OffshoreOilandGasProductionSystems

SBM

UMBILICAL(DATA/WELLCONTROL) OILTOREFINERY

WELLFLUID OIL

INJ.WATER GAS GASTOCONSUMERS

LIFTGAS

WELLS WELLS WELLS/CONNECTEDWELLP/FOILPRODUCERS WELLTESTING SEPARATIONMODULEOIL/GAS/WATER

GASPRODUCERS PRODNOPTIMIZATION GASCOMPRESSIONANDDEHYDRATIONMODULE

INJECTIONWELLS WELLCONTROL SEAWATERTREATMENTFORWATERINJECTION

WELLSERVICING PRODUCEDWATERTREATEMENTMODULE

TELEMETRY/SCADA POWERGENERATION

UTILITIESWATER/SUPPLIES

LIVINGQUARTERS

DRILLING/WELLSERVICINGRIGMODULE

WELLFLUID(OIL/GAS/WATER)

INJETCTIONWATER

LIFTGAS

DATA/SCADA

POWER

OFFSHOREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMASCHEMATIC

W

WELLP/F'SPROCESS

PLATFORMSONSHORETERMINALS

TANKER

THEMAJORELEMENTSOFOFFSHOREPRODUCTIONSYSTEM

WELLS(SUBSEA/PLATFORMWELLS)

WELLPLATFORMS/WELLSERVICINGRIGS

FEEDERSUBSEAPIPELINES

PROCESSINGPLATFORMS

EXPORTPIPELINESFOROIL/GAS

TANKERSFOREVACUATIONOFOIL.

Weshalldiscussabout

PLATFORMS WELLHEADPLATFORMS WELLS PROCESSINGSYSTEM NEWTECHNOLOGIES

TYPESOFOFFSHOREPLATFORMS

WATERDEPTHANDTYPEOFPLATFORM

Oilplatforms Anoilplatformoroilrigisalargestructureusedtohouse

workersandmachineryneededtodrilland/orextractoilandnaturalgasthroughwellsintheoceanbed.

Dependingonthecircumstances,theplatformmaybeattachedtotheoceanfloor,consistofanartificialisland,orbefloating.

Generally,oilplatformsarelocatedonthecontinentalshelf,thoughastechnologyimproves,drillingandproductionindeeperwatersbecomesbothfeasibleandprofitable.

Atypicalplatformmayhavearoundthirtywellheadslocatedontheplatformanddirectionaldrillingallowsreservoirstobeaccessedatbothdifferentdepthsandatremotepositionsupto5miles(8kilometres)fromtheplatform.

Manyplatformsalsohaveremotewellheadsattachedbyumbilicalconnections,thesemaybesinglewellsoramanifoldcentreformultiplewells.

FIXEDPLATFORMSTheseplatformsarebuiltonconcreteand/orsteellegsanchoreddirectlyontotheseabed,supportingadeckwithspacefordrillingrigs,productionfacilitiesandcrewquarters.

Suchplatformsare,byvirtueoftheirimmobility,designedforverylongtermuse.

Varioustypesofstructureareused,steeljacket,concretecaisson,floatingsteelandevenfloatingconcrete.

Steeljacketsareverticalsectionsmadeoftubularsteelmembers,andareusuallypiledintotheseabed.Concretecaissonstructures,oftenhaveinbuiltoilstorageintanksbelowtheseasurfaceandthesetankswereoftenusedasaflotationcapability,allowingthemtobebuiltclosetoshoreandthenfloatedtotheirfinalpositionwheretheyaresunktotheseabed.

Fixedplatformsareeconomicallyfeasibleforinstallationinwaterdepthsuptoabout1,700feet(520m).

FixedPlatform

SemisubmersiblePlatformTheseplatformshavelegsofsufficientbuoyancytocausethestructuretofloat,butofweightsufficienttokeepthestructureupright.

Semisubmersiblerigscanbemovedfromplacetoplace;canbeballastedupordownbyalteringtheamountoffloodinginbuoyancytanks;

Theyaregenerallyanchoredbywithchain,wireropeand/orpolyesterropeduringdrillingoperations,thoughtheycanalsobekeptinplacebytheuseofdynamicpositioning.

Semisubmersiblescanbeusedinwaterdepthsfrom200to10,000feet(60to3,050m).

JackupPlatformsJackups,asthenamesuggests,areplatformsthatcanbejackedupabovetheseausinglegswhichcanbeloweredlikejacks.

Theseplatformsaretypicallyusedinwaterdepthsupto400feet,althoughsomedesignscangoto550feetdepth.

Theyaredesignedtomovefromplacetoplace,andthenanchorthemselvesbydeployingthelegstotheoceanbottomusingarackandpiniongearsystemoneachleg.

CompliantTowers

Theseplatformsconsistofnarrow,flexibletowersandapiledfoundationsupportingaconventionaldeckfordrillingandproductionoperations.Complianttowersaredesignedtosustainsignificantlateraldeflectionsandforces,andaretypicallyusedinwaterdepthsrangingfrom1,500and3,000feet(450and900m).

Drillships

Adrillshipisamaritimevesselthathasbeenfittedwithdrillingapparatus.Itismostoftenusedforexploratorydrillingofnewoilorgaswellsindeepwaterbutcanalsobeusedforscientificdrilling.Earlyversionswerebuiltonamodifiedtankerhull,butpurposebuiltdesignsareusedtoday.Mostdrillshipsareoutfittedwithadynamicpositioningsystemtomaintainpositionoverthewell.Theycandrillinwaterdepthsupto12,000feet(3,660m).

FloatingproductionsystemsFPSOsarelargeshipsequippedwithprocessingfacilitiesandmooredtoalocationforalongperiod.

Themaintypesoffloatingproductionsystemsare:

FPSO (floatingproduction,storage,andoffloadingsystem),

FSO (floatingstorageandoffloadingsystem),and

FSU (floatingstorageunit).

