkjesa,dNksVkfu;ksDrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]iQeZdk;ZjrbuiqVdhla[;kdhijokgfd,fcukbuiqVdhdherdksizHkkfordjusesal{keughagksxkA;g,dizfrLièkhZmRiknucktkjesa,diQezdhrjggStksdherdksizHkkfordjusosQfy,cgqrNksVkgS_blfy,];g,dewY;&ysusokykgSabucktkjfLFkfr;ksaosQrgr]lhekarlalkèkuykxrbuiqVdhdhergS]etnwjh(w)dgrsgSa]D;ksafdbuiqVdh,dvkSjbdkbZdksfu;ksftrdjusdhvfrfjDrykxrfliZQbuiqVdhdhergSA
vcgeviusigysosQlokyijykSVldrsgSafdD;k;gfdlhdksizfr?kaVs`20dksHkqxrkudjusosQyk;dFkk(;gekudjfdgekjh,dek=kifjorZuh;ykxrFkhA)bliz'udkmÙkjnsusosqfy,]gelhekarjktLomRikn(MRP)dhrqyuk` 20osQlhekarlalkèkuykxr(MRC)lsdjsaxsA;fnMRP MRClsvfèkd;kmlosQcjkcjgSrksgesalalkèkudksfu;ksftrdjukpkfg,A;fnMRP MRClsdegS]rksgesadelalkèkuyxkuspkfg,AlhekarjktLomRiknudhtk¡pdjrsle;]
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gekjsmnkgj.kesa]JedhigyhbdkbZdksjkstxkjnsuslsgekjsjktLoesa` 60dho`f¼gksrhgSvkSjgekjhykxrosQoy` 20c<+tkrhgS]blfy,gelalkèkudkmi;ksxdjrsgSaAgeviukewY;kadurcrdtkjhj[krsgSatcrdgesa5;wfuVJeughafeyrkgStgk¡,evkjihvkSj,evkjlhcjkcjgSaA;fngeJedhNBHbdkbZdksjkstxkjnsusosQfy,Fks]rksge` 20dhvfrfjDrykxryxk,¡xs]ysfduosQoy` 10vfrfjDrjktLomRiUudjsaxsA
Marginal Resource Cost
• MRC = D Total Cost / Dx
• In a competitive market
– MRC = D Total Cost / D x = D (w* x)/ Dx = w
Labor Output MP Price Total Revenue MRP MRC
0 0 ** 5 0 ** **
1 12 12 5 60 60 20
2 22 10 5 110 50 20
3 30 8 5 150 40 20
4 36 6 5 180 30 20
5 40 4 5 200 20 20
6 42 2 5 210 10 20
4-11- fMekafMax doZ dk fMjkbo djuk
,evkjeh=,evkjlhosQgekjsfu.kz;fu;edkmi;ksxdjrsgq,]ge,dbuiqVosQfy,ek¡xoØizkIrdjldrsgSaAbuiqV;ketnwjhnjosQfuEufyf[krewY;sadksfu;ksftrdjusosQfy,buiqVdhvfèkderla[;kfuèkkZfjrdjsa%
Deriving Demand
Labor Output MP Price Total Revenue MRP
0 0 ** 4 0 **
1 12 12 4 48 48
2 22 10 4 88 40
3 30 8 4 120 32
4 36 6 4 144 24
5 40 4 4 160 16
6 42 2 4 168 8
7 43 1 4 172 4
8 43 0 4 172 0
158 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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MRC or Wage Rate Labor
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
20
30
40
50
60
Demand for Labor
Wage
Rate
or
MR
C
Labor
4 7
8 6
16 5
24 4
32 3
40 2
48 1
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4-12- fiNM+k >qdrk vkiw£r ozQj