Theseshipsdonotactuallydrillforoilorgas.

FPSOANDSUBSEAWELLS

TensionlegplatformTLPsconsistoffloatingrigstetheredtotheseabedinamannerthateliminatesmostoftheverticalmovementofthestructure.

TLPSareusedinwaterdepthsuptoabout6,000feet(2,000m).The"conventional"TLPisa4columndesignwhichlookssimilartoasemisubmersible.

ProprietaryversionsincludetheSeastarandMOSESminiTLPs;theyarerelativelylowcost,usedinwaterdepthsbetween600and4,300feet(200and1,300m).

MiniTLPscanalsobeusedasutility,satelliteorearlyproductionplatformsforlargerdeepwaterdiscoveries.

SPARPlatformsSparsaremooredtotheseabedliketheTLP,butwhereastheTLPhasverticaltensiontetherstheSparhasmoreconventionalmooringlines.

Sparshavebeendesignedinthreeconfigurations:the"conventional"onepiececylindricalhull,the"trussspar"wherethemidsectioniscomposedoftrusselementsconnectingtheupperbuoyanthull(calledahardtank)withthebottomsofttankcontainingpermanentballast,andthe"cellspar"whichisbuiltfrommultipleverticalcylinders.

TheSparmaybemoreeconomicaltobuildforsmallandmediumsizedrigsthantheTLP,andhasmoreinherentstabilitythanaTLPsinceithasalargecounterweightatthebottomanddoesnotdependonthemooringtoholditupright.

Italsohastheability,byuseofchainjacksattachedtothemooringlines,tomovehorizontallyovertheoilfield.

Worldsdeepestspar:Eni'sDevil'sTowerislocatedin5,610feet(1,710m)ofwater,intheGulfofMexico;however,whenShell'sPerdidoSparisinstalled,itwillbethedeepestat8,000feet(2,438m

Maintenanceandsupply Atypicaloilproductionplatformisselfsufficientinenergyandwaterneeds,

housingelectricalgeneration,waterdesalinatorsandallofthe equipmentnecessarytoprocessoilandgassuchthatitcanbeeitherdelivereddirectlyonshorebypipelineortoaFloatingStorageUnitand/ortankerloadingfacility.

Elementsintheoil/gasproductionprocessincludewellhead,productionmanifold,Productionseparator,glycolprocesstodrygas,gascompressors,waterinjectionpumps,oil/gasexportmeteringandmainoilline pumps.

Allproductionfacilitiesaredesignedtohaveminimalenvironmentalimpact.

LargerplatformsareassistedbysmallerESVs(emergencysupport vessels)thataresummonedwhensomethinghasgonewrong,e.g.whenasearchandrescueoperationisrequired.

Duringnormaloperations,PSVs(platformsupplyvessels)keeptheplatformsprovisionedandsupplied,andAHTSvesselscanalsosupplythem, aswellastowthemtolocationandserveasstandbyrescueandfirefightingvessels.

Crew Thesizeandcompositionofthecrewofanoffshore

installationwillvarygreatlyfromplatformtoplatform.

Becauseofthecostintensivenatureofoperatinganoffshoreplatform,itisimportanttomaximiseproductivitybyensuringworkcontinues24hoursaday.

Thismeansthatthereareessentiallytwocompletecrewsonboardatatime,onefordayshiftandtheotherfornightshift.Crewswillalsochangeoutatregularintervals,nominallytwoweeks.

Essentialpersonnel Notallofthesepersonnelarepresentoneveryplatform,onsmallerplatformsworkerswillberesponsible

forseveralareas.Thenamesshownarenotindustrywide.

* OIM(offshoreinstallationmanager)istheultimateauthorityduringhis/hershiftandmakestheessentialdecisionsregardingtheoperationoftheplatform.

* OperationsTeamLeader(OTL)* OffshoreOperationsEngineer(OOE)istheseniortechnicalauthorityontheplatform* PSTLorOperationscoordinatorformanagingcrewchanges* DynamicPositioningOperator,navigation,shiporvesselmaneuvering(MODU),stationkeeping,

fireandgassystemsoperationsintheeventofincident* 2ndMate Meetsmanningrequirementsofflagstate,operatesFastRescuecraft,cargoops,fire

teamleader.* 3rdMate Meetsmanningrequirementsofflagstate,operatesFastRescuecraft,cargoops,fire

teamleader* BallastControlOperator_alsofireandgassystemsoperator* Craneoperatorstooperatethecranesforliftingcargoaroundtheplatformandbetweenboats.* Scaffolderstorigupscaffoldingforwhenitisrequiredforworkerstoworkatheight.* Coxwainsformaintainingthelifeboatsandmanningthemifnecessary.* Controlroomoperators EspeciallyFPSOorProductionplatforms.* Cateringcrewwillincludepeopletaskedwithperformingessentialfunctionssuchascooking,

laundryandcleaningtheaccommodation.* Productiontechsforrunningtheproductionplant* HelicopterPilot(s)liveonsomeplatformsthathaveahelicopterbasedoffshore.Thehelicopter

flightcrewtransportsworkerstootherplatformsortoshoreon crewchanges.* maintenancetechnicians(instrument,electrical,mechanical)

MANAGERS: OFFSHOREINATALLATIONMANAGER PROCESSMANAGER MAINTENANCEMANAGER WELLPLATFORMMANAGER HSEMANAGER

TEAMS Processcontrolroomoperators Mechanical/Electrical/Instrumentationteam StaticEquipmentmaintenanceteam Wellheadteams Pipelinemaintenanceteam SkilledandUnskilledtechnicians

Essentialpersonnel ONGCSystem

Incidentalpersonnel* Drillcrewwillbeonboardiftheinstallationisperforming drillingoperations.Adrillcrewwillnormallycomprise:

oToolpusheroRoughnecksoRoustaboutsoCompanymanoMudengineeroDerrickhandoGeologist

* Wellservicescrewwillbeonboardforwellwork.Thecrewwillnormallycomprise:

oWellservicessupervisoroWirelineorcoiledtubingoperatorsoPumpoperator

Risks Thenatureoftheiroperation extractionofvolatilesubstances

sometimesunderextremepressureinahostileenvironment hasriskandaccidentsandtragediesoccasionallyoccur.InJuly1988,167peoplediedwhenOccidentalPetroleum'sPiperAlphaoffshoreproductionplatform,onthePiperfieldintheNorthSea,explodedafteragasleak.Theaccidentgreatlyacceleratedthepracticeofprovidinglivingaccommodationsonseparaterigs,awayfromthoseusedforextraction.

However,thiswas,initself,ahazardousenvironment.InMarch1980,the'flotel'(floatinghotel)platformAlexanderKiellandcapsizedinastormintheNorthSeawiththelossof123lives.

Giventhenumberofgrievancesandconspiracytheoriesthatinvolvetheoilbusiness,andtheimportanceofgas/oilplatformstotheeconomy,platformsarebelievedtobepotentialterroristtargets.AgenciesandmilitaryunitsresponsibleformaritimeSecurityoftentrainforplatformraids.

Ecologicaleffects InBritishwaters,thecostofremovingallplatformrigstructuresentirelywasestimatedin

1995at$345billion,andthecostofremovingallstructuresincludingpipelines asocalled"cleansea"approach at$621billion.

Furthereffectsaretheleachingofheavymetalsthataccumulate inbuoyancytanksintowater;andrisksassociatedwiththeirdisposal.

Therehasbeenconcernexpressedatthepracticeofpartiallydemolishingoffshorerigstothepointthatshipscantraverseacrosstheirsite;therehavebeeninstancesoffisheryvesselssnaggingnetsontheremainingstructures.

ProposalsforthedisposalatseaoftheBrentSpar,a449fttallstoragebuoy,wasforatimein1996anenvironmentalcauseclbreintheUKafterGreenpeaceoccupiedthefloatingstructure.Theeventledtoareconsiderationofdisposalpolicy intheUKandEurope.

IntheUnitedStates,MarineBiologistMiltonLovehasproposedthatoilplatformsofftheCaliforniacoastberetainedasartificialreefs,insteadofbeingdismantled(atgreatcost),becausehehasfoundthemtobehavensformanyofthespeciesoffishwhichareotherwisedecliningintheregion,inthecourseof11yearsofresearch.Loveisfundedmainlybygovernmentagencies,butalsoinsmallpartbytheCaliforniaArtificialReefEnhancementProgram.

IntheGulfofMexico,morethan200platformshavebeensimilarlyconverted.

UnUn--manned Platformsmanned Platforms

Normallyunmannedinstallations.

Theseinstallations(calledWellheadPlatforms),aresmallplatforms,consistingoflittlemorethanawellbay,helipadandemergencyshelter.

Theyaredesignedtooperateremotelyundernormaloperations,onlytobevisitedoccasionallyforroutinemaintenanceorwellwork.

WELLHEADPLATFORMS Generally4leggedunmannedplatforms Consistsof4decks,spiderdeck,cellardeck,maindeckandhelideck PersonnelvisittheplatformforWelltestingandothermaintenance

activities. Mayhave3to32wells(ProducersandInjectors),oneverticalwelland

othersdirectionalandreachingoutindifferentdirectionupto 6kmfromtheplatform.

WellsaredrillednormallybyJackupRigsthatdockwiththeplatform. Wellservicing(workover)isdoneeitherbyJackuprigsorbyModular

Rigsthatareassembledovertheplatform.

JACKUPRIGDOCKEDONWELLPLATFORMFORDRILLING/WELLSERVICING

SOLARPANELSPOWERTHEWELLPLATFORMS

FacilitiesinWellPlatforms Wells ProductionManifoldtoreceivewellfluidfromallthewells LiftgasManifoldforfeedingliftgastowellalongwithInjectiongas

regulation/Controlandmeasurementsystem. WImanifoldforfeedinginjectionwatertoWIwellsalongwithmeteringsystem. TestmanifoldandTestseparatorandassociatedmeasurementsystemforOil,Gas

andWater. WellcontrolPanel(SDP) Instrumentgassystem RTUandSCADA Batterypack,Solarpowerpanel. SubsealinescarrywellfluidfromtheplatformtotheProcessplatform Also,LiftgasandInjectionwaterisbroughtinbysubsealines fromProcess

Platform. EmergencyGenset. FirewaterpumpsandFirefightingsystem. HCGasdetectors ESD/FSDsystem Crane.

SDP Pneumatic control panels are designed tomonitor crucialwellhead safety parameters.

Theyprovidesequentialstartupandsafeshutdownofproduction wells.

Inremoteunmannedwellheadplatformsproducedgasisusedasthemediuminsidethecontrolpanel.Easyavailabilityofpneumaticpower sourcemakes pneumatic controlsadesirablechoice.

Thepneumaticshutdownpanelisdesignedasacentralprotection unitforoverallprotectionoftheinstallation.Threelevelsofprotectionforpersonnel,productionwellsandsurfacefacilitiesareenvisaged.Thusapanelconsistsof;

a)Fireandgasleakageprotectionsystem:Anygasleakageisautomaticallydetectedandappropriate shutdown action initiated to prevent formation of combustible mixture. Allsources of ignition are also shutdown. Any eruption of fire is detected and appropriateshutdownandsuppressionactioninitiated.

b)SurfaceFacilityProtection:Asafetyanalysisorhazardousoperability(HAZOP)analysisofsurfacefacilities includingrotaryandprocessequipments iscarriedout.Allpossiblehazards,interrelationbetweenvariousparametersare identifiedand listed.The functionalchartthusevolvedistheSAFE(SafetyAnalysisandFunctionEvaluation)chart.TheSAFEchartformsthebasisfordesignofpanelinsurfacesafetyprotection.

c)Wellcontrol&Protection:Amajorfunctionofthewellheadshutdownpanelistocontrolthewellthroughthesurfaceandsubsurfacesafetyvalves.Theinterrelationsbetweenvariousvalvesarewelldefinedandtheirsequentialoperationestablished.