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JfedJevkSjvodk'kosQchpO;kikjcandklkeukdjrkgSAtSls&tSlsJedhdherc<+rhgS]izfrLFkkiuikutvfèkdO;fDrdksvfèkdJedhvkiw£rdhvksjystkrkgSvkSjdevodk'kgksrkgSD;ksafdvodk'kdhykxresao`f¼gqbZgSAgkykafd]tSlkfdetnwjhnjc<+tkrhgS]O;fDrdkeosQde?kaVksaosQlkFklekuvk;Lrjj[kusesal{kegksrsgSa]ftllsvfèkdvodk'kle;dhvuqefrfeyrhgSAvk;izHkkovDljudkjkRedgksrkgSvkSj;fnizfrLFkkiuizHkkodhrqyukesavk;izHkkovfèkdgksrkgS]rksO;fDretwnjhdhvkiw£rdhek=kkdksdedjnsxkD;ksafdetwnjhnjc<+tkrhgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa,dMkWDVj;kmPpetnwjhnjcukusokykdksbZO;fDriwNldrkgS%¶;fnesjsiklvkuanysusosQfy,le;ughagS]rksvfèkdvk;gksusdkD;kewY;gS\¸blizdkjoslIrkgesaosQoyrhufnudkedjrsgSavkSj'ks"kle;xksfYiaQx;kukSdk;utSlhvodk'kxfrfofèk;ksaesafcrkrsgSaA
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Q of Labor SuppliedW
age
Rate
Backward Bending Supply Curve
fp=k 4-4
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4-13- Jfed la?k
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;wfu;usaviuslnL;ksaosQosruesao`f¼dhek¡xdjldrhgSa;krksJedhek¡xdksc<+kldrhgSa;kJedhvkiw£rdksdedjldrhgSaAJedhek¡xdksc<+kusosQfy,];wfu;ufofHkUuizdkjdhxfrfofèk;ksadksvkxsc<+kldrhgSaA
1- ;wfu;uksadksoSdfYidlalkèkuksadhdherc<+kusdhvko';drkgksldrhgS]tSlsfdxSj&JfedksaosQfy,U;wureetnwjhc<+kus;kiw¡thosQmi;ksxdksizfrcafèkrdjusosQfy,iSjohdjuk]tksfd;wfu;uJedk,dfodYigSA2002esa]varjkZ"Vªh;yksax'kksjvkSjos;jgkml;wfu;u(ILWU)usyksfMaxvkSjvuyksfMaxosQfy,izkSn~;ksfxdhdksviukusdkfojksèkdjusvkSjlhferdjusosQfy,29if'pehrVcanjxkgksadkscandjfn;kAgkykafd;gyksfMaxvkSjvuyksfMaxrduhddksmi;ksxdjosQJfedksadhmRikndjrkesao`f¼djsxk]vfèkdiw¡thdkizfrLFkkiu]vko';dJfedksadhla[;kdksdedjnsxkA
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3- mRikndhek¡xvkSjblizdkjJedhek¡xdksc<+usosQfy,;wfu;umRiknfoKkiuosQfy,HkqxrkudjsldrsgSaA
4- vafre];wfu;ujktuhfrdxfrfofèk;ksadksvkxsc<+kldrhgSatksJedhek¡xdksc<+krhgSatSlsfdoqQNifj;kstukvksaijosQoy;wfu;uJfedksadksfu;ksftrdjusdhvko';drkgksrhgSA
oSdfYid:ils];wfu;uksausJedhvkiw£rdksizfrcafèkrdjusosQfy,dkuwuksadksc<+kusosQfy,izfrcaèkyxkusdhek¡xdhgStksmlmezdksizfrcafèkrdjrsgSatks,dO;fDrdkedjusosQfy,;ksX;gS;kmUgsadkedjusosQfy,fdrus?kaVsdhvuqefrgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]¶dkuwudgrk
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Generation Gap
Toyota’s new San Antonio light-truck plant is smaller than GM’s SUV plant in Arlingtion, texas–and is aiming to be cheaper and more efficient, too.