WELLCONTROLSCHEMATIC

PNEUMATICPRESSURETOSSV

PNEUMATICSUPPLY

RADIO

SIGNAL

HYDRAULICPRESSURETOSSSV

REMOTE

CONTROL

PNEUMATICSUPPLY

WELL CONTROLSDP

RTU(REMOTETELEMETRYUNIT)

SURFACECONTROLLEDSUBSURFACESAFETYVALVE 150MFROMP/FDECK

SSV SUFRACESAFETYVALVE

GISHUTDOWNVALVE

PRESSURESWITCHHIGHLOW

FSD FIRESHUTDOWN FUSIBLEPLUGLOOP

WELLFLOW

LIFTGAS

WELL XMASTREE

ESD

HCDETECTORS

WELLCONTROL WellsclosebySSV(SurfaceSafetyValve)andSSSV(SubsurfaceSafetyValve)whenabnormalconditionsexists.

AbnormalconditionsmaybeHigherPressuresintheflowlines,Fire.

WellscanalsobeclosedremotelyfromProcessplatforms/ShorethroughSCADAwiththehelpofRTU.

SMARTWELLHEADPLATFORMS ProvidesWellheadrealtimedata.

ProvideRealtimeMonitoringandControlofUnmannedPlatformsandwells.

ProvidesminimumHumanInterventionindaytodayoperations

ProvideStabilisedproductionandTransportationsprocessalongwithOptimisations

ProviderealtimedataConsolidation,Recordingandstoragefortheanalysisforfutureevaluations.

ReducethedelayindecisionmakingviaonlinemeasurementsofcriticalparameterssuchasWatercut,GasRatesetc.

MajorElementsofSMARTplatform Instrumentationonwellhead.

AutomatedWelltestingusingRemotelyOperatedMultiSelectorValveinwellplatform.

AutomationsystemtoMonitorandOptimiseProduction.

RemoteLiftGasoptimization.

Integrationofdifferentautomationsystemtoensuredataconsolidationatcentralfacilities.

WANCommunication:Radio,V satatoffshorewellheadplatform.

WELLS Producers

Selfflow,GasliftedandESP.

Injectors Subseawells:

DryTree,WetTreewells.

Directionalwells Horizontalwells ERDWells Multilateralwells Intelligentwells

GasLiftedwells

SELFFLOWINGANDGASLIFTEDWELLS

ELECTRICALSUBMERISBLEPUMPS(ESP)WELLS

VERTICAL WELL

LI

LII

LIII

S IGAS

D

E

P

T

H

PRESSUREOIL1800 psi

OIL & GAS

1350

2050 PSI

30

20

13 3/8

7 LINER

9 5/8

DIRECTIONALWELL

LI

LII

LIII

S I

30/26

20

13 3/8

9 5/8

7

`

OIL

PRODUCING ZONE

HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL WELLSWELLS

Drain hole

MULTIMULTI--LATERAL WELLLATERAL WELLMULTILATERALWELL

FISHBONEMULTILATERALWELL

Manyribsbranchoffthemainwellbore.Thepathofoiltothewellisshorterthrougharibthanthroughtherock,bothinhomogeneous sandsandevenmoreinheterogeneoussandswithbarriersandbaffles.Ribscanbeadded toanylateral.

WELLMONITORINGANDCONTROLRTU/SCADA

SCADA FORWELLMONITORING,CONTROLANDPRODUCTIONOPTIMIZATION

SUPERVISORYCONTROLANDDATAACQUISITION

GathernecessaryDATAfromaREMOTELYLOCATEDOil/GaswellandWellPlatformwiththehelpofFieldTransmitters&RTUandsendittotheDATAGATHERING&ANALYSISpoint.

SCADA OVERVIEW

WELLPLATFORM PROCESSPLATFORM

RADIOLINK

DATAGATHERINGAND

INTERPRETATION

LIFTGAS

INJECTIONWATER

WELLFLUID

RESERVOIR

BHP

WELLHEADPRESSURE&

TEMP

SSV

LIFTGASFROMPROCESSPLATFORM

GAS/OIL TOGROUPHEADER

GIACV

LIFTGASRATE

GLV

OIL,GASWATER

FLOWRATES

PRODUCTIONTUBING

ANNULUS

SCADAMETHODOLOGY

PARAMETERSAVAILABLEFORMEASUREMENTINANOILWELLONGASLIFT

SSSVOPEN/CLOSE

STATUS

GASINJ.PRESSURE

SSVOPEN/CLOSE

STATUS

MONITORINGPRESSURE,TEMPetcATSANDFACE,WELLHEADORELSEWHEREWITHTHEHELPOFSENSORS

SCADA ASCHEMATIC

RTUINSTALLEDONWELLPLATFORM

(ANALOGTODIGITALCONVERSION)

ANALOGSIGNALSINRANGEOF15V(420mA)

RADIOLINK

DATAGATHERINGSTATION(USUALLYAPROCESSPLATFORM)

INTERFACINGSOFTWARE

INTERPRETATIONOFSTOREDDATA

DECISIONMAKINGPROCESS

MAJORBENEFITSOFSCADA 24hrsonlinemonitoringofwellstatusandflow,liftparametersfrom

ProcessComplexaswellasfromonshorecontrolcentre.

HistoricalDataandtrendinghelpsinTroubleshooting.

Abilitytoclosewellsremotelyduringemergency.

BetterProductionoptimizationofindividualwells

InstantalertsincaseofWellclosures,ESD,FSDandcontrolpanelfailure

OptimumutilizationofManpowerforattendingtowellproblems

Reductioninnumberofphysicalvisitstowellplatformsresultingin

optimizationofHelicoptersorties.

Toobserveslugginginpipelines.

Liftgasallocationforeachwell.

MONITORINGOFWELLPLATFORMUSINGSCADA THISISACCESSIBLEFROMANYDESKTOPCOMPUTERINONGCLANNETWORK.

MIMICDISPLAY

STATUSDISPLAY

MONITORINGOFWELLPLATFORMUSINGSCADA

MONITORINGDIFFERENTALARMSWITHTHEHELPOFSCADA

SCADAHELPSINLIFTGASALLOCATION/PRODUCTIONALLOCATION

TRENDINGOFGIPRESSURE,MLGIP,TEMPERATURE,LIFTGASRATEHELPS INKEEPINGWELLSFLOWINGATITSOPTIMUM24x7

WELLAUTOMATION

RESERVOIR

PROD.CHOKE

LIFTGASFROMPROCESSPLATFORM

REMOTELYCONTROLLEDGIACV

GAS/OIL

GLV

PRODUCTIONTUBING

ANNULUS

FLOWSENSORS

OWGFTHP

WHT

GIP

BHP

BHT

LIFTGASFLOW

DESIGNFORAUTOMATEDCONTROLSYSTEMFORGLOPTIMIZATION

ALGORITHMFORGASLIFTOPTIMIZATION(BASEDONGASINOILOUTCURVE)

AUTOMATEDFEEDBACK

CONTROLERTOMAINTAINTHEFIXED

LIFTGASRATE

CONTROLSIGNALFORACVTO

ADJUSTTHELIFTGASFLOW

GASFLOWREQUIREDFOROPTIMUM

PRODUCTION

OnlineMonitoringandRemotecontrolofInjectionGas

FT

TTI/P

PT

G

I

H

E

A

D

E

R

VBGas injection to well

RTU

FLOW COMPUTERWith Flow control card

FE

TEFCV

CVA

SP

FC is accessed via SCADA from the process complex and Injection gas Rate is monitored and adjusted, if required, remotely.

RTU

REMOTEOPTIMIZATIONOFWELLUSINGFCMPFMSET

FT

TTI/P

PT

Gas injection to wellG

I

H

E

A

D

E

R

VB

FLOW COMPUTERWith Flow control card

FE

TEFCV

CVA

SP

Injection gas is remotely monitored, controlled via RTU-FC-FCV through SCADA

One well is diverted via MPFM and Production rates available through SCADA at Process PF.

Well can be tested and Optimized REMOTELY for different Injection gas rates by changing the set point in FC-I/P-FCV Loops via SCADA.

WELL

MPFM

To header

RTU

RTU

SMARTonline24x7monitoringandOptimizationofeachwellUsingGasFlowComputer CompactGLCCSeparator CoriolisMassflowMeter Set.

(Flowcomputer)

ToHeader(

RTU

CoriolisMassFlowMeter

GLCC(GasLiquidCylindricalCyclonic)Separator

InjectionGascontrolledRemotelythroughSCADAbyFCFCV

WELL

RTU

JackupRigdockedinaWellheadplatform

PROCESSINGINOFFSHOREPROCESSPLATFORMS

GASCOMPRESSION&DEHYDRATION

SEAWATERTREATMENTANDINJECTION

SEPARATIONANDCRUDEPUMPING

BRIDGECONNECTEDWELLPLATFORM

LIVINGQUARTERS

PROCESSES

Separation(Oil,GasandProducedwater)&Oildispatch

GasCompression&dehydration

ProducedWaterConditioning

Seawaterprocessing&injectionsystem

3PhasewellfluidisreceivedfromWells/WellPlatformsandprocessedatLargeProcessPlatformsgenerallyconsistingofthefollowingfourMajorProcessingModules

Theseprocesscomplexeswillalsohavethefollowing: Firedetection&Suppressionsystem

PowerGeneration

Wellservices/drillingModules

WaterMaker/Utilities/SewageTreatment

LivingQuarters

SEPARATION

Oil,GasandWaterisseparatedfromtheWellfluid. WellFluidfromvariousWells/WellPlatforms/SubseaManifoldreachestheprocess

complexviasubseapipelinesandrisersandisfurtherprocessed inmorethanone

train.

EachTrainwillnormallyconsistofaProductionManifold,Well fluidheater,InletSeparator,CrudeoilManifold,Crudeoilheater,SurgeTanksand MOLPumps.

WellFluidisreceivedintheProductionManifold.DemulsifierChemicalisdozedinProductionmanifoldtopromotebreakingupofWaterOilemulsion

ThenitisheatedinwellfluidheaterwithHotoilFlowinginShellSideandwellfluidintubeside.ThisheatingenablesbetterseparationofoilandwaterinInlet

Separator.

TheWellFluidfromWellfluidheaterreachesInletSeparator.

SEPARATION

InletSeparatorisavesselinwhich3phaseseparationofwellfluidintoOil,GasandWateroccurs.

Separationisbygravitymainlyassistedbychemicalandheat.Residencetimeinthevesselisanimportantcriteriaforbetterseparation.

SeparatedGasisroutedtoGascompressionanddehydrationModule. CompressedgasissenttotheLiftgasnetworkforliftingtheproducersandexcess

gasisexportedviapipelinestoshore. Separatedoilflowstotheoilmanifold. SeparatedwaterflowstoProducedwaterconditioningunit. Fromoilmanifoldcrudeoilflowstocrudeoilheaterinwhichcrudeoilisheatedwith

hotoil.Thisenhancestheseparationofoil&waterinSurgeTanks(secondstageseparation).

DemulsifierchemicaldozedinoilmanifoldfurtherpromotesthebreakingofwaterOilemulsion.