TOYOTA–SAN ANTONIO GM–ARLINGTON
Work space (sq. ft.) 2.2 million 3.75 million
Manufacturing capacity 200,000 per year 200,000 per year
Approximate labor cost $800 per vehicle $1.800 per vehicle
Sources for parts 21 on-site suppliers for major
components such as seats and
instrument panets; engines from
a Toyota plant in Alabama; axies
from a supplier in Arkansas
37% of parts come from Michigan,
26% from Texas, 8% from Canada
and 4% from Mexico
Hourly workers 1,600 (nonunion) 2,800 (UAW)
Hourly wages $15.50 to $25.00 $26.50 to $30.50
Hourly labor cost
including benefits
$35.00 $81.18*
Site details 2,000 acre campus with space for
expansion
249 acres, landlocked by
subdivisions and expressways
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1935osQjk"Vªh;Jelacaèkvfèkfu;e;koSxujvfèkfu;etSlsdkuwuksaosQikfjrgksusosQlkFk]la;qDrjkT;vesfjdkesala?kdhlnL;rkesaukVdh;:ilso`f¼gqbZD;ksafdfu;ksDrkdks;wfu;uksadksLohdkjdjusosQfy,etcwjfd;kx;kFkkA;fnoaQiuhosQvfèkdka'kJfedksaus,dla?kosQfy,ernkufd;kFkkA1945rd];wfu;udhlnL;rk35izfr'krosruvkSjosrudeZpkfj;ksadhla[;kFkh]ysfdurclsblesafxjkoVvkbZgSA1947esa]VSÝV&gkVZysvfèkfu;eus¶cannqdkuksa¸dksjídjfn;k]ftlusiQkeks±dksosQoyla?kosQlnL;ksadksfu;qDrdjusosQfy,etcwjfd;kvkSjjkT;ksadks¶la?kdhnqdkuksa¸dkslhferdjusosQfy,nk,¡&ls&dkedkuwuksadksikfjrdjusdhvuqefrnh]ftlosQcknJfedksadks,dfuf'prle;vofèkosQHkhrj'kkfeygksusosQfy,etcwjgksukiM+kAdkeijj[kktkjgkgSAvkt]lkoZtfud{ks=kmumn~;ksxksadksxBudjrkgSftuesa;wfu;uksaosQlnL;ksadksmPpreizfr'kr(http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpslutab3.htm)gSA
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Percentage of Union Membership by Industry
Type: % Type% %
Overall – Private Sector 7.2 Overall – Public sector 37.4
Agriculture and related industries 1.1 Federal government 28.0
Mining 8.6 State government 32.2
Construction 14.5 Local government 43.3
Manufacturing 10.9
Wholesale and retail trade 5.3 2009 Data
Transportation and utilities 22.2
Information 10.0
Financial activities 1.8
Professional and business services 2.3
Education and health services 2.3
Leisure and hospitality 3.1
Other services 2.9
lanHkZ%
http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030124ar03p1.htm
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm
http://law.jrank.org/papges/11179/Wagner-Act.html#ixzz0jmogGdX
http://digitalcommons.ilr.conrnell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=key workplace
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi m1154/is v73/ai 3706491/
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fuEufyf[kroscisti<+sa%
1- http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0210-13.htm
2- http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51521-2005Apr13.html
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The Best The Worst
1. Mathematician 200. Lumberjack
2. Actuary 199. Dairy Farmer
The best & worst jobs 3. Statistician 198. Taxi Driver
Five criteria inherent to ever job: 4. Biologist 197. Seaman
– Environment 5. Software Engineer 196. EMT
–Employment outlook 6. Computer Systems Analyst 195. Roofer
– Physical demands and stress. 7. Historian 194. Garbage Collector
8. Sociologist 193. Welder
9. Industrial Designer 192. Roustabout
10. Accountant 191. Ironworker
11. Economist 190. Construction Worker
12. Philosopher 189. Mail Carrier
13. Physicist 188. Sheet Metal Worker
14. Parole Officer 187. Auto Mechanic
15. Meteorologist 186. Butcher
16. Medical Laboratory
Technician
185. Nuclear Decontamination
Tech
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18. Computer Programmer 183. Painter
19. Motion Picture Editor 182. Child Care Worker
20. Astronomer 181. Firefighter
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4-15- lkjka'k (Summary)
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4-16- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
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