InletSeparator FirstStageSeparation

PFD OIL,GAS,WATERSEPARATION

SurgeTank SecondStageSeparation

Surge tank ismaintainedat a lowerpressure to stabilize crude i.e. toremovemaximumofassociatedgasfromthecrudeoil.

OilfromsurgetankscanbeeitherpumpeddirectlywithMOLpumpsorcanbedivertedtothirdstageseparators(Surgetank3).

Separated crudeoil ispumpedwithCTP /MOLpumps toexport trunklines.

SeparatedGasisdivertedtoGascompressionmoduleafterboostingthepressureLPboostercompressor.

SeparatedWaterisdivertedtoProducedwaterconditioningUnit.

A B

V-1210

Separator TR A

To Produced Water Flesh Vessel

Gas For SalesHP FlareLP Flare

Skimmer Oil

HP Condensate

WF Heater

WF Heater

Oil Processing

Hot oil supply

Hot oil supply

E-1150

E-1160 V-1220Separator TR B

V-1300

Surge tank TR A

V-1310

Surge tank TR B

V-1380

Stabilization tank

LCV-1314B

LCV-1304B

E-1280

E-1290

Hot oil supply

Hot oil supply

Crude oilHeater

Crude oilHeater

HP Booster Compressors

C-1470A C-1470BLP Booster Compressors

C-1500A C-1500BI stage I stage

II stage II stage

LP Flare

HP Flare

HP Flare

LP Flare

LP Flare

HP Flare

P

U

M

P

S

U

C

T

I

O

N

M

A

N

I

F

O

L

D

P=8 KSC

P=8 KSCP=4 KSC

P=4 KSC

P=2.25 KSC

TO SUMP

A B

P

R

O

D

U

C

T

I

O

N

M

A

N

I

F

O

L

D

O

I

L

M

A

N

I

F

O

L

D

IA

IB

ID

SG

SM

SR

ST

From ICD

From ICG

IC ISIQ SD

ZA IU WB

A B

FROM / TO BHS

FROM / TO BHS

TO RESTART

PUMP

TO RESTART

PUMP

WELLPLATFORMS

SEPARATIONOFOIL/GAS/WATER

ReturnHdr.

TrimCoolerE2880

HeatExchangerE2810

HotoilExpansionTank

FILTER

FILTER

P

P

FCV2850

PCV2853

HIC2811

TIC2814

SupplyHdr.

TGExhaust

PCV

catchpot

NITROGENBLANKETING

TCV2881

PIC

TIC

FIC

BYPAS

DUCT

XSDVPCV

PSV

T=400C

T=250C

WASTEHEATRECOVERYHotOilSystem

Pump Suction Manifold

Discharge Manifold

Crude Oil Export

CTP-1320 CTP-1330 CTP-1340 MOL-1350 MOL-1360 MOL-1370

TR B RECYCLE TO SURGE TANKS

TR A RECYCLE

TR A

TR B

TR A

TR B

LCV-1304

LCV-1384

LCV-1314

T/M-1

T/M-2

FROM/TO

BHS

TO HEERA

A B

TOONSHORE

CRUDEEVACUATIONBYSBMANDTANKER

GASCOMPRESSION,DEHYDRATIONANDEXPORT

GasCompression. GasfromSeparators,SurgeTanksandexportgasesifanyfromotherprocess

platformsarecompressedtoabout90100kg/cm2pressureasperthefieldgasliftrequirement.

NormallyGas turbinedrivenCentrifugal compressors (PGCs ProcessGasCompressors)areused.

Gases compressed in PGCs is dehydrated to prevent formation of GASHYDRATES.Gashydratesareformedatlowtemperatureswhenmoistureispresent in Hydrocarbon gases. These gas hydrates are ice like substancewhichpreventthesmoothfloworblocktheflowofgasesingas flowlines.

GasHydratescanbeformedinAdjustableChokeValves,PCVs&GLVsinGILines where Throttling of gases give rise to low temperatures.(JouleThomsoneffect).ThiscanaffectproductionphenomenallyfromGas liftwells.

P/T G LP INT HPGG

Dehydration Manifold

Cond.Hdr

1st StageK.O.D

2nd StageK.O.D

3rd StageK.O.D

DischargeK.O.D

InletManifold

Cooler Cooler Cooler

FuelGas

F

F

H

M

GASCOLLECTIONANDCOMPRESSION

Compressed Gas is dehydrated in a Glycol contactor with Tri EthyleneGlycol(TEG)asanabsorbentformoisturefromcompressedgas.

Glycolcontactorisbubblecaptraycolumnwithmanybubblecaptrays.TEGflowscountercurrentwithcompressedgasfromthetopofthecolumn.

TEG coming in contact with compressed gas in the bubble cap traysselectivelyabsorbsthemoisturefromthegasanddehydratesit.

The dehydrated gas is sent to feed gas lift wells in priority basis andremainingtoexportgasline.

TheTEG rich inmoisture is sent for reconcentration ,converted toLeanglycolandrecycledbacktocontactorfordehydration.

GasDehydration

Glycol

Contactor

CoalescerSeparator

GlycolScrubber

FlashDrum GlycolStill

GlycolStorage

F F

F

BoosterPumpsCirculationPumps

Reboiler

HotOilSupply

Tank

Lean/RichGlycolExchangers

LeanGlycol/GasExchanger

LiftGas

NetGas

GasDehydration

ClosedDrainHdr

Compressor

OutletMnaifold

CondensateHdr

GASDEHYDRATION GASGLYCOLEXCHANGER

REGENERATIONOFGLYCOL

PRODUCEDWATER

TREATMENT

ProducedWaterConditioning ThewaterproducedalongwithOilandGasfromthewellsistobetreatedtowithin

acceptablelevelsofqualityintermsofoilppmbeforeitisdischargedintothesea.

ProducedWaterConditioningunitnormallyconsistsofFlashVessel,CPISeparators,IGF(inducedGasfloatationUnit)andSumpcaisson.

FlashVesselReceiveswaterfromBothInletSeparatorsandSurgetanks.Itismaintainedat0.8kg pressure. In flash Vesselmostofthedissolvedgasesintheproducedwaterflashesout which isroutedtoLP flareheader.AssociatedOilfromtheproducedwaterintheflash vesselisroutedtocloseddrainheaderandiscollectedinthesumpcaisson.

CPIseparatorsWaterfromtheflashvesselflowstomanyCPIseparators(corrugatedplateinterceptor)inparallel.OilfromCPISeparatoriscollectedinatankfromwhichitispumpedtooilmanifold.GasgoestoLPFlareheader.

IGFunitWater fromCPISeparatorFlows to IGFunit. IGF isa tank inwhichgasbubblesareaeratedwithmotordrivenagitators.Thisbubblesfloattheoildropletstosurface.ThiscollectedoilispumpedtoCPIseparators.

SumpCaissonWater from IGF is routed to Sump Caisson which is a vessel with bottom end open through which watercontinuouslydrains intothesea.Oilfloating inthesurfaceof thesumpcaisson iscollected intheblowcaissonandliftedupandflownintotheskimmerwithgasinjection.

PFD PRODUCEDWATERCONDITIONING

LPFlare

FlashVessel

CPISeparator

IGF

SumpCaisson

ProducedWater

SurgeTank

ClosedDrain

Tank

ProducedWaterConditioning

Skimmer

SumpCaisson

BlowCaisson

LPFlare

OpenDrain

FeedGas

HotOilSupply

SurgeTank

Skimmer

ClosedDrain

WATERINJECTION

WaterInjection WaterInjectionisdonetomaintainReservoirpressureaswellasWaterflooding.

TopreventdamagetotheReservoirthequalityofwaterinjectedisstrictlycompliedwith.Also,thehealthofthepipelinescarryingtheinjectionwatertothewellsandwellplatformsistakencareofbydozingchemicalstopreventcorrosionandgenerationofH2SbySRBcolonies.

TheMajorcomponentsofWaterInjectionsystemsare:SEAWATERLIFTPUMPSCOARSEFILTERSFINEFILTERSDEOXYGENATIONTOWERSBOOSTERSPUMPSMAININJECTIONPUMPSCHEMICALDOSINGSYSTEM

CHEMICALDOZINGSYSTEM

FLOCCULANTSCALEINHIBITORCORROSIONINHIBITIORCHLORINATIONBACTERICIDEOXYGENSCAVENGER

SEAWATERTREATMENTFORWATERINJECTION

SEAWATERLIFTINGANDFILTERING

Waterfromsea isLiftedwith seawater liftpumps andfedto CoarseFiltersandfinefiltersforfiltering.

Coarsefilterstheparticlesarefilteredto20microns Finefilterstheparticlesarefilteredupto2microns.

Polyelectrolyteandcoagulantsareadded in seawater liftpump discharge to promote coagulation of suspendedparticles.

SEAWATERLIFTPUMPS

P1010 P1020 P1030

M M M

M M

FINEFILTERS

F1170 F1180 F1190 F1200 F1210 F1220

AIRFILTERS

OVER BOARD

COARSEFILTERS

F1110 F1120 F1130CHLORINATORS

FROMUTILITYWATERHEADER

TOUTILITYWATERHEADER

CH1060 CH1070

B

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POLYELECTROLYTE

COAGULANT

FT

FICFICFICFICFIC

TOFFIC

BLOWERS

CAPACITY:1200M3/HR

MOTORPOWER:460KWSPEED:1500RPM

NO.OFSATGES:2

DISCH.PR:7.1KG/CM2

MIN.FLOW:218M3/HR

FILTERSUPTO20MICRONS

INLETPR:7KG/CM2INLETTEMP:21310C

FLOWRATE/FILTER:425.M3/HR

FILTERSUPTO2MICRONS

BACKWASHRATEMIN::225M3/HRMAX:450M3/HR

DEFOAMER

CHPRODUCTIONMIN:7.0KG/HR

NORMAL:7.0KG/HRMAX:8.34KG/HR

TODEOXYGENATION

TOVACCUMPUMPS

SEAWATERLIFTING FILTERATION

DEOXYGYNATIONANDPUMPING

The filtered water flows to Deoxygenating towers for removal ofoxygen.

Deoxygenationprevents formationofaerobicbacterialcolonies(sulfurreducing bacteria) in theWI flow lines. Vacuum pumps andOxygenscavengerchemicaldozedfacilitatesoxygenremovalinthetowers.

Booster Pumps take suction from Deoxygenation Towers and feedMainInjectionPumps.

Scale inhibitors, Bactericide and corrosion inhibitor chemicals aredozedinthedischargeofboosterpumps.

MIPsdischargethetreatedwatertoWaterInjectionsubseapipelinestowellsandwellplatformsforinjectingintowaterinjectionWells.

MM

M

M

M

M

M

DEOXYGENATIONTOWERTRA

DEOXYGENATIONTOWERTRB

AIRFILTERS

AIRFILTERS

EJECTORM1420

P1350

P1360

P1450

P1460

S

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OVERBOARD

OVERBOARD

OVERBOARD

OVERBOARD

OXYGENSCAVENGER

OXYGENSCAVENGER

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SE SPWI11

P1610

P1620

P1630

P1640

P1650

CAPACITY:415M3/HR

MINIMUMFLOW:103M3/HRMOTORPOWER:2250KW

SPEED:2985RPM

MAININJECTIONPUMPS

CAPACITY:851M3/HR

MINIMUMFLOW:212M3/HRMOTORPOWER:322KW

SPEED:1480RPMP:10KG/CM2

P:134.7KG/CM2

BOOSTERPUMPS

P1510

P1520

P1530

DEOXYGENTIONSEPARATOR

DEOXYGENTIONSEPARATOR

VACCUMPUMPS

VACCUMPUMPS

FFIC

FIC

FIC

LIC

LIC

XSPL

XSPL

PIC

PIC

HCV

HCV

CAPACITY:1129.5M3/HR

NORMAL:982.25M3/HR

L

1

6

6

0

L

1

6

8

0

CAPACITY:851M3/HR

OXYGENCONTENTOFTREATEDWATER:0.02MG/LIT

EJECTORM1320

AIRRATING:28.2KG/HR

OVERBO

ARD

OVERBOARD

PCV

PCV

DEOXYGYNATIONANDINJECTION

91

FireDetection&SuppressionSystem

DetectionSystem

GasDetection FusiblePlug FireDetection SmokeDetection HeatDetection

SuppressionSystem

FIREWATERPUMPS WaterSprinkler DryChemical FM200 CO2 Extinguisher AFFFSYSTEM

Escape / Abandon

Escape Ladder Scramble Net Life Ring Life Raft Life Boat Jumping Rope

UTILITIES POWERGENEARTION GASTURBINEDRIVENGEBERATORS WATERMAKERS ROWATERMAKERS LIVING QUARTERS AND ASSOCIATED REQUIREMNETS LIKE

LAUNDRY,GALLEY

EMERGENCYDIESELGENERATORS COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

SEWAGETREATMENT

NEWTECHNOLOGIES

Intelligentwells

DIGITALOILFIELD

MULTIPHASEPUMPING

SUBSEASEPARATIONANDREINJECTION

GASTOWIRE

Gas InjectorPilot well

Horizontalproducer

Wells Equipped at Completion with Downhole Controls and Sensors

Intelligent Wells

Reservoir Saturation

Downhole Seismic

Flowing Phase

Inflow Distribution

Pressure Performance

Continuous data from wells

Proactive Remediation of

Fluid Inflow

z Remote controlled Downhole zonal control valves

z Implement reservoir decisions without intervention

Optical Pressure Gauge

Optical Distributed Temperature Gauge.

Data is transmitted up the wellbore via fibre optics.

Market Drivers & intelligence

e-business

Well Construction

Facilities

Export/Transport

4D/4C - Permanent seismic

Intelligent Wells

Reservoir Management

HIVE

Integration forDecisions

Real-time Data Transmission

Data Store

Control, Optimisation &

Intervention

Businessmodel

Reservoirmodel

Facilitiesmodel

Decision DrivenAnalysis

DIGITAL OILFIELD

Ahighresolubledataisobtainablebya4Cseismicsurveyusing4componentsOBC(marineearthquakecable)withahydrophoneand3geophonecomponents.

Multiphase production systems require the transportation of a mixture of oil, water and gas, often for many miles from the producing well to a distant processing facility.

This represents a significant departure from conventional production operations in which fluids are separated before being pumped and compressed through separate pipelines. By eliminating this equipment, the cost of a multiphase pumping facility is about 70% that of a conventional facility and significantly more savings can be realized if the need for an offshore structure is eliminated altogether.

However, multiphase pumps do operate less efficiently (30-50%, depending on Gas volume fraction and other factors) than conventional pumps (60- 70%) and compressors (70-90%).

Still, a number of advantages in using multiphase pumps can be realized, including: 1)Increased production through lowering backpressure on wells; 2)Elimination of vapor recovery systems; 3)Reduced permitting needs; 4)Reduction in capital equipment costs; and, 5)Reduction in footprint of operations .

MULTI PHASE PUMPING

CONVENTIONAL AND MULTIPHASE PUMPING

z Multiphase pumping is a relatively new technology and acceptance has been hampered by a lack of engineering design tools.

z Recently, pipeline simulation codes have incorporated the ability to model multiphase pump performance as part of the overall multiphase production system

Normallyusedindeepwater

Separationofheavyoilandwater

Reinjectionofwatertoboostproductioninamaturefielddevelopment.

Theseparationsystemmayalsoincludescyclonemodulesthatwillperformwatertreatmentbeforereinjectionthewaterbackintothereservoir.

SUBSEA PROCESSING

"atruesubseadevelopmentisveryenvironmentallyfriendly."

THANKS

Offshore Oil and Gas Production SystemsTHE MAJOR ELEMENTS OF OFFSHORE PRODUCTION SYSTEMWe shall discuss aboutTYPES OF OFFSHORE PLATFORMSWATER DEPTH AND TYPE OF PLATFORMOil platformsFIXED PLATFORMSFixed PlatformSemi-submersible PlatformJack-up PlatformsCompliant TowersDrillshipsFloating production systemsFPSO AND SUBSEA WELLSTension-leg platformSPAR PlatformsMaintenance and supplyCrewEssential personnelEssential personnel ONGC SystemIncidental personnelRisksEcological effectsNormally unmanned installations.WELLHEAD PLATFORMSFacilities in Well PlatformsSDPWELL CONTROL-SCHEMATICWELL CONTROLSMART WELLHEAD PLATFORMSMajor Elements of SMART platformWELLSGas Lifted wellsSELF FLOWING AND GAS LIFTED WELLSELECTRICAL SUBMERISBLE PUMPS (ESP) WELLSDIRECTIONAL WELL WELL MONITORING AND CONTROL RTU/SCADASCADA FOR WELL MONITORING, CONTROL AND PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATIONMAJOR BENEFITS OF SCADAWELL AUTOMATIONOnline Monitoring and Remote control of Injection GasREMOTE OPTIMIZATION OF WELL USING FC-MPFM SET SMART online 24 x 7 monitoring and Optimization of each well Using Gas Flow Computer- Compact GLCC Separator- Coriolis MasJack up Rig docked in a Wellhead platformPROCESSING IN OFFSHOREPROCESS PLATFORMSPROCESSESSEPARATIONGAS COMPRESSION, DEHYDRATION AND EXPORTFire Detection & Suppression System